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A bibliometric study was undertaken to analyze the spatiotemporal distribution of works related to managing boron (B) in Eucalyptus spp. from 1970 to 2022. This analysis was based on the Web of Science and Scopus databases, and 121 documents were retrieved. The eight main aspects analyzed were (1) annual scientific production, (2) most relevant research sources, (3) world scientific production, (4) association between countries, (5) most relevant affiliations, (6) indexed terms, (7) most relevant authors, and (8) most cited documents. The results indicated that publications of studies about B in eucalyptus have increased significantly over the last decade (2010-2020). Brazil has produced the most studies relating to the nutritional management of B in eucalyptus, as is mainly reflected in the numbers of researchers, research institutions, and journals that have published on the subject. Our study found that most works have been developed regionally, with little international collaboration between countries although researchers from the United States are the most frequent partners in international collaborations. The majority of the articles analyzed focused on studying the influence of B doses on the growth and rooting of eucalyptus seedlings. Finally, one significant gap in the literature is the need for studies on sources of B via soil and leaves, and new studies on this subject should be commissioned. Thus, the bibliometric review was an efficient approach for observing the main advances in managing B in eucalyptus in recent decades and identifying the leading research groups and future opportunities for scientific advances in this area.

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GISTs can be benign or malignant, and they have been reported in a wide variety of species, including humans, non-human primates, dogs, and cats; however, reports of this tumor in birds are rare. These neoplasms are seen in the gastrointestinal tract and are derived from the Cajal Cells responsible for regulating gastrointestinal motility. We report a case of a gastrointestinal stromal tumor in a scarlet macaw (Ara chloropterus) that was referred to necropsy at the Veterinary Hospital of the Federal University of Paraíba (UFPB), Northeastern Brazil. Macroscopically, the proventriculus and ventriculus were dilated, and the walls of both organs were thickened by a firm, ulcerated mass covered by fibrin strands. In the histopathology, the proventriculus presented an expansive, non-encapsulated neoplasm formed by homogeneous spindle cells, with eosinophilic cytoplasm, indistinct borders, mild to moderate pleomorphism, and rare mitotic figures, being suggestive of a leiomyoma. In immunohistochemistry, a positive multifocal immunolabeling for the C-KIT proto-oncogene was observed in the cytoplasm of neoplastic spindle cells, thus compatible with a gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST). The occurrence of GISTs in avian species might have been overlooked, and the authors recommend that previously reported gastrointestinal leiomyomas or leiomyosarcomas be tested for this immunomarker to rule out the possibility of GISTs.(AU)

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In view of the morphological similarity between gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) and other sarcomas of the intestine of dogs, the aim was to carry out the histomorphological and immunohistochemical diagnosis of these tumors, associating breed, sex and age, location and tumor invasion. 217 cases were evaluated by histopathology and 36 diagnosed by immunohistochemistry were included (24 GIST and 12 other intestinal sarcomas). Mixed breed dogs were the most diagnosed with GIST, mainly elderly females (9.5±2.2 years); in the other intestinal sarcomas, crossbreeds and Dachshunds, males and females, were equally affected. The cecum was the most affected by GISTs, with tumor invasion of the intestinal layers in all cases. The small intestine was the most affected by the other intestinal sarcomas, with invasion of the layers in most of these tumors. GISTs expressed markers such as CD117 and DOG-1, unlike other intestinal sarcomas. GIST and other intestinal sarcomas denoted histomorphological and immunophenotypic characteristics similar to histopathology, justifying the association of immunohistochemistry for the definitive diagnosis.

Tendo em vista a semelhança morfológica entre tumores estromais gastrointestinais (GIST) e outros sarcomas do intestino de cães, objetivou-se realizar o diagnóstico histomorfológico e imunoistoquímico desses tumores, associando raça, sexo e idade, localização e invasão tumoral. Foram avaliados 217 casos por histopatologia e incluídos 36 diagnosticados por imuno-histoquímica (24 GIST e 12 outros sarcomas intestinais). Cães sem raça definida foram os mais diagnosticados com GIST, principalmente fêmeas idosas (9,5±2,2 anos); nos demais sarcomas intestinais, mestiços e Dachshunds, machos e fêmeas, foram igualmente acometidos. O ceco foi o mais acometido pelos GISTs, com invasão tumoral das camadas intestinais em todos os casos. O intestino delgado foi o mais acometido pelos demais sarcomas intestinais, com invasão das camadas na maioria desses tumores. GISTs expressaram marcadores como CD117 e DOG-1, ao contrário de outros sarcomas intestinais. O GIST e outros sarcomas intestinais denotaram características histomorfológicas e imunofenotípicas semelhantes à histopatologia, justificando a associação da imuno-histoquímica para o diagnóstico definitivo.

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Background: Fibrosarcomas are malignant neoplasms of mesenchymal origin and can have different symptoms depending on the species, age, location and etiopathogenesis. Intestinal tumors in domestic cats are common and the small intestine is the most common site; however, fibrosarcomas are rare in the intestine of all animal species. This work reports intestinal fibrosarcoma in 2 domestic cats and aims to clarify and present information concerning this neoplastic type in the gastrointestinal tract of this species. Cases: We report 2 cases of intestinal fibrosarcoma in domestic felines (Felis catus). Cat 1. A 14-year-old female Persian breed, domestic cat, was taken to the Feline Sector of the Veterinary Hospital of Small Animals (HVPA) of the Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ). The main complaint was chronic constipation and rectal prolapse. The clinical examination revealed an ulcerated mass, measuring 4.0 cm x 1.7 cm. Cat 2. A 10-year-old female undefined breed, domestic cat, was taken to the private clinic. The main complaint was diarrhea with bloody and rectal prolapse. The clinical examination revealed nodule measuring 2.5 cm in diameter. The surgical option decided upon was to use the rectal pull-through technique in both animals. The patients had no trans-surgical or postoperative complications. The material collected during the surgical interventions was analyzed macroscopically and fixed in 10% buffered formalin for 24 h and then sent to the Histopathology Laboratory of the Pathological Anatomy Sector (SAP) at UFRRJ for the cat 1 and in private laboratory for the cat 2. After fixation, it was cleaved for routine microscope exam using Hematoxylin and Eosin (HE) stains and for the histochemical method of Masson's Trichrome staining technique. Complementary immunohistochemistry tests and electron microscopy were also performed. The patients were followed up clinically, showing complete remission of the clinical signs and survival for approximately 1 year after the neoplastic resection. Discussion: There are few reports of intestinal fibrosarcomas in veterinary medicine, therefore, little is known about racial predilection, age, sex or biological behavior. As far as these authors know, this is the 6th and 7th report of this neoplasm with a primary site in the large intestine in this species. The morphological diagnosis of fibrosarcoma is relatively simple, whereas, in some cases the differential diagnosis for tumors of the peripheral nerve sheath, leiomyosarcomas and gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) can be extremely difficult. The immunohistochemistry technique in these cases may not be particularly useful. The fibrosarcoma diagnosis was also confirmed by electron microscopy since no evidence was found that could lead to a neuronal origin, thus excluding tumors such as neurofibrosarcoma and schawnoma, corroborating the immunohistochemical examination. The surgical management of tumor resection with wide safety margins (minimum 2 cm) remains the "gold standard" therapy for dealing with fibrosarcomas since they have a low response rate to chemotherapy and radiotherapy and the use of these therapies as an adjuvant is controversial. The advantages of this technique are related to the surgical time, simplicity, easy access and reduction in the risk of abdominal contamination. Histopathological, immunohistochemistry and electron microscopy evaluations were sufficient to enable the diagnosis of an intestinal fibrosarcoma in both cats. The occurrence of this neoplasm with intestinal involvement in the feline species is rare; therefore, this description is important as it provides information about epidemiology, associated signs, differential diagnoses, biological behavior, treatment and prognosis.

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Os tumores mesenquimais originados a partir de células intersticiais de Cajal, denominados tumores gastrointestinais estromais (GIST) são raros em humanos e com incidência ainda desconhecida em cães. A diferenciação de GIST, leiomiossarcoma e leiomioma com base apenas em exames de imagem, morfológicos e colorações simples por meio da histologia é muitas vezes difícil, sendo indicada realização de imuno-histoquímica. Foi atendida uma cadela, sem padrão racial definido, oito anos, 17kg de peso corporal, com discreto aumento de volume abdominal, sendo evidenciada por ultrassom abdominal neoformação intra-abdominal em região mesogástrica, sem demais alterações clínicas. Durante celiotomia exploratória, identificou-se que a neoformação intestinal localizava-se em jejuno, optando pela realização de enterectomia, sendo posteriormente diagnosticada como leiomiossarcoma pela análise histopatológica. Preconizou-se a instituição de quimioterapia adjuvante com o uso de doxorrubicina (30 mg/m²), a cada 21 dias, totalizando seis sessões. Após dez meses do tratamento cirúrgico, a paciente foi submetida a novo estadiamento clínico, sendo visibilizado, mediante ultrassom abdominal neoformações sólidas em fígado. A partir de biópsia hepática guiada por ultrassom com agulha “tru-cut” e análise histológica e imuno-histoquímica, definiu-se que as neoformações hepáticas eram metástases de GIST, instituindo o tratamento com fosfato de toceranib (Palladia®). Desde o momento da enterectomia ao óbito da paciente, contabilizou-se 20,4 meses de sobrevida global.

Mesenchymal tumors originating from interstitial cells of Cajal, called stromal gastrointestinal tumors (GIST) are rare in humans and their incidence is still unknown in dogs. The differentiation of GIST, leiomyosarcoma and leiomyoma based only on imaging, morphological and simple staining through histology is often difficult, and immunohistochemistry is indicated. A female dog, mixed breed, eight years old, 17kg of body weight, with a slight increase in abdominal volume, and ultrasound evidence of an intra-abdominal neoformation in the mesogastric region, without other clinical changes was seen. During exploratory celiotomy, it was identified that the intestinal neoformation in jejunum, opting for enterectomy, being identified as leiomyosarcoma according to histopathological analysis. Adjuvant chemotherapy was instituted using doxorubicin (30mg / m²) every 21 days, totaling six sessions. The patient underwent a new clinical staging, 10 months after enterectomy, where were visualized, by abdominal ultrasound, neoformations in the liver. Based on ultrasound guided liver biopsy with “tru-cut” needle and histological and immunohistochemical analysis, the neoformation was defined as GIST liver metastasis, being instituted treatment with toceranib phosphate (Palladia®). From the time of enterectomy to the death of the patient, 20,4 months of overall survival were counted.

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Gastrointestinal neoplasms (GIN) are uncommon in dogs, but they mainly show malignant behavior and poor prognosis. The types of GIN in dogs and their frequency, as well as their epidemiological and histopathological characteristics were analyzed through a retrospective study of biopsies from 24.711 dogs from 2005 to 2017. Additionally, histological sections of neoplasms were subjected to immunohistochemistry (IHC) using antibodies against pancytokeratin, vimentin, smooth muscle actin, c-Kit, S-100, CD31, CD79αcy, and neuron-specific enolase. Of the total samples from dogs analyzed, 88 corresponded to GIN. Neoplasms occurred more frequently in purebred dogs (64.8%, 57/88), males (53.4%, 47/88), with a median age of 10 years. The intestine was affected by 84.1% (74/88) of the cases. Of these, the large intestine was the most affected (67.6%, 50/74). Most of the neoplasms had malignant behavior (88.6%, 78/88). Regarding the classification of neoplasms, 46.6% (41/88) of the diagnoses corresponded to epithelial, 46.6% (41/88) were mesenchymal, 5.7% (5/88) were hematopoietic, and 1.1% (1/88) was neuroendocrine. The most frequently diagnosed neoplasms were papillary adenocarcinoma (19.3%, 17/88), leiomyosarcoma (17.0%, 15/88), gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) (12.5%, 11/88), and leiomyoma (5.0%, 8/88). Adenocarcinomas were located mainly in the rectum, whereas leiomyosarcomas and GISTs developed mainly in the cecum. Epithelial neoplasms showed a greater potential for lymphatic invasion whereas mesenchymal neoplasms appeared to be more expansive with intratumoral necrosis and hemorrhage. Immunohistochemistry was found to be an important diagnostic technique for the identification of infiltrating cells in carcinomas and an indispensable technique for the definitive diagnosis of sarcomas.(AU)

Neoplasmas gastrointestinais (NGI) são pouco comuns em cães, mas possuem principalmente comportamento maligno e prognóstico reservado. Os tipos de NGI em cães e sua frequência, bem como características epidemiológicas e histopatológicas foram analisados por meio de um estudo retrospectivo dos exames de biópsias de 24.711 cães entre os anos de 2005 a 2017. Adicionalmente, cortes histológicos de NGI foram submetidos à técnica de imuno-histoquímica (IHQ), utilizando os anticorpos anti-pancitoqueratina, vimentina, actina de músculo liso, c-Kit, S-100, CD31, CD79αcy e enolase neurônio específica. Do total de cães analisados, 88 corresponderam a NGI não linfoides. Os neoplasmas ocorreram com maior frequência em cães de raça pura (64,8%, 57/88), machos (53,4%, 47/88), com mediana de idade de 10 anos. O intestino foi acometido em 84,1% dos casos (74/88). Destes, o intestino grosso foi o segmento mais afetado (67,6%, 50/74). A maior parte dos neoplasmas tinha comportamento maligno (88,6%, 78/88). Quanto à classificação, 46,6% (41/88) dos diagnósticos corresponderam a neoplasmas epiteliais, 46,6% (41/88) mesenquimais, 5,7% (5/88) hematopoiéticos e 1,1% (1/88), neuroendócrino. Os neoplasmas mais frequentemente diagnosticados foram adenocarcinoma papilar (19,3%, 17/88), leiomiossarcoma (17,0%, 15/88), tumor estromal gastrointestinal (GIST) (12,5%, 11/88) e leiomioma (12,5%, 8/88). Adenocarcinomas localizavam-se principalmente no reto, enquanto leiomiossarcoma e GISTs desenvolveram-se principalmente no ceco. Os neoplasmas epiteliais demonstraram um potencial maior de invasão linfática enquanto que os mesenquimais aparentaram ser mais expansivos, com necrose e hemorragia intratumorais. A imuno-histoquímica mostrou ser uma técnica diagnóstica importante para a identificação de células neoplásicas infiltravas no caso dos carcinomas e uma técnica indispensável para o diagnóstico definitivo de sarcomas.(AU)

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Background: Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) is a malignant mesenchymal neoplasm rarely described in the veterinary routine. The aim of this study was to report a case of GIST accompanied by a periosteal reaction, suggestive ofhypertrophic osteopathy, in a dog.Case: An 11-year-old male dog had a history of progressive weight loss, difficulty in locomotion, and dyspnea. During clinical care, increased bone volume was observed. Blood samples were collected for a complete blood count and biochemicalanalysis. The dog also underwent thoracic radiography and abdominal ultrasonography. The test results revealed anemia,leukocytosis, hypocalcemia, hypoalbuminemia, and hypocholesterolemia. The radiographic images of the limbs showeda generalized periosteal reaction, and thoracic radiography indicated changes compatible with mild chronic lung disease.Ultrasonographic findings indicated a neoformation in the intestinal loop of the right mesogastric region and increasedvolume in the left testicle, both of which were indicative of neoplasia. Therefore, the dog was referred for surgery, whereinthe intestinal mass and both testes were removed; the intestinal mass and left testicle were subjected to histopathologicaldiagnosis. The results of the biopsies confirmed that the testicular neoplasm was a seminoma, whereas the intestinal nodulewas compatible with GIST, and immunohistochemical analysis was necessary to confirm the diagnosis. On the basis ofpositive labeling for the antibodies vimentin, desmin, S100, and c-kit, the diagnosis of GIST was confirmed. Therefore,the animal underwent metronomic chemotherapy with 12 mg/m2 cyclophosphamide every 24 h for 3 months, and thereafter every 48 h for 6 months. Moreover, the dog was periodically monitored via imaging (radiography of the anteriorand posterior limbs, abdominal ultrasonography, and computed tomography)...

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O sistema gastrointestinal é composto por uma diversidade de células, podendo resultar no desenvolvimento de diferentes neoplasias, com variados sinais clínicos e características histomorfológicas semelhantes, sendo frequentemente confundidas com outras comorbidades, dificultando o diagnóstico e tratamento. Diante da semelhança morfológica entre os tumores estromais gastrointestinais e outros sarcomas do intestino de cães, aliado a escassez de estudos que comprovem a verdadeira frequência dessas neoplasias, o objetivo do presente estudo foi realizar levantamento epidemiológico dos casos suspeitos de tumores estromais gastrointestinais em cães, diagnosticados por histopatologia e imunohistoquímica, provenientes do Laboratório de Análises Clínicas Veterinário - VetPat (Campinas, SP), no período de junho de 2014 a dezembro de 2020, além de associá-los a resenha dos pacientes (raça, sexo e idade), localização e invasão tumoral, índice mitótico e marcadores imunohistoquímicos utilizados. Os resultados obtidos foram expressos de forma descritiva e percentual. Foram avaliados 217 laudos histopatológicos e incluídos no estudo somente 36 animas que constaram diagnóstico definitivo pela imunohistoquímica. As principais raças diagnosticadas nos tumores estromais gastrointestinais foram cães sem raça definida, Dachshund, Poodle e Golden Retriever, representados principalmente por fêmeas idosas, enquanto, nos outros sarcomas as principais raças acometidas foram sem raça definida e Dachshund, sendo machos e fêmeas igualmente acometidos. A região cecal e o intestino delgado foram as localizações intestinais mais descritas, havendo invasão tumoral das camadas intestinais em 31 animais e ulceração em seis deles. O número de figuras de mitoses variou entre três e 17 figuras, em 16 dos 36 tumores avaliados. Os tumores estromais gastrointestinais expressaram com frequência marcadores como CD117 e DOG-1, diferentemente dos outros sarcomas intestinais, sendo a imunohistoquímica fundamental para a determinação dos diagnósticos.

The gastrointestinal system is composed of a variety of cells, which can result in the development of different neoplasms, with different clinical signs and similar histomorphological characteristics, being often confused with other comorbidities, making diagnosis and treatment difficult. Given the morphological similarity between gastrointestinal stromal tumors and other sarcomas of the intestine of dogs, combined with the scarcity of studies proving the true frequency of these neoplasms, the aim of the present study was to carry out an epidemiological survey of suspected cases of gastrointestinal stromal tumors in dogs, diagnosed by histopathology and confirmed by immunohistochemistry, from the Veterinary Clinical Analysis Laboratory - VetPat (Campinas, SP), from June 2014 to December 2020, in addition to associating them with the patients' review (race, sex and age), tumor location and invasion, mitotic index and immunohistochemical markers used. The results obtained were expressed descriptively and as a percentage. A total of 217 histopathological reports were obtained and only 36 animals were included in the study that were definitively diagnosed by immunohistochemistry. The main breeds diagnosed in the gastrointestinal stromal tumors were mixed breed dogs, Dachshund, Poodle and Golden Retriever, represented mainly by elderly women, while in the other sarcomas the main affected breeds were mixed breeds and Dachshund, being males and women equally affected. The cecal region and the small intestine were the most common intestinal culminations, with tumor invasion of the intestinal layers in 31 animals and ulceration in six of them. The number of mitotic figures ranged from three to 17 figures, in 16 of 36 tumors taken. Gastrointestinal stromal tumors frequently expressed markers such as CD117 and DOG-1, unlike other intestinal sarcomas, being fundamental immunohistochemistry for determining the diagnoses.

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Os tumores estromais gastrointestinais (GIST) são incomuns e apresentam elevada similaridade histológica com as neoplasias de músculo liso e de nervo periférico. Este trabalho relata e caracteriza GIST em cães do ponto de vista epidemiológico, clínico-laboratorial, anatomopatológico e imuno-histoquímico, com base na análise retrospectiva de três cães, machos, com média de idade de 10 anos, variando de porte médio a grande e peso médio de 18.5±6kg. As alterações clínicas foram progressivas e inespecíficas de quadro gastrointestinal crônico, tais como prostração, anorexia, perda de peso e melena. Anemia não regenerativa e leucocitose foram os principais achados laboratoriais. Macroscopicamente, os tumores apresentavam média de 19cm no eixo maior, localizados em jejuno e ceco, com a superfície ulcerada, e exibiam áreas de necrose. Na avaliação microscópica, os casos apresentaram proliferação de células fusiformes, arranjadas em feixes longos densamente celulares, que foram vimentina e CD117 positivas, com diferenciação neural (S100 positivo), muscular (actina e desmina positivas) e anaplásica, cuja morfologia caracteriza neoplasias malignas com sobrevida de um dia a 12 meses. O GIST deve ser um dos diagnósticos diferenciais a serem considerados entre as neoplasias mesenquimais do trato gastrointestinal que acometem cães, e o diagnóstico final necessita de imuno-histoquímica.(AU)

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST) are uncommon and show high histological similarity with smooth muscle and peripheral neuron tumors. This paper reported three cases of gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) showing its clinical and laboratorial presentation, and gross, microscopical and immunohistochemical features. Clinical signs and symptoms of the animals studied were progressive and characterized by nonspecific chronic gastrointestinal disorders such as depression, anorexia, weight loss and melena. Non regenerative anemia and leukocytosis were the main laboratory findings. Grossly, tumors were 19cm big, ulcerated and with necrotic areas. Microscopically, the tumors were malignant spindle cell proliferation with positivity to vimentine and CD117, with neural (S100+), myogenic (desmine + and smooth muscle actine+) and anaplasic differentiation. GIST should be one of the differential diagnoses to be considered among the mesenchymal neoplasms of the gastrointestinal tract of dogs.(AU)

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Background: Stromal Grastrointestinal Tumors (GIST) are rare mesenchymal neoplasms that affect the wall of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Histologically this tumor shows a spindle, epithelioid or mixed aspect and routine hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining does not allow adequate differentiation from other mesenquimal neoplasms. Histochemical and imunohistochemical techniques are useful tools in this differentiation. The aim of this study was to report a case of canine GIST, emphasizing the use of histochemical and immunohistochemical techniques to differentiate it from other histomorfologically similar mesenchymal neoplasms.Case: A ten-year-old male Pinscher dog was submitted to surgical excision of a tumor in the pyloric region of stomach. The dog was euthanized 90 days after surgery. Tumor specimens were collected, fi xed in 10% neutral buffered formalin solution and embedded in paraffi n. Afterwards, 4 µm histological sections were obtained and stained with HE and Gomoris Tricrome (GT). For immunohistochemical analysis a biotin-peroxidase system was used and secondary antibodies were identifi ed using Advance HRP. Cytokeratin (CK) AE1/AE3, c-KIT, vimentin, Ki-67, S-100 and Smooth Muscle Alfa Actin (SMA) expression were evaluated. For vimentin, CKAE1AE3, SMA, S100 and c-KIT antibodies, a semiquantitative method was used and neoplasms were classifi ed as negative (-), pos

Background: Stromal Grastrointestinal Tumors (GIST) are rare mesenchymal neoplasms that affect the wall of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Histologically this tumor shows a spindle, epithelioid or mixed aspect and routine hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining does not allow adequate differentiation from other mesenquimal neoplasms. Histochemical and imunohistochemical techniques are useful tools in this differentiation. The aim of this study was to report a case of canine GIST, emphasizing the use of histochemical and immunohistochemical techniques to differentiate it from other histomorfologically similar mesenchymal neoplasms.Case: A ten-year-old male Pinscher dog was submitted to surgical excision of a tumor in the pyloric region of stomach. The dog was euthanized 90 days after surgery. Tumor specimens were collected, fi xed in 10% neutral buffered formalin solution and embedded in paraffi n. Afterwards, 4 µm histological sections were obtained and stained with HE and Gomoris Tricrome (GT). For immunohistochemical analysis a biotin-peroxidase system was used and secondary antibodies were identifi ed using Advance HRP. Cytokeratin (CK) AE1/AE3, c-KIT, vimentin, Ki-67, S-100 and Smooth Muscle Alfa Actin (SMA) expression were evaluated. For vimentin, CKAE1AE3, SMA, S100 and c-KIT antibodies, a semiquantitative method was used and neoplasms were classifi ed as negative (-), pos

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Os tumores estromais gastrintestinais, ou GISTs, são neoplasias raramente descritas na espécie canina. Este trabalho teve por objetivo descrever um caso de GIST em uma cadela de dez anos de idade, da raça beagle, que apresentou hiporexia, hipodipsia e hematoquezia. Clinicamente, uma massa localizada no lúmen de uma alça intestinal foi detectada por meio de exame ultrassonográfico. Foi realizada a ressecção cirúrgica de nódulo intraluminal no jejuno. Microscopicamente, esse nódulo era composto por células mesenquimais fusiformes organizadas em feixes. Na imuno-histoquímica, as células neoplásicas foram positivas para o marcador KIT, s-100 e vimentina, sendo negativas para os marcadores de tumores originados da musculatura lisa, a desmina e a actina muscular. Com base na histologia, e principalmente na imunomarcação para KIT, realizou-se o diagnóstico de GIST no animal do presente estudo.

Gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GISTs) are rare in the canine species. The aim of this study was to describe a case of GIST in a ten-year-old female Beagle with appetite loss, hypodipsia and hematochezia. Clinically, a mass within the lumen of an intestinal loop was detected through ultrasonography. An intraluminal nodule within the jejunum was surgically resected. Microscopically, this nodule was composed by interlacing bundles of spindle-shaped neoplastic cells of mesenchymal origin. Neoplastic cells were immunopositive for KIT, s-100 and vimentin and were negative for desmin and muscle actin, which are markers for tumors arising from smooth muscle. Histological findings and especially the immunolabeling for KIT helped establish the diagnosis of GIST.

Los tumores del estroma gastrointestinal, o GISTs, son neoplasias poco relatadas en caninos. Este trabajo tuvo como objetivo describir un caso de GIST en una perra Beagle de diez años que presentaba hiporexia, hipodipsia y hematoquecia. Mediante un examen ecográfico pudo detectarse una masa localizada en la luz intestinal. Se realizó la resección quirúrgica del nódulo intraluminal que fue localizado en el yeyuno. Microscópicamente, este nódulo estaba formado por células mesenquimales fusiformes, organizadas en forma de haces. En el examen inmunohistoquímico, las células neoplásicas fueron positivas para el marcador KIT, s-100 y para vimentina, siendo negativas para los marcadores de tumores de músculo liso ? desmina y actina muscular. En base a la histopatología y, principalmente, a la inmunomarcación para KIT, el diagnóstico final de esta paciente fue de un GIST.

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PURPOSE: To evaluate the immunohistochemical expression of p16, Ki-67, p53 and Bcl-2 proteins in gastrointestinal stromal tumors (GIST); to assess the possible association between these variables and clinical and histopathological factors of cancer; and to check for prognostic value of these variables (survival and recurrence). METHODS: A sample of 55 patients treated surgically for GIST in three hospitals was studied. The surgically excised tumors were confirmed as GIST by KIT, vimentin, desmin S100 protein, CD117, 1A4 and CD34 assessment in paraffin blocks. RESULTS: Only 9 (16%) cases of GIST were positive for p53, p16 was positive among 43.6%; 80% of GISTs showed staining for Bcl-2. The proliferative index (expressed as the proportion of positive cells) assessed by immunohistochemical expression of Ki-67 was high in 49% of cases. Elevated Ki-67 scores were associated to high histological grade (p=0.0026) and mitosis index, MI (p=0.0001). High Ki-67 index was associated to death. Expression of p53, p16 and Bcl-2 did not correlate to morphological or clinical variables. CONCLUSIONS: Ki-67 immunohistochemical evaluation should be included in preoperative evaluation of GIST biopsies or surgical specimens as a prognostic tool for clinical staging; and all other proteins studied (Bcl-2, p53 and p16) did not play a role in GIST metabolic or carcinogenic process, remaining without prognostic value.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a expressão imunoistoquímica de p16, Ki-67, p53 e Bcl-2 proteínas em tumores gastrointestinais estromais (GIST); determinar a possível associação entre essas variáveis e fatores clínicos e histopatológicos de câncer, e para verificar o valor prognóstico destas variáveis (sobrevivência e recorrência). MÉTODOS: Uma amostra de 55 pacientes tratados cirurgicamente para GIST em três hospitais foi estudada. Os tumores extirpados cirurgicamente foram confirmados como GIST por KIT, vimentina, proteína desmina S100, CD117, 1A4 e avaliação de CD34 em blocos de parafina. RESULTADOS: Apenas nove (16%) casos de GIST foram positivos para p53, p16 foi positiva em 43,6%, 80% dos GIST apresentaram coloração para Bcl-2. O índice proliferativo (expresso como a proporção de células positivas), avaliado pela expressão imunoistoquímica de Ki-67, foi elevado em 49% dos casos. Escores de Ki-67 elevados foram associados com alto grau histológico (p=0,0026) e índice de mitose, MI (p=0,0001). Alto índice de Ki-67 foi associado à morte. Expressão da p53, p16 e Bcl-2 não se correlacionou com as variáveis morfológicas ou clínicas. CONCLUSÕES: A avaliação imunoistoquímica de Ki-67 deve ser incluída na avaliação pré-operatória de biópsias ou peças cirúrgicas de GIST como uma ferramenta prognóstica para o estadiamento clínico, e todas as outras proteínas estudadas (Bcl-2, p53 e p16) não desempenharam um papel no processo metabólico ou carcinogênico em GIST, mantendo-se sem valor prognóstico.

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Background: Stromal Grastrointestinal Tumors (GIST) are rare mesenchymal neoplasms that affect the wall of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT). Histologically this tumor shows a spindle, epithelioid or mixed aspect and routine hematoxylin and eosin (HE) staining does not allow adequate differentiation from other mesenquimal neoplasms. Histochemical and imunohistochemical techniques are useful tools in this differentiation. The aim of this study was to report a case of canine GIST, emphasizing the use of histochemical and immunohistochemical techniques to differentiate it from other histomorfologically similar mesenchymal neoplasms. Case: A ten-year-old male Pinscher dog was submitted to surgical excision of a tumor in the pyloric region of stomach. The dog was euthanized 90 days after surgery. Tumor specimens were collected, fixed in 10% neutral buffered formalin solution and embedded in paraffin. Afterwards, 4 µm histological sections were obtained and stained with HE and Gomori's Tricrome (GT). For immunohistochemical analysis a biotin-peroxidase system was used and secondary antibodies were identified using Advance HRP. Cytokeratin (CK) AE1/AE3, c-KIT, vimentin, Ki-67, S-100 and Smooth Muscle Alfa Actin (SMA) expression were evaluated. For vimentin, CKAE1AE3, SMA, S100 and c-KIT antibodies, a semiquantitative method was used and neoplasms were classified as negative (-), positive with focal or multifocal staining (+) and positive with diffuse staining (++). The proliferative index was calculated by counting nuclei positive for Ki-67 (anti-MIB-1) in a total of 1000 neoplastic cells. Macroscopically, the stomach fragment revealed an intramural nodule covered by mucosa and with a slightly lobulated surface. Microscopically, the neoplastic mass was located in the submucous layer of stomach and composed by a spindle cell proliferation forming intersecting fascicles. Neoplastic cells revealed vacuolated eosinophilic cytoplasm and multiple conspicuous nucleoli. Absence of chromatic affinity for GT was observed in this tumor. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed intense and diffuse cytoplasmic staining for vimentin (++), moderate and diffuse staining for c-KIT (++), moderate and multifocal staining for S-100 (+) and negative staining (-) for SMA and CK AE1/AE3. The proliferation index was 6.8%. Discussion: GISTs are mesenquimal neoplasms that affect the GIT. The spindle aspect of this tumor is similar to other mesenquimal tumors of the GIT. A mesenquimal appearance associated with epithelioid areas was observed in this case report. Mesenquimal histogenesis was confirmed by positivity for vimentin and negativity for cytokeratin. GT evaluation revealed absence of muscular and collagenous components within the neoplasm, discarding the diagnosis of leiomiosarcoma or fibrosarcoma. The absence of smooth muscle tumor cells was confirmed by immunohistochemical negativity for SMA. In addition, multifocal and diffuse cytoplasmic imunostaining was observed for S-100 and c-KIT, respectively. According the literature, human and canine GISTs are positive for c-KIT and negative for S-100. The S-100 expression described in this study, has been reported in humans GISTs and is probably associated with neural differentiation. Therefore, histomorfological and immunohistochemical findings allowed a definitive diagnosis of canine GIST, differentiating the tumour from other mesenchymal neoplasms of the GIT.

Resumo

Esta dissertação consiste num estudo sobre neoplasmas gastrointestinais de caninos. O primeiro trabalho apresentado é uma revisão relacionada às lesões do trato digestório inferior (estômago, esôfago e intestinos). O segundo trabalho se trata de uma revisão da literatura, com os principais neoplasmas que acometem a cavidade oral e as características das lesões mais frequentes, além de informações epidemiológicas referentes a sexo, raça e idade. O terceiro trabalho é um estudo retrospectivo, com 108 neoplasmas intestinais, de 98 animais. Este artigo evidencia que as lesões da cavidade oral foram as mais frequentes, com destaque para os Melanomas, Fibroma Odontogênico periférico e Fibrossarcoma. Dente as lesões gastroesofágicas, predominaram aquelas provenientes do músculo liso. Nas lesões intestinais, os tumores mais frequentes foram o sarcoma indiferenciado. Os neoplasmas do trato gastrointestinal são uma importante causa de morte dos animais senis e sua casuística tem aumentado cada vez mais na clínica médica veterinária. A literatura carece de dados referentes à estas lesões. Estudos como estes se fazem necessários, dada a vasta gama de lesões possíveis e os diversos sinais e sintomas clínicos.

This dissertation is a retrospective study of gastrointestinal canine neoplasms, over a 10-year period. We present a paper containing a review of the literature, with the main neoplasms affecting the oral cavity and characteristics referring to the most frequent lesions, as well as epidemiological information regarding sex, breed and age. According to the literature, melanocytic lesions are the most frequent in the oral cavity, followed by Squamous Cell Carcinoma. Another review is related to lower digestive tract lesions (Stomach, esophagus and intestines). According to the literature, rectal neoplasms are classified separately from other intestinal lesions, because they have different behavior and characteristics from the other intestinal lesions. The third article presents a retrospective study of 108intestinal neoplasms of 98 animals. This article evidences that the lesions of the oral cavity were the most frequent ones, especially Melanomas, Peripheral Odontogenic Fibroma and Fibrosarcoma. In the presence of gastroesophageal lesions, lesions from the smooth muscle predominated. In the intestinal lesions, the most frequent lesions were undifferentiated sarcoma. Neoplasms of the gastrointestinal tract are one of the main causes of death of senile animals and their casuistry has been increasing in veterinary medical practice. The literature lacks data on these lesions. Studies such as these are needed, given the wide range of possible lesions and the various clinical signs and symptoms.

Resumo

Um aumento de tamanho do estômago associado com rotação em seu eixo mesentérico define a síndrome da dilatação volvo gástrica (OVG). A síndrome OVG é uma condição associada a altas taxas de mortalidade, principalmente quando não ocorre a rápida intervenção clínica e cirúrgica. O sinal clínico típico é a distensão abdominal por acumulo de gás. Os tumores estromais do trato gastrointestinal (GIST) são diagnosticados através do exame anatomopatológico e imunoistoquimico, estas neoplasias não respondem bem a radioterapias e quimioterapias necessitando de remoção cirúrgica. O perfil imunoistoquimico para um diagnostico mais preciso envolve os marcadores C034, desmina, C0117, proteína 00G1, C045RB, vimentina e proteína S-100. O objetivo desse relato é, através de sua apresentação, fazer uma breve revisão de literatura sobre a síndrome OVG e o perfil imunoistoquimico para GISTs.

An increase in the size of the stomach associated with mesenteric rotation on its axis define the syndrome of gastric dilation volvulus (OVG). OVG syndrome is a condition associated with high mortality condition, especially when there is no rapid clinical and surgical has intervened. The typical clinical sign is abdominal distension by accumulation of gas. The gastrointestinal tract stromal tumors (GIST) are diagnosed by histopathologic and immunohistochemical examination, these tumors do not respond well to radiotherapy and chemotherapy requiring surgical removal. Immunohistochemical profile for a more accurate diagnosis involves the markers C034, desmin, C0117, 00G1 protein, C045RB, vimentin and S-1 00 protein. The objective of this report is, through its aprensetation, make a brief review of literature on the OVG syndrome and immunohistochemical profile for GISTs.

Un aumento en el tamano del estómago asociada a la rotación sobre su eje mesentérico definir el síndrome de vólvulo dilatación gástrica (OVG). Síndrome de OVG es una condición asociada con condiciones de alta mortalidad, especialmente cuando no hay una rápida intervención clínica y quirúrgica. El signo clínico típico es la distensión abdominal por acumulación de gas. Los tumores del estroma del tracto gastrointestinal (GIST) son diagnosticados por histopatológico y examen inmunohistoquímico, estos tumores no responden bien a la radioterapia y la quimioterapia que requiere la extirpación quirúrgica. Perfil inmunohistoquímica para un diagnóstico más preciso implica la marcadores C034, desmina, C0117, 00G1, C045RB, vimentina y proteína de la proteína S-1 00. El objetivo de este informe es, a través de su aprensetação, hacer una breve revisión de la literatura sobre el síndrome de OVG y el perfil inmunohistoquímico de los GISTs.