Manifestation of gastric ulcers in horses used in public safety / [Manifestação de úlceras gástricas em equinos aplicados na segurança pública]

We evaluated 28 horses from a squad applied in public safety in Paraná (Brazil), in order to check the incidence of gastric ulcers and its correlation with mounted policing activity, considering the initial and maintenance training to which such animals are submitted. Horses were divided in two groups, one named control with 14 individuals, used in policing community activities, and the 14 others named as target group, these were used in restoration and maintenance of public order. Both groups have differentiated maintenance training protocols, and all had been evaluated for fecal occult blood, clinical evaluation, gastroscopy and histopathological. There were no significant changes that proved the development of gastric ulcers in horses used in public safety due to initial and maintenance training, and the main factor for prevention was the diversified diet with emphasis in hayed alfalfa.

Foram avaliados 28 equinos do plantel de animais aplicados na segurança pública do estado do Paraná, com o objetivo de verificar as incidências de úlceras gástricas e a correlação da manifestação de tal doença com a atividade de policiamento montado, considerando o treinamento inicial e o de manutenção aos quais tais animais são submetidos. Os equinos foram divididos em dois grupos: controle, com 14 indivíduos, aplicados na atividade de policiamento montado comunitário, e grupo-alvo, com os outros 14 animais, utilizados em ações de restabelecimento e manutenção da ordem pública, ambos os grupos com protocolos de treinamentos de manutenção diferenciados. Todos os animais foram submetidos à avaliação de sangue oculto em fezes, à avaliação clínica, à gastroscopia, à avaliação odontológica e comportamental, ao escore corporal e à histopatológica de mucosa gástrica. Não foram encontradas alterações significativas que comprovam o desenvolvimento de úlceras gástricas, em consequência do treinamento inicial e o de manutenção, nos equinos utilizados na segurança pública, cujo fator primordial preventivo foi a matriz alimentar diversificada com ênfase na alfafa fenada.

Occurrence of Gasterophilus spp. in weanling foals in southern Brazil

The occurrence of gastrointestinal myiasis caused by Gasterophilus spp. larvae (Diptera: Oestridae) in adult horses has been widely characterized, however data on natural infestation in young foals have been lacking. This observation may be related to the absence of conclusive diagnosis in these individuals, most likely due to logistical or financial constraints. Gastric ulceration is a problem and a significant cause of morbidity in foals, particularly during the weaning stage; therefore, gasterophilosis should be included in the differential diagnosis. The primary purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of gasterophilosis in 4- to 6-month-old weanling foals. Seventy-one healthy weanling foals were enrolled in the study. Physical assessment blood sampling and was completed in all foals before the commencement of the experiment. Gastroscopy examinations were performed under sedation (Detomidine 0.01 - 0.02 mg/kg) with a flexible endoscope inserted through nasogastric via. The lumen of the stomach was examined in order to search for botflies' larvae. Following gastroscopy, foals were classified into 2 groups based on the presence of Gasterophilus spp. larvae in their stomachs: 1) Infected and 2) Not Infected. Infected foals received a single dose of commercial trichlorfon and albendazole equine oral gel and were stalled for 24 h. The passed feces were thoroughly examined, searching for elimination of larvae. A total of 64% of the foals (n = 45/71) harbored Gasterophilus spp. larvae in the stomach. Mild hyperemia in the gastric mucosa was observed in the attachment sites of the parasites. Physical assessment and hematological parameters' data were analyzed with Shapiro-Wilk normality test. Comparison between groups for clinical signs, hematological parameters and Gasterophilus spp. infection rates were evaluated using the Kruskal-Wallis test or Student's t-test. Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05. There were no statistically significant variations in physical and hematological parameters between foals that were affected and those that were not infected. The larvae found in the feces were subjected to morphological examination, which confirmed the diagnosis of Gasterophilus intestinalis. No systemic clinical indications compatible with Gasterophilus spp. infestation were seen, as described in previous studies of horses infected with the parasite. No botfly eggs were observed in the hair of evaluated foals. During gastroscopy, mild hyperemic lesions in the gastric mucosa were observed in the larvae fixation sites. Although no changes in clinical or hematological parameters were noted, the confirmation of parasite presence is a cause for concern due to horses' tolerance for low infestation levels and poor diagnosis. Additionally, the presence of this myiasis in foals may be a significant stressor during the weaning period and should be included in the differential diagnosis of recurring abdominal pain. Furthermore, infected foals might be a reservoir for the parasite and, contribute to the elimination and spread of the larvae in the environment. Thus, inclusion of young horses in deworming protocols targeted to botfly larvae is needed. This is the first report of Gasterophilus intestinalis myiasis in foals in Brazil. Further research is necessary to fully understand the epidemiology and prevalence of this condition in young horses in Brazil, based on the findings of this study.(AU)

Endoscopic removal of foreign body in upper gastrointestinal tract in dogs: success rate and complications

Background: Dogs and cats with acute signs of choking, retching, cough, vomiting, regurgitation, hypersalivation, dysphagiaand odynophagia should have the presence of a gastrointestinal foreign body (FB) as part of their differential diagnosis,where it is a frequent condition in the care of small animals. Most objects lodged in the esophagus, stomach, and proximalduodenum can be removed by upper digestive endoscopy, a curative, little invasive procedure. The objective of our studywas to evaluate the physical aspects and location of esophageal and gastric FBs observed in 88 dogs and the age and breedof the affected animals, and to determine the success rate and eventual complications associated with the procedure as well.Materials, Methods & Results: Eighty-eight cases of dogs, males and females of varying ages and breeds, submitted toupper digestive endoscopy were selected because of suspicion of esophageal or gastric FBs. The endoscopic procedureaimed at confirming the diagnosis, whether or not followed by endoscopic removal of these objects. Prior to endoscopy,the animals had laboratory tests (blood count and serum biochemistry) and subsequently to the anesthetic protocols ofchoice for each case. Data including breed, age, type of constituent material and anatomical location of the FB, endoscopicprocedure success rate and complications were recorded and descriptively evaluated. Of the 88 dogs evaluated, 60% (n= 53) were male and 40% (n = 35) female. According to the breed of the animals, 55% (n = 49) were small-breed dogs,29% (n = 25) large-breed dogs, and 8% (n = 7) medium-breed dogs, and 8% were of mixed breed dogs, which could assume various sizes. Shih tzus accounted for 18% (n = 16) of the animals...

Endoscopic removal of foreign body in upper gastrointestinal tract in dogs: success rate and complications

Background: Dogs and cats with acute signs of choking, retching, cough, vomiting, regurgitation, hypersalivation, dysphagiaand odynophagia should have the presence of a gastrointestinal foreign body (FB) as part of their differential diagnosis,where it is a frequent condition in the care of small animals. Most objects lodged in the esophagus, stomach, and proximalduodenum can be removed by upper digestive endoscopy, a curative, little invasive procedure. The objective of our studywas to evaluate the physical aspects and location of esophageal and gastric FBs observed in 88 dogs and the age and breedof the affected animals, and to determine the success rate and eventual complications associated with the procedure as well.Materials, Methods & Results: Eighty-eight cases of dogs, males and females of varying ages and breeds, submitted toupper digestive endoscopy were selected because of suspicion of esophageal or gastric FBs. The endoscopic procedureaimed at confirming the diagnosis, whether or not followed by endoscopic removal of these objects. Prior to endoscopy,the animals had laboratory tests (blood count and serum biochemistry) and subsequently to the anesthetic protocols ofchoice for each case. Data including breed, age, type of constituent material and anatomical location of the FB, endoscopicprocedure success rate and complications were recorded and descriptively evaluated. Of the 88 dogs evaluated, 60% (n= 53) were male and 40% (n = 35) female. According to the breed of the animals, 55% (n = 49) were small-breed dogs,29% (n = 25) large-breed dogs, and 8% (n = 7) medium-breed dogs, and 8% were of mixed breed dogs, which could assume various sizes. Shih tzus accounted for 18% (n = 16) of the animals...(AU)

Megaesôfago em muar / Megaesophagus in mule

Background: Megaesophagus is a chronic dilation of the esophagus rarely found in horses. It’s a non-specific disease that is associated with several causes, and esophageal hypomotility is the dysfunction that most commonly results in organ dilation. In the literature, there are few reports of megaesophagus in horses and, to date, no cases in mule have been reported. The objective of this work is to describe a case of a donkey with thoracic megaesophagus. Case: A 16 year-old donkey, castrated male, mixed breed weighing 195 kg, was referred for clinical care with a history of 5 days of anorexia. On physical examination, apathy, cachexia, 8% dehydration, moderate enophthalmos, ptialism, bilateral nasal discharge, dry and bristling hair were observed. Due to the poor general condition, a nasogastric tube was chosen to perform enteral nutrition, however, it was not possible to progress the tube to the stomach. In order to confirm the suspicion of a possible esophageal obstruction, gastroscopy was performed, where it was possible to observe an esophageal dilation filled with bulky food located in the thoracic portion of the esophagus. In an attempt to stimulate esophageal motility, in order to promote the progression of the material present in the region of dilation, intramuscular metoclopramide was administered (two applications every 6 h), however the treatment had no effect. Due to the unfavorable prognosis and financial limitations of the owner, euthanasia was performed, which was followed by autopsy and histopathological examination. At necropsy, a marked dilation of the esophagus was observed in the thoracic portion, which was filled with approximately 500 grams of bulky food (grass). In the mucosa of this area...

Megaesôfago em muar / Megaesophagus in mule

Background: Megaesophagus is a chronic dilation of the esophagus rarely found in horses. Its a non-specific disease that is associated with several causes, and esophageal hypomotility is the dysfunction that most commonly results in organ dilation. In the literature, there are few reports of megaesophagus in horses and, to date, no cases in mule have been reported. The objective of this work is to describe a case of a donkey with thoracic megaesophagus. Case: A 16 year-old donkey, castrated male, mixed breed weighing 195 kg, was referred for clinical care with a history of 5 days of anorexia. On physical examination, apathy, cachexia, 8% dehydration, moderate enophthalmos, ptialism, bilateral nasal discharge, dry and bristling hair were observed. Due to the poor general condition, a nasogastric tube was chosen to perform enteral nutrition, however, it was not possible to progress the tube to the stomach. In order to confirm the suspicion of a possible esophageal obstruction, gastroscopy was performed, where it was possible to observe an esophageal dilation filled with bulky food located in the thoracic portion of the esophagus. In an attempt to stimulate esophageal motility, in order to promote the progression of the material present in the region of dilation, intramuscular metoclopramide was administered (two applications every 6 h), however the treatment had no effect. Due to the unfavorable prognosis and financial limitations of the owner, euthanasia was performed, which was followed by autopsy and histopathological examination. At necropsy, a marked dilation of the esophagus was observed in the thoracic portion, which was filled with approximately 500 grams of bulky food (grass). In the mucosa of this area...(AU)

Síndrome de úlcera gástrica equina diagnosticada por gastroscopia / Equine gastric ulcer syndrome diagnosed by gastroscopy

A síndrome de úlcera gástrica equina (SUGE) é uma patologia com grande incidência na espécie equina. Causa danos à saúde e bem-estar animal, gerando queda de desempenho atlético ocasionando, também, perdas econômicas aos proprietários. Apresenta sinais clínicos inespecíficos, o que pode gerar interpretações errôneas, visto que o diagnóstico definitivo somente é possível com o uso de gastroscopia. Com isso, o objetivo foi relatar um caso clínico de equino com SUGE, bem como a importância da gastroscopia para um diagnóstico correto. Um equino macho, seis anos de idade, com 440kg, foi recebido no HDM Horse Service com encaminhamento cirúrgico de outro veterinário. Após anamnese e exame clínico, essa indicação foi descartada e a suspeita clínica de SUGE foi proposta. A confirmação de diagnóstico foi através do exame de gastroscopia, no qual foi possível observar ulcerações na mucosa gástrica. O tratamento foi instituído com fluidoterapia, flunixin meglumine para controle da dor, uma bisnaga de omeprazol por via oral durante 28 dias e protetores de mucosa como sucralfato, uma bisnaga, via oral por 15 dias. O animal obteve melhora considerável no quadro clínico inicial, seguido por recuperação total e retorno gradativo a suas atividades atléticas. Pode-se concluir que, a gastroscopia desempenhou papel fundamental para o esclarecimento do quadro clínico do paciente, apresentando um diagnóstico adequado e definitivo, e proporcionado um tratamento correto para a patologia.

Equine gastric ulcer syndrome (SUGE) is a pathology with great incidence in the equine species. It causes damages to the health and animal welfare, generating a fall of athletic performance, causing, also, economic losses to the owners. It presents nonspecific clinical signs, which can generate erroneous interpretations, since the definitive diagnosis is only possible with the use of gastroscopy. With this, the objective was to report a clinical case of equine with SUGE, as well as the importance of gastroscopy for a correct diagnosis. A 4-kg, 6-year-old male horse was received at the HDM Horse Service with surgical referral from another veterinarian. After anamnesis and clinical examination, this indication was discarded and the clinical suspicion of SUGE was proposed. The diagnosis was confirmed by gastroscopy, in which it was possible to observe ulcerations in the gastric mucosa. The treatment was instituted with fluid therapy, flunixin meglumine for pain control, an oral omeprazole tube for 28 days and mucosal protectors such as sucralfate, a tube, orally for 15 days. The animal obtained a considerable improvement in the initial clinical picture, followed by total recovery and gradual return to its athletic activities. It can be concluded that gastroscopy played a fundamental role in clarifying the patient's clinical condition, presented an adequate and definitive diagnosis, and provided the correct treatment for a pathology.

Síndrome de úlcera gástrica equina diagnosticada por gastroscopia / Equine gastric ulcer syndrome diagnosed by gastroscopy

A síndrome de úlcera gástrica equina (SUGE) é uma patologia com grande incidência na espécie equina. Causa danos à saúde e bem-estar animal, gerando queda de desempenho atlético ocasionando, também, perdas econômicas aos proprietários. Apresenta sinais clínicos inespecíficos, o que pode gerar interpretações errôneas, visto que o diagnóstico definitivo somente é possível com o uso de gastroscopia. Com isso, o objetivo foi relatar um caso clínico de equino com SUGE, bem como a importância da gastroscopia para um diagnóstico correto. Um equino macho, seis anos de idade, com 440kg, foi recebido no HDM Horse Service com encaminhamento cirúrgico de outro veterinário. Após anamnese e exame clínico, essa indicação foi descartada e a suspeita clínica de SUGE foi proposta. A confirmação de diagnóstico foi através do exame de gastroscopia, no qual foi possível observar ulcerações na mucosa gástrica. O tratamento foi instituído com fluidoterapia, flunixin meglumine para controle da dor, uma bisnaga de omeprazol por via oral durante 28 dias e protetores de mucosa como sucralfato, uma bisnaga, via oral por 15 dias. O animal obteve melhora considerável no quadro clínico inicial, seguido por recuperação total e retorno gradativo a suas atividades atléticas. Pode-se concluir que, a gastroscopia desempenhou papel fundamental para o esclarecimento do quadro clínico do paciente, apresentando um diagnóstico adequado e definitivo, e proporcionado um tratamento correto para a patologia.(AU)

Equine gastric ulcer syndrome (SUGE) is a pathology with great incidence in the equine species. It causes damages to the health and animal welfare, generating a fall of athletic performance, causing, also, economic losses to the owners. It presents nonspecific clinical signs, which can generate erroneous interpretations, since the definitive diagnosis is only possible with the use of gastroscopy. With this, the objective was to report a clinical case of equine with SUGE, as well as the importance of gastroscopy for a correct diagnosis. A 4-kg, 6-year-old male horse was received at the HDM Horse Service with surgical referral from another veterinarian. After anamnesis and clinical examination, this indication was discarded and the clinical suspicion of SUGE was proposed. The diagnosis was confirmed by gastroscopy, in which it was possible to observe ulcerations in the gastric mucosa. The treatment was instituted with fluid therapy, flunixin meglumine for pain control, an oral omeprazole tube for 28 days and mucosal protectors such as sucralfate, a tube, orally for 15 days. The animal obtained a considerable improvement in the initial clinical picture, followed by total recovery and gradual return to its athletic activities. It can be concluded that gastroscopy played a fundamental role in clarifying the patient's clinical condition, presented an adequate and definitive diagnosis, and provided the correct treatment for a pathology.(AU)

Atrophic gastritis in a Shih-Tzu dog - case report / Gastrite atrófica em cão da raça Shih-Tzu - relato de caso

We report the case of a female Shih-Tzu dog with chronic vomiting and hematemesis not responsive to symptomatic treatment. Due to the non-specific clinical signs, the patient underwent endoscopy and biopsy of the gastric mucosa. Histopathological analysis revealed atrophic gastritis, a disease rarely reported in dogs and characterized by the destruction of parietal cells of the mucosa and their replacement by fibrosis. This analysis allowed an adequate treatment based on the administration of corticosteroids by the anti-inflammatory effects and action in the regeneration of parietal cells, associated with a soft, hypoallergenic diet formulated with a low fat content, low digestible fibers, and high contents of complex carbohydrates, which resulted in the resolution of the clinical condition in a few weeks. In a second endoscopy, performed after eight months of treatment, the gastric mucosa presented a pink color, regardless of the degree of distension, no lesions or discontinuity points. Fragments were collected for histopathological analysis, which confirmed the recovery of gastric lesions and restoration of the macroscopically healthy mucosa. Most gastric diseases require histological analysis for a definitive diagnosis. In this context, endoscopy has brought unquestioned benefits to the patient since it allowed an accurate diagnosis with a quick and safe collection of gastric mucosa samples.(AU)

Relata-se o caso de uma cadela da raça Shih-Tzu com vômito crônico e hematêmese não responsivos ao tratamento sintomático. Devido aos sinais clínicos inespecíficos, a paciente foi submetida à endoscopia e biópsia da mucosa gástrica. A análise histopatológica revelou gastrite atrófica, doença raramente reportada em cães e caracterizada pela destruição das células parietais da mucosa e sua substituição por fibrose. Esta análise possibilitou o tratamento adequado, embasado na administração de corticosteróides, pelos efeitos antiinflamatórios e pela atuação na regeneração das células parietais, associada a uma dieta leve, hipoalergênica, formulada com baixos teores de gordura, pobre em fibras digeríveis e altos teores de carboidratos complexos, que resultou na resolução do quadro clínico em poucas semanas. Em uma segunda endoscopia, realizada após oito meses de tratamento, a mucosa gástrica se apresentava de coloração rósea, independentemente do grau de distensão, sem lesões ou pontos de descontinuidade. Foram colhidos fragmentos para análise histopatológica, que confirmou a recuperação das lesões gástricas e restabelecimento de mucosa macroscopicamente saudável. A maioria das doenças gástricas necessita de análise histológica para o diagnóstico definitivo. Neste contexto, a endoscopia trouxe benefícios incontestes à paciente, pois possibilitou o diagnóstico preciso com colheita de amostras de mucosa gástrica de forma rápida e segura.(AU)

Helicobacter spp. in domestic cats: identification and relationship with anatomical and histopathological gastric changes in animals of blood group A / Helicobacter spp. em gatos domésticos: identificação e relação com alterações gástricas anatômicas e histopatológicas em animais de sangue tipo A

The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of gastric Helicobacter-like organisms and the endoscopic and histopathological changes in domestic cats with blood type A. Samples from the stomach antrum, body and fundus were collected from 32 mixed-breed stray domestic cats using gastroscopy. Urease testing and cytological analysis were performed in fresh samples. Tissue sections were processed and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and the Warthin-Starry (WS) silver staining methods for histopathological examination. Helicobacter spp. were detected in 100% of samples subjected to silver staining and cytological analysis, and in 96.9% of samples subjected to urease testing. In 87.5% of the cats, mononuclear inflammatory-cell infiltrates were identified. The graduation and distribution of inflammatory infiltrates in these cats revealed mild (78.1%) to moderate (9.4%) inflammatory changes in at least one gastric region. These changes were independent of the colonization score. Hyperplasia of the lymphoid follicles was detected in three cats. Cats of blood group A are often colonized by Helicobacter spp. and the macroscopic and microscopic findings are consistent with studies in domestic cats reported to date, concluding that the most common blood group in cats is not associated with high susceptibility to symptomatic gastritis.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a presença de organismos semelhantes a Helicobacter e as alterações endoscópicas e histopatológicas em estômago de gatos domésticos de sangue tipo A. Amostras de antro, corpo e fundo gástricos foram coletadas de 32 gatos, sem raça definida, não domiciliados através de gastroscopia. Teste de urease e análise citológica foram realizados em amostras frescas. Secções teciduais foram processadas e coradas com hematoxilina e eosina e pela prata pelo método de Warthin-Starry para avaliação histológica. Helicobacter spp. foi detectado em 100% das amostras submetidas às análises citológicas e coloração pela prata e em 96,9% das amostras submetidas ao teste de urease. Em 87,5% dos gatos foi identificado infiltrado inflamatório mononuclear. A graduação e distribuição do infiltrado inflamatório nestes gatos revelaram alterações leves (78,1%) a moderada (9,4%) em pelo menos uma região gástrica. Estas alterações eram independentes do escore de colonização. Hiperplasia de folículos linfoides foram detectadas em 3 gatos. Gatos do grupo sanguíneo A são frequentemente colonizados por Helicobacter spp. e os achados macro e microscópicos são consistentes com estudos em gatos domésticos realizados até a presente data. Conclui-se que o grupo sanguíneo mais comum em gatos não está associado com uma alta susceptibilidade a gastrite sintomática causada por Helicobacter spp.(AU)

Helicobacter spp. in domestic cats: identification and relationship with anatomical and histopathological gastric changes in animals of blood group A / Helicobacter spp. em gatos domésticos: identificação e relação com alterações gástricas anatômicas e histopatológicas em animais de sangue tipo A

The aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of gastric Helicobacter-like organisms and the endoscopic and histopathological changes in domestic cats with blood type A. Samples from the stomach antrum, body and fundus were collected from 32 mixed-breed stray domestic cats using gastroscopy. Urease testing and cytological analysis were performed in fresh samples. Tissue sections were processed and stained with hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) and the Warthin-Starry (WS) silver staining methods for histopathological examination. Helicobacter spp. were detected in 100% of samples subjected to silver staining and cytological analysis, and in 96.9% of samples subjected to urease testing. In 87.5% of the cats, mononuclear inflammatory-cell infiltrates were identified. The graduation and distribution of inflammatory infiltrates in these cats revealed mild (78.1%) to moderate (9.4%) inflammatory changes in at least one gastric region. These changes were independent of the colonization score. Hyperplasia of the lymphoid follicles was detected in three cats. Cats of blood group A are often colonized by Helicobacter spp. and the macroscopic and microscopic findings are consistent with studies in domestic cats reported to date, concluding that the most common blood group in cats is not associated with high susceptibility to symptomatic gastritis.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a presença de organismos semelhantes a Helicobacter e as alterações endoscópicas e histopatológicas em estômago de gatos domésticos de sangue tipo A. Amostras de antro, corpo e fundo gástricos foram coletadas de 32 gatos, sem raça definida, não domiciliados através de gastroscopia. Teste de urease e análise citológica foram realizados em amostras frescas. Secções teciduais foram processadas e coradas com hematoxilina e eosina e pela prata pelo método de Warthin-Starry para avaliação histológica. Helicobacter spp. foi detectado em 100% das amostras submetidas às análises citológicas e coloração pela prata e em 96,9% das amostras submetidas ao teste de urease. Em 87,5% dos gatos foi identificado infiltrado inflamatório mononuclear. A graduação e distribuição do infiltrado inflamatório nestes gatos revelaram alterações leves (78,1%) a moderada (9,4%) em pelo menos uma região gástrica. Estas alterações eram independentes do escore de colonização. Hiperplasia de folículos linfoides foram detectadas em 3 gatos. Gatos do grupo sanguíneo A são frequentemente colonizados por Helicobacter spp. e os achados macro e microscópicos são consistentes com estudos em gatos domésticos realizados até a presente data. Conclui-se que o grupo sanguíneo mais comum em gatos não está associado com uma alta susceptibilidade a gastrite sintomática causada por Helicobacter spp.(AU)

Determining the optimal time of gastric emptying in cats using dry or wet food

Background: Pulmonary aspiration of gastric content can result in intraoperative and postoperative complications, such as regurgitation, gastro-esophageal reflux and esophagitis. There are variations among authors about the ideal period of solid and liquid fasting. Determination of the appropriate amount of food abstinence in surgical patients is important, because of the metabolic disorders that interfere in response to anesthetic protocol or surgical intervention. Thereby, this research aimed to evaluate the appropriate period of fasting for elective anesthesia and surgical procedures in cats, by analysis of gastric emptying time based on the daily energy requirement. Materials, Methods & Results: Seven cats of mixed breed, health and with an average weight of 2.857 ± 0.3780 were evaluated by gastroscopy for the presence of food and obtaining tissue samples. To evaluate the gastric emptying time, dry and moist food were offered at two different times, 8 h and 4 h before each evaluation, with an interval of seven days between each food treatment (dry and moist). There was no significant difference in all biochemical parameters evaluated (cholesterol, glucose, and lactate) in both fasting times and food types (P > 0.05). All animals underwent gastric biopsy for histological evaluation and urease test, to discard morphological changes. After 4 h it was observed dry food [...](AU)

Determining the optimal time of gastric emptying in cats using dry or wet food

Background: Pulmonary aspiration of gastric content can result in intraoperative and postoperative complications, such as regurgitation, gastro-esophageal reflux and esophagitis. There are variations among authors about the ideal period of solid and liquid fasting. Determination of the appropriate amount of food abstinence in surgical patients is important, because of the metabolic disorders that interfere in response to anesthetic protocol or surgical intervention. Thereby, this research aimed to evaluate the appropriate period of fasting for elective anesthesia and surgical procedures in cats, by analysis of gastric emptying time based on the daily energy requirement. Materials, Methods & Results: Seven cats of mixed breed, health and with an average weight of 2.857 ± 0.3780 were evaluated by gastroscopy for the presence of food and obtaining tissue samples. To evaluate the gastric emptying time, dry and moist food were offered at two different times, 8 h and 4 h before each evaluation, with an interval of seven days between each food treatment (dry and moist). There was no significant difference in all biochemical parameters evaluated (cholesterol, glucose, and lactate) in both fasting times and food types (P > 0.05). All animals underwent gastric biopsy for histological evaluation and urease test, to discard morphological changes. After 4 h it was observed dry food [...]

Sarcoma gástrico em cão: relato de caso / Gastric sarcoma in a dog: case report

Tumores gástricos em animais domésticos são raros, e a literatura pertinente é escassa. Em humanos, esse tumor representa 80% dos tumores mesenquimais do trato digestivo, sendo mais comum no estômago (70%). Indivíduos de meia-idade e idosos, principalmente do gênero masculino, são os mais afetados, e o diagnosticado é feito com base em suas manifestações clínicas associadas à morfologia celular típica e à imuno-histoquímica positiva. O presente trabalho objetiva descrever um sarcoma gástrico em cão, assim como o diagnóstico, o tratamento cirúrgico e o pós-cirúrgico do animal. Foi atendido no Hospital Veterinário da Universidade Metropolitana de Santos (Unimes) um cão macho, SRD, 10 anos, 8,3kg, castrado, com bom estado geral, com queixa de emese há um ano. Na ultrassonografia abdominal foi observada a presença de uma formação arredondada no estômago que media 3,20 x 2,61cm, localizada na região epigástrica em contiguidade com a parede. O cão foi submetido a endoscopia gástrica, em que se observou a presença de uma massa arredondada na região pilórica, confirmada na laparotomia e na gastrotomia. O tumor retirado foi enviado para avaliação anatomopatológica, e os achados foram compatíveis com sarcoma estromal gástrico.(AU)

Gastric tumors in domestic animals are rare and the literature is scarce. In humans this tumor represents 80% of mesenchymal tumors of the digestive tract, most commonly in the stomach (70%). Affected individuals are middle-aged and elderly, especially males, diagnosed from its clinical manifestations in association with typical cell morphology and positive immunohistochemistry. The aim of this report was to describe a gastric sarcoma in a dog, as well as the diagnosis, surgical and post surgical treatment. The experiment was conducted in the Veterinary Hospital of the Metropolitan University of Santos (UNIMES) on a male dog, SRD, 10 years old, 8.3kg, castrated, in a good general condition, with complaint of emesis for year. In the abdominal ultrasound exam we observed the presence of a round formation in the stomach which measured 3.20 x 2.61cm, located in the epigastric region contiguous with the wall. The dog was submitted to gastric endoscopy, in which the presence of a rounded mass in the pyloric region was observed, and laparotomy and gastrostomy were performed. The removed tumor was sent for pathologic evaluation, where the findings were compatible with gastric stromal sarcoma.(AU)

Sarcoma gástrico em cão: relato de caso / Gastric sarcoma in a dog: case report

Tumores gástricos em animais domésticos são raros, e a literatura pertinente é escassa. Em humanos, esse tumor representa 80% dos tumores mesenquimais do trato digestivo, sendo mais comum no estômago (70%). Indivíduos de meia-idade e idosos, principalmente do gênero masculino, são os mais afetados, e o diagnosticado é feito com base em suas manifestações clínicas associadas à morfologia celular típica e à imuno-histoquímica positiva. O presente trabalho objetiva descrever um sarcoma gástrico em cão, assim como o diagnóstico, o tratamento cirúrgico e o pós-cirúrgico do animal. Foi atendido no Hospital Veterinário da Universidade Metropolitana de Santos (Unimes) um cão macho, SRD, 10 anos, 8,3kg, castrado, com bom estado geral, com queixa de emese há um ano. Na ultrassonografia abdominal foi observada a presença de uma formação arredondada no estômago que media 3,20 x 2,61cm, localizada na região epigástrica em contiguidade com a parede. O cão foi submetido a endoscopia gástrica, em que se observou a presença de uma massa arredondada na região pilórica, confirmada na laparotomia e na gastrotomia. O tumor retirado foi enviado para avaliação anatomopatológica, e os achados foram compatíveis com sarcoma estromal gástrico.(AU)

Gastric tumors in domestic animals are rare and the literature is scarce. In humans this tumor represents 80% of mesenchymal tumors of the digestive tract, most commonly in the stomach (70%). Affected individuals are middle-aged and elderly, especially males, diagnosed from its clinical manifestations in association with typical cell morphology and positive immunohistochemistry. The aim of this report was to describe a gastric sarcoma in a dog, as well as the diagnosis, surgical and post surgical treatment. The experiment was conducted in the Veterinary Hospital of the Metropolitan University of Santos (UNIMES) on a male dog, SRD, 10 years old, 8.3kg, castrated, in a good general condition, with complaint of emesis for year. In the abdominal ultrasound exam we observed the presence of a round formation in the stomach which measured 3.20 x 2.61cm, located in the epigastric region contiguous with the wall. The dog was submitted to gastric endoscopy, in which the presence of a rounded mass in the pyloric region was observed, and laparotomy and gastrostomy were performed. The removed tumor was sent for pathologic evaluation, where the findings were compatible with gastric stromal sarcoma.(AU)

Anti-inflamatórios inibidores da COX-2 em equinos no Nordeste Brasileiro: Abordagem prescricional e efeitos adversos do uso prolongado de Meloxicam Orientador:

Os anti-inflamatórios não esteroidais (AINEs) são amplamente utilizados na medicina humana e veterinária por seus efeitos anti-inflamatório, analgésico e antipirético. Os principais efeitos adversos do uso de anti-inflamatórios estão relacionados aos distúrbios renais e gástricos. Os inibidores da COX-2 apresentam um bom perfil de ação e maior segurança, sem a toxicidade dos AINEs tradicionais, o que levou a busca por novos fármacos, porém, suspeita-se que o uso por tempo prolongado também pode levar aos mesmos efeitos adversos dos inibidores não-seletivos. Esta tese foi dividida em três capítulos. O primeiro, é uma revisão de literatura que aborda o tema central da tese e teve por objetivo levantar informações sobre os efeitos adversos do uso prolongado de AINEs inibidores da COX-2 na espécie equina. Para isso foi realizada uma revisão bibliográfica de artigos (recorte temporal, 2000 a 2020). No segundo artigo, avaliou-se a prescrição de AINEs no nordeste brasileiro. Foi realizada uma pesquisa com médicos veterinários e vendedores/balconistas de lojas agropecuárias na região Nordeste do Brasil, todos atuantes na área equina. Foram aplicados 100 questionários (50 por grupo) com o objetivo de identificar quais os principais AINEs recomendados por eles para as afecções do sistema locomotor e digestório da espécie equina. Para as afecções do sistema locomotor: como primeira opção, a fenilbutazona foi descrita como principal AINE nos dois grupos (G1: 58% e G2: 28%). Como segunda opção, o flunixin meglumine foi o mais recomendado (G1: 32% e G2: 24%). Como terceira opção, o meloxicam foi o mais recomendado também por ambos (G1:26% e G2: 16%). Para as afecções do sistema digestório: como primeira opção, o flunixin meglumine foi o fármaco mais recomendado (G1: 54% e G2: 40%). Como segunda opção, para o G1, flunixin meglumine (36%) e para o G2, a dipirona (30%). Como terceira opção, para o G1, o meloxicam e o DMSO foram os mais citados (18% cada) e para o G2, a fenilbutazona (18%). Os AINEs não seletivos são os mais recomendados por veterinários e vendedores de lojas agropecuárias do Nordeste do Brasil para tratamento das afecções locomotoras e digestivas de equinos, enquanto que os inibidores seletivos para COX-2 ainda são pouco recomendados, sendo o meloxicam o mais apontado pelos entrevistados, o que nos guiou para o desenvolvimento do terceiro capítulo da tese. Para o terceiro capítulo, foi feito um estudo para avaliação dos efeitos adversos do uso prolongado do meloxicam em equinos hígidos. Foi realizado um teste pareado utilizando 7 cavalos, que receberam a dose de 0,6 mg/kg de meloxicam pasta, por via oral, uma vez ao dia, durante 28 dias e avaliados os parâmetros clínicos, hematológico, bioquímico, teste de tempo de sangramento, gastroscopia (avaliados em cinco momentos: M0, M7, M14, M21 e M28) e eletrocardiograma (em três momentos: M0, M14 e M28). Não foram observados efeitos adversos relevantes nos animais, nas circunstâncias do estudo. Embora os AINEs inibidores da COX-2 sejam propostos como seguros, estes possuem efeitos adversos relevantes, principalmente se usados em sobredoses e por tempo prolongado. Os AINEs tradicionais fenilbutazona, flunixin meglumine e dipirona são os anti-inflamatórios mais prescritos por veterinários e vendedores de lojas agropecuárias no nordeste do Brasil, enquanto que o meloxicam é o inibidor da COX-2 mais recomendado. Medidas de controle na venda de AINEs, assim como orientações aos profissionais do cavalo são necessárias. O uso do meloxicam por 28 dias não causou efeitos adversos de importância clínica sobre os parâmetros avaliados.

Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) are widely used in human and veterinary medicine for their anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic effects. The main adverse effects of the use of anti-inflammatory drugs are related to kidney and gastric disorders. COX-2 inhibitors have a good action profile and greater safety, without the toxicity of traditional NSAIDs, which led to the search for new drugs, however, it is suspected that their prolonged use can also lead to the same adverse effects of non-selective inhibitors. This thesis was divided into three chapters. The first is a literature review that addresses the central theme of the thesis and aimed to raise information about the adverse effects of prolonged use of COX-2 inhibitory NSAIDs in equine species. For this, a bibliographic review of articles was performed (time cut, 2000 to 2020). In the second article, the prescription of NSAIDs in northeastern Brazil was evaluated. A survey was conducted with veterinarians and salespeople/counters of agricultural stores in the Northeast region of Brazil, all working in the equine area. One hundred questionnaires (50 per group) were applied in order to identify the main NSAIDs recommended by them for affections of the locomotor and digestive system of the equine species. For disorders of the locomotor system: as a first option, phenylbutazone was described as the main NSAID in both groups (G1: 58% and G2: 28%). As a second option, flunixin meglumine was the most recommended (G1: 32% and G2: 24%). As a third option, meloxicam was also the most recommended by both (G1:26% and G2: 16%). For digestive system disorders: as a first option, flunixin meglumine was the most recommended drug (G1: 54% and G2: 40%). As a second option, for G1, flunixin meglumine (36%) and for G2, dipyrone (30%). As a third option, for G1, meloxicam and DMSO were the most mentioned (18% each) and for G2, phenylbutazone (18%). Non-selective NSAIDs are the most recommended by veterinarians and sellers of agricultural stores in Northeast Brazil for the treatment of locomotor and digestive disorders in horses, while selective inhibitors for COX-2 are still little recommended, with meloxicam being the most mentioned by interviewees, which guided us to the development of the third chapter of the thesis. For the third chapter, a study was carried out to assess the adverse effects of prolonged use of meloxicam in healthy horses. A paired test was carried out using 7 horses, which received a dose of 0.6 mg/kg of meloxicam paste, orally, once a day, for 28 days, and evaluated the clinical, hematological, biochemical, time test parameters. bleeding, gastroscopy (assessed at five times: M0, M7, M14, M21 and M28) and electrocardiogram (at three times: M0, M14 and M28). No relevant adverse effects were observed in animals under the circumstances of the study. Although COX-2 inhibitory NSAIDs are proposed as safe, they have relevant adverse effects, especially if used in overdoses and for a long time. The traditional NSAIDs phenylbutazone, flunixin meglumine and dipyrone are the most prescribed anti-inflammatory drugs by veterinarians and agricultural store vendors in northeastern Brazil, while meloxicam is the most recommended COX-2 inhibitor. Control measures in the sale of NSAIDs, as well as guidance to horse professionals are necessary. The use of meloxicam for 28 days did not cause adverse effects of clinical importance on the evaluated parameters.

Influência do manejo de desmame sobre a ocorrência de gastrite em potros

As inflamações da mucosa gástrica, mais conhecidas como gastrites, são enfermidades que comumente podem acometer equinos, em especial os potros no período de desmame. Por representar a fase mais importante da criação de cavalos, o cuidado e manejo com equinos jovens exige maior controle. Buscando diminuir índices de gastrite e, consequentemente, prejuízo no desenvolvimento de potros, o uso de suplementos alimentares adicionado a dietas balanceadas apresenta resultados favoráveis. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a ocorrência de gastrite em potros submetidos a duas técnicas de desmame, o impacto no desenvolvimento e o efeito do uso de suplemento alimentar preventivo. O experimento foi conduzido no Laboratório de Pesquisa em Saúde Digestiva e Desempenho de Equinos (LabEqui), pertencente à FMVZ/USP. Foram utilizados 16 potros mestiços, machos e fêmeas, com idade aproximada de 5 meses e peso corpóreo entre 230 e 260 kg. Durante o período lactacional, potros e éguas foram alojados em piquete coletivo, sem acesso a gramínea. As éguas receberam o equivalente a 2,5% do peso em matéria seca, sendo 1,0% de concentrado e 1,5% de volumoso, caracterizando uma proporção volumoso/concentrado de 60:40, seguindo recomendações do NRC 2007 para atender as exigências nutricionais da categoria. Todos os potros, durante o período lactacional, receberam concentrado, 0,25% do peso em matéria seca e, após o desmame, 1,25% do peso em matéria seca, de acordo com as exigências nutricionais da categoria. Feno, água e sal mineral foram fornecidos ad libitum. Após a separação maternal, um grupo de potros foi alojado em baias de forma individual, e o restante permaneceu em piquete coletivo. Após o período de 15 dias pós desmame, os potros do tratamento baia foram transferidos ao piquete. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados com esquema fatorial 2x2 (dois métodos de desmame e utilização ou não do suplemento alimentar). Os tratamentos foram compostos por: 1) Desmame em piquete e suplemento; 2) Desmame em piquete sem suplemento; 3) Desmame em baia e suplemento; 4) Desmame em baia sem suplemento. O desmame dos potros foi realizado de forma abrupta. Foi realizada avaliação do escore de lesão da mucosa gástrica dos potros, com escore para número de lesões avaliada por uma escala de 0 a 4, e intensidade de lesões gástricas avaliada por uma escala de 0 a 5, por meio de gastroscopia, sendo avaliado uma única vez 15 dias antes do desmame e após 15 dias do desmame. Foi mensurado o ciclo circadiano de cortisol plasmático, avaliando a variação do cortisol matutino e vespertino, além de dosagem de gastrina plasmática, 15 dias antes do desmame, no dia do desmame e 15 dias após o desmame, para ambas as variáveis. Foram avaliados parâmetros zootécnicos para acompanhamento do desenvolvimento dos potros, do nascimento até 3 meses pós desmame. Os resultados foram submetidos a análise de variância e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey, ao nível de significância de 5%, utilizando o PROC MIXED do Statistical Analysis System (SAS, 9.0). Foi observado ocorrência de gastrite antes do desmame, com 81,25% dos potros apresentando inflamação gástrica. Observou-se sinais clínicos de gastrite em 37,5% dos potros do tratamento baia, durante o período de 15 dias pós desmame e durante o período de 3 meses pós desmame. Para o número de lesões gástricas, antes do desmame, o escore médio encontrando foi de 3.00 para piquete e 1.56 para baia, assim como, após o desmame, com médias de 1.75 para piquete e 1.25 para baia. Além disso, observou-se diferença (P<0,05) para intensidade de lesões, com médias de 3.31 para piquete e 1.37 para baia, antes do desmane, e 1.93 para piquete e 1.00 para baia, após o desmame. Entretanto, foi observado maior diminuição da incidência de lesões dos potros desmamados em piquete em relação aos desmamados em baia, tanto para o número de lesões quanto para a intensidade de lesões gástricas, com 41,6% e 42,5% de diminuição, respectivamente. Comparados a 19,9% para número de lesões e 27,2% para intensidade de lesões gástricas, correspondente aos potros desmamados em baia. Demonstrando a influência do manejo de desmame na intensidade de lesões. Não foi observado diferença (P>0,05) para dosagem de cortisol e gastrina no sangue, parâmetros zootécnicos e utilização do suplemento. Conclui-se que ocorrências de gastrite podem ser observadas antes do desmame, sendo que a incidência foi influenciada pelo manejo. Não houve impacto no desenvolvimento dos potros, e a utilização de suplemento alimentar como prevenção às inflamações de mucosa gástrica não apresentou efeitos.

Inflammation of the gastric mucosa, also known as gastritis, is a disease that commonly affect horses, mainly foals throughout weaning. As it represents the most important phase of horse breeding, the care and handling of young horses requires a better control. Seeking the reduction of gastritis rates and, consequently, impair the foals development, the use of dietary supplements added to balanced diets shows favorable results. This study aimed to evaluate the occurrence of gastritis in foals submitted to two weaning techniques the impact on development and the effect of using preventive food supplements. The experiment was conducted at the Laboratory of Research in Digestive Health and Equine Performance (LabEqui), belonging to FMVZ/USP. 16 crossbred foals, male and female, were used, with an approximate age of 5 months and body weight between 230 and 260 kg. During lactation period, foals and mares were housed in a collective paddock, without access to grass. The mares received the equivalent of 2.5% of weight in dry matter, with 1.0% concentrate and 1.5% roughage, featuring a roughage/concentrate ratio of 60:40, following recommendations in NRC 2007 to meet nutritional requirements of the category. All foals, during lactation period, received concentrate, 0.25% of the weight in dry matter and, after weaning, 1.25% of the weight in dry matter, according to nutritional requirements on category. Hay, water and mineral salt were provided ad libitum. After maternal separation, a group of foals were housed in individual stalls, and the rest remained in a collective paddock. After a period of 15 days after weaning, the foals of the stall treatment were transferred to the paddock. The experimental design used was randomized blocks with a 2x2 factorial scheme (two methods of weaning and using or not using the food supplement). The treatments were composed of: 1) Weaning in paddock and supplement; 2) Weaning in a paddock without supplement; 3) Weaning in stall and supplement; 4) Weaning in a stall without supplement. The foals were weaned abruptly. The score of foals' gastric mucosa lesion was evaluated, with a score for the number lesions assessed by a scale of 0 to 4, and the intensity gastric lesions assessed by a scale of 0 to 5, by means of gastroscopy, being evaluated once 15 days before weaning and once after 15 days of weaning. The plasma cortisol circadian cycle was measured, evaluating the variation of morning and afternoon cortisol, in addition to plasma gastrin dosage, 15 days before weaning, on the day of weaning and 15 days after weaning, for both variables. Zootechnical parameters were evaluated to monitor the foals' development, from birth to 3 months after weaning. The results were subjected to analysis of variance and means compared by Tukey test, at 5% significance level, using PROC MIXED of the Statistical Analysis System (SAS, 9.0). Gastritis was observed before weaning, with 81.25% of foals showing gastric inflammation. Clinical signs of gastritis were observed in 37.5% foals of the stall treatment, during the period of 15 days after weaning and during the period of 3 months after weaning. For the number of gastric lesions, before weaning, the average score found was 3.00 for paddock and 1.56 for stall, as well as, after weaning, with averages of 1.75 for paddock and 1.25 for stall. Furthermore, there was a difference (P <0.05) for injury intensity, with averages of 3.31 for paddock and 1.37 for stall, before weaning, and 1.93 for paddock and 1.00 for stall, after weaning. However, a greater decrease on the incidence of injuries was observed in foals weaned in paddock compared to those weaned in stalls. Both for number of injuries and for intensity of gastric injuries, with 41.6% and 42.5% decrease, respectively. Compared to 19.9% for number of injuries and 27.2% for intensity of gastric injuries, corresponding to foals weaned in a stall. Demonstrating the influence of weaning management on intensity of injuries. There was no difference (P> 0.05) for the measurement of cortisol and gastrin in blood, zootechnical parameters and use of the supplement. It was concluded that the occurrence of gastritis can be observed before weaning, and its incidence was influenced by management. There was no impact on foals' development, and the use of a food supplement to prevent inflammation of gastric mucosa had no effect.

Helicobacteriose em leitões: imuno-histoquímica em amostras colhidas por meio de gastroscopia / Helicobacter infection in piglets: Immunohistochemical analysis in mucosal samples collected using gastroscopy

O diagnóstico da úlcera gastroesofágica (UGE) é fundamental para que se tente a recuperação dos afetados, entretanto há grande dificuldade na sua realização de forma precisa. Modernos endoscópios são ferramentas importantes nesse sentido e podem ser usados para determinar em que fase da criação a ulceração ocorre. A bactéria Helicobacter tem sido associada à UGE e gerado perdas econômicas. Tendo em vista que poucos trabalhos têm sido realizados para identificação do problema precocemente, este estudo teve como objetivo detectar as lesões relacionando-as, ou não, com a bactéria Helicobacter spp., mediante análises macroscópica e histopatológica de amostras colhidas por meio da gastroscopia. Foram utilizados 20 animais de ambos os sexos, pesando entre 22 e 26kg e com 65 dias de idade. O aparelho utilizado foi um gastrovideoscópio da marca Karl Storz, modelo 1380NKS. Foram colhidas amostras das regiões anatômicas aglandular (quadrilátero esofágico) e glandular (cárdica, fúndica e pilórica) para o teste ultrarrápido da urease e para as avaliações histopatológicas e imuno-histoquímicas. Onze animais apresentaram lesões na região aglandular à endoscopia, e microscopicamente 15 animais apresentaram paraqueratose. Em 18 animais, foram observadas alterações em pelo menos uma das três regiões glandulares. As lesões foram maiores na região cárdica, seguida da antral e da fúndica. Em relação ao teste ultrarrápido da urease, sete animais foram negativos nas quatro regiões, e 13 positivos em pelo menos uma delas. Em relação à imuno-histoquímica (IHQ), 10 animais foram negativos em todas as regiões e 10 foram positivos em pelo menos uma delas. Os achados pré-ulcerativos não demonstraram relação com o Helicobacter spp., que apresenta caráter saprofítico e oportunista confirmado pela sua imunomarcação em áreas sem lesão.(AU)

Gastroesophageal ulcer (GEU) diagnosis is fundamental for the treatment and recovery of the affected animal stock. GEU is a condition affecting animals, resulting in depletion of animal stock and subsequent economic losses. Helicobacter spp. have been associated with GEU. Modern endoscopes are important for detecting the stage of the breeding process at which the ulceration occurs. However, few studies regarding early detection of GEU have been conducted. Therefore, we aimed to identify whether GEU lesions were related to Helicobacter spp. infection, using gastroscopy as a diagnostic technique for macroscopic and histopathological analyses. Twenty piglets (both male and female) with a mean age of 65 days were included (weight, 22-26 kg). We used a Karl Storz Gastrovideoscope (model 1380NKS). Samples from nonglandular and glandular (cardia, fundus, and pylorus) regions were collected for the ultra-rapid urease test and for histopathological and immunohistochemical (IHC) evaluations. Eleven animals showed macroscopic lesions in the nonglandular region during endoscopy, and 15 animals showed parakeratosis on histological analysis. Lesions in at least 1 glandular region were observed in 18 animals. The lesions were bigger in the cardiac region, followed by those in the antrum and the fundus. Regarding the ultra-rapid urease test, 7 animals were negative in all 4 regions and 13 were positive in at least 1 region. On IHC, 10 animals were negative in all 4 regions and 10 were positive in at least 1 region. However, pre-ulcerative findings were not correlated with Helicobacter spp. infection in the present study. The positive IHC findings for Helicobacter spp in regions without ulcerative lesions suggest its saprophytic and opportunistic nature.(AU)

Avaliação gastroscópica dos efeitos adversos do firocoxib sobre a mucosa gástrica em equinos confinados e alimentados com 100% de concentrado da cavalaria da Policia Militar do Pará

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo avaliar por gastroscopia equinos da Policia Militar do Pará, tratados com superdosagem de firocoxibe. Os equinos são mantidos em regime totalmente confinados, alimentados apenas com ração peletizada com verde corporado e utilizados no policiamento nas ruas da cidade de Belém. Cada animal passou por prévia avaliação clínica, endoscópica e hematológica para verificação dos parâmetros fisiológicos. Foi utilizado 10 equinos, que apresentavam lesão de sistema locomotor, divididos em dois grupos com quantidades iguais, o primeiro grupo utilizou o Firocoxib, uma vez ao dia, na dose de 1mg/kg (10 vezes a mais do que a dose clínica), via oral, por cinco dias consecutivos e o segundo grupo foi o grupo controle, que utilizou Flunixina Meglumina, na dose de 1,1mg/kg, via intramuscular, uma vez ao dia, por cinco dias consecutivos. Os pacientes foram avaliados por exame clínico, hematológico, gastroscópico e histopatológico no dia 0 (antes do tratamento com anti-inflamatório) e ao final do tratamento. Os dois grupos avaliados com AINEs apresentaram efeitos colaterais discretos, como lesão gástrica grau de grau 1 e 2. Todavia mesmo utilizando 10 vezes a mais da dose recomendada pelo fabricante do firocoxib não obtivemos efeitos colaterais exacerbados ao trato digestório superior, isso nos remete a possibilidade de seu uso em casos de lesões crônicas do sistema locomotor, em que precise de fármacos para auxiliar no tratamento de dor e inflamação, melhorando assim a qualidade de vida dos animais.

The present study has the objective of evaluating by equine gastroscopy of the Military Police of Pará, treated with overdosage of firocoxib. The horses are kept in a completely confined regime, fed only with pellets with corporeal green and used in policing in the streets of the city of Belém. Each animal underwent previous clinical, endoscopic and hematological evaluation to verify the physiological parameters. Ten horses were used, which had lesions of the locomotor system, divided into two groups with equal amounts; the first group used Firocoxib once daily at a dose of 1mg / kg (10 times more than the clinical dose); orally, for five consecutive days and the second group was the control group, which used Flunixin Meglumine at a dose of 1.1 mg / kg intramuscularly once daily for five consecutive days. Patients were evaluated by clinical, hematological, gastroscopic and histopathological examination on day 0 (before anti-inflammatory treatment) and at the end of treatment. The two groups evaluated with NSAIDs showed discrete side effects, such as degree 1 and grade 2 gastric lesions. However, even using 10 times the recommended dose of the firocoxib manufacturer did not have exacerbated side effects, this refers to the possibility of its use in cases of chronic lesions of the locomotor system, in which it needs drugs to aid in the treatment of pain and inflammation, thus improving the quality of life of the animals.

Avaliação gastroscópica em equinos da Cavalaria da Policia Militar mantidos em dieta 100% concentrado em regime de confinamento

As úlceras gástricas de equinos em muitos casos são assintomáticas, sem produzir manifestações clínicas evidentes. De causa multifatorial, entre os possíveis fatores estão a dieta, o tipo de manejo, o estresse e o uso de contínuo de AINEs. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a mucosa do estômago de equinos da Cavalaria da Polícia Militar do Pará que possuem dieta exclusivamente de concentrado com verde incorporado, com a finalidade de encontrar possíveis alterações utilizando a técnica da gastroscopia. Assim, foram realizados os exames gastroscópicos de 30 equinos adultos, machos, escolhidos aleatoriamente em dois batalhões da Polícia Militar. A população do estudo foi dividida em dois grupos o Gconf. (n=20) com animais da Capital (Belém-PA) mantidos exclusivamente confinados e que receberam dieta somente de concentrado. O segundo foi o Gsemiconf. (n=10) com animais do Município de Castanhal-PA mantidos em regime de semi-confinamento recebendo concentrado e volumoso. Os animais foram submetidos a exame físico e comportamental, avaliando-se também a FC, FR, T, TPC, hemograma, PPT, VG, FB, escore corporal e de fezes, bem como o uso de AINes, e a ocorrência de cólicas. Apenas um animal apresentou alteração gástrica, classificada de grau leve e nenhum dos equinos apresentou ulceração gástrica. Embora o manejo empregado na PM-PA não seja considerado o ideal, o estudo mostrou que tanto a dieta, quanto o confinamento não foram determinantes para manifestações gástricas nos cavalos.

The equines gastric ulcer in most cases are asymptomatic, without evident clinical manifestations. Of multifactorial cause, among the possible factors are diet, type of handling, stress and continuous use of AINEs. The objective in this study was to evaluate the equines stomach mucosa of the Pará military police cavalry, which have a diet solely of concentrated with green incorporated, whose finality was to find possible alterations using the gastroscopic technique. Thus, was realized gastroscopic exams in 30 adults male equines, selected randomly from two battalions of the military police. The study population was divided in two groups, Gconf. (n=20) whit animals from the Capital (Belém-PA), kept exclusively confined and receiving a diet of only concentrated. The second was Gsemiconf. (n=10) with animals from the county of Castanhal-PA, which were kept in a semi-confinement regime receiving concentrate and roughage. Those animals were submitted to physical and behavior exams, was also evaluated FC, FR, T, TPC, hemogram, PPT, VG, FB, corporal score and feces, as well as the use of AINEs, colics ocorrences. Only one animal presented gastric alteration, classified as mild and none of the horses had gastric ulceration. Although the handling utilized in PM-PA won´t be the ideal, this study showed that both diet and confinement, weren't the determinant for the gastric manifestation in horses.