Phytochemical characterization and biological activities of Plectranthus barbatus Andrews / Caracterização fitoquímica e atividades biológicas de Plectranthus barbatus Andrews

Plectranthus barbatus Andrews (Lamiaceae) is widely distributed in the world and has a range of popular therapeutic indications. This work aimed to evaluate the phytochemical characterization of two leaf extracts of P. barbatus, and their antimicrobial, antineoplastic and immunomodulatory potential. After collection, herborization and obtainment of the P. barbatus aqueous extract (PBA) and acetone:water 7:3 P. barbatus organic extract (PBO), the phytochemical characterization was performed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The antimicrobial activity was performed to determine the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against eight bacterial strains using the microdilution test and the fungus Trichophyton rubrum by disc diffusion assay and microdilution test. Cytotoxicity was assessed by MTT and trypan blue methods in normal peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) at concentrations ranged between 0.1 to 100 µg.mL-1 and in neoplastic cell lines Toledo, K562, DU-145 and PANC-1 at 1, 10 and 100 µg.mL-1 . Immunomodulatory activity, was evaluated by sandwich ELISA of proinflammatory cytokines at BALB/c mice splenocytes cultures supernatant. Both extracts presented flavonoids, cinnamic derivatives, steroids and ellagic acid. PBO showed bacteriostatic activity against Acinetobacter baumannii (MIC = 250 µg.mL-1) clinical isolate and PBA fungistatic activity against Trichophyton rubrum (MIC = 800 µg.mL-1). The extracts did not exhibit toxicity to PBMCs and neoplastic cells (IC50 > 100 µg.mL-1). Additionally, PBO at 100 µg.mL-1 significantly inhibited IFN-γ and IL-17A cytokines (p = 0.03). Plectranthus barbatus is a potential candidate for therapeutic use due to its low toxicity in healthy human cells and exhibits biological activities of medical interest as bacteriostatic, fungistatic and immunomodulatory.

Plectranthus barbatus Andrews (Lamiaceae) é amplamente distribuída no mundo e com uma série de indicações terapêuticas populares. Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a caracterização fitoquímica de dois extratos da folha de P. barbatus e seu potencial antimicrobiano, antineoplásico e imunomodulador. Após coleta, herborização e obtenção do extrato aquoso (PBA) e acetona: água 7: 3 (orgânico) (PBO) de P. barbatus, a caracterização fitoquímica foi realizada por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE). A atividade antimicrobiana foi realizada para determinar a concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) contra oito cepas bacterianas usando o teste de microdiluição e o fungo Trichophyton rubrum por ensaio de difusão em disco e teste de microdiluição. A citotoxicidade foi avaliada por métodos MTT e azul de tripan em células normais mononucleares do sangue periférico (CMSP) em concentrações variadas entre 0,1 a 100 µg.mL-1 e nas linhagens celulares neoplásicas Toledo, K562, DU-145 e PANC-1 em 1, 10 e 100 µg.mL-1 . A atividade imunomoduladora foi avaliada por ELISA sanduíche de citocinas pró-inflamatórias em sobrenadante de culturas de esplenócitos de camundongos BALB/c. Ambos os extratos apresentaram flavonoides, derivados cinâmicos, esteróides e ácido elágico. O PBO mostrou atividade bacteriostática contra Acinetobacter baumannii (CIM = 250 µg.mL-1) e atividade fungistática do PBA contra Trichophyton rubrum (CIM = 800 µg.mL-1). Os extratos não apresentaram toxicidade para CMSP e células neoplásicas (IC50 > 100 µg.mL-1). Além disso, o PBO a 100 µg.mL-1 inibiu significativamente as citocinas IFN-γ e IL-17A (p = 0,03). Plectranthus barbatus é um candidato potencial para uso terapêutico devido à sua baixa toxicidade em células humanas saudáveis e exibe atividade de interesse médico como bacteriostática, fungistática e imunomoduladora.

Feline sino-orbital fungal infection caused by Aspergillus and Scopulariopsis

Background: Deep fungal infections of the orbit and nasal passages causing rhinitis and ulcerative keratomycosis areuncommonly reported in cats. Hyalohyphomycetes and phaeohyphomycetes have rarely been associated with this disorder.Sino-orbital fungal diseases are emerging and more invasive than sino-nasal fungal diseases with poor response to therapyand a worse prognosis. Brachycephalic feline breeds seem to be at increased risk for development of upper respiratoryfungal diseases. Diagnosis is based on the demonstration of fungal hyphae by cytology or histology and definitive confirmation by fungal culture and molecular methods. This is the first case report of a cat with clinical mixed fungal ball withAspergillus and Scopulariopsis in Brazil.Case: A 3-year-old male Persian cat, in São José city, Santa Catarina, Brazil, was presented with exophthalmos and corneal ulcer of the left eye and protrusion, hyperemia, quemosis and fibroses of the left third eyelid. The retropulsion of theglobe was negative in this eyeball and a presumptive diagnosis of a retrobulbar mass was made. The patient underwenta surgical procedure for inspection and collection of samples for bacterial and mycological culture. Culture revealed nobacterial growth, however, unique and abundant growth of Aspergillus spp. was present. A subconjunctival enucleation ofthe left eye was made and the mass was sent for histopathology examination. Histology showed inflammatory proliferativenecrotizing pyogranulomatous reaction; with the presence of severe fungal infection evidenced by large number of hyalineseptated regular and irregular mold hyphae. Molecular identification was performed using panfungal primers (ITS3-F /ITS4-R). Patient was treated with systemic itraconazole associated with amphotericin B and topical clotrimazole. A massstarted to grow rapidly in the left pterygopalatine fossa and was surgically removed, but recurrence occurred seven daysafter...

Feline sino-orbital fungal infection caused by Aspergillus and Scopulariopsis

Background: Deep fungal infections of the orbit and nasal passages causing rhinitis and ulcerative keratomycosis areuncommonly reported in cats. Hyalohyphomycetes and phaeohyphomycetes have rarely been associated with this disorder.Sino-orbital fungal diseases are emerging and more invasive than sino-nasal fungal diseases with poor response to therapyand a worse prognosis. Brachycephalic feline breeds seem to be at increased risk for development of upper respiratoryfungal diseases. Diagnosis is based on the demonstration of fungal hyphae by cytology or histology and definitive confirmation by fungal culture and molecular methods. This is the first case report of a cat with clinical mixed fungal ball withAspergillus and Scopulariopsis in Brazil.Case: A 3-year-old male Persian cat, in São José city, Santa Catarina, Brazil, was presented with exophthalmos and corneal ulcer of the left eye and protrusion, hyperemia, quemosis and fibroses of the left third eyelid. The retropulsion of theglobe was negative in this eyeball and a presumptive diagnosis of a retrobulbar mass was made. The patient underwenta surgical procedure for inspection and collection of samples for bacterial and mycological culture. Culture revealed nobacterial growth, however, unique and abundant growth of Aspergillus spp. was present. A subconjunctival enucleation ofthe left eye was made and the mass was sent for histopathology examination. Histology showed inflammatory proliferativenecrotizing pyogranulomatous reaction; with the presence of severe fungal infection evidenced by large number of hyalineseptated regular and irregular mold hyphae. Molecular identification was performed using panfungal primers (ITS3-F /ITS4-R). Patient was treated with systemic itraconazole associated with amphotericin B and topical clotrimazole. A massstarted to grow rapidly in the left pterygopalatine fossa and was surgically removed, but recurrence occurred seven daysafter...(AU)

Rhabditis spp., in the Espírito Santo, State of Brazil and evaluation of biological control / Rhabditis spp., no Espírito Santo, estado do Brasil e avaliação do controle biológico

The objectives of this study were to describe occurrences of Rhabditis spp. causing parasitic otitis in dairy cattle of Gir breed in the state of Espírito Santo, southeastern Brazil, and to evaluate the biological control of this nematode using the nematophagous fungi Duddingtonia flagrans (AC001) and Monacrosporium thaumasium (NF34). After nematode detection and collection, three groups were formed: two groups that were treated, respectively, with the fungal isolates; and a control group, without fungus. The treatments were as follows: (a) Petri dishes containing the culture medium 2% water agar (WA) + 250 nematodes + AC001; (b) Petri dishes containing 2% WA + 250 nematodes + NF34; and (c) Petri dishes containing only 2% WA + 250 nematodes. After seven days at 27 °C the treatments with fungi were able to capture and destroy the nematodes, with percentages of 82.0% (AC001) and 39.0% (NF34) in relation to the control group. The results demonstrate the occurrence of Rhabditis spp. after animals physical examination and that there was efficacy of the in vitro predatory activity of both fungal isolates. Thus, these results are important because they can assist in future in vivo control of this nematode in cattle.(AU)

Os objetivos neste estudo foram descrever ocorrências do nematódeo Rhabditis spp., causando otite parasitária em bovinos leiteiros da raça Gir no estado do Espírito Santo, sudeste do Brasil, e avaliar o controle biológico desse nematódeo utilizando os fungos nematófagos Duddingtonia flagrans (AC001) e Monacrosporium thaumasium (NF34). Após a detecção e coleta dos nematódeos, três grupos foram formados: dois grupos que foram tratados com os isolados fúngicos, respectivamente; e um grupo controle, sem fungos. Os tratamentos foram os seguintes: (a) placas de Petri contendo o meio de cultura 2% ágar de água (WA) + 250 nematoides + AC001; (b) placas de Petri contendo 2% de WA + 250 nematoides + NF34; e (c) placas de contendo apenas 2% de nematódeos WA + 250. Após sete dias a 27 °C os tratamentos com fungos foram capazes de capturar e destruir os nematódeos, com porcentagens de 82,0% (AC001) e 39,0% (NF34) em relação ao grupo controle. Os resultados demonstram a ocorrência de Rhabditis spp., no Estado do Espírito Santo e a eficácia da atividade predatória in vitro dos isolados fúngicos utilizados. Assim, esses resultados são importantes, pois podem auxiliar no controle alternativo in vivo de Rhabditis spp. em bovinos com otite parasitária.(AU)

Human adenovirus, mesophilic bacteria and fungi in puppies’ food marketed in bulk in southern Brazil

Background: The Brazilian domestic canine population are the second largest in the world and their feeding means 0.4%of the Brazilian gross domestic product. For maintaining the quality of the food, the companies use worldwide standardsfor technical prevention and control of contaminants and biological conservation. The packaging is part of this process,since it provides a barrier between food and environment. However, in Brazil, packagings are often opened in retail storesfor bulk marketing. The objectives of this work were to develop a methodology to detect viruses in foods and to analyzethe bacterial and fungal contamination in puppies’ food sold in bulk in Ivoti and Estância Velha, cities in Southern Brazil.Materials, Methods & Results: Twenty samples collected between September and October 2016 were analyzed for mostprobable number of coliforms, Salmonella sp., mesophilic aerobic bacteria and yeast/mold following the regulation of theBrazilian Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply guidelines. They were also tested for Human MastadenovirusC (HAdV), Canine Mastadenovirus A (CAdV), and Carnivore Protoparvovirus 1 (CPV) genomes. Viral analysis wereperformed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detection. During the collection of the samples hygienic-sanitary conditions, storage of feeds, animals’ access, dog grooming, and veterinary care were considered to evaluate the conditions ofeach store. A pilot study was carried out using one food sample marketed in bulk and one sample from the original package(closed package) and testing them for bacterial and fungal contamination for standardizing viral detection. Ten grams offood from the original package were mixed with 90 mL of Eagles’ Minimal Essential Medium (E-MEM) in 100 mL sterilebottles. These bottles were kept in room temperature and shaken for 60 min. Subsequently, aliquots were obtained by sequentially diluting the sample (10-2 to 10-4)...

Human adenovirus, mesophilic bacteria and fungi in puppies food marketed in bulk in southern Brazil

Background: The Brazilian domestic canine population are the second largest in the world and their feeding means 0.4%of the Brazilian gross domestic product. For maintaining the quality of the food, the companies use worldwide standardsfor technical prevention and control of contaminants and biological conservation. The packaging is part of this process,since it provides a barrier between food and environment. However, in Brazil, packagings are often opened in retail storesfor bulk marketing. The objectives of this work were to develop a methodology to detect viruses in foods and to analyzethe bacterial and fungal contamination in puppies food sold in bulk in Ivoti and Estância Velha, cities in Southern Brazil.Materials, Methods & Results: Twenty samples collected between September and October 2016 were analyzed for mostprobable number of coliforms, Salmonella sp., mesophilic aerobic bacteria and yeast/mold following the regulation of theBrazilian Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Food Supply guidelines. They were also tested for Human MastadenovirusC (HAdV), Canine Mastadenovirus A (CAdV), and Carnivore Protoparvovirus 1 (CPV) genomes. Viral analysis wereperformed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detection. During the collection of the samples hygienic-sanitary conditions, storage of feeds, animals access, dog grooming, and veterinary care were considered to evaluate the conditions ofeach store. A pilot study was carried out using one food sample marketed in bulk and one sample from the original package(closed package) and testing them for bacterial and fungal contamination for standardizing viral detection. Ten grams offood from the original package were mixed with 90 mL of Eagles Minimal Essential Medium (E-MEM) in 100 mL sterilebottles. These bottles were kept in room temperature and shaken for 60 min. Subsequently, aliquots were obtained by sequentially diluting the sample (10-2 to 10-4)...(AU)

Non-viral microbial keratitis in adults: clinical and laboratory aspects

Abstract This study compares patients with and without non-viral microbial keratitis in relation to sociodemographic variables, clinical aspects, and involved causative agent. Clinical aspects, etiology and therapeutic procedures were assessed in patients with and without keratitis that were diagnosed in an Eye Care Center in Campo Grande, MS, Brazil. Patients were divided into two groups: (a) cases: 64 patients with non-viral microbial keratitis diagnosed at biomicroscopy; and (b) controls: 47 patients with other eye disorders that were not keratitis. Labor activity related to agriculture, cattle raising, and contact lens use were all linked to keratitis occurrence (p 0.005). In patients with keratitis, the most common symptoms were pain and photophobia, and the most frequently used medicines were fourth-generation fluoroquinolones (34.4%), amphotericin B (31.3%), and natamycin (28.1%). Microbial keratitis evolved to corneal perforation in 15.6% of cases; transplant was indicated in 10.9% of cases. Regarding the etiology of this condition, 23 (42.2%) keratitis cases were caused by bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 12.5%), 17 (39.1%) by fungi (Fusarium spp., 14.1% and Aspergillus spp., 4.7%), and 4 (6.3%) by Acanthamoeba. Patients with keratitis present with a poorer prognosis. Rapid identification of the etiologic agent is indispensable and depends on appropriate ophthalmological collection and microbiological techniques.

Non-viral microbial keratitis in adults: clinical and laboratory aspects

This study compares patients with and without non-viral microbial keratitis in relation to sociodemographic variables, clinical aspects, and involved causative agent. Clinical aspects, etiology and therapeutic procedures were assessed in patients with and without keratitis that were diagnosed in an Eye Care Center in Campo Grande, MS, Brazil. Patients were divided into two groups: (a) cases: 64 patients with non-viral microbial keratitis diagnosed at biomicroscopy; and (b) controls: 47 patients with other eye disorders that were not keratitis. Labor activity related to agriculture, cattle raising, and contact lens use were all linked to keratitis occurrence (p < 0.005). In patients with keratitis, the most common symptoms were pain and photophobia, and the most frequently used medicines were fourth-generation fluoroquinolones (34.4%), amphotericin B (31.3%), and natamycin (28.1%). Microbial keratitis evolved to corneal perforation in 15.6% of cases; transplant was indicated in 10.9% of cases. Regarding the etiology of this condition, 23 (42.2%) keratitis cases were caused by bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 12.5%), 17 (39.1%) by fungi (Fusarium spp., 14.1% and Aspergillus spp., 4.7%), and 4 (6.3%) by Acanthamoeba. Patients with keratitis present with a poorer prognosis. Rapid identification of the etiologic agent is indispensable and depends on appropriate ophthalmological collection and microbiological techniques.(AU)

Esporotricose em felinos domésticos (Felis catus domesticus) em Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ / Sporotrichosis in domestic felines (Felis catus domesticus) in Campos dos Goytacazes/RJ, Brazil

A esporotricose é uma micose subcutânea de evolução subaguda a crônica, causada pelo fungo dimórfico e geofílico Sporothrix schenckii. A transmissão zoonótica vem recebendo destaque, tendo os felinos domésticos um importante papel epidemiológico na doença. Este trabalho pesquisa teve como objetivo diagnosticar casos de esporotricose em felinos domésticos atendidos no município de Campos dos Goytacazes/RJ, bem como correlacionar os casos positivos com os sinais clínicos observados nos mesmos, assim como fatores de risco tais quais sexo, animais castrados ou não, dentre outras características. Foram utilizados 100 felinos domésticos, portadores de lesões cutâneas suspeitas de esporotricose, os quais passaram por avaliação clínica minuciosa e preenchimento de fichas individuais. As lesões foram então selecionadas para coleta de material em suabes estéreis e posterior análise laboratorial, através da citologia e cultura fúngica. Dos 100 animais analisados, 66 (66%) foram positivos para Sporothrix spp., sendo 46 (69,6%) machos não castrados, 15 (22,7%) fêmeas não castradas, 4 (6,06%) fêmeas castradas e 1 (1,5%) macho castrado, os quais 89,3% tinham acesso à rua. Quanto à topografia lesional e estado clínico dos animais, 43 (65,2%) apresentavam lesões focais e 23 (34,8%) lesões disseminadas, onde 21 (31,8%) vieram à óbito ou foram submetidos a eutanásia por opção do tutor. Com os resultados dos exames foi possível a adequada prescrição do protocolo terapêutico e acompanhamento de 40 animais (60,6%), e nos casos dos felinos encaminhados (7,5%), foi reportado ao médico veterinário responsável o respectivo diagnóstico para que este escolhesse sua conduta terapêutica.(AU)

Sporotrichosis is a subcutaneous mycosis of subacute to chronic evolution, caused by the dimorphic and geophilic fungus Sporothrix schenckii. The zoonotic transmission has been highlighted, with domestic cats having an important epidemiological role in the disease. This research aimed to diagnose cases of sporotrichosis in domestic cats treated in the city of Campos dos Goytacazes/RJ, as well as to correlate the positive cases with the clinical signs observed in them, as well as risk factors such as sex, castrated animals or not, among other characteristics. One hundred domestic felines were used, with skin lesions suspected of sporotrichosis, which underwent a thorough clinical evaluation and completion of individual files. The lesions were then selected for material collection in sterile swabs and subsequent laboratory analysis, through cytology and fungal culture. Of the 100 animals analyzed, 66 (66%) were positive for Sporothrix spp., Being 46 (69.6%) uncastrated males, 15 (22.7%) uncastrated females, 4 (6.06%) females castrated and 1 (1.5%) castrated male, 89.3% of whom had access to the street. Concerning the lesion topography and clinical status of the animals, 43 (65.2%) had focal lesions and 23 (34.8%) disseminated lesions, where 21 (31.8%) died or were submitted to euthanasia at the option of tutor. With the results of the exams, it was possible to adequately prescribe the therapeutic protocol and follow up of 40 animals (60.6%), and in the cases of the cats referred (7.5%), the respective veterinarian was informed of the respective diagnosis so that this To choose their therapeutic behavior.(AU)

Esporotricose em felinos domésticos (Felis catus domesticus) em Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ / Sporotrichosis in domestic felines (Felis catus domesticus) in Campos dos Goytacazes/RJ, Brazil

A esporotricose é uma micose subcutânea de evolução subaguda a crônica, causada pelo fungo dimórfico e geofílico Sporothrix schenckii. A transmissão zoonótica vem recebendo destaque, tendo os felinos domésticos um importante papel epidemiológico na doença. Este trabalho pesquisa teve como objetivo diagnosticar casos de esporotricose em felinos domésticos atendidos no município de Campos dos Goytacazes/RJ, bem como correlacionar os casos positivos com os sinais clínicos observados nos mesmos, assim como fatores de risco tais quais sexo, animais castrados ou não, dentre outras características. Foram utilizados 100 felinos domésticos, portadores de lesões cutâneas suspeitas de esporotricose, os quais passaram por avaliação clínica minuciosa e preenchimento de fichas individuais. As lesões foram então selecionadas para coleta de material em suabes estéreis e posterior análise laboratorial, através da citologia e cultura fúngica. Dos 100 animais analisados, 66 (66%) foram positivos para Sporothrix spp., sendo 46 (69,6%) machos não castrados, 15 (22,7%) fêmeas não castradas, 4 (6,06%) fêmeas castradas e 1 (1,5%) macho castrado, os quais 89,3% tinham acesso à rua. Quanto à topografia lesional e estado clínico dos animais, 43 (65,2%) apresentavam lesões focais e 23 (34,8%) lesões disseminadas, onde 21 (31,8%) vieram à óbito ou foram submetidos a eutanásia por opção do tutor. Com os resultados dos exames foi possível a adequada prescrição do protocolo terapêutico e acompanhamento de 40 animais (60,6%), e nos casos dos felinos encaminhados (7,5%), foi reportado ao médico veterinário responsável o respectivo diagnóstico para que este escolhesse sua conduta terapêutica.(AU)

Sporotrichosis is a subcutaneous mycosis of subacute to chronic evolution, caused by the dimorphic and geophilic fungus Sporothrix schenckii. The zoonotic transmission has been highlighted, with domestic cats having an important epidemiological role in the disease. This research aimed to diagnose cases of sporotrichosis in domestic cats treated in the city of Campos dos Goytacazes/RJ, as well as to correlate the positive cases with the clinical signs observed in them, as well as risk factors such as sex, castrated animals or not, among other characteristics. One hundred domestic felines were used, with skin lesions suspected of sporotrichosis, which underwent a thorough clinical evaluation and completion of individual files. The lesions were then selected for material collection in sterile swabs and subsequent laboratory analysis, through cytology and fungal culture. Of the 100 animals analyzed, 66 (66%) were positive for Sporothrix spp., Being 46 (69.6%) uncastrated males, 15 (22.7%) uncastrated females, 4 (6.06%) females castrated and 1 (1.5%) castrated male, 89.3% of whom had access to the street. Concerning the lesion topography and clinical status of the animals, 43 (65.2%) had focal lesions and 23 (34.8%) disseminated lesions, where 21 (31.8%) died or were submitted to euthanasia at the option of tutor. With the results of the exams, it was possible to adequately prescribe the therapeutic protocol and follow up of 40 animals (60.6%), and in the cases of the cats referred (7.5%), the respective veterinarian was informed of the respective diagnosis so that this To choose their therapeutic behavior.(AU)

Esporotricose em felinos domésticos (Felis catus domesticus) em Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ

ABSTRACT: Sporotrichosis is a subcutaneous mycosis of subacute to chronic evolution, caused by the dimorphic and geophilic fungus Sporothrix schenckii. The zoonotic transmission has been highlighted, with domestic cats having an important epidemiological role in the disease. This research aimed to diagnose cases of sporotrichosis in domestic cats treated in the city of Campos dos Goytacazes/RJ, as well as to correlate the positive cases with the clinical signs observed in them, as well as risk factors such as sex, castrated animals or not, among other characteristics. One hundred domestic felines were used, with skin lesions suspected of sporotrichosis, which underwent a thorough clinical evaluation and completion of individual files. The lesions were then selected for material collection in sterile swabs and subsequent laboratory analysis, through cytology and fungal culture. Of the 100 animals analyzed, 66 (66%) were positive for Sporothrix spp., Being 46 (69.6%) uncastrated males, 15 (22.7%) uncastrated females, 4 (6.06%) females castrated and 1 (1.5%) castrated male, 89.3% of whom had access to the street. Concerning the lesion topography and clinical status of the animals, 43 (65.2%) had focal lesions and 23 (34.8%) disseminated lesions, where 21 (31.8%) died or were submitted to euthanasia at the option of tutor. With the results of the exams, it was possible to adequately prescribe the therapeutic protocol and follow up of 40 animals (60.6%), and in the cases of the cats referred (7.5%), the respective veterinarian was informed of the respective diagnosis so that this To choose their therapeutic behavior.

RESUMO: A esporotricose é uma micose subcutânea de evolução subaguda a crônica, causada pelo fungo dimórfico e geofílico Sporothrix schenckii. A transmissão zoonótica vem recebendo destaque, tendo os felinos domésticos um importante papel epidemiológico na doença. Este trabalho pesquisa teve como objetivo diagnosticar casos de esporotricose em felinos domésticos atendidos no município de Campos dos Goytacazes/RJ, bem como correlacionar os casos positivos com os sinais clínicos observados nos mesmos, assim como fatores de risco tais quais sexo, animais castrados ou não, dentre outras características. Foram utilizados 100 felinos domésticos, portadores de lesões cutâneas suspeitas de esporotricose, os quais passaram por avaliação clínica minuciosa e preenchimento de fichas individuais. As lesões foram então selecionadas para coleta de material em suabes estéreis e posterior análise laboratorial, através da citologia e cultura fúngica. Dos 100 animais analisados, 66 (66%) foram positivos para Sporothrix spp., sendo 46 (69,6%) machos não castrados, 15 (22,7%) fêmeas não castradas, 4 (6,06%) fêmeas castradas e 1 (1,5%) macho castrado, os quais 89,3% tinham acesso à rua. Quanto à topografia lesional e estado clínico dos animais, 43 (65,2%) apresentavam lesões focais e 23 (34,8%) lesões disseminadas, onde 21 (31,8%) vieram à óbito ou foram submetidos a eutanásia por opção do tutor. Com os resultados dos exames foi possível a adequada prescrição do protocolo terapêutico e acompanhamento de 40 animais (60,6%), e nos casos dos felinos encaminhados (7,5%), foi reportado ao médico veterinário responsável o respectivo diagnóstico para que este escolhesse sua conduta terapêutica.

Características epidemiológicas, clínico-patológicas e morfotintoriais de quatorze casos de nocardiose em cães

ABSTRACT: This paper describes the epidemiological, clinical, pathological and morphotinctorial characteristics in fourteen cases of nocardiosis in dogs. A retrospective study for the period of January 2005 to December 2015 was made and selected suggestive cases of nocardiosis. The identification and characterization of the agent was performed by special histochemical techniques Methenamine silver nitrate Grocott (GMS), modified Ziehl-Neelsen, Gram stain type modified Brown-Brenn and Giemsa. Were affected predominantly young and in twelve cases were associated with canine distemper virus (CDV). Clinical signs vary from respiratory, neurological and skin changes, mainly related to concomitant infection by CDV. Macroscopically had multifocal areas coalescing, yellowish-white, firm, elevated in surface and deepened the court, sometimes with purulent material, intermixed by irregular reddened areas affecting mainly lungs, lymph nodes, liver, kidneys, and brain. The cutaneous lesions were predominantly observed in cervical and inguinal and ranged from suppurative well as pyogranulomatous. In the histopathologic examination the injury was mainly characterized by inflammation pyogranulomatous, but in some areas there was a predominance of necrossupurativa inflammation, epithelioid macrophages and were frequently observed, forming clusters radiated form, often reminding rosettes. In the histochemical techniques were observed filamentous structures, branched, non-septate, measuring approximately 1µm thick, impregnated on silver staining, stained in red on the modified Ziehl-Neelsen, in blue on Gram stain type modified Brown-Brenn and weakly pale pink in Giemsa. The nocardiosis should be considered in young animals with progressive respiratory and neurological signs, as well as skin lesions involving the subcutaneous tissue and regional lymph nodes. It should be further investigated a possible predisposing factor, such as infection by canine distemper virus and hemoparasites. The diagnosis was established by histopathological examination based on the morphology of the bacteria and their histochemical characteristics, distinguishing mainly from other bacterial and fungal agents and is an important tool for the diagnosis, when the collection of material for cultivation and isolation of the agent is not possible.

RESUMO: Este artigo descreve os aspectos epidemiológicos, clínicos, patológicos e características morfotintoriais em quatorze casos de nocardiose em cães. Para isso foi realizado um estudo retrospectivo durante o período de janeiro de 2005 a dezembro de 2015 e selecionados os casos sugestivos de nocardiose. A identificação e caracterização do agente foi realizada através de técnicas histoquímicas especiais de Metenamina nitrato de prata de Grocott (GMS), Ziehl-Neelsen modificado, coloração de Gram do tipo Brown-Brenn modificado e Giemsa. Foram afetados predominantemente filhotes e em doze casos havia associação com o vírus da cinomose canina (VCC). Os sinais clínicos variaram de alterações respiratórias, neurológicas e cutâneas, relacionadas principalmente à infecção concomitante pelo VCC. Macroscopicamente haviam áreas multifocais a coalescentes, branco-amareladas, firmes, elevadas na superfície e que se aprofundavam ao corte, por vezes com material purulento, entremeadas por áreas avermelhadas irregulares afetando principalmente pulmões, linfonodos, fígado, rins e encéfalo. As lesões cutâneas foram observadas predominantemente nas regiões cervical e inguinal e variaram de supurativas a piogranulomatosas. No exame histopatológico a lesão era caracterizada principalmente por inflamação piogranulomatosa, porém em algumas áreas havia predomínio de inflamação necrossupurativa, e frequentemente eram observados macrófagos epitelioides, formando aglomerados de forma radiada, muitas vezes lembrando pseudorosetas. Nas técnicas histoquímicas foram observadas estruturas filamentosas, ramificadas, não septadas, medindo aproximadamente 1µm de espessura, impregnadas na coloração de prata, coradas em vermelho no Ziehl-Neelsen modificado, em azul na coloração de Gram do tipo Brown-Brenn modificado e fracamente rósea pálido no Giemsa. A nocardiose deve ser considerada em animais jovens que apresentam sinais respiratórios e neurológicos progressivos, bem como em lesões cutâneas com envolvimento do subcutâneo e linfonodos regionais. Deve ser investigado ainda um provável fator predisponente, como a infecção pelo vírus da cinomose canina e hemoparasitoses. O diagnóstico foi estabelecido através do exame histopatológico baseando-se na morfologia da bactéria e suas características histoquímicas, distinguindo principalmente de outros agentes bacterianos e fúngicos, constituindo uma importante ferramenta para o diagnóstico, quando não é possível a coleta do material para cultivo e isolamento do agente.

Influence of packaging on the quality of Brazil nuts / Influência da embalagem na qualidade de castanhas-do-brasil

The Brazil nut is an important commodity that grows in the Amazon rainforest and is notable for its high nutritional value. However, the effect that packaging has on product shelf-life is unclear. This study evaluated the microbiological and nutritional quality of unshelled Brazil nuts packed in (a) nylon and polypropylene under vacuum, and (b) in polyethylene terephthalate and polyethylene aluminized films. The nuts were stored for nine months under natural environmental conditions. The most probable number of total and thermotolerant coliforms and Escherichia coli, and counting of molds and yeast were determined in the unshelled nuts shortly after collection and every three months during storage. Moisture, lipids, ash, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber contents were measured by the gravimetric method. Crude protein content was measured using the Kjeldahl method. Coliform levels were within legislated standards in both types of packaging. Mold and yeast growth increased with time in both types of packaging (0.1x10¹ to 9.5x10³ colony forming units g-1), but only nuts packaged in aluminum film showed a significant increase after six months of storage. After nine months of storage, both types of packaged nuts had good nutritional quality. Aluminized packaging resulted in better conservation of the lipid fraction and lower permeability to water vapor, however, vacuum packaging was more effective in controlling fungal growth, possibly due to the lack of oxygen.

As castanhas-do-brasil são um importante produto da floresta amazônica e destacam-se pelo seu alto valor nutricional. Contudo, os efeitos da embalagem sobre a vida de prateleira das castanhas não estão completamente esclarecidos. Sendo assim, neste estudo, avaliou-se a qualidade microbiológica e nutricional de castanhas-do-brasil descascadas, embaladas em (a) nylon mais polipropileno a vácuo e (b) filmes aluminizados de polietileno tereftalato (PET) e polietileno (PE). As castanhas foram armazenadas por um período de nove meses, sob condições ambientais naturais. Logo após a coleta, e a cada três meses, foram determinados nas castanhas o número mais provável de coliformes totais, coliformes termotolerantes e Escherichia coli, e contagem total de bolores e leveduras. Também foram medidos os teores de umidade, lipídeos, cinzas, fibra em detergente neutro e fibra em detergente ácido por métodos gravimétricos, e os teores de proteína bruta por meio do método de Kjeldahl. Os níveis de coliformes termotolerantes estiveram dentro dos padrões da legislação nos dois tipos de embalagem. A incidência de bolores e leveduras aumentou ao longo do tempo nas duas embalagens (de 0,1x10¹ a 9,5x10³ unidades formadoras de colônia; UFC g-1), porém somente a embalagem aluminizada apresentou aumento significativo após seis meses de armazenamento. Após nove meses, as castanhas nas duas embalagens apresentaram boa qualidade nutricional, porém a embalagem aluminizada apresentou melhor conservação da fração lipídica e menor permeabilidade a vapores de água. Contudo, a embalagem a vácuo foi mais eficiente no controle do crescimento de fungos, possivelmente devido à ausência de oxigênio.

Características epidemiológicas, clínico-patológicas e morfotintoriais de quatorze casos de nocardiose em cães / Epidemiological, clinical, pathological and morphotinctorial features of fourteen cases of nocardiosis in dogs

Este artigo descreve os aspectos epidemiológicos, clínicos, patológicos e características morfotintoriais em quatorze casos de nocardiose em cães. Para isso foi realizado um estudo retrospectivo durante o período de janeiro de 2005 a dezembro de 2015 e selecionados os casos sugestivos de nocardiose. A identificação e caracterização do agente foi realizada através de técnicas histoquímicas especiais de Metenamina nitrato de prata de Grocott (GMS), Ziehl-Neelsen modificado, coloração de Gram do tipo Brown-Brenn modificado e Giemsa. Foram afetados predominantemente filhotes e em doze casos havia associação com o vírus da cinomose canina (VCC). Os sinais clínicos variaram de alterações respiratórias, neurológicas e cutâneas, relacionadas principalmente à infecção concomitante pelo VCC. Macroscopicamente haviam áreas multifocais a coalescentes, branco-amareladas, firmes, elevadas na superfície e que se aprofundavam ao corte, por vezes com material purulento, entremeadas por áreas avermelhadas irregulares afetando principalmente pulmões, linfonodos, fígado, rins e encéfalo. As lesões cutâneas foram observadas predominantemente nas regiões cervical e inguinal e variaram de supurativas a piogranulomatosas. No exame histopatológico a lesão era caracterizada principalmente por inflamação piogranulomatosa, porém em algumas áreas havia predomínio de inflamação necrossupurativa, e frequentemente eram observados macrófagos epitelioides, formando aglomerados de forma radiada, muitas vezes lembrando pseudorosetas. Nas técnicas histoquímicas foram observadas estruturas filamentosas, ramificadas, não septadas, medindo aproximadamente 1µm de espessura, impregnadas na coloração de prata, coradas em vermelho no Ziehl-Neelsen modificado, em azul na coloração de Gram do tipo Brown-Brenn modificado e fracamente rósea pálido no Giemsa. A nocardiose deve ser considerada em animais jovens que apresentam sinais respiratórios e neurológicos progressivos, bem como em lesões cutâneas com envolvimento do subcutâneo e linfonodos regionais. Deve ser investigado ainda um provável fator predisponente, como a infecção pelo vírus da cinomose canina e hemoparasitoses. O diagnóstico foi estabelecido através do exame histopatológico baseando-se na morfologia da bactéria e suas características histoquímicas, distinguindo principalmente de outros agentes bacterianos e fúngicos, constituindo uma importante ferramenta para o diagnóstico, quando não é possível a coleta do material para cultivo e isolamento do agente.(AU)

This paper describes the epidemiological, clinical, pathological and morphotinctorial characteristics in fourteen cases of nocardiosis in dogs. A retrospective study for the period of January 2005 to December 2015 was made and selected suggestive cases of nocardiosis. The identification and characterization of the agent was performed by special histochemical techniques Methenamine silver nitrate Grocott (GMS), modified Ziehl-Neelsen, Gram stain type modified Brown-Brenn and Giemsa. Were affected predominantly young and in twelve cases were associated with canine distemper virus (CDV). Clinical signs vary from respiratory, neurological and skin changes, mainly related to concomitant infection by CDV. Macroscopically had multifocal areas coalescing, yellowish-white, firm, elevated in surface and deepened the court, sometimes with purulent material, intermixed by irregular reddened areas affecting mainly lungs, lymph nodes, liver, kidneys, and brain. The cutaneous lesions were predominantly observed in cervical and inguinal and ranged from suppurative well as pyogranulomatous. In the histopathologic examination the injury was mainly characterized by inflammation pyogranulomatous, but in some areas there was a predominance of necrossupurativa inflammation, epithelioid macrophages and were frequently observed, forming clusters radiated form, often reminding rosettes. In the histochemical techniques were observed filamentous structures, branched, non-septate, measuring approximately 1µm thick, impregnated on silver staining, stained in red on the modified Ziehl-Neelsen, in blue on Gram stain type modified Brown-Brenn and weakly pale pink in Giemsa. The nocardiosis should be considered in young animals with progressive respiratory and neurological signs, as well as skin lesions involving the subcutaneous tissue and regional lymph nodes. It should be further investigated a possible predisposing factor, such as infection by canine distemper virus and hemoparasites. The diagnosis was established by histopathological examination based on the morphology of the bacteria and their histochemical characteristics, distinguishing mainly from other bacterial and fungal agents and is an important tool for the diagnosis, when the collection of material for cultivation and isolation of the agent is not possible.(AU)

Influence of packaging on the quality of Brazil nuts / Influência da embalagem na qualidade de castanhas-do-brasil

The Brazil nut is an important commodity that grows in the Amazon rainforest and is notable for its high nutritional value. However, the effect that packaging has on product shelf-life is unclear. This study evaluated the microbiological and nutritional quality of unshelled Brazil nuts packed in (a) nylon and polypropylene under vacuum, and (b) in polyethylene terephthalate and polyethylene aluminized films. The nuts were stored for nine months under natural environmental conditions. The most probable number of total and thermotolerant coliforms and Escherichia coli, and counting of molds and yeast were determined in the unshelled nuts shortly after collection and every three months during storage. Moisture, lipids, ash, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber contents were measured by the gravimetric method. Crude protein content was measured using the Kjeldahl method. Coliform levels were within legislated standards in both types of packaging. Mold and yeast growth increased with time in both types of packaging (0.1x10¹ to 9.5x10³ colony forming units g-1), but only nuts packaged in aluminum film showed a significant increase after six months of storage. After nine months of storage, both types of packaged nuts had good nutritional quality. Aluminized packaging resulted in better conservation of the lipid fraction and lower permeability to water vapor, however, vacuum packaging was more effective in controlling fungal growth, possibly due to the lack of oxygen.(AU)

As castanhas-do-brasil são um importante produto da floresta amazônica e destacam-se pelo seu alto valor nutricional. Contudo, os efeitos da embalagem sobre a vida de prateleira das castanhas não estão completamente esclarecidos. Sendo assim, neste estudo, avaliou-se a qualidade microbiológica e nutricional de castanhas-do-brasil descascadas, embaladas em (a) nylon mais polipropileno a vácuo e (b) filmes aluminizados de polietileno tereftalato (PET) e polietileno (PE). As castanhas foram armazenadas por um período de nove meses, sob condições ambientais naturais. Logo após a coleta, e a cada três meses, foram determinados nas castanhas o número mais provável de coliformes totais, coliformes termotolerantes e Escherichia coli, e contagem total de bolores e leveduras. Também foram medidos os teores de umidade, lipídeos, cinzas, fibra em detergente neutro e fibra em detergente ácido por métodos gravimétricos, e os teores de proteína bruta por meio do método de Kjeldahl. Os níveis de coliformes termotolerantes estiveram dentro dos padrões da legislação nos dois tipos de embalagem. A incidência de bolores e leveduras aumentou ao longo do tempo nas duas embalagens (de 0,1x10¹ a 9,5x10³ unidades formadoras de colônia; UFC g-1), porém somente a embalagem aluminizada apresentou aumento significativo após seis meses de armazenamento. Após nove meses, as castanhas nas duas embalagens apresentaram boa qualidade nutricional, porém a embalagem aluminizada apresentou melhor conservação da fração lipídica e menor permeabilidade a vapores de água. Contudo, a embalagem a vácuo foi mais eficiente no controle do crescimento de fungos, possivelmente devido à ausência de oxigênio.(AU)

Tratamento prévio com trilostano e levotiroxina em subdose dificultam diagnóstico de hipotireoidismo canino / Previous treatment with trilostane and levotiroxin in subdosis difficult the diagnosis of canine hypothyroidism

Background: hypothyroidism is a disease of clinical importance that causes multisystem disorders, which can be confused with other endocrinopathies. Rapid and accurate diagnosis is necessary in order to avoid worsening of the clinical manifestation. The use of drugs in a wrong way can directly imply the difficulty of the diagnostic approach, since they may cause changes in the biochemical profiles, which are of great importance as markers in diseases of animals with low thyroid function.Case: The case reports a German Spitz male, one year old and six months old, neutered, who presented bilateral do not cause itching alopecia, being treated by another professional for endocrine and fungal affections. In this same medical appointment were neglected biochemical and hematological profile exams. The exams that had been performed were skin scrapings, which showed growth of fungi and bacteria, besides the measurement of thyroid hormones as TSH, T4L (T4 free) e T3, and also the low-dose dexamethasone suppression test. Based on the findings the therapy instituted by such professional was the administration of itraconazole (ITL®), levothyroxine sodium (compounded drugs) and trilostane (compounded drugs). With absence of clinical improvement, the guardian came to the hospital veterinary, in search of a second diagnostic opinion, where during the collection of information at the time of the anamnesis the patient presented lethargy, drowsiness and absence of hair on both sides. During the clinical examination, the animal presented mild bradycardia and a slightly diminished rectal temperature; in the dermatological evaluation the presence of pup pelt, cutaneous hyperpigmentation and hair thinning in the abdominal area were noted. From this evaluation, hematological exams were requested, which had altered the presence of lymphocytosis, and biochemical tests, where changes in the cholesterol and triglyceride levels were expected, but they were within the normal range.[...](AU)

Tratamento prévio com trilostano e levotiroxina em subdose dificultam diagnóstico de hipotireoidismo canino / Previous treatment with trilostane and levotiroxin in subdosis difficult the diagnosis of canine hypothyroidism

Background: hypothyroidism is a disease of clinical importance that causes multisystem disorders, which can be confused with other endocrinopathies. Rapid and accurate diagnosis is necessary in order to avoid worsening of the clinical manifestation. The use of drugs in a wrong way can directly imply the difficulty of the diagnostic approach, since they may cause changes in the biochemical profiles, which are of great importance as markers in diseases of animals with low thyroid function.Case: The case reports a German Spitz male, one year old and six months old, neutered, who presented bilateral do not cause itching alopecia, being treated by another professional for endocrine and fungal affections. In this same medical appointment were neglected biochemical and hematological profile exams. The exams that had been performed were skin scrapings, which showed growth of fungi and bacteria, besides the measurement of thyroid hormones as TSH, T4L (T4 free) e T3, and also the low-dose dexamethasone suppression test. Based on the findings the therapy instituted by such professional was the administration of itraconazole (ITL®), levothyroxine sodium (compounded drugs) and trilostane (compounded drugs). With absence of clinical improvement, the guardian came to the hospital veterinary, in search of a second diagnostic opinion, where during the collection of information at the time of the anamnesis the patient presented lethargy, drowsiness and absence of hair on both sides. During the clinical examination, the animal presented mild bradycardia and a slightly diminished rectal temperature; in the dermatological evaluation the presence of pup pelt, cutaneous hyperpigmentation and hair thinning in the abdominal area were noted. From this evaluation, hematological exams were requested, which had altered the presence of lymphocytosis, and biochemical tests, where changes in the cholesterol and triglyceride levels were expected, but they were within the normal range.[...]

Survey of fungi associated with cassava root rot from different producing regions in Brazil

Although root rot is one of the major diseases affecting Brazilian cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz.), little is known about the diversity of root rot pathogens. In this study, diseased plants exhibiting root rot symptoms were collected from cassava-producing regions in five Brazilian states: Bahia, Sergipe, Paraíba, Maranhão, Tocantins, and Paraná. Seventy isolates were obtained and assigned to species complexes based on rDNA's ITS (internal transcribed spacer of the ribosomal DNA) region (ITS1, ITS2 and 5.8S). A total of seven species complexes was found belonging to the genus Fusarium (56/74), followed by Lasiodiplodia (8/74), Neoscytalidium (6/74), and Diaporthe/Phomopsis complex (2/74), Phytophthora, and Corallomycetella (1/74 each). These species were distributed differently according to sample locations and states, but overall, the F. solani species complex (FSSC) was the most prevalent. A number of phylogenetic lineages had not been previously reported as being associated with cassava-root rot disease, such as: F. graminearum (FGSC), F. incarnatum-equiseti (FIESC) and F. chlamydosporum (FCSC) complexes, and a phylogenetic lineage most closely related to P. phaseolorum. Results suggest the need to improve knowledge of the species associated with cassava, including multilocus phylogeny for a more specific characterization, and differences in the resistance background associated with these species, as a strategy to incorporate resistance to multiple pathogens in cassava breeding programs.

Survey of fungi associated with cassava root rot from different producing regions in Brazil

Although root rot is one of the major diseases affecting Brazilian cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz.), little is known about the diversity of root rot pathogens. In this study, diseased plants exhibiting root rot symptoms were collected from cassava-producing regions in five Brazilian states: Bahia, Sergipe, Paraíba, Maranhão, Tocantins, and Paraná. Seventy isolates were obtained and assigned to species complexes based on rDNA's ITS (internal transcribed spacer of the ribosomal DNA) region (ITS1, ITS2 and 5.8S). A total of seven species complexes was found belonging to the genus Fusarium (56/74), followed by Lasiodiplodia (8/74), Neoscytalidium (6/74), and Diaporthe/Phomopsis complex (2/74), Phytophthora, and Corallomycetella (1/74 each). These species were distributed differently according to sample locations and states, but overall, the F. solani species complex (FSSC) was the most prevalent. A number of phylogenetic lineages had not been previously reported as being associated with cassava-root rot disease, such as: F. graminearum (FGSC), F. incarnatum-equiseti (FIESC) and F. chlamydosporum (FCSC) complexes, and a phylogenetic lineage most closely related to P. phaseolorum. Results suggest the need to improve knowledge of the species associated with cassava, including multilocus phylogeny for a more specific characterization, and differences in the resistance background associated with these species, as a strategy to incorporate resistance to multiple pathogens in cassava breeding programs.(AU)

Reduced sensitivity to azoxystrobin is stable in Monilinia fructicola isolates

A shift towards declining azoxystrobin sensitivity has been previously documented in a collection of Brazilian Monilinia fructicola isolates, but information on the stability of this trait after in vitro sub-culturing is not available. In this study, one highly-sensitive isolate and two isolates with reduced sensitivity to azoxystrobin, not exhibiting point mutations at codons 129, 137 and 143 in the target gene of cytochrome b were used. Two independent experiments consisted of 10 weekly transfers of each strain in potato dextrose agar (PDA). Conidial production and germination were quantified in the initial culture and, again, after the third, sixth and tenth transfer. Measures of mycelial growth were obtained in colonies growing on PDA amended with azoxystrobin at 1 µg mL-1 and salicylhydroxamic acid at 100 µg mL-1. Data were normalized to mycelial growth rate after each of the 10 transfers. The colony diameter in the less sensitive isolates was stable across the transfers in the PDA amended with the fungicide. The conidial production and mycelial growth rate did not decrease in non-amended media either. Our results suggest that the trait of reduced sensitivity to azoxystrobin is stable under no selection pressure for azoxystrobin.