Abomasal impaction in a goat - surgical approach

Background: The abomasum is glandular and has a bagpipe shape, with a capacity of 1 to 2 liters. It has a very acidic content with a pH ranging from 1.5 to 3, and although disturbances in this organ are uncommon in small ruminants, abomasal emptying defect is probably the most common abomasal problem in goats. The etiology of an abomasal emptying defect is unknown, however, abomasal impaction is the main cause of this condition. Since this disorder is associated with poor prognosis and information in goats is scarce, the aim of this report is to describe the success of abomasotomy as a treatment for abomasal impaction in goats, as well as to describe the clinical and laboratory aspects of this disease. Case: A 8-month-old male Anglo-Nubian goat, weighing 33 kg, presented with apathy and decreased appetite for 4 days due to digestive disorder. According to history, the diet consisted of crushed hay ad libitum and 300 g of ration bran. Clinical findings were apathy, pale mucous membranes, ruminal hypomotility, decreased fecal output, tense abdomen with distention of the ventral quadrants and loss of rumen stratification. The increase in chloride ion concentration (67 mEq/L) observed in the ruminal fluid analysis was indicative of abomasal-ruminal reflux, compatible with metabolic acidosis, as well as the dense hyperechogenic content in the ventral field of the left and right abdomen corresponding to the location of the entire abomasum on transabdominal ultrasound. Thus, clinical, laboratory and ultrasound findings were indicative of impaction of the abomasum, and the goat underwent exploratory laparotomy through the left flank, which revealed a distended and compacted abomasum. Differently from reports in the literature, due to severe distension of the abomasum, abomasotomy through the right flank was chosen to reverse the condition, followed by constant monitoring and supportive therapy with antimicrobial and analgesic medication. The goat defecated normally on the second postoperative day, however, on auscultation, there was persistence of abomasal emptying failure, suggesting a situation of posterior functional stenosis. With the suspicion of type III vagal indigestion, the atropine test, along with radiographic examination of the chest and abdomen were performed, and did not reveal any changes. In order to restore abomasal motility, intensive therapy with prokinetic drugs (bromopride, metoclopramide and promethazine) was associated, and on the fifth day the animal returned to normal appetite, abomasal motility and fecal production. The goat was discharged after 14 days of intensive care with recommendations to provide good quality food and water. Discussion: Abomasal impaction is rarely reported in goats, commonly resulting in animal death before or even a few days after surgical correction. The diagnosis of abomasal impaction was based on clinical, laboratory and ultrasound findings, and should be differentiated from other diseases that progress with abdominal distention and gradual weight loss, such as functional stenosis; duodenal obstruction; vagal nerve disorder; abomasite; generalized peritonitis, and granuloma associated with Actinobacillus lignieresii. Surgical correction by right paralombar access associated with visceral emptying and supportive therapy of impaction abomasal was performed and considered successful, without relapses and secondary complications long-term.

Gastroesophageal foreign bodies in dogs - endoscopy and surgical removal

Background: Gastroesophageal foreign bodies (GFD) are commonly diagnosed in dogs and are considered an endoscopic emergency that, although not resulting in serious clinical sequelae or mortality, can compromise the health and well-being of the patient. The use of the digestive endoscopy for the diagnosis and treatment of GFD can be a valuable and viable alternative. There are cases of GFD in dogs for which the indicated treatment is surgery, which can be performed using minimally invasive or conventional techniques, associated or not with flexible endoscopy. The objective of this work is to describe 16 cases of GFD removal in dogs demonstrating the efficiency of upper digestive endoscopy. Cases: Of the 16 GFD cases, 63% (10/16) were male and 37% (6/16) female. Most aged under 1 year (63%), puppies (5/16) and juveniles (5/16). The patient with the lowest body weight was a miniature pinscher weighing 0.8 kg (Case 14) and the heaviest was an American Pit Bull Terrier weighing 28 kg (Case 11), the mean body weight of patients diagnosed with GFD was 10.2 ± 6.7 kg. Small and medium breeds were more affected, 44.7% (7/16) and 44.7% (7/16), respectively, and large breeds (Golden Retrievier and Bull Terrier), from cases 1 and 4, the least affected, 12.6% (2/16) of the cases. The 16 patients underwent a 12 h food fast and a 4 h water fast, as gastrointestinal emptying in these cases of GFD can be influenced by these foreign bodies. All underwent general inhalation anesthesia with monitoring of physiological parameters (temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, oxygen saturation and blood pressure) before, during and after EGD, being positioned in left lateral decubitus. The 16 canine patients with suspected GFD underwent EGD for diagnostic confirmation and removal of foreign bodies. Five esophageal FB were diagnosed, 31% (5/16), and 11 gastric FB, 69% (11/16). The most frequently diagnosed foreign bodies were bone and tissue, 37.5% (6/16) and 31% (5/16). Other foreign bodies were materials such as plastics, metals, rubber, foam and stone. Of the 16 cases of GFD, EGD efficiently treated 88% (14/16) without the need for hospitalization, with only supportive treatment for the remission of complications caused by the presence of foreign bodies in the gastroesophageal tract. The main complications related to the presence of GFD were esophagitis in 25% (4/16) of cases, gastritis in 38% (6/16) and both alterations in 13% (2/16). Discussion: In this work, we can observe that more than a third of the clinical cases of treated dogs were diagnosed with GFD, demonstrating that these cases are common in the veterinary clinic. Most of these animals were males less than 1 year old. The improvement of learning in this category can lead these animals to exacerbated oral exploration of new objects. Most FBs were found in the stomach because they were of adequate size, consistency and shape for their passage through the esophagus, whereas esophageal FBs were all bone fragments of rigid consistency with diameters and sizes larger than the esophageal lumen. The interval between the ingestion of the object and the veterinary care can be decisive for the removal of the FB in the esophagus or stomach. Most gastric FBs removed were fabrics and plastics, flexible objects that can pass through the esophageal lumen more easily. Removal of GFD by endoscopy was performed with a high success rate, with only 2 cases being resolved by esophagostomy and gastrotomy. Flexible endoscopy proved to be an efficient technique for removing treated GFD, which can help remove FB during esophagotomy and be associated with rigid endoscopy. Patients recovered quickly and without complications, but it is important to emphasize that inadequate maneuvers and conducts can determine other outcomes. The use of endoscopy for GFD removal needs to be more popularized, as it can ensure better results for dogs treated with GFD.

Effect of pre-anesthetic fasting on gastric emptying and plasma glucose in healthy dogs of different age groups / Efeito do jejum pré-anestésico sobre o esvaziamento gástrico e a glicemia plasmática em cães hígidos de diferentes faixas etárias

Gastric emptying and plasma glucose were evaluated in young and adult dogs, fed with dry and wet food, submitted to different periods of pre-anesthetic fasting (6, 8, and 12 hours). Forty healthy dogs were selected, which were segmented into four groups according to the age group and type of diet. It was evaluated the gastric emptying by ultrasound and serum glycemia. Only 17.5% presented complete gastric emptying, and no significant differences were found between the 6 and 8-hour fasting evaluations, or between the age groups and the diets, considering significance level p<0.05. Mean plasma glucose values from the groups indicated normal glycemia at all times of evaluation. A significant difference was found between the means of glycemia in young and adult dogs, with the 8-hour fasting with wet diet (p=0.03) and with 12 hours with dry diet (p=0.04). Healthy young and adult dogs, in physiological equilibrium, maintain average values of plasma glucose despite prolonged periods of pre-anesthetic fasting, which may be necessary, since 8-hour fasting for solid food is not enough to provide complete gastric emptying.(AU)

Avaliou-se o esvaziamento gástrico e a glicemia plasmática em cães jovens e adultos, alimentados com ração seca e úmida, submetidos a diferentes períodos de jejum pré-anestésico (6, 8 e 12 horas). Foram selecionados 40 cães hígidos, os quais foram segmentados em 4 grupos de acordo com a faixa etária e o tipo de dieta administrada. Foi avaliado o esvaziamento gástrico por ultrassonografia e a glicemia sérica. Apenas 17,5% apresentaram completo esvaziamento gástrico, não sendo encontradas diferenças significativas entre as avaliações com 6 e 8 horas de jejum, ou entre as faixas etárias e dietas, considerando nível de significância p<0,05. Os valores médios da glicose plasmática dos grupos indicaram normoglicemia em todos os momentos de avaliação. Foi encontrada diferença significativa entre as médias da glicemia dos cães jovens e adultos, no período de 8 horas de jejum com dieta úmida (p=0,03) e com 12 horas nos animais com dieta seca (p=0,04). Conclui-se que cães hígidos jovens e adultos, em equilíbrio fisiológico, mantêm valores normais de glicemia plasmática apesar de períodos prolongados de jejum pré-anestésico, os quais podem ser necessários, tendo em vista que 8 horas de jejum alimentar de sólidos não é suficiente para proporcionar completo esvaziamento gástrico.(AU)

Effect of pre-anesthetic fasting on gastric emptying and plasma glucose in healthy dogs of different age groups / Efeito do jejum pré-anestésico sobre o esvaziamento gástrico e a glicemia plasmática em cães hígidos de diferentes faixas etárias

Gastric emptying and plasma glucose were evaluated in young and adult dogs, fed with dry and wet food, submitted to different periods of pre-anesthetic fasting (6, 8, and 12 hours). Forty healthy dogs were selected, which were segmented into four groups according to the age group and type of diet. It was evaluated the gastric emptying by ultrasound and serum glycemia. Only 17.5% presented complete gastric emptying, and no significant differences were found between the 6 and 8-hour fasting evaluations, or between the age groups and the diets, considering significance level p<0.05. Mean plasma glucose values from the groups indicated normal glycemia at all times of evaluation. A significant difference was found between the means of glycemia in young and adult dogs, with the 8-hour fasting with wet diet (p=0.03) and with 12 hours with dry diet (p=0.04). Healthy young and adult dogs, in physiological equilibrium, maintain average values of plasma glucose despite prolonged periods of pre-anesthetic fasting, which may be necessary, since 8-hour fasting for solid food is not enough to provide complete gastric emptying.(AU)

Avaliou-se o esvaziamento gástrico e a glicemia plasmática em cães jovens e adultos, alimentados com ração seca e úmida, submetidos a diferentes períodos de jejum pré-anestésico (6, 8 e 12 horas). Foram selecionados 40 cães hígidos, os quais foram segmentados em 4 grupos de acordo com a faixa etária e o tipo de dieta administrada. Foi avaliado o esvaziamento gástrico por ultrassonografia e a glicemia sérica. Apenas 17,5% apresentaram completo esvaziamento gástrico, não sendo encontradas diferenças significativas entre as avaliações com 6 e 8 horas de jejum, ou entre as faixas etárias e dietas, considerando nível de significância p<0,05. Os valores médios da glicose plasmática dos grupos indicaram normoglicemia em todos os momentos de avaliação. Foi encontrada diferença significativa entre as médias da glicemia dos cães jovens e adultos, no período de 8 horas de jejum com dieta úmida (p=0,03) e com 12 horas nos animais com dieta seca (p=0,04). Conclui-se que cães hígidos jovens e adultos, em equilíbrio fisiológico, mantêm valores normais de glicemia plasmática apesar de períodos prolongados de jejum pré-anestésico, os quais podem ser necessários, tendo em vista que 8 horas de jejum alimentar de sólidos não é suficiente para proporcionar completo esvaziamento gástrico.(AU)

Anatomic-radiographic aspects and gastrointestinal transit time in Boa constrictor amarali Stull, 1932 (Squamata, Boidae) / [Aspectos anátomo-radiográficos e tempo de trânsito gastrointestinal em jiboia-cinzenta Boa constrictor amarali Stull, 1932 (Squamata, Boidae)]

The goal of this study was to describe the gastrointestinal transit technique in the Boa constrictor amarali. For that purpose, we obtained simple radiographic images of seven serpents, subsequently administering a 25mL/kg dose of barium sulfate and establishing a radiographic sequence at the following times: 5 minutes; 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours, extending to 120 and 126 hours for one animal. The mean esophageal transit was 26.71±19.48 hours; the mean gastric filling time was 28.57±27.22 minutes and the emptying time was 60±12 hours; the mean filling time of the contrast medium in the small intestine was 3±2.16 hours and the emptying time was 97±15.65 hours. We also obtained the mean filling time of the large intestine, which was 40±11.31 hours. We found that the mean passage time of the contrast medium through the cranial gastrointestinal tract - until the complete elimination of barium sulfate from the small intestine -was 97±15.65 hours. In addition to determining the gastrointestinal transit time, the technique used allowed for the morphological identification of the alimentary canal.(AU)

O objetivo deste trabalho foi descrever a técnica de trânsito gastrointestinal em Boa constrictor amarali. Para tanto, foram obtidas radiografias simples de sete serpentes, e, subsequentemente a essas, foi administrado sulfato de bário na dose de 25mL/kg. A partir disso, foi estabelecida a sequência radiográfica nos seguintes tempos: cinco minutos; uma, duas, três, seis, nove, 24, 48, 72 e 96 horas, e em um animal estendeu-se para 120 e 126 horas. O trânsito esofágico médio foi de 26,71±19,48 horas, o tempo médio de preenchimento gástrico foi de 28,57±27,22 minutos, e o esvaziamento de 60±12 horas; a média de tempo de enchimento do meio de contraste no intestino delgado foi de 3±2,16 horas e, por fim, o esvaziamento foi de 97±15,65 horas, e ainda obteve-se o tempo médio de enchimento do intestino grosso igual a 40±11,31 horas. Desse modo, verificou-se que a média do tempo de passagem do contraste pelo trato gastrointestinal cranial - até a completa eliminação do sulfato de bário do intestino delgado - foi de 97±15,65 horas. Além da determinação do tempo de trânsito gastrointestinal, a técnica empregada permitiu a identificação morfológica do canal alimentar.(AU)

Influence of electroacupuncture on the points BP6 and E36 regarding gastric motility in Wistar rats / Influência da eletroacupuntura nos pontos BP6 e E36 na motilidade gástrica de ratos Wistar

The study aimed to evaluate by radiographic examination the action of electroacupuncture on gastric motility in experimental animals. We used 24 Wistar rats, three months old, that received five metallic spheres, via orogastric tube (OT), with 2mL of barium contrast, followed by treatments: electroacupuncture points E36 and BP6 (T1); electroacupuncture in stitches (T2); sterile distilled water OT (T3); metoclopramide OT (T4). After treatment, serial radiographs, hourly, were made to follow the gastric emptying time of the spheres in rats. By analyzing the time of exit of the first sphere, animals in the group T1 had an average of 3h30min; at T2 the average was higher 6 hours; in T3 was 5h18min, and T4 showed an average of 4h36min. The action of electroacupuncture was comparable to the action of metoclopramide, which is know to increase peristalsis, whereas the response of the Shan group (T2) was close to the negative control group. Considering the results it was concluded that electroacupuncture at points predetermined significantly increases gastric peristalsis, reducing gastric emptying time in rats, may be an option for the treatment of motility disorders.(AU)

O estudo objetivou avaliar através de exame radiográfico, a ação da eletroacupuntura na motilidade gástrica de animais experimentais. Foram utilizados 24 ratos Wistar, três meses de idade, que receberam cinco esferas metálicas via sonda orogástrica (SO) com 2mL de contraste baritado, seguido dos tratamentos: eletroacupuntura nos pontos BP6 e E36 (T1); eletroacupuntura em pontos falsos (T2); água destilada estéril SO (T3); metoclopramida SO (T4). Após os tratamentos, foram feitas radiografias seriadas, de hora em hora, para acompanhar o tempo de esvaziamento gástrico das esferas nos ratos. Ao analisar o momento de saída das primeiras esferas, os animais do grupo T1 apresentaram uma média de 3h30min; no T2 a média foi maior que 6h, no T3 foi de 5h18min e no T4 de 4h36min. A ação da eletroacupuntura foi comparável à ação da metoclopramida, que sabidamente aumenta o peristaltismo, enquanto que a resposta do grupo Shan (T2) aproximou-se do grupo controle negativo. Diante dos resultados conclui-se que a eletroacupuntura nos pontos pré-determinados aumenta significativamente o peristaltismo gástrico, diminuindo assim o tempo de esvaziamento gástrico em ratos, podendo ser uma opção para o tratamento de distúrbios da motilidade.(AU)

Determining the optimal time of gastric emptying in cats using dry or wet food

Background: Pulmonary aspiration of gastric content can result in intraoperative and postoperative complications, such as regurgitation, gastro-esophageal reflux and esophagitis. There are variations among authors about the ideal period of solid and liquid fasting. Determination of the appropriate amount of food abstinence in surgical patients is important, because of the metabolic disorders that interfere in response to anesthetic protocol or surgical intervention. Thereby, this research aimed to evaluate the appropriate period of fasting for elective anesthesia and surgical procedures in cats, by analysis of gastric emptying time based on the daily energy requirement. Materials, Methods & Results: Seven cats of mixed breed, health and with an average weight of 2.857 ± 0.3780 were evaluated by gastroscopy for the presence of food and obtaining tissue samples. To evaluate the gastric emptying time, dry and moist food were offered at two different times, 8 h and 4 h before each evaluation, with an interval of seven days between each food treatment (dry and moist). There was no significant difference in all biochemical parameters evaluated (cholesterol, glucose, and lactate) in both fasting times and food types (P > 0.05). All animals underwent gastric biopsy for histological evaluation and urease test, to discard morphological changes. After 4 h it was observed dry food [...](AU)

Determining the optimal time of gastric emptying in cats using dry or wet food

Background: Pulmonary aspiration of gastric content can result in intraoperative and postoperative complications, such as regurgitation, gastro-esophageal reflux and esophagitis. There are variations among authors about the ideal period of solid and liquid fasting. Determination of the appropriate amount of food abstinence in surgical patients is important, because of the metabolic disorders that interfere in response to anesthetic protocol or surgical intervention. Thereby, this research aimed to evaluate the appropriate period of fasting for elective anesthesia and surgical procedures in cats, by analysis of gastric emptying time based on the daily energy requirement. Materials, Methods & Results: Seven cats of mixed breed, health and with an average weight of 2.857 ± 0.3780 were evaluated by gastroscopy for the presence of food and obtaining tissue samples. To evaluate the gastric emptying time, dry and moist food were offered at two different times, 8 h and 4 h before each evaluation, with an interval of seven days between each food treatment (dry and moist). There was no significant difference in all biochemical parameters evaluated (cholesterol, glucose, and lactate) in both fasting times and food types (P > 0.05). All animals underwent gastric biopsy for histological evaluation and urease test, to discard morphological changes. After 4 h it was observed dry food [...]

YU pyloroplasty for the correction of chronic hypertrophic pyloric gastropathy in canines / Piloroplastia em Y-U para a correção da gastropatia hipertrófica pilórica crônica em caninos

Background: One of the causes of delay gastric emptying is the chronic hypertrophic pyloric gastropathy, unusual disease that can occur in acquired or congenital form. It is characterized by hypertrophy of the antral mucosa, by thickening of the muscular layer, or by hyperplasia of the pylorus. The animals are presented with a history of chronic intermittent vomiting. Treatment is based on surgical correction through techniques such as pyloromyotomy or transverse or Y-U pyloroplasty. Thus, the aim was report three cases of pyloric stenosis by hypertrophy in dogs of the breeds, Fila Brasileiro, English Bull Terrier and American Pitbull Terrier, emphasizing the diagnosis and therapy instituted. Cases: All animals in this study reached the Veterinary Hospital of the Federal University of Mato Grosso with a history of chronic intermittent vomiting. The findings of physical and laboratory examinations in all animals were unspecific, with those important to rule out other causes of vomiting. Contrast radiographic evaluation revealed marked stomach distension and delayed gastric emptying, indicated gastric outflow obstruction. In one case, a video endoscopy was performed. The images reveal hyperemia of the gastric mucosa with small areas of bleeding around the stomach. It was observed intense production of gastric juice and the presence of the same reflux. In the pyloric antrum [...]

YU pyloroplasty for the correction of chronic hypertrophic pyloric gastropathy in canines / Piloroplastia em Y-U para a correção da gastropatia hipertrófica pilórica crônica em caninos

Background: One of the causes of delay gastric emptying is the chronic hypertrophic pyloric gastropathy, unusual disease that can occur in acquired or congenital form. It is characterized by hypertrophy of the antral mucosa, by thickening of the muscular layer, or by hyperplasia of the pylorus. The animals are presented with a history of chronic intermittent vomiting. Treatment is based on surgical correction through techniques such as pyloromyotomy or transverse or Y-U pyloroplasty. Thus, the aim was report three cases of pyloric stenosis by hypertrophy in dogs of the breeds, Fila Brasileiro, English Bull Terrier and American Pitbull Terrier, emphasizing the diagnosis and therapy instituted. Cases: All animals in this study reached the Veterinary Hospital of the Federal University of Mato Grosso with a history of chronic intermittent vomiting. The findings of physical and laboratory examinations in all animals were unspecific, with those important to rule out other causes of vomiting. Contrast radiographic evaluation revealed marked stomach distension and delayed gastric emptying, indicated gastric outflow obstruction. In one case, a video endoscopy was performed. The images reveal hyperemia of the gastric mucosa with small areas of bleeding around the stomach. It was observed intense production of gastric juice and the presence of the same reflux. In the pyloric antrum [...](AU)

Alterações fisiológicas e qualidade cárnea em frangos de corte submetidos a diferentes tempos de jejum e dias de abate

O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar a ocorrência de alterações fisiológicas e na qualidade cárnea, efeito dark, firm and dry (DFD) e palid, soft, exsudative (PSE) em frangos de corte submetidos a diferentes tempos de jejum no pré-abate em diferentes dias de idade de abate. Para isso, foi conduzido um experimento no Setor de Avicultura do CAV/UDESC onde foram alojados, em aviário convencional de pressão positiva, 160 pintos de corte misto da linhagem Cobb Vantress® de um dia, provindos de um incubatório particular. O manejo dos animais foi realizado de acordo com o manual da linhagem e igual para todas as aves. A ração foi formulada baseando-se nas exigências nutricionais da linhagem, sendo ração e água fornecida ad libitum. Os tratamentos aplicados foram: 4, 8, 12 e 16 horas de restrição total de alimentação no pré-abate em cada sexo, sendo avaliadas oito aves em cada tratamento. Foram abatidas aleatoriamente duas aves de cada sexo e cada repetição no dia 35 e no dia 42. As aves nas 24 horas que antecediam o abate foram distribuídas de forma aleatória nos diferentes tratamentos. As aves foram abatidas por deslocamento cervical após findadas as horas de jejum e de acordo com o dia de abate. No pré-abate as aves foram pesadas para avaliação da perda de peso pós jejum e após o abate foi medido o tamanho de vesícula biliar para verificar preenchimento ou não, além das vísceras serem pesadas para verificar esvaziamento gastrointestinal. No pós-abate também foram coletadas amostras de 30 gramas de carne do músculo peitoral (mm. Peitoral maior) para análise de T-bars. O peitoral maior do lado esquerdo e direito foram separados, As amostras dos fragmentos dos músculos foram classificadas em DFD, PSE ou normal de acordo com a metodologia estabelecida para avaliação da propriedade cárnea. Com 16 horas de jejum ocorreu maior redução de peso tanto em macho quanto em fêmeas aos 35 e 42 dias em relação a quatro e oito horas de jejum (P<0,05). O tempo de jejum influenciou o esvaziamento gástrico aos 42 dias de idade nas fêmeas e com 35 dias de idade ao abate nos machos sendo o tempo com 16 horas em ambos sexos que obtiveram vísceras mais leves diferente significativamente dos outros tempos de jejum. Não houve aparição da carne tipo DFD, já a carne tipo PSE foi encontrada em 43,75% das amostras aos 35 dias de abate e 37,5% aos 42 dias de idade ao abate. Também as alterações de qualidade de carne foram achadas em força de cisalhamento, sendo que aos 35 e 42 dias de idade ao abate nos machos onde as aves com 16 horas de jejum obtiveram maior média de KgF/cm² ao corte comparada aos outros tratamentos. Na análise de TBARS foram encontradas diferenças significativas aos 35 e 42 dias de idade ao abate nas fêmeas e 42 dias de idade ao abate nos machos para os diferentes tratamentos de horas de jejum. Conclui-se que o tempo de jejum foi efetivo para realizar o esvaziamento gástrico das aves, não sendo suficientes para causar o efeito DFD, aparecendo somente o efeito PSE. Também o tempo de jejum e a idade ao abate foram efetivos para causar mudanças de qualidade de carne nas aves e também foi efetivo para causar mudanças fisiológicas nas aves como a perda de peso.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the occurrence of physiological and meat quality changes, dark, firm and dry (DFD) and palid, soft and exsudative (PSE) effects in broilers subjected to different feed restriction times in the pre-slaughter in different day old slaughter. For this purpose, an experiment was conducted in the Poultry Sector of the CAV/UDESC where 160 day-old mixed-broiler of the Cobb Vantress® lineage from a private hatchery were housed in a conventional positive pressure aviary. The management of the animals was carried out according to the lineage manual and the same for all broilers. The feed was formulated based on the nutritional requirements of the strain, with feed and water provided ad libitum. The treatments applied were: 4, 8, 12 and 16 hours of total feed restriction in the pre-slaughter, eight birds for treatment, considering this the plot and eight repetitions to exclude individual effects. Two broilers from each repetition were slaughter on day 35 and 42. The broilers in 24 hours prior the slaughter were randomly assigned to the different treatment. The broilers was slaughter by cervical dislocation after the fasting hours had ended and according to the day of slaughter. In the pre-slaughter, the broilers were weighed to assess weight loss after feed restriction, also the size of gallbladder was meansured to check for filling or not, in addition to the viscera being weighed to verify gastrointestinal empyting. In the pos-slaughter, samples of 30 grams of meat from the pectoral muscle (mm. Pectoralis major) were also collected for analysis of TBARS. The pectoral muscle on the left and right side were separated. The samples of the muscle fragments were classified into DFD, PSE or normal according to the methodology established for the evaluation of the meat propriety. The experimental design found was 4x2 factorial arrangement (feed restriction times x sex). The feed restriction times influenced gastric emptying at 42 days of age and the 16 hours treatment resulted in lighter viscera that differed significantly from other feed restriction times. There was no appearance of DFD meat, since PSE meat was found in 43,75% of the samples at 35 days of slaughter and 37,5% at 42 days of age at slaughter. Changes in meat quality were also found in shear strength, and at 42 days of age, broilers with 16 hours of feed restriction obtained a higher average of KgF/cm² when compared to other treatments. Also in analysis of TBARS, significant differences were found at 35 and 42 days of age at slaughter for the different treatments of feed restriction hours. It is concluded that the fasting time was effective to perform the gastric emptying of the broilers not being enough to cause DFD effect, with only the PSE effect appearing. Fasting time and the age of slaughter were also effective in causing changes in meat quality in broilers and were also effective in causing physiological changes in broilers such as weigh loss.

Effects of the Addition of Glucose, Sodium Bicarbonate, and Vitamin E to the Drinking Water of Pre-Slaughter Broiler Chickens on Carcass Yield, Gastric Emptying and Meat Quality

An experiment was conducted of the poultry facilities of La Salle Agricultural College in Xanxerê, SC, Brazil, to evaluate the effect of the administration of sodium bicarbonate, glucose and vitamin E to the drinking water during pre-slaughter feed withdrawal on carcass yield, organ relative weights (heart, liver, proventriculus, and gizzard), gizzard emptying, and meat quality of broiler chickens. The applied treatments were: water as control; 50g/L of glucose; 50g/L de glucose + 200mg/L of vitamin E; 75g/L of glucose; 75g/L + 200mg/L of vitamin E; 0.45% of sodium bicarbonate; 0.45% of sodium bicarbonate + 200mg/L of vitamin E; 0.55% of sodium bicarbonate; 0.55% of sodium bicarbonate + 200mg/L of vitamin E; 200mg/L de vitamin E. On the last day before slaughter, during the water diet period,500 birds were distributed in a completely randomized experimental design with ten treatments and ten replicates of five birds each. No difference in broiler carcass yield and organ relative weights was found. There were no significant changes in gizzard contents, in ultimate meat, cooking loss, shear force value, or in the meat color parameters L* (lightness), a* (redness) and b* (yellowness). It was concluded is that the addition of glucose, sodium bicarbonate, and vitamin E to the drinking water during pre-slaughter feed withdrawal period has no influence on carcass yield or on relative organ weight, neither on the emptying of the gizzard contents and the meat quality of broiler chickens.

Effects of the Addition of Glucose, Sodium Bicarbonate, and Vitamin E to the Drinking Water of Pre-Slaughter Broiler Chickens on Carcass Yield, Gastric Emptying and Meat Quality

An experiment was conducted of the poultry facilities of La Salle Agricultural College in Xanxerê, SC, Brazil, to evaluate the effect of the administration of sodium bicarbonate, glucose and vitamin E to the drinking water during pre-slaughter feed withdrawal on carcass yield, organ relative weights (heart, liver, proventriculus, and gizzard), gizzard emptying, and meat quality of broiler chickens. The applied treatments were: water as control; 50g/L of glucose; 50g/L de glucose + 200mg/L of vitamin E; 75g/L of glucose; 75g/L + 200mg/L of vitamin E; 0.45% of sodium bicarbonate; 0.45% of sodium bicarbonate + 200mg/L of vitamin E; 0.55% of sodium bicarbonate; 0.55% of sodium bicarbonate + 200mg/L of vitamin E; 200mg/L de vitamin E. On the last day before slaughter, during the water diet period,500 birds were distributed in a completely randomized experimental design with ten treatments and ten replicates of five birds each. No difference in broiler carcass yield and organ relative weights was found. There were no significant changes in gizzard contents, in ultimate meat, cooking loss, shear force value, or in the meat color parameters L* (lightness), a* (redness) and b* (yellowness). It was concluded is that the addition of glucose, sodium bicarbonate, and vitamin E to the drinking water during pre-slaughter feed withdrawal period has no influence on carcass yield or on relative organ weight, neither on the emptying of the gizzard contents and the meat quality of broiler chickens.(AU)

Fasting does not induce gastric emptying in rats

PURPOSE: To evaluate the effect of fasting on gastric emptying in mice. METHODS: Twenty-eight mice were distributed into three study groups: a normal group (N=4): normal standard animals; a total fasting group (N=12): subjected to food and water deprivation and a partial fasting group (N=12): subjected to food deprivation only. The fasting groups were subdivided into three subgroups of four animals each, according to the date of euthanasia: 24, 48 and 72 hours. Was analyzed: the gastric volume, degree of the gastric wall distention and the presence of food debris in gastrointestinal tract. RESULTS: The mean gastric volume was 1601 mm3 in the normal group, 847 mm3 in total fasting group and 997 mm3 in partial fasting group. There was difference between the fasting groups in any analyzed period (p<0.05). Regarding the presence of food debris in the gastrointestinal tract and the degree of distension of the stomach, there was no difference between the groups that underwent total or partial fasting (p>0.05). CONCLUSION: Total fasting or only-solids deprivation does not induce gastric emptying in mice.(AU)

Histologia e histoquímica do tubo digestório de Phrynops geoffroanus (Testudines, Chelidae) / Histology and histochemistry of the digestive tract of Phrynops geoffroanus (Testudines, Chelidae)

Phrynops geoffroanus is the omnivorous chelonian with widest geographical distribution in South America. This work describes the histology and histochemistry of the digestive tube of this species, to relate the characteristics of these organs to the species' eating habit. The esophagus, stomach and intestine of four specimens were fixed in 10% formal and embedded in paraffin by routine histological techniques. Afterwards, 5-µm sections were stained with hematoxylin-eosin (HE), periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) and alcian blue (AB) pH 0.4 and 2.5. The tube is formed by the mucosa, submucosa, muscular and adventitia or serosa layers. The mucosa layer of the esophagus and stomach is lined with a simple cylindrical epithelium with mucus-secreting cells, where are intraepithelial glands inserted in the portion of the esophagus and gastric fossettes emptying into glands in the stomach. The stomach is divided into an anterior, middle and posterior region, according to the depth of the fossettes and the concentration of gastric glands. The intestine is lined by a simple cylindrical epithelium with striated boundaries and goblet cells and is divided into an anterior and posterior regions, according to the pattern of folds of the mucosa layer and the number of goblet cells. Reactivity to PAS and AB is observed in the entire tube. Smooth muscle fibers are present in mucosa layer of all the segments. The muscular layer is formed by two sub-layers of smooth muscle, except for the posterior stomach. This study will help understanding of the digestive physiology of P. geoffroanus and provide data for comparative analyzes with other turtles.(AU)

Phrynops geoffroanus é o quelônio onívoro com mais ampla distribuição geográfica na América do Sul. Este trabalho descreve a histologia e histoquímica do tubo digestório desta espécie, relacionando as características dos órgãos com seu hábito alimentar. O esôfago, estômago e intestino de quatro espécimes foram fixados em formol 10% e incluídos em parafina por técnica histológica de rotina. Depois, cortes de 5 µm de espessura foram corados com hematoxilina-eosina (HE), ácido periódico de Schiff (PAS) e alcian blue (AB) pH 0.4 e 2.5. O tubo é formado pelas camadas mucosa, submucosa, muscular e adventícia ou serosa. A mucosa do esôfago e do estômago é revestida pelo epitélio simples cilíndrico com células mucossecretoras, onde estão inseridas glândulas intraepiteliais na porção do esôfago e fossetas gástricas desembocando em glândulas no estômago. O estômago divide-se em anterior, médio e posterior, de acordo com a profundidade das fossetas e a concentração de glândulas gástricas. O intestino é revestido pelo epitélio simples cilíndrico com borda estriada e células caliciformes e divide-se em anterior e posterior, de acordo com o padrão de dobramentos da mucosa e o número de células caliciformes. Reatividade ao PAS e AB é observada em todo o tubo. Fibras musculares lisas estão presentes na camada mucosa de todos os segmentos. A camada muscular é formada por duas subcamadas de músculo liso, exceto na porção posterior do estômago. Este estudo ajudará no entendimento da fisiologia digestiva da espécie investigada e fornecerá dados para análises comparativas com outros quelônios.(AU)

Histologia e histoquímica do tubo digestório de Phrynops geoffroanus (Testudines, Chelidae) / Histology and histochemistry of the digestive tract of Phrynops geoffroanus (Testudines, Chelidae)

Phrynops geoffroanus is the omnivorous chelonian with widest geographical distribution in South America. This work describes the histology and histochemistry of the digestive tube of this species, to relate the characteristics of these organs to the species' eating habit. The esophagus, stomach and intestine of four specimens were fixed in 10% formal and embedded in paraffin by routine histological techniques. Afterwards, 5-µm sections were stained with hematoxylin-eosin (HE), periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) and alcian blue (AB) pH 0.4 and 2.5. The tube is formed by the mucosa, submucosa, muscular and adventitia or serosa layers. The mucosa layer of the esophagus and stomach is lined with a simple cylindrical epithelium with mucus-secreting cells, where are intraepithelial glands inserted in the portion of the esophagus and gastric fossettes emptying into glands in the stomach. The stomach is divided into an anterior, middle and posterior region, according to the depth of the fossettes and the concentration of gastric glands. The intestine is lined by a simple cylindrical epithelium with striated boundaries and goblet cells and is divided into an anterior and posterior regions, according to the pattern of folds of the mucosa layer and the number of goblet cells. Reactivity to PAS and AB is observed in the entire tube. Smooth muscle fibers are present in mucosa layer of all the segments. The muscular layer is formed by two sub-layers of smooth muscle, except for the posterior stomach. This study will help understanding of the digestive physiology of P. geoffroanus and provide data for comparative analyzes with other turtles.

Phrynops geoffroanus é o quelônio onívoro com mais ampla distribuição geográfica na América do Sul. Este trabalho descreve a histologia e histoquímica do tubo digestório desta espécie, relacionando as características dos órgãos com seu hábito alimentar. O esôfago, estômago e intestino de quatro espécimes foram fixados em formol 10% e incluídos em parafina por técnica histológica de rotina. Depois, cortes de 5 µm de espessura foram corados com hematoxilina-eosina (HE), ácido periódico de Schiff (PAS) e alcian blue (AB) pH 0.4 e 2.5. O tubo é formado pelas camadas mucosa, submucosa, muscular e adventícia ou serosa. A mucosa do esôfago e do estômago é revestida pelo epitélio simples cilíndrico com células mucossecretoras, onde estão inseridas glândulas intraepiteliais na porção do esôfago e fossetas gástricas desembocando em glândulas no estômago. O estômago divide-se em anterior, médio e posterior, de acordo com a profundidade das fossetas e a concentração de glândulas gástricas. O intestino é revestido pelo epitélio simples cilíndrico com borda estriada e células caliciformes e divide-se em anterior e posterior, de acordo com o padrão de dobramentos da mucosa e o número de células caliciformes. Reatividade ao PAS e AB é observada em todo o tubo. Fibras musculares lisas estão presentes na camada mucosa de todos os segmentos. A camada muscular é formada por duas subcamadas de músculo liso, exceto na porção posterior do estômago. Este estudo ajudará no entendimento da fisiologia digestiva da espécie investigada e fornecerá dados para análises comparativas com outros quelônios.

AVALIAÇÃO ULTRASSONOGRÁFICA DO TEMPO DE ESVAZIAMENTO GÁSTRICO PARA DETERMINAÇÃO DO JEJUM PRÉ-OPERATÓRIO EM CÃES ALIMENTADOS COM DUAS DIETAS

O estudo foi dividido em dois capítulos. No primeiro foi realizada uma revisão de literatura sobre duas dietas instituídas na alimentação canina e suas relações com o tempo de esvaziamento gástrico na determinação de um adequado jejum pré-operatório em cães, necessário para minimizar os riscos iatrogênicos que o jejum inapropriado pode ocasionar ao paciente. No segundo é apresentado um artigo científico submetido à revista Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia. Neste, foram avaliados os efeitos de duas dietas sobre a dinâmica motílica e o tempo de esvaziamento gástrico em cães. Num ensaio clínico randomizado cruzado, seis cães, clinicamente saudáveis, machos, adultos, com peso de 12,38 Kg ±1,34, área corporal 0,537m² ±0,038, foram examinados por ultrassonografia nos tempos pós-prandiais de 00h30m, 05h00m, 07h00m, 09h00m e 12h00m de cada dieta ofertadas em dois tratamentos uma natural sólida úmida e outra industrial sólida seca. A passagem do conteúdo estomacal para duodeno aconteceu de forma gradual e contínua sendo mais acelelada na dieta natural. Não foi identificada correlação entre às variáveis peso e volume ingeridos sobre o tempo de esvaziamento gástrico. A média máxima do índice de motilidade ocorreu em 05h00m para dieta natural e 00h30m para dieta industrial. Os tempos mínimos de esvaziamento gástrico determinado para a dieta natural e industrial foram respectivamente de 08h39m (r2 =0,89) e 12h11m (r2 =0,99). O tipo de dieta influenciou a variabilidade do tempo de esvaziamento gástrico tornando este estudo útil para futuras investigações de jejum alimentar em cães, além de proporcionar aplicações imediatas nas rotinas clínicas e cirúrgicas, balizando o adequado jejum para a dieta natural úmida e industrial seca.

The study was divided into two chapters. In the first, a review of the literature on two diets instituted in canine feeding and its relation with gastric emptying time was carried out in order to determine an adequate preoperative fast in dogs, necessary to minimize the iatrogenic risks that inappropriate fasting can cause to the patient. In the second is presented a scientific article submitted to the magazine Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia. In this study, the effects of two diets on the motor dynamics and gastric emptying time in dogs were evaluated. In a randomized crossover clinical, six clinically healthy, male, adult dogs weighing 12.38 kg ± 1.34, body area 0.537m² ± 0.038, were examined by ultrasonography in the postprandial times of 00h30m, 05h00m, 07h00m, 09h00m and 12h00m of each diet offered in two treatments a natural solid wet and another dry solid industrial. The passage from the stomach contents to the duodenum happened gradually and continuously, being more acclimatized in the natural diet. No correlation was identified between the variables weight and volume ingested over the time of gastric emptying. The maximum mean of the motility index occurred in 05h00m for natural diet and 00h30m for industrial diet. The minimum gastric emptying times determined for the natural and industrial diet were respectively 08h39m (r2 = 0.89) and 12h11m (r2 = 0.99) respectively. The type of diet influenced the variability of gastric emptying time making this study useful for future investigations of fasting in dogs, besides providing immediate applications in the clinical and surgical routines, marking the adequate fasting for the natural dry and industrial dry diet.

DETERMINAÇÃO DO GRAU DE ULCERAÇÃO GÁSTRICA PELO TESTE DE PERMEABILIDADE GÁSTRICA À SACAROSE OU PELO TESTE DE SANGUE OCULTO NAS FEZES COMPARADO A GASTROSCOPIA EM EQUINOS

A necessidade de investigação de métodos alternativos a gastroscopia, para o diagnóstico e mensuração da graduação da Síndrome da Úlcera Gástrica em Equinos, tem sido constatada. Diante desta realidade, este estudo objetivou verificar a eficiência dos testes de Permeabilidade Gástrica à Sacarose e pela intensidade de Sangue Oculto nas Fezes, na mensuração da graduação de lesões estomacais comparadas ao diagnóstico padrão ouro, a Gastroscopia. Para o desenvolvimento da pesquisa foram investigados 16 cavalos com idades entre 4 e 6 anos, os quais trabalham em pelotão de guarda, participam de práticas de hipismo e jogos de Polo. A seleção deste corpus foi baseada em cavalos que são submetidos a fatores de risco, como por exemplo: tempo indeterminado de descanso, alimentação de baixa qualidade, pouca oferta de feno, longos períodos de transporte. Para o exame de gastroscopia, foi realizado jejum alimentar de 20 horas e hídrico de 10 horas, mais a sondagem nasogástrica para obtermos o esvaziamento gástrico. Para o exame de Permeabilidade Gástrica à Sacarose, foi administrado 250g de sacarose por via nasogástrica, e foi coletado sangue no momento zero, 45 e 90min, para posterior análise por Cromatografia Líquida de Alta Eficiência. Para o exame de Sangue Oculto nas Fezes, coletamos uma amostra de fezes por via retal para análise com Reativo de Meyer, e classificamos por cruzes a intensidade de sangue oculto. Nos resultados, 43,75% não apresentaram quaisquer lesão estomacal, 31,25% apresentaram lesão grau 1 ou 2, e 25% apresentaram lesões grau 4. Encontramos que cavalos com o grau igual, ou maior a 3, de lesão gástrica, o teste de Permeabilidade Gástrica à Sacarose se demonstrou um meio de diagnóstico auxiliar confiável. Já a análise da intensidade de Sangue Oculto nas Fezes não foi capaz de mensurar a graduação de lesões estomacais. Porém todos os animais que apresentaram alterações gástricas tiveram a presença de sangue oculto nas fezes.

The need of investigation of alternative methods to gastroscopy for the diagnosis and measurement of the degree of the Gastric Ulcer Syndrome in Horses has been found. In the face of this reality, this study aims to verify the efficiency of the Gastric Permeability to Sucrose tests and by the intensity in the Fecal Occult Blood in the measurement of the degree of stomach lesions compared to the diagnosis, golden standard, the gastroscopy. To the development of the research 16 horses were investigated between 4 and 6 years old, which worked in the guard squad, participated in equestrian practices and Polo games. The selection of this corpus was based in horses that are submitted to risk factors, such as: underdetermined rest time, low quality feeding, little hay offer, long transportation periods, among others. To the gastroscopy examination it was conducted 20 hours feeding fasts and 10 hours water fasts plus the nasogastric intubation to obtain gastric emptying. For the Gastric Permeability to Sucrose exam it was administered 250g of sucrose, via nasogastric tube, and was collected blood in the zero moment, 45 and 90 min., for later analysis by High Performance Liquid Chromatography through the method proposed by Hewetson et al., 2006. To the Fecal Occult Blood Test, we collected a fecal sample through the rectum to the analysis with the Meyers Reagent and we classified by crosses the intensity of occult blood. In the results we found out that the horses with the ulcer degree equal or higher than 3, the Gastric Permeability to Sucrose test proved itself device of reliable auxiliary diagnosis, yet the analysis of the intensity of the Fecal Occult Blood was not able to measure the degree of the stomach lesions. However, all the animals which presented gastric alterations had the presence of fecal occult blood.

Efeito do exercício físico em esteira ergométrica em cães militares de diferentes idades: uma abordagem multifuncional

O cão dentre suas muitas atividades realizadas em conjunto com o homem,exerce a função militar, atuando em áreas como guarda-proteção, faro esalvamento. No entanto, a condição física desses animais tem sido pouco estudada,principalmente no que diz respeito ao seu envelhecimento. Nesse estudo, objetivou-seinvestigar algumas das possíveis alterações hemodinâmicas, musculares edigestivas desses animais militares após exercício, comparativo entre as diferentesfaixas etárias (jovem, maduro e idoso) e intensidade de exercício. Para tanto,inicialmente foi realizado ultrassonografia abdominal para avaliação doesvaziamento gástrico após ingestão de sólidos em período de repouso e apósexercício físico. A partir de então, os cães foram divididos em três grupos conforme aidade, sendo submetidos em esteira rolante a exercício físico a 3,2km/h, 6,4km/h e6,4km/h com 10º de inclinação, durante quatro minutos em cada intensidade com ointervalo de 2 minutos de repouso entre elas. A frequência cardíaca, pressão arterialsistólica, diastólica e média foram medidas no repouso e ao final de todos osintervalos de velocidade. Antes e após o exercício foi mensurado lactato,hematócrito, sódio, potássio, glicose, creatinoquinase (CK) e aspartato aminotransferase (AST). Em um terceiro experimento, os animais divididos pelo tipo depelagem, foram fotografados por câmera termográfica por infravermelho na regiãode grupo de músculos do membro pélvico, antes e após a realização do exercício.Dessa forma foram observados que alterações cardiovasculares e enzimáticasocorreram de diferentes formas, conforme a idade do animal, traduzindo o seu graude adaptabilidade ao exercício. Observou-se ainda que o esvaziamento gástrico foimais lento após o exercício físico. Quanto à termografia, verificou-se menoraquecimento em animais de pelagem curta, após o exercício. Concluiu-se portanto,que cães militares na dose de exercício físico realizado nesse estudo,apresentamesvaziamento gástrico mais lento e os cães idosos apresentam parâmetrosbioquímicos e cardiovasculares diferente dos animais jovens e maduros emexercício. Como também que os animais de pelagem curta apresentaram melhortermólise que animais de pelagem mediana.

The dog among its many activities together with the man, holding the military function, working in areas such as guard-protection, faro and rescue. However, thephysical condition of the animals has not been studied mainly in relation to its aging. In this study, we aimed to investigate some of the possiblehemodynamic, muscleand digestive disorders these military animals after exercise, comparing the differentage groups (young, mature and old) and exercise intensity. Thus, it was initiallyperformed abdominal ultrasonography for evaluation of gastric emptying after eatingsolids at rest period and after exercise. Since then, the dogs were divided into threegroups according to age, undergoing treadmill to exercise the 3.2km / h, 6,4km / h6,4km / h with a 10º tilt for four minutes each intensity with 2 minutes of rest in theinterval between them. The heart rate, systolic blood pressure, diastolic and meanwere measured at rest and at all speed ranges. Before and after exercise wasmeasured lactate, hematocrit, sodium, potassium, glucose, creatine kinase (CK)andaspartate aminotransferase (AST), and the last three still measured after two hours.In a third experiment, the animals divided by coat type, were photographed byinfrared thermographic camera in the hindlimb muscle group of the region before andafter the exercise. Thus it was observed that cardiovascular and enzyme changesoccurred in different ways, depending on the age of the animal, reflecting the extentto which the exercise. So the gastric emptying is significantly slower after exercise.As for thermography, there was less heat in short fur animals after exercise. It wasconcluded therefore that military dogs in the exercise dose performed in this study,have slower gastric emptying and older dogs have different biochemical andcardiovascular parameters of young and mature animals in office. But also that theshort coat of animals showed better thermolysis that median fur animals.

Elaboração de bolo com farinha de Yacon

The Yacon potatoes present carbohydrates in the form of fructo oligosaccharides (FOS). There are studies proving that the FOS delays the gastric emptying, increase the alimentary fiber,have prebiotic and hypoglycemic effects. They stimulate glycolysis, resulting in a reduced amount of energy. The objective of this research was to evaluate the chemical composition of cakes formulated with different concentrations of Yacon flour and to evaluate their sensory characteristics. The Yacon flour presented potential to be a cake ingredient.

A batata Yacon apresenta carboidratos na forma de frutooligossacarídeos (FOS). Estudos comprovam que os FOS aumentam a saciedade e reduzem o índice glicêmico. Os produtos da fermentação podem minimizar a resposta glicêmica, além de estimular a glicólise, e ainda resultam em uma porção reduzida de energia. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram elaborar a farinha de Yacon, avaliar a composição química de diferentes concentrações de farinha de Yacon na elaboração de bolos e analisar sensorialmente as preparações elaboradas. A farinha de Yacon apresentou potencial como ingrediente na formulação de bolos, uma vez que teve boa aceitabilidade.