Estimation of repeatability and genotypic superiority of elephant grass half-sib families for energy purposes using mixed models

The mixed-model methodology is an alternative to select genotypes for traits highly influenced by the environment. In addition, this method allows FOR estimating the repeatability coefficient and predicting the number of assessments needed for a selection process to increase reliability. This study aimed to determine the minimum number of evaluations necessary for a reliable selection process and to estimate the variance components used for predicting genetic gains between and within half-sib families of elephant grass ( Cenchrus purpureus (Schumach.) Morrone ) using the mixed-model methodology. Half-sib families were generated using genotypes from the Active Germplasm Bank of Elephant Grass. The experiment was performed in a randomized block design with nine half-sib families, three replicates, and eight plants per plot. We evaluated 216 genotypes (individual plants) of elephant grass. The deviance analysis was carried out, genetic parameters were estimated, gains between and within families were predicted, and repeatability coefficients were obtained using Selegen software. There was genetic variability for selection within the families evaluated. The reliability values found above 60 % for plant height and number of tillers and above 80 % for dry matter yield suggest that only two evaluations are required to select superior genotypes with outstanding reliability. Sixteen genotypes were identified and selected for their productive potential, which can be used as parents in elephant grass breeding programs for bioenergy production.(AU)

Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of Brucella abortus biovar 4 isolates from cattle in Brazil / Caracterização fenotípica e genotípica de isolados de Brucella abortus biovar 4 em bovinos no Brasil

ABSTRACT: The aim of the present study was to characterize (phenotypically and genotypically) two strains of Brucella abortus identified as belonging to biovar 4 isolated from cattle in Brazil. The strains were isolated from cervical bursitis from cattle in the states of Pará and Rio Grande do Sul, respectively. In the phenotypic identification, the isolates were positive in CO2 requirement, produced H2S, were resistant to basic fuchsin (20 µg / mL) and sensitive to thionin (20 µg / mL and 40 µg / mL) and presented M surface antigen, but A surface antigen is absent. The isolates were positive in the PCR for the bcsp31 gene (genus-specific) and in the AMOS-enhanced PCR, both isolates showed a band profile consistent with B. abortus biovar 1, 2 or 4. Moreover, both isolates also showed restriction patterns identical to the reference strain when tested by the omp2b PCR-RFLP. In genotyping using Multiple Locus Variable Number of Tandem Repeat (VNTR) Analysis - MLVA (MLVA16), the isolates showed differences in several loci (Bruce42, Bruce19, Bruce04, Bruce16 and Bruce30); by Multiple Locus Sequence Typing (MLST), they also exhibited differences in sequence type (ST), strain 16/02 ST1 (2-1-1-2-1-3-1-1-1) and strain 128/11 ST (22-1-1 -8-9-3-1-1-1). The extensive typing of B. abortus strains isolated from cattle in Brazil using different approaches confirmed the occurrence of rare B. abortus biovar 4 in the country.

RESUMO: O objetivo do presente estudo foi caracterizar (fenotipicamente e genotipicamente) duas cepas de Brucella abortus identificadas como pertencentes ao biovar 4 isolada de bovinos no Brasil. As cepas foram isoladas de bursite cervical de bovinos dos estados do Pará e Rio Grande do Sul, respectivamente. Na identificação fenotípica, os isolados foram positivos na exigência de CO2, produziram H2S, foram resistentes à fucsina básica (20 µg / mL) e sensíveis à tionina (20 µg / mL e 40 µg / mL) e apresentaram antígeno de superfície M, mas o antígeno de superfície A foi ausente. Os isolados foram positivos na PCR para o gene bcsp31 (gênero específico) e na PCR - AMOS, ambos os isolados apresentaram perfil de banda consistente com B. abortus biovar 1, 2 ou 4. Além disso, ambos os isolados também apresentaram padrões de restrição idêntica à cepa de referência quando testada pelo omp2b PCR-RFLP. Na genotipagem usando Multiple Locus Variable Number of Tandem Repeat (VNTR) - MLVA (MLVA16), os isolados apresentaram diferenças em vários loci (Bruce42, Bruce19, Bruce04, Bruce16 e Bruce30); no Multiple Locus Sequence Typing (MLST), os isolados também exibiram diferenças na sequência tipo (ST), amostra 16/02 ST1 (2-1-1-2-1-3-1-1-1) e amostra 128/11 ST (22-1-1-8-9-3-1-1-1). A extensa tipagem de cepas de B. abortus isoladas de bovinos no Brasil por diferentes abordagens confirmou a rara ocorrência de B. abortus biovar 4 no país.

Interpopulation characterization of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd) from different agroecological environments of Colombia / Caracterização interpopulacional de quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd) de diferentes ambientes agroecológicos da Colômbia

Chenopodium quinoa Willd. it is an Andean cereal of great importance for human consumption due to its high nutritional value. In Colombia there is a high phenotypic and genotypic variability within quinoa crops, which has not been studied and has been maintained by the same farmers cycle after production cycle. The objective of this study was to carry out an interpopulation characterization of quinoa cultivated in different producing municipalities of the department of Boyacá, in Colombia, for which 19 morphological descriptors were used, which were evaluated in situ in nine municipalities and analyzed through descriptive statistics, principal component analysis, correlation and conglomerates. In the evaluation of the quantitative traits for all the populations, it was observed that the most variable descriptors were Number of teeth lower leaf (DHI), Lower leaf length (LHI), Width upper leaf (AHI) and Number of teeth upper leaf (DHS). Great segregation between and within individuals of Blanca de Jericó and Piartal was observed for panicle and leaf color and shape, stem color, presence of teeth, and axils on upper and lower leaves. A classification key is proposed that allows in the field to be able to morphologically differentiate the genotypes of Piartal and Blanca de Jericó. This research shows that among the most cultivated genotypes in the department of Boyacá, there is still an important phenotypic diversity given at the inter and intra-individual level, due to the phenological state and the agroclimatological conditions of the different producing regions.

Chenopodium quinoa Willd. é um cereal andino de grande importância para a alimentação humana por causa do seu alto valor nutricional. Na Colômbia, existe uma alta variabilidade fenotípica e genotípica nos cultivos de quinoa, que não foi estudada e tem sido mantida pelo mesmo produtor ciclo após ciclo de produção. O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar uma caracterização interpopulacional da quinoa cultivada em diferentes municípios produtores do departamento de Boyacá, na Colômbia. Para tanto, foram utilizados 19 descritores morfológicos, avaliados in situ em nove municípios e analisados por meio de estatísticas descritivas, análise de componentes principais, correlação e conglomerados. Na avaliação dos caracteres quantitativos para todas as populações, observou-se que os descritores mais variáveis foram: número de dentes da folha inferior (DHI), comprimento da folha inferior (LHI), largura da folha superior (AHI) e número de dentes da folha superior (DHS). Entre os indivíduos de Blanca de Jericó e Piartal e dentro deles, observou-se grande segregação quanto à cor, formato da panícula e folha, cor do caule, presença de dentes e axilas nas folhas superiores e inferiores. É proposta uma chave de classificação que permite no campo poder diferenciar morfologicamente os genótipos de Piartal e Blanca de Jericó. Esta pesquisa mostra que, entre os genótipos mais cultivados no departamento de Boyacá, ainda existe uma importante diversidade fenotípica em nível inter e intraindividual, em razão do estado fenológico e das condições agroclimatológicas das diferentes regiões produtoras.

Characterization of yellow pitahaya (Selenicereus megalanthus Haw) genotypes under two productive systems in Colombia / Caracterização de genótipos de pitaia amarela (Selenicereus megalanthus Haw) a partir de dois sistemas produtivos na Colômbia

Selenicereus megalanthus Haw. It is an exotic fruit tree, with productive and nutritional potential. In Colombia, there is a great phenotypic and genotypic diversity, but its genetic studies are scarce. The objective was to characterize morphologically 15 selected yellow pitahaya genotypes, under two productive systems in the open field and under cover, in the municipalities of Miraflores and Zetaquira, in Boyacá, Colombia. Quantitative characters were evaluated: plant height (PH), number of vegetative sprouts (NVS), sub-sprouts (SS), longest sprouts length (LSL), distance between areoles (DBA), width of the ribs in the apical region (WRA), width of the ribs in the middle region (WRM), width of the ribs in the basal region (WRB), height of undulations between successive areoles in a rib (HUA), number of spines per areole (NSA) and longest spine length (LSP). The results showed under the two productive systems and the evaluated localities that the variables with the highest coefficient of variation (greater than 90%) were the number of sub-sprouts, height of the undulations between successive areoles (HUA) and the longest spine length (LSP). High positive correlations were obtained between the distances areoles, the width of the ribs and the length of the spines (r>0.7). The conglomerate showed that the characteristics that define the groupings are height of the plant, the texture of the cladodes, the width of the ribs and the height of the undulations. Characters associated with the shoots and cladodes were identified, which directly influence the vegetative propagation and therefore the yield of the yellow pitahaya.

Selenicereus megalanthus Haw é uma fruteira exótica, com potencial produtivo e nutricional. Na Colômbia existe uma grande diversidade fenotípica e genotípica, mas seus estudos genéticos são escassos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar morfologicamente 15 genótipos selecionados de pitaya amarela, a partir de dois sistemas produtivos em campo aberto e sob cobertura, nos municípios de Miraflores e Zetaquira, em Boyacá, Colômbia. Foram avaliados os caracteres quantitativos: altura da planta (PH), número de brotos vegetativos (NVS), sub-brotos (SS), maior comprimento dos brotos (LSL), distância entre aréolas (DBA), largura das nervuras na região apical (WRA), largura das costelas na região média (WRM), largura das costelas na região basal (WRB), altura das ondulações entre aréolas sucessivas em uma costela (HUA), número de espinhos por aréola (NSA) e maior espinha comprimento (LSL). Os resultados mostraram nos dois sistemas produtivos e nas localidades avaliadas que as variáveis com maior coeficiente de variação (maior que 90%) foram o número de sub-brotos, altura das ondulações entre aréolas sucessivas (HUA) e o maior comprimento do espinho (LSL). Altas correlações positivas foram obtidas entre as distâncias entre as aréolas, a largura das costelas e o comprimento dos espinhos (r > 0.07). O conglomerado mostrou que as características que definem os agrupamentos são a altura da planta, a textura dos cladódios, a largura das nervuras e a altura das ondulações. Foram identificados caracteres associados à brotação e aos cladódios, que influenciam diretamente na propagação vegetativa e, consequentemente, na produção da pitaya-amarela.

Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of Brucella abortus biovar 4 isolates from cattle in Brazi / Caracterização fenotípica e genotípica de isolados de Brucella abortus biovar 4 em bovinos no Brasil

The aim of the present study was to characterize (phenotypically and genotypically) two strains of Brucella abortus identified as belonging to biovar 4 isolated from cattle in Brazil. The strains were isolated from cervical bursitis from cattle in the states of Pará and Rio Grande do Sul, respectively. In the phenotypic identification, the isolates were positive in CO2 requirement, produced H2S, were resistant to basic fuchsin (20 µg / mL) and sensitive to thionin (20 µg / mL and 40 µg / mL) and presented M surface antigen, but A surface antigen is absent. The isolates were positive in the PCR for the bcsp31 gene (genus-specific) and in the AMOS-enhanced PCR, both isolates showed a band profile consistent with B. abortus biovar 1, 2 or 4. Moreover, both isolates also showed restriction patterns identical to the reference strain when tested by the omp2b PCR-RFLP. In genotyping using Multiple Locus Variable Number of Tandem Repeat (VNTR) Analysis - MLVA (MLVA16), the isolates showed differences in several loci (Bruce42, Bruce19, Bruce04, Bruce16 and Bruce30); by Multiple Locus Sequence Typing (MLST), they also exhibited differences in sequence type (ST), strain 16/02 ST1 (2-1-1-2-1-3-1-1-1) and strain 128/11 ST (22-1-1 -8-9-3-1-1-1). The extensive typing of B. abortus strains isolated from cattle in Brazil using different approaches confirmed the occurrence of rare B. abortus biovar 4 in the country.

O objetivo do presente estudo foi caracterizar (fenotipicamente e genotipicamente) duas cepas de Brucella abortus identificadas como pertencentes ao biovar 4 isolada de bovinos no Brasil. As cepas foram isoladas de bursite cervical de bovinos dos estados do Pará e Rio Grande do Sul, respectivamente. Na identificação fenotípica, os isolados foram positivos na exigência de CO2, produziram H2S, foram resistentes à fucsina básica (20 µg / mL) e sensíveis à tionina (20 µg / mL e 40 µg / mL) e apresentaram antígeno de superfície M, mas o antígeno de superfície A foi ausente. Os isolados foram positivos na PCR para o gene bcsp31 (gênero específico) e na PCR - AMOS, ambos os isolados apresentaram perfil de banda consistente com B. abortus biovar 1, 2 ou 4. Além disso, ambos os isolados também apresentaram padrões de restrição idêntica à cepa de referência quando testada pelo omp2b PCR-RFLP. Na genotipagem usando Multiple Locus Variable Number of Tandem Repeat (VNTR) - MLVA (MLVA16), os isolados apresentaram diferenças em vários loci (Bruce42, Bruce19, Bruce04, Bruce16 e Bruce30); no Multiple Locus Sequence Typing (MLST), os isolados também exibiram diferenças na sequência tipo (ST), amostra 16/02 ST1 (2-1-1-2-1-3-1-1-1) e amostra 128/11 ST (22-1-1-8-9-3-1-1-1). A extensa tipagem de cepas de B. abortus isoladas de bovinos no Brasil por diferentes abordagens confirmou a rara ocorrência de B. abortus biovar 4 no país.

High Genetic Similarity Among Salmonella Heidelberg Isolated from Poultry Farms, Wild Animals, Beef, Poultry and Pork Meat, and Humans in Brazil

Salmonellosis is an important gastrointestinal infection in humans and cause of foodborne outbreaks in the world. In this context, molecular characterization is essential to understand how the strains circulate. The aim of this study was to evaluate the genotypic distribution of S. Heidelberg according to the source of isolation. The genetic relatedness of the S. Heidelberg isolates was determined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). The most prevalent pulsotypes of cluster A were BRJF6X01.006 (27/95 = 28,42%) related between 1995 and 2011 in broilers, poultry meat and poultry farms, meat product and human, and BRJF6X01.001 (21/95 = 22,10%) related between 2011 and 2017 in wild animals, broilers, poultry meat, poultry farms, meat product, animal feed, and pork meat. The pulsotype BRJF6X01.001 shows a high distribution in the environmental and productive chain. The degree of similarity between pulsotypes BRJF6X01.006 and BRJF6X01.001 is 88%. To ensure the safety of human and animal health, holistic approaches, including surveillance of Salmonella throughout the environment and in the production chain, together with control measures, are critical. As transmission of Salmonella from food producing animals to wildlife and to the environment is considered potential public health problem, information on the survival and persistence of Salmonella in the environment and in potential reservoirs is of considerable importance.(AU)

Antimicrobial susceptibility of Salmonella spp and Staphylococcus aureus isolated from beef sold in Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil / Suscetibilidade antimicrobiana de Salmonella spp e Staphylococcus aureus isolados de carnes bovinas comercializadas em Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil

Hygiene failures in meat can be identified based on the evaluation of pathogenic microorganisms, which compromise the microbiological quality of food and can transmit food-borne diseases. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the hygienic quality of beef sold at supermarkets, butcher shops and public markets in the city of Campo Grande, state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, through the phenotypic and genotypic characterization of Salmonella spp. and Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) as well as the investigation and quantification of Staphylococcus aureus. Seventy-one samples of beef from 17 commercial establishments were evaluated. Isolates were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility using the disk diffusion method recommended by the Clinical & Laboratory Standards Institute. Salmonella was found in 7.04% of the samples and 70.0% of the isolates were sensitive to the antimicrobials tested. A total of 25.35% of the samples were positive for Staphylococcus aureus, with counts ranging from 1.0 x 102 to 4.3 x 104 CFU/g; these isolates exhibited resistance to penicillin (87.5%), tetracycline (18.75%) and chloramphenicol (6.25%). None of the samples was positive for STEC. The detection of these pathogens in food poses a danger to public health, mainly due to the presence of antimicrobial-resistant isolates. These findings underscore the need for good hygiene and manufacturing practices at retail establishments.

As falhas na qualidade higiênico-sanitária da carne podem ser identificadas a partir da avaliação de microrganismos patogênicos que comprometem a qualidade microbiológica do alimento e podem veicular doenças de origem alimentar. O presente estudo objetivou avaliar a qualidade higiênica-sanitária de carnes bovinas comercializadas em supermercados, açougues e mercados públicos da cidade de Campo Grande (Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil) por meio da pesquisa e caracterização fenotípica e genotípica de Salmonella spp. e Escherichia coli produtora de toxina Shiga (STEC) e pesquisa e contagem de Staphylococcus aureus. Foram avaliadas 71 amostras de carne bovina de 17 estabelecimentos comerciais que foram submetidas a pesquisa de detecção de Salmonella spp., Escherichia coli produtora de toxina Shiga (STEC) e pesquisa e contagem de Staphylococcus aureus. Os isolados obtidos foram submetidos ao perfil de sensibilidade aos antimicrobianos pelo teste de difusão em disco, de acordo com o Clinical & Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Constatou-se a presença de Salmonella em 7,04% das amostras avaliadas, sendo que 70,0% dos isolados foram sensíveis aos antimicrobianos testados. Em relação ao Staphylococcus aureus, 25,35% das amostras foram positivas com contagens variando entre 1,0 x 102 a 4,3 x 104 UFC/g, sendo que os isolados apresentaram resistência para penicilina (62,5%), tetraciclina (18,75%) e cloranfenicol (6,25%). Nenhuma amostra apresentou-se positiva para STEC. A detecção desses patógenos em alimentos representa um perigo a saúde pública, principalmente, devido a presença de isolados resistentes a antimicrobianos. Além disso, ressalta-se a necessidade do emprego das boas práticas de higiene e fabricação nos estabelecimentos varejistas.

Microbiological water quality monitoring of four ponds from Lagoa do Sino Farm located in São Paulo State, Brazil

This study aimed to evaluate the microbiological quality of the water of four ponds used for irrigation on the Lagoa do Sino Farm, as well as to perform the genotypic characterization of virulence factors in Escherichia coli isolates. Sampling was conducted for 11 months, between 2015 and 2016. Samples were analyzed for the presence of thermotolerant coliforms, E. coli and heterotrophs. DNA was extracted from E. coli isolates, followed by genotypic characterization by polymerase chain reaction. Agricultural activities and pesticides used in the sampling period were documented in order to assess possible relationships between agricultural activities and microbiological water quality. The absence of suitable riparian vegetation around all the ponds was observed, benefiting the entry of organic matter and contaminants in the water body. A high index of thermotolerant coliforms in some months indicated the possibility of the transmission of pathogenic microorganisms in these ponds. The values found in some months were above the regulatory limits for water potability and water intended for irrigation. The agrochemicals used in the period seem to influence the results obtained. All 17 E. coli isolates showed at least one of the virulence genes estA, stx1, stx2, and aatA, indicating enterotoxigenic, enterohaemorrhagic or enteroaggregative nature. The presence of E. coli in the waters may be associated with the presence of animals. The water samples analyzed are not suitable for irrigation of vegetables that are consumed raw and/or low lying fruits ingested without skin removal. It is essential to broaden the control of the use of chemicals, as well as the preservation of riparian vegetation to improve the quality of water used in the farm's agricultural activities.

Microbiological water quality monitoring of four ponds from Lagoa do Sino Farm located in São Paulo State, Brazil

This study aimed to evaluate the microbiological quality of the water of four ponds used for irrigation on the Lagoa do Sino Farm, as well as to perform the genotypic characterization of virulence factors in Escherichia coli isolates. Sampling was conducted for 11 months, between 2015 and 2016. Samples were analyzed for the presence of thermotolerant coliforms, E. coli and heterotrophs. DNA was extracted from E. coli isolates, followed by genotypic characterization by polymerase chain reaction. Agricultural activities and pesticides used in the sampling period were documented in order to assess possible relationships between agricultural activities and microbiological water quality. The absence of suitable riparian vegetation around all the ponds was observed, benefiting the entry of organic matter and contaminants in the water body. A high index of thermotolerant coliforms in some months indicated the possibility of the transmission of pathogenic microorganisms in these ponds. The values found in some months were above the regulatory limits for water potability and water intended for irrigation. The agrochemicals used in the period seem to influence the results obtained. All 17 E. coli isolates showed at least one of the virulence genes estA, stx1, stx2, and aatA, indicating enterotoxigenic, enterohaemorrhagic or enteroaggregative nature. The presence of E. coli in the waters may be associated with the presence of animals. The water samples analyzed are not suitable for irrigation of vegetables that are consumed raw and/or low lying fruits ingested without skin removal. It is essential to broaden the control of the use of chemicals, as well as the preservation of riparian vegetation to improve the quality of water used in the farm's agricultural activities.(AU)

Multiresistance and virulence factors of Staphylococcus aureus isolated from pigs / [Multirresistência e fatores de virulência de Staphylococcus aureus isolados de suínos]

The emergence of livestock-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains (LA-MRSA) and the potential role of pigs in the evolution of these strains has led to increased interest in research of these microorganisms. However, this has contributed to a lack of research in the isolation and characterization of methicillin-susceptible S. aureus strains (MSSA). In this study, the prevalence of S. aureus in pigs in the nursery and finishing stages were analyzed. The susceptibility profiles to antibiotics, tolerance to heavy metals, and biofilm production of the isolates were evaluated using phenotypic and genotypic techniques. A total of 1,250 colonies suggestive of Staphylococcus spp. were isolated from 128 pigs, of which 63.6% (n = 795) belonged to this microbial genus. Sixty-seven colonies isolated from 34 animals (26.5%) were confirmed as S. aureus (8.4%). No strains resistant to copper, zinc, or methicillin were detected; however, all strains presented a resistance profile to at least three different classes of antimicrobials and 21 produced biofilms. These data are of concern, as they indicate the need for increased surveillance in the use of antimicrobials as well as reinforce the importance of studies on MSSA strains.(AU)

A emergência de cepas de Staphylococcus aureus resistentes à meticilina associadas à pecuária (LA-MRSA) e o papel potencial dos suínos na evolução dessas cepas têm levado ao aumento do interesse na pesquisa desses microrganismos. No entanto, isso tem contribuído para a falta de estudos sobre o isolamento e a caracterização de cepas de S. aureus sensíveis à meticilina (MSSA). Neste estudo, foi analisada a prevalência de S. aureus em suínos nas fases de creche e terminação. Os perfis de suscetibilidade aos antibióticos, a tolerância a metais pesados e a produção de biofilme dos isolados foram avaliados por meio de técnicas fenotípicas e genotípicas. Um total de 1.250 colônias sugestivas de Staphylococcus spp. foi isolado de 128 suínos, das quais 63,6% (n = 795) pertenciam a esse gênero microbiano. Sessenta e sete colônias isoladas de 34 animais (26,5%) foram confirmadas como S. aureus (8,4%). Nenhuma cepa resistente ao cobre, ao zinco ou à meticilina foi detectada; entretanto, todas as cepas apresentaram perfil de resistência a pelo menos três classes diferentes de antimicrobianos e 21 produziam biofilme. Esses dados são preocupantes, pois indicam a necessidade de maior vigilância no uso de antimicrobianos, bem como reforçam a importância de estudos com cepas de MSSA.(AU)

Toxoplasma gondii genotyping from free-range chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) in a rural area of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil / [Genotipagem de Toxoplasma gondii em galinhas domésticas em uma área rural do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil]

Free-range chickens may ingest oocysts of T. gondii present in the environment and consequently harbor virulent strains of this parasite in different tissues, without any clinical signs. Isolation of T. gondii through bioassays on mice and cats from naturally infected chicken tissues has been described in several countries, demonstrating the importance of free-range chickens in the transmission of this parasite. The aim of this study was the genotypic characterization of T. gondii isolates obtained from naturally infected free-range chickens in a rural area of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Brain and heart tissue from 12 chickens seropositive for T. gondii were processed using peptic digestion technique for parasite isolation. From 12 samples subjected to mouse bioassay, nine isolates were obtained. RFLP-PCR genotypic characterization was performed using 11 genetic markers: SAG1, 5'-3'SAG2, alt.SAG2, SAG3, BTUB, GRA6, c22-8, c29-2, L358, PK1 and Apico. Genetic characterization of the isolates revealed the presence of five atypical genotypes according to ToxoDB (# 11, # 55, # 64, # 140 and # 163). Our results showed a wide genetic diversity of T. gondii in free-range chickens in this region.(AU)

Galinhas criadas ao ar livre podem ingerir oocistos de T. gondii presentes no ambiente e, com isso, albergar cepas virulentas desse parasita em diferentes tecidos, sem sinais clínicos. O isolamento de T. gondii por meio de bioensaios em camundongos e gatos, a partir de tecidos de galinhas naturalmente infectadas, tem sido descrito em vários países. Isso demonstra a importância das galinhas caipiras na epidemiologia desse parasita. O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar genotipicamente isolados de T. gondii obtidos de galinhas caipiras naturalmente infectadas em uma área rural do município de Santa Maria, estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Fragmentos de cérebro e de coração, de 12 galinhas soropositivas para T. gondii, foram processados pela técnica de digestão péptica para isolamento do parasita. Das 12 amostras submetidas a bioensaio com camundongos, nove isolados foram obtidos. A caracterização genotípica por RFLP-PCR foi realizada utilizando-se 11 marcadores genéticos: SAG1, 5'-3'SAG2, alt.SAG2, SAG3, BTUB, GRA6, c22-8, c29-2, L358, PK1 e Apico e revelou a presença de cinco genótipos atípicos de acordo com o ToxoDB (# 11, # 55, # 64, # 140 e # 163). Os resultados mostraram uma ampla diversidade genética de T. gondii em galinhas caipiras nessa região.(AU)

Toxoplasma gondii genotyping from free-range chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) in a rural area of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil / [Genotipagem de Toxoplasma gondii em galinhas domésticas em uma área rural do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil]

Free-range chickens may ingest oocysts of T. gondii present in the environment and consequently harbor virulent strains of this parasite in different tissues, without any clinical signs. Isolation of T. gondii through bioassays on mice and cats from naturally infected chicken tissues has been described in several countries, demonstrating the importance of free-range chickens in the transmission of this parasite. The aim of this study was the genotypic characterization of T. gondii isolates obtained from naturally infected free-range chickens in a rural area of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. Brain and heart tissue from 12 chickens seropositive for T. gondii were processed using peptic digestion technique for parasite isolation. From 12 samples subjected to mouse bioassay, nine isolates were obtained. RFLP-PCR genotypic characterization was performed using 11 genetic markers: SAG1, 5'-3'SAG2, alt.SAG2, SAG3, BTUB, GRA6, c22-8, c29-2, L358, PK1 and Apico. Genetic characterization of the isolates revealed the presence of five atypical genotypes according to ToxoDB (# 11, # 55, # 64, # 140 and # 163). Our results showed a wide genetic diversity of T. gondii in free-range chickens in this region.(AU)

Galinhas criadas ao ar livre podem ingerir oocistos de T. gondii presentes no ambiente e, com isso, albergar cepas virulentas desse parasita em diferentes tecidos, sem sinais clínicos. O isolamento de T. gondii por meio de bioensaios em camundongos e gatos, a partir de tecidos de galinhas naturalmente infectadas, tem sido descrito em vários países. Isso demonstra a importância das galinhas caipiras na epidemiologia desse parasita. O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar genotipicamente isolados de T. gondii obtidos de galinhas caipiras naturalmente infectadas em uma área rural do município de Santa Maria, estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. Fragmentos de cérebro e de coração, de 12 galinhas soropositivas para T. gondii, foram processados pela técnica de digestão péptica para isolamento do parasita. Das 12 amostras submetidas a bioensaio com camundongos, nove isolados foram obtidos. A caracterização genotípica por RFLP-PCR foi realizada utilizando-se 11 marcadores genéticos: SAG1, 5'-3'SAG2, alt.SAG2, SAG3, BTUB, GRA6, c22-8, c29-2, L358, PK1 e Apico e revelou a presença de cinco genótipos atípicos de acordo com o ToxoDB (# 11, # 55, # 64, # 140 e # 163). Os resultados mostraram uma ampla diversidade genética de T. gondii em galinhas caipiras nessa região.(AU)

Simultaneous selection of cupuassu tree and Brazilian mahogany genotypes in an agroforestry system in Pará state, Brazil / Seleção simultânea de genótipos de cupuaçuzeiro e mogno brasileiro, em um sistema agroflorestal no Pará, Brasil

This study aimed to evaluate and select progenies and matrices of cupuassu-tree siblings, and to select Brazilian mahogany matrices with superior characteristics to be used in agroforestry systems (AFS). Twenty-five full cupuassu tree sibling progenies and one Brazilian mahogany half-sibling progeny were evaluated. The study was conducted for 14 years in a commercial property in Tomé Açu, Pará State, Brazil. The number of fruits and fruit yield per plant, as well as the rate of plants with symptoms of witches broom disease, were used as response variables for cupuassu. For mahogany, the following response variables were used: total height, commercial height, crown height, diameter at breast height and commercial wood volume. There were five cupuassu tree progenies with interesting characteristics to be used in AFS. Based on the high values observed in the selection accuracy and heritabilities, a good potential for the selection of promising individuals in the cupuassu tree population is inferred. Based on the ranking of genotypic values and their agronomic performance, 10 matrices of cupuassu tree were selected. For Brazilian mahogany, three matrices showed excellent silvicultural performance. The matrices of these two species should be propagated vegetatively in order to evaluate clonal tests.(AU)

Este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar e selecionar progênies e matrizes de irmãos completos de cupuaçuzeiro e, simultaneamente, selecionar matrizes de mogno brasileiro com características superiores, para utilização em sistemas agroflorestais (SAFs). Foram avaliadas 25 progênies de irmãos completos de cupuaçuzeiro e uma progênie de meio irmão de mogno brasileiro. O estudo foi conduzido por 14 anos em uma propriedade comercial em Tomé Açu, Pará. Para o cupuaçuzeiro, foram utilizadas como variáveis de resposta o número e a produção de frutos por planta, e a taxa de plantas com sintomas da doença vassoura-de-bruxa. Para o mogno, empregou-se a altura total, altura comercial, altura da copa, DAP e volume de madeira comercial. Os resultados revelaram cinco progênies de cupuaçuzeiro com características interessantes para emprego em SAFs. Com base nos altos valores observados na acurácia de seleção e herdabilidade, inferimos um bom potencial de seleção de indivíduos promissores na população de cupuaçuzeiro. Dez matrizes de cupuaçuzeiro foram selecionadas com base no ranqueamento dos valores genotípicos e desempenho agronômico. Para o mogno brasileiro, três matrizes apresentaram ótimo desempenho silvicultural. As matrizes destas duas espécies deverão ser propagadas vegetativamente, para avaliação em ensaios clonais.(AU)

Comparative Evaluation of the Effects of Binzalkonium Chloride, Iodine, Gluteraldehyde and Hydrogen Peroxide Disinfectants against Avian Salmonellae Focusing on Genotypic Resistance Pattern of the Salmonellae Serotypes toward Benzalkonium Chloride

Using disinfectants in poultry houses is a common practice to ban the zoonotic pathogens like Salmonella. A major concern in using disinfectants is the emergence of bacteria strains that resist some disinfectants. This phenomenon is manifested in the resistance of some Salmonella serotypes against quaternary ammonium compounds. Such resistance is attributed to qacE1 gene which may be possessed by some Salmonella serotypes. This work aimed to evaluate the resistance of Salmonella serotypes (S. Typhimurium, S. Infantis and S. Entiridis) against different disinfectants (benzalkonium chloride, iodine, gluteraldehyde and hydrogen peroxide). The effect of the disinfectants were evaluated by treatment of the bacteria with different concentrations (1:100, 200 and 400) at different temperatures and periods. Bacterial count was performed before and after the treatment. PCR for presence of qacE1 gene was also performed before and after the treatment. The biocidal effect of the disinfectants found to be dependent on concentration, temperature and treatment period in addition to the type of the disinfectant. Hydrogen peroxide proved to be the most active agent followed by gluteradehyde, iodine and benzalkonium chloride. A link between the resistance against benzalkonium chloride and the existence of qacE1 gene was proven in S. Typhimurium, whether treated or not treated with benzalkonium chloride.(AU)

Comparative Evaluation of the Effects of Binzalkonium Chloride, Iodine, Gluteraldehyde and Hydrogen Peroxide Disinfectants against Avian Salmonellae Focusing on Genotypic Resistance Pattern of the Salmonellae Serotypes toward Benzalkonium Chloride

Using disinfectants in poultry houses is a common practice to ban the zoonotic pathogens like Salmonella. A major concern in using disinfectants is the emergence of bacteria strains that resist some disinfectants. This phenomenon is manifested in the resistance of some Salmonella serotypes against quaternary ammonium compounds. Such resistance is attributed to qacE1 gene which may be possessed by some Salmonella serotypes. This work aimed to evaluate the resistance of Salmonella serotypes (S. Typhimurium, S. Infantis and S. Entiridis) against different disinfectants (benzalkonium chloride, iodine, gluteraldehyde and hydrogen peroxide). The effect of the disinfectants were evaluated by treatment of the bacteria with different concentrations (1:100, 200 and 400) at different temperatures and periods. Bacterial count was performed before and after the treatment. PCR for presence of qacE1 gene was also performed before and after the treatment. The biocidal effect of the disinfectants found to be dependent on concentration, temperature and treatment period in addition to the type of the disinfectant. Hydrogen peroxide proved to be the most active agent followed by gluteradehyde, iodine and benzalkonium chloride. A link between the resistance against benzalkonium chloride and the existence of qacE1 gene was proven in S. Typhimurium, whether treated or not treated with benzalkonium chloride.

Pathogenic potential of Brucella ovis field isolates with different genotypic profile and protection provided by the vaccine strain B. ovis ΔabcBA against B. ovis field isolates in mice / Vacina viva atenuada Brucella ovis Δ abcBA encapsulada protege camundongos frente a desafios de B. ovis isoladas de campo

Brucella ovis causes economic and reproductive losses in sheep herds. The goal of this study was to characterize infection with B. ovis field isolates in a murine model, and to evaluate protection induced by the candidate vaccine strain B. ovis ΔabcBA in mice challenged with these field isolates. B. ovis field strains were able to colonize and cause lesions in the liver and spleen of infected mice. After an initial screening, two strains were selected for further characterization (B. ovis 94 AV and B. ovis 266 L). Both strains had in vitro growth kinetics that was similar to that of the reference strain B. ovis ATCC 25840. Vaccination with B. ovis ΔabcBA encapsulated with 1% alginate was protective against the challenge with field strains, with the following protection indexes: 0.751, 1.736, and 2.746, for mice challenged with B. ovis ATCC25840, B. ovis 94 AV, and B. ovis 266 L, respectively. In conclusion, these results demonstrated that B. ovis field strains were capable of infecting and inducing lesions in experimentally infected mice. The attenuated vaccine strain B. ovis ΔabcBA induced protection in mice challenged with different B. ovis field isolates, resulting in higher protection indexes against more pathogenic strains.(AU)

Brucella ovis é responsável por perdas econômicas e reprodutivas em rebanhos ovinos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar a infecção com as cepas isoladas de campo de B. ovis em modelo murino e avaliar a eficiência vacinal da mutante B. ovis ΔabcAB para proteção contra desafio com as cepas isoladas de campo. Foram utilizadas sete cepas isoladas de campo foram capazes de colonizar e provocar lesões no fígado e no baço de camundongos após sete dias pós-infecção. Após triagem, duas cepas foram selecionadas para a melhor caracterização (B. ovis 94 AV and B. ovis 266L). Ambas apresentaram crescimento em placa de cultivo semelhante ao da cepa de referência B. ovis ATCC 25840. A vacinação com a cepa de Brucella ovis ΔabcBA encapsulada com alginato a 1% foi capaz de proteger camundongos desafiados com as cepas isoladas de campo, com os seguintes índices de proteção: 0,751, 1,736 e 2,746, para camundongos desafiados com B. ovis ATCC 25840, B. ovis 94 AV e B. ovis 266 L, respectivamente. Estes resultados demonstraram que as cepas isoladas de campo de B. ovis são capazes de infectar e induzir lesão em camundongos experimentalmente infectados. O uso da cepa mutante atenuada B. ovis ΔabcBA para vacinação de fêmeas C57BL/6 desafiados com diferentes cepas de B. ovis induziu proteção nos camundongos desafiados com diferentes cepas de B. ovis. Deste modo, mostrando-se eficiente na proteção das cepas de campo de B. ovis.(AU)

Pathogenic potential of Brucella ovis field isolates with different genotypic profile and protection provided by the vaccine strain B. ovis ΔabcBA against B. ovis field isolates in mice / Vacina viva atenuada Brucella ovis Δ abcBA encapsulada protege camundongos frente a desafios de B. ovis isoladas de campo

Brucella ovis causes economic and reproductive losses in sheep herds. The goal of this study was to characterize infection with B. ovis field isolates in a murine model, and to evaluate protection induced by the candidate vaccine strain B. ovis ΔabcBA in mice challenged with these field isolates. B. ovis field strains were able to colonize and cause lesions in the liver and spleen of infected mice. After an initial screening, two strains were selected for further characterization (B. ovis 94 AV and B. ovis 266 L). Both strains had in vitro growth kinetics that was similar to that of the reference strain B. ovis ATCC 25840. Vaccination with B. ovis ΔabcBA encapsulated with 1% alginate was protective against the challenge with field strains, with the following protection indexes: 0.751, 1.736, and 2.746, for mice challenged with B. ovis ATCC25840, B. ovis 94 AV, and B. ovis 266 L, respectively. In conclusion, these results demonstrated that B. ovis field strains were capable of infecting and inducing lesions in experimentally infected mice. The attenuated vaccine strain B. ovis ΔabcBA induced protection in mice challenged with different B. ovis field isolates, resulting in higher protection indexes against more pathogenic strains.(AU)

Brucella ovis é responsável por perdas econômicas e reprodutivas em rebanhos ovinos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar a infecção com as cepas isoladas de campo de B. ovis em modelo murino e avaliar a eficiência vacinal da mutante B. ovis ΔabcAB para proteção contra desafio com as cepas isoladas de campo. Foram utilizadas sete cepas isoladas de campo foram capazes de colonizar e provocar lesões no fígado e no baço de camundongos após sete dias pós-infecção. Após triagem, duas cepas foram selecionadas para a melhor caracterização (B. ovis 94 AV and B. ovis 266L). Ambas apresentaram crescimento em placa de cultivo semelhante ao da cepa de referência B. ovis ATCC 25840. A vacinação com a cepa de Brucella ovis ΔabcBA encapsulada com alginato a 1% foi capaz de proteger camundongos desafiados com as cepas isoladas de campo, com os seguintes índices de proteção: 0,751, 1,736 e 2,746, para camundongos desafiados com B. ovis ATCC 25840, B. ovis 94 AV e B. ovis 266 L, respectivamente. Estes resultados demonstraram que as cepas isoladas de campo de B. ovis são capazes de infectar e induzir lesão em camundongos experimentalmente infectados. O uso da cepa mutante atenuada B. ovis ΔabcBA para vacinação de fêmeas C57BL/6 desafiados com diferentes cepas de B. ovis induziu proteção nos camundongos desafiados com diferentes cepas de B. ovis. Deste modo, mostrando-se eficiente na proteção das cepas de campo de B. ovis.(AU)

Genetic characterization of selected Nile tilapia in Santa Catarina / Caracterização genética de tilápia-do-nilo selecionadas em Santa Catarina

Different Nile tilapia stocks belonging to the fish breeding program of the Epagri (Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuária e Extensão Rural de Santa Catarina) were characterized by microsatellite markers. A total of nine stocks (S1 to S9) were evaluated, and for each stock the caudal fin of 30 individuals were sampled. A total of 75 alleles were found at the 11 microsatellite loci used (UNH104, UNH108, UNH160, UNH208, UNH222, UNH848, UNH879, UNH898, UNH952, UNH998). Among the loci used, only UHN160 showed significance for null alleles in stocks S1, S2, S3 and S5. The average number of alleles per loci was 6.8, while the average number of alleles per tilapia stock was 4.4. Five unique alleles were identified between the stock S1 and S5. The observed heterozygosity values (Ho) exceeded the expected heterozygosity (He), resulting in a negative inbreeding coefficient (FIS = -0.092). FST for the total population was 0.109, demonstrating moderate genetic differentiation between the stocks. According to the Euclidean distance, three groups were formed as follows: I - S6, S7 and S9; II - S2, S3 and S4; and III - S1, S5 and S8. However, the existence of two groups can be observed from the PCoA representation: I - S6, S7, S8 and S9; and II - S1, S2, S3, S4 and S5. The formation of these two genetic groups is consistent with the genealogy of stocks. The formation of group III (S1, S5 and S8) in the dendrogram can be explained by the higher average observed heterozygosity values of these stocks. Bayesian analysis revealed the formation of 16 groups with an FST value of 0.2107. This result reinforces the existence of variability existing in the Epagri breeding program, from which it is possible to form heterotic groups to enable the direction of potential crosses to obtain genetic gain. The study enabled genotypic characterization of the tilapia brood stock used in the Epagri breeding program, determining the genetic distance between the stocks, which will enable more accurate selection of individuals for mating for the next generation. It was possible to verify that there is high heterozygosity within the stocks, and moderate genetic differentiation between the stocks. Furthermore, all evaluated markers were polymorphic for this brood stock and will be used to characterize the next generations.(AU)

Diferentes plantéis de tilápia-do-nilo pertencentes ao programa de melhoramento genético de peixes da Epagri (Empresa de Pesquisa Agropecuária e Extensão Rural de Santa Catarina) foram caracterizados por meio de marcadores microssatélites. Ao total foram avaliados nove plantéis (S1 a S9), e para cada foram amostrados nadadeira caudal de 30 indivíduos. O total de 75 alelos foram encontrados nos 11 loci microssatélites utilizados (UNH104, UNH108, UNH160, UNH208, UNH222, UNH848, UNH868, UNH879, UNH898, UNH952, UNH998). Entre os loci utilizados, apenas o UHN160 apresentou significância para alelos nulos nos estoques S1, S2, S3 e S5.A média do número de alelos por loci foi 6,8, enquanto a média do número de alelos por plantel de reprodutores foi 4,4. Foram encontrados cinco alelos exclusivos entre os plantéis S1 e S5. Os valores de heterozigosidade observada (Ho) foi maior do que a esperada (He), resultando em um coeficiente de endogamia (FIS) médio negativo (-0,092). O FST encontrado para a população total foi de 0,109, evidenciando moderada diferenciação genética entre os plantéis. De acordo com a distância euclidiana, três grupos foram formados da seguinte forma: I - S6, S7 e S9; II - S2, S3 e S4; e III - S1, S5 e S8. Porém, a partir da representação do PCoA, observa-se a existência de dois grupos: I - S6, S7, S8 e S9; e II - S1, S2, S3, S4 e S5. A formação desses dois grupos genéticos é consistente com a genealogia dos plantéis de reprodutores. A formação do grupo III (S1, S5 e S8) no dendrograma pode ser explicada pelos maiores valores médios de heterozigosidade observados desses plantéis. A análise bayesiana mostrou a formação de 16 grupos com um valor de Fst de 0,2107. Esse resultado reforça a existência de variabilidade existente no programa de melhoramento Epagri, a partir do qual é possível formar grupos heteróticos para permitir cruzamentos potenciais para obter ganho genético. O estudo permitiu a caracterização genotípica dos plantéis de reprodutores de tilápia utilizado no programa de melhoramento Epagri, determinando a distância genética entre eles, o que permitirá a seleção mais precisa dos indivíduos para os acasalamentos da próxima geração. Foi possível verificar que há alta heterozigosidade entre os plantéis de reprodutores e moderada diferenciação genética entre eles. Além disso, todos os marcadores avaliados foram polimórficos para este estoque de matrizes e serão utilizados para caracterizar as próximas gerações.(AU)

Identification and characterization of maize lines resistant to leaf diseases / Identificação e caracterização de linhagens de milho resistentes a doenças foliares

Among the maize leaf diseases, white leaf spot, northern leaf blight, gray leaf spot, and southern rust are recognized not only by the potential for grain yield reduction but also by the widespread occurrence in the producing regions of Brazil and the world. The aim of this study was to characterize common maize lines for resistance to white leaf spot, northern leaf blight, gray leaf spot, and southern rust and suggest crosses based on the genetic diversity detected in SNP markers. The experiment was conducted in a randomized block design with three replications in order to characterize 72 maize lines. Genotypic values were predicted using the REML/BLUP procedure. These 72 lines were genotyped with SNP markers using the 650K platform (Affymetrix®) for the assessment of the genetic diversity. Genetic diversity was quantified using the Tocher and UPGMA methods. The existence of genetic variability for disease resistance was detected among maize lines, which made possible to classify them into three large groups (I, II, and III). The maize lines CD 49 and CD50 showed a good performance and can be considered sources of resistance to diseases. Therefore, their use as gene donors in maize breeding programs is recommended. Considering the information of genetic distance together with high heritability for leaf diseases, backcrossing of parent genotypes with different resistance levels...(AU)

Dentre as doenças foliares do milho, a mancha branca, a helmintosporiose, a cercosporiose e a ferrugem polissora são reconhecidamente importantes, não somente pelo potencial de redução de rendimento de grãos, mas também pela ocorrência generalizada nas regiões produtoras do Brasil e do mundo. O trabalho teve como objetivo caracterizar linhagens de milho comum para resistência à mancha branca, helmintosporiose, cercosporiose e ferrugem polissora, e sugerir cruzamentos com base na diversidade genética detectada em marcadores SNP. Para a caracterização das 72 linhagens, o experimento foi conduzido no delineamento em blocos casualizados com três repetições. Os valores genotípicos foram preditos empregando-se o procedimento REML/BLUP. Para a avaliação da diversidade genética, as 72 linhagens foram genotipadas com marcadores SNP empregando-se a Plataforma 650K (Affymetrix®). A diversidade genética foi quantificada utilizando-se os métodos de Tocher e UPGMA. Foi possível detectar a existência de variabilidade genética para resistência a doenças entre as linhagens de milho, além de classificá-las em três grandes grupos (I, II e III). As linhagens CD 49 e CD50 apresentaram bom desempenho e podem ser consideradas fontes de resistência às doenças. Desta forma recomenda-se a utilização dessas linhagens como doadoras de genes em programas de melhoramento de milho. Aliando as informações da...(AU)

Caracterização fenotípica e genotípica de Enterococcus spp. isolados de ambiente de processamento de queijo Minas Frescal / Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of Enterococcus spp. isolated from Minas Frescal cheese processing line

O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar as fontes de contaminação de Enterococcus spp. em uma linha de processamento de queijo Minas Frescal e caracterizar estes micro-organismos quanto à capacidade proteolítica e lipolítica bem como quanto as características de patogenicidade. A partir dos resultados, pode-se verificar que os Enterococcus spp. estavam presentes em amostras de matéria-prima, ambiente e produto final, com destaque para o equipamento de ordenha que apresentou a maior contagem de Enterococcus spp. (5 log UFC/cm2) e a maçaneta que apresentou contaminação persistente ao longo das coletas. Aproximadamente 47% dos isolados apresentaram atividade proteolítica e lipolítica. Além disso, os isolados testados apresentaram resistência múltipla a antibióticos e possuíram múltiplos genes de virulência.(AU)