Resumo
With advancements in coffee cultivation, several traits may be considered in selection of plants, which must exhibit a set of favorable characteristics. The outturn index, defined as the relationship between the mass of mature fruit and processed beans, emerges as a key factor influencing productivity. This study characterized the outturn over two harvests of 57 clones marketed in the public domain and 10 registered cultivars. The analysis considers the effects of genotypes, measurements, and genetic progress achieved through plant selection. According to the maturation cycle of each clone, washed samples of cherry coffee were collected considering a completely randomized factorial design for characterization of the effects of genotypes, years, and the genotype × years (GY) interaction. The drying, peeling, and the outturn index were individually assessed. Despite the significant effects of the GY interaction, genotypes demonstrated minimal alterations in their ranking across measurements. Clones with higher outturn, including LB30, BRS1216, LB12, N7, LB10, LB20, BRS3220, and AS5, exhibited an average outturn of 25.51%, reflecting a gain of 12.17%. Conversely, clones with lower outturn, such as BG180, GJ30, GJ20, AS7, AS10, P42, N1, and P60, had an average of 19.15%, indicating a reduction of 14.02% compared to the general mean. Analyzing the distribution of the outturn values, 19.4%, 62.7%, and 17.9% of genotypes were classified as high, medium, and low outturn, respectively, providing valuable insights for optimal cultivation strategies.
Com o avanço da cafeicultura, múltiplas características devem ser consideradas na seleção de plantas, que devem apresentar um conjunto de atributos favoráveis. O rendimento, definido como a relação de massas entre os frutos maduros e os grãos processados, é um importante componente da produtividade. Este estudo tem como objetivo caracterizar o rendimento ao longo de duas colheitas de 57 clones comercializados em domínio público e 10 cultivares registradas. A análise considera efeitos de genótipos, medições e estimativas de ganhos com a seleção. De acordo com o ciclo de maturação de cada clone, amostras de café cereja foram colhidas considerando um delineamento fatorial inteiramente ao acaso para a caracterização dos efeitos de genótipos, anos e interação genótipo × anos (GA). A secagem, o descascamento e o rendimento foram avaliados individualmente. Apesar dos efeitos significativos da interação GA, os genótipos apresentaram pequenas mudanças no ordenamento de uma medição para a outra. Clones com maior rendimento, entre eles, LB30, BRS1216, LB12, N7, LB10, LB20, BRS3220 e AS5 apresentaram rendimento médio de 25,51% associado a estimativas de ganho de 12,17%. Por outro lado, clones de menor rendimento, como BG180, GJ30, GJ20, AS7, AS10, P42, N1 e P60 tiveram uma média de 19,15% associada a uma redução de 14,02%. A partir da distribuição dos valores, 19,4, 62,7 e 17,9% dos genótipos apresentaram rendimento classificados como alto, médio e baixo, subsidiando o melhor cultivo dos genótipos avaliados.
Assuntos
Variação Genética , Coffea/genética , Melhoramento VegetalResumo
The development of a selection strategy and to obtain a precocious white oat progenies, homogeneous for flowering and with additions to panicle grain mass, reconciled to environmental stimuli controlled by air temperature. The experiment was conducted in the municipality of Augusto Pestana, in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The experimental design was in augmented blocks with intermediate control, the regular treatments corresponded to 238 white oat progenies and the common treatment was represented by the commercial control (URS Taura) arranged in three replications. The selection for grains weight per panicle, percentage of flowered plants, days to physiological maturity and accumulation of degrees day are due to a high genetic contribution, which indicated promising selection for these characters already in initial breeding generations. The accumulation of degrees days for physiological maturity defines that 41.94% of the progenies are selected as precocious. The genotype ideotype distance index (MGIDI) selected 20% of the white oat progenies with greater flowering uniformity, less accumulation of degrees days and high potential for grain mass per panicle.
O objetivo deste trabalho foi desenvolver uma estratégia de seleção e obter progênies de aveia branca precoces, homogêneas para o florescimento e com acréscimos a massa de grãos da panícula, conciliados aos estímulos ambientais controlados pela temperatura do ar. O experimento foi conduzido no município de Augusto Pestana, no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. O delineamento experimental de blocos aumentados com testemunha intercalar, os tratamentos regulares correspondem a 238 progênies de aveia branca e o tratamento comum foi representado pela testemunha comercial (URS Taura) disposta em três repetições. A seleção para peso de grãos por panícula, porcentagem de plantas floridas, dias para maturidade fisiológica e acúmulo de graus-dia devem-se a uma alta contribuição genética, o que indica uma seleção promissora para esses caracteres já nas gerações iniciais de melhoramento. O acúmulo de graus dias para a maturidade fisiológica define que 41,94% das progênies são selecionadas como precoces. O índice de distância genótipo ideótipo (MGIDI) selecionou 20% das progênies da aveia branca com maior uniformidade do florescimento, menor acúmulo de graus dias e alto potencial de massa de grãos por panícula.
Assuntos
Seleção Genética , Avena/genética , Melhoramento Vegetal , GenótipoResumo
The study of adaptability, stability, and productivity is essential for selecting and recommending superior genotypes. This fact is particularly the case for the introduction of common bean cultivars in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, whose production is negligible and does not meet the internal demand. Thus, this study estimated genetic parameters and selection gains and undertake a simultaneous selection for adaptability, stability, and productivity in black bean genotypes via mixed models. The investigation was carried out in three municipalities in the state of Rio de Janeiro during three crop years. The trials were set up in a randomized block design with 11 genotypes and three replications. High mean heritability (81%) and selection accuracy (90%), as well as good selection prospects, were observed. Gains between 1.03 and 9.49% were achieved for grain yield. Simultaneous selection was efficient, indicating two black bean lines (CNFP 15290 and CNFP 15361) as the most productive, adaptable, and stable. As such, these lines have the potential to be released as new black bean cultivars for the state of Rio de Janeiro.
O estudo de adaptabilidade, estabilidade e produtividade é importante para selecionar e recomendar genótipos superiores. Esse fato é particularmente válido para a introdução de cultivares de feijão comum no Rio de Janeiro, Brasil, cuja produção é ínfima e não atende a demanda interna. Assim, este trabalho teve como objetivo estimar parâmetros genéticos e ganhos de seleção e realizar uma seleção simultânea para adaptabilidade, estabilidade e produtividade de genótipos de feijão preto através de modelos mistos. O estudo foi realizado em três municípios do estado do Rio de Janeiro e em três anos agrícolas. Os ensaios foram instalados em delineamento de blocos casualizados com 11 genótipos e três repetições. Observou-se alta herdabilidade média (81%), acurácia seletiva (90%) e boas perspectivas de seleção. Também foram observados ganhos satisfatórios para a característica entre 1,03 e 9,49%. A seleção simultânea foi eficiente e permitiu selecionar duas linhagens de feijão preto CNFP (15290 e 15361) como sendo as mais produtivas, adaptáveis e estáveis e, portanto, têm potencial para serem lançadas como novas cultivares de feijão preto para o estado do Rio de Janeiro.
Assuntos
Seleção Genética , Phaseolus/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Melhoramento Vegetal , GenótipoResumo
The study of genotypic relationships between drought tolerance indices and agronomic traits of interest in wheat breeding is useful for designing selection strategies. The objective of this research was to investigate the cause-and-effect relationships between agronomic traits and drought tolerance indices through the analysis of canonical correlations. Two trials (control and stress) were conducted in winter 2020 in Viçosa, MG, Brazil. The traits evaluated were: (days for heading, plant height, mass and number of grains per spike, mass of one hundred grains, and grain yield). Grain yield data from the control and stress conditions were used to construct five drought tolerance indices. The data were subjected to mixed model analysis for estimation of genetic parameters and prediction of genotypic values (REML/BLUP), and then the genotypic values were used to calculate the correlation coefficients between the traits. Two groups of traits were established for the study of canonical correlations, the first group consisting of agronomic traits and the second by drought tolerance indices. There was a significant genotype effect for all evaluated traits. The canonical pairs were significant, which indicated the existence of dependence between the groups. Days to heading trait can be used in the indirect selection of wheat genotypes for drought tolerance.
O estudo das relações genotípicas entre índices de tolerância à seca e caracteres agronômicos de interesse no melhoramento de trigo é útil para traçar estratégias de seleção. Objetivou-se com este trabalho investigar as relações de causa e efeito entre características agronômicas e índices de tolerância à seca via análise de correlações canônicas. Dois ensaios (controle e estresse) foram conduzidos no inverno de 2020 em Viçosa, MG, Brasil. Foram avaliados os caracteres (dias para o espigamento, altura da planta, massa e número de grãos por espiga, massa de cem grãos e rendimento de grãos). Os dados de produtividade dos ensaios de controle e estresse foram utilizados para construir cinco índices de tolerância à seca. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de modelos mistos para estimação dos parâmetros genéticos e predição dos valores genotípicos (REML/BLUP), em seguida, os valores genotípicos foram utilizados para calcular os coeficientes de correlação entre os caracteres. Dois grupos de caracteres foram estabelecidos para o estudo das correlações canônicas, sendo o primeiro grupo constituído pelas variáveis agronômicas e o segundo pelos índices de tolerância à seca. Houve efeito significativo de genótipo para todas as características avaliadas. Os pares canônicos foram significativos, o que indicou a existência de dependência entre os grupos. O caráter dias para o espigamento pode ser utilizado na seleção indireta de genótipos de trigo para tolerância à seca.
Assuntos
Seleção Genética , Triticum/genética , Secas , Melhoramento Vegetal , GenótipoResumo
Studies on the improvement of hops (Humulus lupulus) in Brazil are recent and seek to establish self-sufficiency in production. Knowledge of the variability of genotypes available in the country is of fundamental importance for the development of a hop improvement program. The objective of the research was to characterize and identify hop parents with agronomic and brewing potential for the Planalto Catarinense region, Brazil. The randomized block design arranged in a 3x4 factorial scheme was used with 12 treatments: (Factor 1: three years of cultivation (2019, 2020 and 2021) and combined with factor: four genotypes (Cascade, Chinook, Columbus and Hallertau). The characters evaluated were fresh mass of plants (MFP, g), green mass of cones (MTV, g), dry mass of cones (MSC, g), alpha-acid content (ALFA, %) and production (PROD, g per plant). The Hallertauer genotype showed better performance and differentiated behavior for the characters of fresh mass of plants, dry mass of cones and production, when compared to the others. Thus, from these results it was observed that there is variation available for the genetic improvement of hops for these characters, a factor that will allow obtaining productive gains in the development of new cultivars, based on this promising genotype.
Os estudos visando o melhoramento de lúpulo (Humulus lupulus) no Brasil são recentes e buscam estabelecer a autossuficiência da produção. O conhecimento da variabilidade dos genótipos disponíveis no país é de fundamental importância para o desenvolvimento de um programa de melhoramento de lúpulo. O objetivo do trabalho foi identificar genitores de lúpulo com potencial agronômico e cervejeiro para o Planalto Catarinense, Brasil. Foi utilizado o delineamento em blocos casualizados em esquema fatorial 3x4 com 12 tratamentos: Fator 1: três anos de cultivo (2019, 2020 e 2021) e combinado com o fator 2: quatro genótipos (Cascade, Chinook, Columbus e Hallertau). Os caracteres avaliados foram a massa fresca de plantas (MFP, g), massa verde de cones (MTV, g), a massa seca de cones (MSC, g), os teores de alfa-ácidos (ALFA, %) e a produção (PROD, g per planta). O genótipo Hallertauer demonstrou melhor desempenho e comportamento diferenciado para os caracteres de massa fresca de plantas, massa seca de cones e produção, quando comparado aos demais. Assim, a partir destes resultados observou-se que, existe variação disponível ao melhoramento genético do lúpulo para esses caracteres, fator que permitirá obter ganhos produtivos no desenvolvimento de novas cultivares, a partir deste genótipo promissor.
Assuntos
Humulus/genética , Melhoramento Vegetal , GenótipoResumo
The tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.) plays a vital role in global agriculture and is a model organism in genetic studies. Visual classification of tomatoes for genetic improvement programs faces challenges due to variety diversity, uneven ripening, external damages, and evaluator subjectivity. Recent advances in the field of computational resources, such as image phenotyping have enabled pre- and post-harvest assessments that are both fast and precise. This study aimed to classify tomato fruits based on shape, group, color, and defects using Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs). The performance of five architectures - VGG16, InceptionV3, ResNet50, EfficientNetB3, and InceptionResNetV2 was evaluated to identify and determine the most efficient one for this classification. The research considered ten hybrids and their five parental lines. The experiment was conducted in the field, and images of ripe fruits were acquired using a portable mini studio. The ExpImage package in R software was used for fruit individualization by image and to aid in creating a synthetic database for network training. Images were grouped according to their classifications in terms of shape, color, groups, and defects. The InceptionResNetV2 architecture was the most efficient, achieving metrics such as precision and recall exceeding 93 % for most analyzed variables, and shorter classification times. This study advances the understanding of CNN applications in agriculture and research and provides valuable guidelines for optimizing classification tasks in distinct types of fruits.
Assuntos
Inteligência Artificial , Redes Neurais de Computação , Solanum lycopersicum , Melhoramento VegetalResumo
The structure of the root system of the conilon coffee tree has improved over the years through propagation, genetic, and agronomic studies in response to demands for improvements in plant development, production, and survival of the species. Scientific research plays an important role in generating technologies and the security of applications. However, there is a need to refine the content generated to analyze discoveries and trends on the subject. Therefore, the present study conduct a bibliometric review and analysis on the main contributions of relevant studies, researchers, organizations, and countries in academic research on the rooting of Coffea canephora in the Web of Science (WOS) database. Data from the WOS database published between 1982 and 2021 and systematized in the VOSviewer software showed a set of 92 articles, the majority of which originated in Brazil and France, with the main groups being the Brazilian Agricultural Research Corporation, the Federal University of Viçosa, and CIRAD. The study was divided into five areas: genetic diversity, asexual propagation, nematology, tolerance to water stress, and micropropagation. However, in the context of climate changes and its impact on the production and longevity of Brazilian coffee farming, research focused on the root system has increased significantly, integrating it into lines that explore and integrate topics such as climate risk, water management, drought tolerance, and drip irrigation, including reflections on the performance of coffee agronomy.
A estrutura do sistema radicular do cafeeiro Conilon tem sido aprimorada ao longo dos anos por meio de propagação e estudos genéticos e agronômicos em resposta às demandas por melhorias no desenvolvimento vegetal, na produção e na sobrevivência da espécie. Entende-se que a pesquisa científica desempenha um papel importante na geração de tecnologias e também na segurança das aplicações. Porém, há necessidade de refinar o código gerado para descobrir descobertas e tendências sobre o assunto. Nesse sentido, o presente estudo tem como objetivo realizar uma revisão bibliométrica e análise na base de dados Web of Science (WOS) sobre as principais contribuições de estudos, pesquisadores, organizações e países relevantes nas pesquisas acadêmicas sobre o enraizamento de Coffea canephora. Dados da base de dados WOS publicados entre 1982 e 2021 e sistematizados no software VOSviewer, mostraram um conjunto de 92 artigos, em que a maioria teve origem no Brasil e na França, tendo como principais grupos a Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária, a Universidade Federal de Viçosa e o CIRAD. O estudo está dividido em quatro áreas: diversidade genética, propagação assexuada, nematologia, tolerância ao estresse hídrico e micropropagação, porém, destaca-se que no contexto das mudanças climáticas e seu impacto na produção e longevidade da cafeicultura brasileira, podemos ver o surgimento de pesquisas focadas no sistema radicular, integrando-o em linhas que exploram e integram temas como risco climático, gestão hídrica, tolerância à seca e irrigação por gotejamento, incluindo reflexões sobre o desempenho da agronomia cafeeira.
Assuntos
Bibliometria , Raízes de Plantas/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Coffea/crescimento & desenvolvimentoResumo
The objective of this study was to assess the genetic structure and diversity of six Santa Inês sheep flocks from the Central-Northern Brazil. A panel of 20 highly polymorphic and informative microsatellite loci was selected and amplified. The following parameters were obtained: overall mean of number of alleles = 15.4; expected heterozygosity (He) = 0.89; polymorphism information content (PIC) = 0.88; discriminatory capacity = 0.95; combined probability of identity = 1.50 × 10−34; and probability of exclusion = 1.00. The flocks with the lowest and the highest degrees of genetic variability were Farm 6 (He = 0.70, PIC = 0.653, and allelic richness [Ar] = 3.76) and Farm 1 (He = 0.89, PIC = 0.882, and Ar = 4.39), respectively. Indications of genetic bottleneck were observed in all flocks, as well as moderate genetic differentiation, with FST = 0.053, RST = 0.096, and Dest = 0.169. The migration rate in all flocks was high, with a trend towards Farm 1. This finding was not in agreement with the substructure found with the Bayesian admixture analysis and corroborated the array obtained with the principal component analysis and the clustering analysis. The results revealed moderate structuring and high genetic diversity in the flocks. However, management strategies should be reviewed, as evidence of bottleneck and genetic erosion was observed.(AU)
Assuntos
Variação Genética , BrasilResumo
The objective of this study was to estimate the genetic parameters and predict selection of genetic gains and genetic diversity of 12 Andropogon lateralis ecotypes collected in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. To estimate genetic parameters and predict selection gains, the REML/BLUP technique was applied. Genetic diversity among the ecotypes was evaluated by two clustering methods (optimization and hierarchical) and principal component (PC) analysis, the latter method also used to discard variables. The genetic parameters studied showed high potential for selection of important agronomic forage traits for livestock production. Results showed that the 12 A. lateralis Nees ecotypes exhibited high genetic variability for the studied forage characters and indicated parental prosperity for crosses within the genetic breeding program. Principal component analysis showed that number of total vegetative tillers, leaf:stem ratio, number of reproductive tillers, and leaf dry matter yield accounted for 80.6% of the observed variation in PC1. These variables are important characteristics for quantifying the dry matter production and nutritional value of forage plants, and they can help to discriminate amongst ecotypes. Ecotypes sourced from the Pelotas, Piratini, Passo Fundo, Bagé, and Montenegro regions showed superior forage production when evaluated by the BLUP methodology. Therefore, this group was identified as the most suitable for selection and crossing purposes. Tocher's cluster analysis grouped the ecotypes into five divergent groups. Principal component and UPGMA hierarchical methods were also efficient at separating the ecotypes.(AU)
Assuntos
Variação Genética , Poaceae/genética , Seleção Genética , Brasil , EcótipoResumo
The objective was to verify the existence of lineages in the Mangalarga Marchador breed using microsatellites and to phenotypically characterize the lineages found using linear morphometric measurements taken at the time the animals were registered to be used as a tool for selecting individuals according to each breeder's selection objective. The genotyping database contained 255,257 Mangalarga Marchador horses born between 2005 and 2021. In addition, a database was used with pedigree information on 622,299 animals born between 1952 and 2020 and a database of phenotypes assessed at the time of definitive registration of these animals, containing 303,248 animals born between 1950 and 2018. The databases used came from the Associação Brasileira dos Criadores do Cavalo Mangalarga Marchador. To verify the existence of genetic differences according to the lineages of the breed, a discriminant analysis of principal components (DAPC) and the Kruskall Wallis test were carried out to perform phenotypic characterization to compare the means of the morphometric measurements, both using the R software. The DAPC analysis showed the genetic differentiation of the Angaí and Herdade lineages in relation to the others. The Herdade lineage showed greater phenotypic differentiation when compared with the three separate genetic groups in this study, demonstrating that the animals of this lineage are smaller and more gathered and have higher scores for gait and morphology. When compared to the historically described Mangalarga Marchador lineages, the breed does not have so many genetic groups, separating it into just three groups (Angaí, Herdade, and General), and when compared to phenotypic characteristics, only the Herdade lineage stood out.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Cavalos/genética , Fenótipo , Variação GenéticaResumo
Moringa oleifera Lam. is a tropical tree that belongs to the Moringaceae family and is popularly known worldwide for its multiple applications. This study aimed to evaluate the genetic variability of individuals from the Moringa Genebank of Embrapa Tabuleiros Costeiros, Sergipe state, Brazil. The Moringa Genebank comprises 25 accessions, represented by 177 genotypes, of which 18 were transferred in from an exchanged germplasm of the University of Florida, USA, and the others were from different states in Brazil. Leaves of each genotype were collected for DNA extraction and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis using 20 Inter simple sequence repeats (ISSR) primers. A total of 141 bands were amplified, and 100 % were polymorphic. The average expected heterozygosity (He) and Shannon's index were 0.11 and 0.16, respectively. The highest genetic divergence was found between the M4 and M18 accessions, both from Florida, USA, whereas the closest pair of accessions was M23 and M24, both from Brazil. The cluster analysis obtained through the Structure software divided moringa genotypes into two groups. These results suggest low genetic diversity between the accessions in the Moringa Genebank. Therefore, the introduction of new accessions in the Moringa GeneBank is essential to increasing the genetic variability of the species to ensure its conservation and improvement.
Assuntos
Variação Genética , Moringa oleifera , Melhoramento Vegetal , Banco de SementesResumo
This study aims to characterize Iraqi pigeon breeds' population structure and genetic diversity using Microsatellite (SSR) markers to obtain detailed insights into their genetic variation, differentiation, and evolutionary dynamics. This study represents the first comprehensive analysis of Iraqi pigeon breeds' population structure and genetic diversity. The genetic diversity analysis revealed moderate to high allelic diversity, with the number of alleles (Na) ranging from 16 to 25 and the number of effective alleles (Ne) from 11.95 to 20.56. Observed heterozygosity (Ho) ranged from 0.27 to 0.53, while expected heterozygosity (He) was consistently high (0.92 to 0.95). FST values indicated significant genetic differentiation among pigeon breeds, ranging from 0.40 to 0.54, and gene flow (Nm) values suggested limited migration between subpopulations. The Principal Component Analysis (PCA) identified five distinct clusters, explaining 76.02% of the total variance, which reflects pronounced genetic boundaries and distinct genetic identities among the breeds. Genetic structure analysis using admixture with K=3 clusters highlighted distinct ancestral contributions. The genetic distance analysis revealed close genetic relationships among populations like Kirkuk, Baghdad, and Mosul White, with lower genetic distances (0.06 to 0.08). In contrast, Fadadi, Zangi, and Yellow breeds exhibited higher genetic differentiation (distances up to 0.15). The Analysis of Molecular Variance (AMOVA) indicated significant genetic variation among populations, with a variance component of 10.92 and a Phi-statistic of 0.58, demonstrating moderate to high genetic differentiation and substantial genetic diversity within populations. This comprehensive analysis underscores significant genetic variation and distinct population structures among Iraqi pigeons, with clear differentiation and diverse genetic contributions across breeds. The findings highlight the effectiveness of SSR markers in capturing the genetic landscape, providing essential insights for the conservation and management of genetic diversity within these pigeon populations. This study contributes valuable information for understanding Iraqi pigeon breeds' genetic dynamics and evolutionary relationships, supporting future genetic and conservation efforts.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Columbidae/genética , Repetições de Microssatélites , Variação Genética , Características da População , Irã (Geográfico)Resumo
According to the International Union for Conservation of Nature [IUCN],Melocactus conoideus Buin. & Bred is a critically endangered cactus species, and genetic studies are still needed to support conservation strategies. Thus, this study aimed to characterize the genetic diversity and structure of M. conoideususing Inter Simple Sequence Repeats (ISSR) markers. We amplified the genomic DNA of 126 M. conoideusgenotypes from the municipality of Vitória da Conquista, state of Bahia (Brazil), obtained within and outside the limits of the M. conoideus Environmental Reserve. To this end, 13 ISSR primers were used, and the genetic amplification profile was subjected to statistical analysis of genetic diversity and structure. One hundred and ninety-one markers were analyzed, 188 of which (97.7%) were polymorphic. Moderate genetic diversity (h= 0.29) was observed, with a significant variation when considering protected and unprotected regions. The set of markers varied between informative and uninformative (mean PIC = 0.24), and genetic differentiation ranged from moderate to high (Gst= 0.32) between populations inside and outside the environmental reserve. Gene flow between populations (Nm) was estimated at 1.02. Analysis of molecular variance revealed 33% of genetic variation between populations and 67% within populations. Bayesian analysis and principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) confirmed the existence of two groups (K=2), with individuals from the reserve showing homogeneity for a single gene pool. This result highlights the influence of exclusive genomic regions on the genetic structure of the species. These results suggest that the auto-ecology of M. conoideusinfluences variability and differentiation levels, besides contributing to genetic structuring in subpopulations. Our findings may help in genetic conservation and management planning, as well as in the in situdemographic expansion used by the bodies responsible for M. conoideuspopulation maintenance.(AU)
Assuntos
Variação Genética , Cactaceae/genética , Brasil , Biomarcadores , Análise de VariânciaResumo
The present work was to study the genetic variability between the major carps Labeo rohita and Cirrhinus mrigala and their hybrids of L. rohita (maleâ) and C. mrigala (femaleâ). Genetic variability was studied by employing RAPD molecular markers. 25 samples of each target species having different sizes with the same age group for the determination of interspecific variation were collected. The morphometric parameters such as body weight, total length, tail length, and lengths of dorsal and anal fins of each individual were recorded and results showed that wet body weight, total length, dorsal fin, anal fin, and tail fin length are positively correlated and then the DNA was extracted using the inorganic salt-based method and conformed by Gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four arbitrary decamer primers were used to get species-specific RAPD analysis Distinct and highly reproducible RAPD profiles with significant genetic variability was detected among species. Only five primers showed amplification. The RAPAD primer OPB-05 produced a total of seven bands out of these 5 monomorphic and 2 polymorphic, so in this case, the percentage polymorphism was 28.57%. The Hybrid show more than a 50% difference from the Labeo rohita. This shows that the Hybrid more resembles C.mrigala. Phylogenetic analysis demonstrated that hybrid (L. rohita â X Cirrhinus mrigala â) is the closest to C. mrigala and the farthest from L. rohita. Overall data are presented concerning the applications of RAPD markers for hybrid identification, genetic diversity assessment, and studying taxonomic relationships at a molecular level.
O presente trabalho teve como objetivo estudar a variabilidade genética entre as carpas maiores Labeo rohita e Cirrhinus mrigala e seus híbridos de L. rohita (machos) e C. mrigala (fêmeas). A variabilidade genética foi estudada empregando marcadores moleculares RAPD. 25 amostras de cada espécie-alvo com tamanhos diferentes e com a mesma faixa etária foram coletadas para a determinação da variação interespecífica. Os parâmetros morfométricos como peso corporal, comprimento total, comprimento da cauda e comprimento das nadadeiras dorsal e anal de cada indivíduo foram registrados. O DNA foi extraído através do método à base de sal inorgânico e conformado por eletroforese em gel. 24 primers decâmeros arbitrários foram usados ââpara obter a análise RAPD espécie-específica. Perfis RAPD distintos e altamente reprodutíveis com significativa variabilidade genética foram detectados entre as espécies. Apenas 5 primers apresentaram amplificação. O primer RAPAD OPB-05 produziu um total de 7 bandas, dessas, 5 monomórficas e 2 polimórficas, portanto, neste caso, o percentual de polimorfismo foi de 28,57%. O Hybrid mostrou mais de 50% de diferença do Labeo rohita. Isso mostra que o híbrido se parece mais com o C.mrigala. A análise filogenética demonstrou que o híbrido (L. rohita macho X Cirrhinus mrigala fêmea) é o mais próximo de C. mrigala e o mais distante de L. rohita. Foram apresentados dados relativos à aplicação de marcadores RAPD para identificação de híbridos, avaliação de diversidade genética e estudo de relações taxonômicas ao nível molecular.
Assuntos
Variação Genética , Carpas/genéticaResumo
Biochemical markers such as protein are very important to determine genetic diversity among plant species in a given population which in turn is very important for breeders and farmers as they can then easily select the most appropriate variety to grow in a given locality. In this connection, the present study is aimed to evaluate genetic diversity in Acacia modesta germplasm through Sodium Dodecyl Sulphate Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) technique. About 40 genotypes were subjected to SDS-PAGE analysis where a total of 12 polypeptide bands were observed in electrophoretogram. Out of which 16.67% were monomorphic while the remaining 83.33% were polymorphic. Variation found in B-2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 and 12, were 20, 22.50, 32.50, 10, 2.50, 22.50, 15, 5, 2.50 and 75% respectively. Locus contribution toward genetic disagreement was 83.33%. Cluster analysis sorted all the genotypes into 9 clusters. The genotypes in one cluster were identical regarding protein profiling and showed less intra-specific genetic variation whereas differences were find from other genotypes.
Marcadores bioquímicos, como proteínas, são muito importantes para determinar a diversidade genética entre espécies de plantas em determinada população, o que, por sua vez, é muito importante para criadores e agricultores, pois eles podem selecionar facilmente a variedade mais adequada para crescer em certa localidade. Nesse sentido, o presente estudo tem como objetivo avaliar a diversidade genética em germoplasma de Acacia modesta por meio da técnica de Eletroforese em Gel de Poliacrilamida com Dodecil Sulfato de Sódio (SDS-PAGE). Cerca de 40 genótipos foram submetidos à análise SDS-PAGE, em que foi observado um total de 12 bandas polipeptídicas no eletroforetograma. Destes, 16,67% eram monomórficos, enquanto os 83,33% restantes eram polimórficos. As variações encontradas em B-2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11 e 12 foram de 20, 22,50, 32,50, 10, 2,50, 22,50, 15, 5, 2,50 e 75%, respectivamente. A contribuição do lócus para a discordância genética foi de 83,33%. A análise de agrupamento classificou todos os genótipos em 9 agrupamentos. Os genótipos em um cluster foram idênticos em relação ao perfil de proteínas e apresentaram menor variação genética intraespecífica, enquanto diferenças foram encontradas em outros genótipos.
Assuntos
Variação Genética , Eletroforese em Gel de Poliacrilamida/métodos , AcaciaResumo
Native to the tropical Americas, guava (Psidium guajava L.) is an important crop in Brazil. However, the emergence of so-called guava decline, a complex disease resulting from root parasitism by the root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne enterolobii Yang & Eisenback) in association with opportunistic fungi, has decimated guava orchards across Brazil and in other countries. In the present study, seminiferous guava accessions were vegetatively propagated by minigrafting and their genotypes preserved for resistance reassessment in clones to confirm or not host plant reactions. The results indicated a highly virulent parasite, high host suitability of the P. guajava species, and widely varying reactions among plants of the same genotype and between different genotypes, demonstrating that the strategy of preserving the germplasm and reassessing reactions in clones may be important in identifying and selecting germplasms with a degree of resistance to M. enterolobii. The progeny of cv. Paluma P02R5R2 obtained the lowest average parasite reproduction factor (RF = 22.11) among the genotypes evaluated and was; therefore; classified as moderately resistant and preserved for future research.
Originária da América Tropical, a goiabeira (Psidium guajava L.) tem grande relevância para o Brasil. Contudo, o surgimento do patossistema designado como declínio da goiabeira, problema fitossanitário provocado pelo parasitismo das raízes pelo nematoide-das-galhas (Meloidogyne enterolobii Yang & Eisenback) em associação com fungos oportunistas, dizimou muitos pomares em todas as regiões do Brasil e em outros países. No presente estudo, propagou-se vegetativamente, por miniestaquia, acessos de goiabeiras seminíferas mantendo seus genótipos preservados e reavaliando a resistência por meio dos clones de forma a comprovar ou não as reações das plantas hospedeiras. Os resultados apontam para alta virulência do parasita, bem como alta hospedabilidade da espécie P. guajava, além da existência de grande variação da reação entre plantas do mesmo genótipo e entre genótipos distintos, o que indica que a estratégia de preservação do germoplasma e a reavaliação da reação em clones pode ser importante na busca e seleção de germoplasma com algum grau de resistência a M. enterolobii. A progênie da cv. Paluma P02R5R2 obteve a menor média de Fator de Reprodução do parasita (FR = 22,11) entre os genótipos avaliados, sendo classificada como moderadamente resistente e preservada para estudos posteriores.
Assuntos
Tylenchoidea , Variação Genética , Psidium/parasitologia , GenótipoResumo
Environmental pollutants may often alter the genetic components of natural populations. In this study, heavy metals and genetic diversity in land snail (Achatina achatina) from three populations of south-western Nigeria were investigated, using the Atomic Absorption Spectrometry and DNA Sequencing technology respectively. Metal analysis revealed that the snails accumulated lead (Pb) and nickel (Ni) in high concentrations in two of the three states, while cadmium (Cd) was the least detected. Editing and alignment of the sequences of all snail accessions generated a range of 384bp to 419 bp. Analysis of Molecular Variance (AMOVA) in all 18 accessions was low at only 16%. The query coverage (QC) ranged between 96% and 100%, with 14 (77.8%) of the 18 accessions showing 100% identity. Pairwise comparison of the accessions studied also showed a high genetic similarity. The unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) generated two main clusters. Cluster I was unique and contain one sample (AaOy06) while the other cluster are very closely related and can be further sub-divided into sub-clusters. The similarity index of between the clusters is 0.5357. The close similarity among the accessions may be due to the geographical proximity of the three states. The uniqueness of accession AaOy06 in comparison to other accessions might be due to the negative influence of heavy metal, particularly lead. The determination of evolutionary relationships among snail populations may be useful towards the breeding efforts of the species in Nigeria.
Os poluentes ambientais podem frequentemente alterar os componentes genéticos das populações naturais. Neste estudo, metais pesados e diversidade genética em caramujos terrestres (Achatina achatina) de três populações do sudoeste da Nigéria foram investigados, usando a tecnologia de espectrometria de absorção atômica e sequenciamento de DNA, respectivamente. A análise dos metais revelou que os caramujos acumularam chumbo (Pb) e níquel (Ni) em altas concentrações em dois dos três estados, enquanto o cádmio (Cd) foi o menos detectado. A edição e o alinhamento das sequências de todos os acessos de caramujos geraram uma faixa de 384pb a 419pb. A análise de variância molecular (AMOVA) em todos os 18 acessos foi baixa em apenas 16%. A cobertura da consulta (QC) variou entre 96% e 100%, com 14 (77,8%) dos 18 acessos apresentando 100% de identidade. A comparação pareada dos acessos estudados também mostrou alta similaridade genética. O método de grupo de pares não ponderados com média aritmética (UPGMA) gerou dois clusters principais. O cluster I era único e contém uma amostra (AaOy06), enquanto o outro cluster está intimamente relacionado e pode ser subdividido em subclusters. O índice de similaridade entre os clusters é 0,5357. A grande semelhança entre os acessos pode ser devido à proximidade geográfica dos três estados. A singularidade do acesso AaOy06 em comparação com outros acessos pode ser devido à influência negativa de metais pesados, particularmente chumbo. A determinação das relações evolutivas entre as populações de caramujos pode ser útil para os esforços de reprodução da espécie na Nigéria.
Assuntos
Animais , Caramujos , Variação Genética , Metais Pesados , Poluentes AmbientaisResumo
This study used a pedigree analysis to monitor trends in the genetic structure of the Mangalarga breed and identify factors that could impact its genetic variability. For this, genealogical information was used from the Associação Brasileira dos Criadores de Cavalo da Raça Mangalarga, considering as total population (TP) the animals born between 1919 and 2018 (n = 206,426) and as reference population (RP) those born between 2009 and 2018 (n = 20,539), which is the most recent generation according to the average generation interval calculated for the breed of 9.37 years. We evaluated the number of male and female births per year, foals produced by Mangalarga breeding animals, using the ENDOG 4.8, generation interval, proportion of known ancestors per parental generation, number of equivalent generations known per animal, inbreeding coefficient, increase in inbreeding, average relatedness (AR), effective population size, effective number of founders, effective number of ancestors, and founder genome equivalent. The number of equivalent generations known per animal increased over time, reaching an average of 2.75 in TP and 4.88 in RP. The calculated F was 2.26% for TP and 5.57% for RP, while AR was 2.41% for TP and 4.10% for RP. The effective population size was 40.85 for TP and 38.89 for RP. The 206,426 registered Mangalarga horses (TP) were derived from the genetic contribution of 9,011 founders and 8,908 ancestors, whereas those registered in or after 2009 (RP) originated from 2,662 founders and 2,193 ancestors. The effective number of founders represented 1.11 and 1.35% of the total number of founders in TP and RP, respectively. For RP, 11 animals accounted for 29.21% of the genetic pool of the breed. The analysis of population parameters estimated in the present study indicates that the Mangalarga horse population was formed through uneven contributions from founders and ancestors; therefore, genetic management of the breed is required to restrict average inbreeding from increasing over generations.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Masculino , Feminino , Variação Genética , Dinâmica Populacional , Cavalos/genética , LinhagemResumo
The exploitation of plant genetic resources is an important and rapid strategy to release commercial cultivars. In this study, 234 sour cherry genotypes were collected from various locations of Iran and phenotypically assessed according to IPGRI and UPOV descriptors. The genotypes were grafted onto Mahaleb rootstock and were planted in Horticultural Science Research Institute (HSRI) core collection in Karaj, Iran. In this study, 22 different characteristics were measured in the sour cherry genotypes. The results showed that fruit and stone weights varied from 1.65 (G410) to 5.47 g (G125) and 0.13 (G428) to 0.59 g (G149), respectively. The fruit size index comprised average fruit length, width, and diameter, which varied from 10.57 to 19.13. The stalk length was less than 50 mm in 90.6% of the studied genotypes. Twelve of the 234 studied genotypes did not exhibit any symptoms of bacterial canker disease. Principle component analysis (PCA) and cluster analysis classified the studied genotypes into four main groups. Spearman's correlation analysis revealed that fruit size, stone shape, stone size, stalk thickness and weight, and fruit appearance correlated positively with stone and fruit weights. In contrast, fruit juice, fruit skin, and flesh color correlated negatively with the stone and fruit weights. The range of TSS varied between 12.66 (G251) and 26 (G427). Variations in pH value were between 3.66 (G236) and 5.63 (G352). In conclusion, a high level of genetic diversity was observed among the Iranian sour cherry genotypes. This diversity can be considered valuable and applicable for future breeding programs.
A exploração de recursos fitogenéticos é uma estratégia importante e rápida para liberar cultivares comerciais. Neste estudo, 234 genótipos de ginja foram coletados de vários locais do Irã e avaliados fenotipicamente conforme os descritores IPGRI e UPOV. Os genótipos foram enxertados no porta-enxerto Mahaleb e foram plantados na coleção principal do Horticultural Science Research Institute (HSRI) em Karaj, Irã. Neste estudo, 22 características diferentes foram medidas nos genótipos de acerola. Os resultados mostraram que os pesos dos frutos e caroços variaram de 1,65g (G410) a 5,47g (G125) e 0,13g (G428) a 0,59g (G149), respectivamente. O índice de tamanho do fruto compreendeu o comprimento médio, largura e diâmetro do fruto, que variou de 10,57 a 19,13. O comprimento do colmo foi inferior a 50 mm em 90,6% dos genótipos estudados. Doze dos 234 genótipos estudados não apresentaram nenhum sintoma de cancro bacteriano. A análise de componentes principais (PCA) e a análise de cluster classificaram os genótipos estudados em quatro grupos principais. Já a análise de correlação de Spearman revelou que o tamanho do fruto e do caroço, formato do caroço, espessura e peso do caule, e aparência do fruto correlacionaram-se positivamente com o peso do caroço e do fruto. Em contraste, suco de fruta, casca de fruta e cor de polpa correlacionaram-se negativamente com os pesos de caroço e fruta. A faixa de TSS variou entre 12,66 (G251) e 26 (G427). As variações no valor do pH ficaram entre 3,66 (G236) e 5,63 (G352). Em conclusão, um alto nível de diversidade genética foi observado entre os genótipos de ginja iraniana. Essa diversidade pode ser considerada valiosa e aplicável para futuros programas de melhoramento.
Assuntos
Variação Genética , Prunus/genética , Melhoramento VegetalResumo
Domestic donkey plays a key role as a draft animal in rural economy of Pakistan where its population is increasing every year. The complete mtDNA control region of forty randomly sampled donkeys was PCR- amplified and sequenced bi-directionally using specific primers. Distinct mtDNA haplotypes obtained in the current study (KY446001−KY446011) were subjected to haplotype (h) and nucleotide diversity (π) measures using DnaS as well as to phylogenetic, Network, and AMOVA analyses. There were a total 27 polymorphic sites present within 11 unique mtDNA haplotypes from the studied 40 animals from different regions. Neighbor-joining network and median-joining network both illustrated the splitting of all these haplotypes into two well-defined Nubian and Somali lineages, confirming African maternal origin of Pakistani domestic donkey. Diversity parameters h (0.967± 0.037) and π (0.02917± 0.00307) were found to reveal high levels of genetic diversity in Pakistani donkeys. AMOVA demonstrated only 1% of genetic differences between two mtDNA maternal lineages, pointing to lack of population substructure in Pakistani donkeys as is the case with worldwide domestic donkey population. Pakistani donkeys have African maternal origin and high levels of mtDNA diversity. High genetic diversity may be due to non-selective breeding and heteroplasmy. We herein provide the first report on mtDNA diversity of control region in Pakistani domestic donkey.
O burro doméstico possui um papel fundamental como animal de tração na economia rural do Paquistão, onde a população desse animal está aumentando a cada ano. A região de controle de mtDNA completa de 40 burros amostrados aleatoriamente foi ampliada por PCR e sequenciada bidirecionalmente por intermédio de primers específicos. Haplótipos distintos de mtDNA obtidos no estudo atual (KY446001 − KY446011) foram submetidos a medidas de haplótipo (h) e diversidade de nucleotídeos (π) por meio de DnaS, bem como análises filogenéticas, de rede e AMOVA. Havia um total de 27 sítios polimórficos presentes em 11 haplótipos de mtDNA exclusivos dos 40 animais estudados de diferentes regiões. A rede de união de vizinhos e a rede de união mediana ilustram a divisão de todos esses haplótipos em duas linhagens núbias e somalis bem definidas, confirmando a origem materna africana do burro doméstico do Paquistão. Os parâmetros de diversidade h (0,967 ± 0,037) e π (0,02917 ± 0,00307) revelaram altos níveis de diversidade genética em burros paquistaneses. AMOVA demonstrou apenas 1% de diferenças genéticas entre as duas linhagens maternas de mtDNA, apontando a falta de subestrutura populacional em burros paquistaneses, como é o caso da população mundial de burros domésticos. Os burros paquistaneses têm origem materna africana e altos níveis de diversidade de mtDNA. A alta diversidade genética pode ser por causa da reprodução não seletiva e de heteroplasmia. Aqui, fornecemos o primeiro relatório sobre a diversidade do mtDNA da região de controle em burros domésticos do Paquistão