Resumo

This study aimed to characterize the occurrence, duration, and intensity of the flushes of vegetative growth in two peach cultivars of Prunus persica L. Batsch, grown as a pioneer endeavor at a high-altitude tropical climate site in the State of Minas Gerais, Brazil. The observational experiment was carried out in 2017/18 and 2018/19 on the 'Tropic Beauty' and 'BRS Kampai' cultivars by an evaluation of the number and duration of flushes of vegetative growth during the year over two cycles. The number of fruit-bearing shoots, total number of leaves and shoot length were also assessed. At harvest, fruit load and diameter were determined and grouped into diameter ranges. The number of hours recorded at different temperature ranges, < 10.0 °C; 10.1-15.0 °C; 15.1-20.0 °C; 20.1-25.0 °C; > 25.1 °C, were summed separately and divided into daily and nightly periods. The peach tree has an unusual vegetative growth pattern when cultivated in a tropical area, which occurs in two flushes, with the first flush occurring from budbreak to fruit harvest between June and Sept, forming short shoots (less than 10 cm), with early shoot growth cessation, with a limited leaf number that can potentially diminish the supply of carbohydrates to the fruit, leading to smaller growth. The second flush occurs after harvest, between Oct and Dec, when there is an increase in daily temperature and precipitation, and no competition with fruits. Notabily, these second flush shoots grow with greater vigor and regularization of the growth cycle, forming fruit-bearing shoots with abundant leaf and flower buds for the next production cycle.

Resumo

Knowledge regarding the early life history of neotropical fish, although incipient, is crucial for the accurate identification of larvae collected from the natural environment. Such details are important for defining spawning, drift, and nursery areas as well as the reproductive periods of species. Herein, the larval development of Cynodon gibbus was described using morphological, meristic, and morphometric characteristics. Specimens were collected from open water limnetic zones and under macrophyte stands in the Amazon basin from 2010 to 2023. Forty-eight larvae with standard lengths ranging from 5.73 to 21.57 mm were studied. The larvae have a long to very long body, small eyes, and a small head, which progresses to a moderate size in the preflexion stage. Furthermore, the larvae had ample mouths with numerous conical teeth, an oval-triangular swim bladder, overlapping dorsal and anal fins, and the tip of the pectoral fin not reaching the swim bladder. Pigmentation pattern comprised two punctate pigments above the fontanelle, the rectum, and at the lower and upper ends of the caudal peduncle. Various body parts exhibited predominant allometric relationships, reflecting differential developmental rates among them in response to fundamental ecological requirements for survival. The C. gibbus larvae can be identified by a combination of the position of dorsal, anal and pectoral fins, pigmentation pattern, swim bladder shape, and the total number of myomeres (51 to 53).

O conhecimento sobre a história inicial de vida dos peixes Neotropicais, embora incipiente, é essencial para a correta identificação das larvas capturadas em ambiente natural. Estudos dessa natureza são cruciais para a definição de áreas de desova, deriva e berçário, bem como para compreender os períodos reprodutivos das espécies. Aqui, o desenvolvimento larval de Cynodon gibbus foi descrito por meio de características morfológicas, merísticas e morfométricas. Espécimes foram coletados na zona lêntica de águas abertas e sob bancos de macrófitas na bacia Amazônica entre 2010 e 2023. Quarenta e oito larvas com comprimentos padrão variando de 5,73 a 21,57 mm foram avaliadas. As larvas possuem corpo muito longo a longo, olhos pequenos, e cabeça pequena, que progride para um tamanho moderado no estágio de pré-flexão. Além disso, as larvas possuem boca ampla com numerosos dentes cônicos, bexiga natatória oval-triangular, nadadeiras dorsal e anal sobrepostas e ponta da nadadeira peitoral não alcançando a bexiga natatória. O padrão de pigmentação é composto por dois pigmentos puntiformes sobre a fontanela, no reto e nas extremidades inferior e superior do pedúnculo caudal. Várias partes do corpo exibiam relações alométricas predominantes, refletindo taxas de desenvolvimento diferenciadas entre elas em resposta a requisitos ecológicos fundamentais para a sobrevivência. As larvas de C. gibbus podem ser identificadas pela combinação da posição das nadadeiras dorsal, anal e peitoral, padrão de pigmentação, forma da bexiga natatória e número total de miômeros (51 a 53).

Resumo

The present study aimed to evaluate the growth of Criollo foals from birth to 800 days of age using Brody, Gompertz, Logistic, and Von Bertalanffy nonlinear models. The data utilized consisted of weight, height, chest circumference, and shin circumference taken from 75 foals kept in southern Brazil. Morphometric traits analyzed showed mean values ranging from 63 to 325 kg for weight, 0.92 to 1.32 m for height, 0.88 to 1.58 m for chest circumference, and 0.12 to 0.18 m for shin circumference. For the evaluated traits, all applied nonlinear models achieved convergence. The results indicated that the Brody model provided the best adjustments for weight, height, and chest circumference. Gompertz model was found to be the most suitable for describing the growth curve of shin circumference. The animals exhibited an increase in weight during the evaluated period. Height showed the most rapid increase until approximately 365 days of age, followed by a decrease, and a more homogeneous growth pattern thereafter. Chest circumference exhibited more uniform growth in animals from 365 days of age onwards, with slower growth and greater variability observed from 400 days of age. Shin circumference showed greater growth in the first months of age, remaining stable thereafter. We observed that 94 and 5% of the animals in the studied population did not meet the minimum values for height and chest circumference, respectively, according to the breed standards from 24 months of age. Our results can assist in selection and future studies with the Criollo breed.(AU)

Resumo

This study evaluated the effect of two commercial forms of recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST; Later® and Fast®; 500 mg) on feed variability, feeding behavior, zootechnical parameters, and milk production of Holstein cows after peak production. Eighteen cows were randomly divided into two groups and treated with injectable of rbST every 14 days for 70 days. Blood samples were collected on day 1, 4, and 7 of each cycle, to assess circulating levels of non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA). Weight and body condition score (BCS) assessments were performed. Milk yields were measured daily using the DelPro™ software (DeLaval®). Feed consumption and feeding behavior was obtained daily using automatic individual feeders (Intergado®). No difference was observed in dry matter intake (DMI) between groups (P=0.07), and no impact was noted on dietary variability (P=0.64). In addition, animals treated with rbST-Fast exhibited more frequent visits to feeders, longer time in consumption, and higher relative DMI (per percentage of live weight) (P<0.01). Animals in the rbST-Fast group produced more milk than those in the rbST-Later group (P=0.03). Furthermore, the weight of the cows was significantly different (P=0.05) between groups. The weight of the rbST-Fast animals was smaller and varied more than thot of the rbST-Later animals (P <0.01). Nonetheless, no difference was noted in BCS (P=0.30) between the groups. The animals in the rbST-Fast group had higher concentrations of NEFA than those in the rbST-Later group (P<0.01). In conclusion, behavioral and metabolic shifts that sustained greater milk production in the cows receiving rbST-Fast. Nonetheless, these shifts are likely linked to lipomobilization and not dietary variability or consumption, as evidenced by the increase in NEFA and greater weight loss in that group.(AU)

Este estudo avaliou o efeito de duas formas comerciais de somatotropina bovina recombinante (rbST; Later® e Fast®; 500 mg) na variabilidade alimentar, comportamento alimentar, parâmetros zootécnicos e produção de leite de vacas holandesas após o pico de produção. Dezoito vacas foram divididas aleatoriamente em dois grupos e tratadas com rbST injetável a cada 14 dias durante 70 dias. Amostras de sangue foram coletadas nos dias 1, 4 e 7 de cada ciclo, para avaliar os níveis circulantes de ácidos graxos não esterificados (AGNE). Foram realizadas avaliações de peso e escore de condição corporal (ECC). A produção de leite foi medida diariamente utilizando o software DelPro™ (DeLaval®). O consumo de ração e o comportamento alimentar foram obtidos diariamente em comedouros individuais automáticos (Intergado®). Não foi observada diferença no consumo de matéria seca (CMS) entre os grupos (P=0,07) e não foi observado impacto na variabilidade da dieta (P=0,64). Além disso, os animais tratados com rbST-Fast exibiram visitas mais frequentes aos comedouros, maior tempo de consumo e maior CMS relativo (por porcentagem do peso vivo) (P<0,01). Os animais do grupo rbST-Fast produziram mais leite do que os do grupo rbST-Later (P=0,03). Além disso, o peso das vacas foi significativamente diferente (P=0,05) entre os grupos. O peso dos animais rbST-Fast foi menor e variou mais que o dos animais rbST-Later (P<0,01). No entanto, nenhuma diferença foi observada no ECC (P = 0,30) entre os grupos. Os animais do grupo rbST-Fast apresentaram maiores concentrações de NEFA do que os do grupo rbST-Later (P<0,01). Concluindo, foram observadas mudanças comportamentais e metabólicas que sustentaram maior produção de leite nas vacas que receberam rbST-Fast. No entanto, estas mudanças estão provavelmente ligadas à lipomobilização e não à variabilidade ou consumo dietético, como evidenciado pelo aumento de AGNE e maior perda de peso nesse grupo.(AU)

Resumo

Abstract Mammals have a limited capacity to regenerate their tissues and organs. One of the mechanisms associated with natural regeneration is dedifferentiation. Several small molecules such as vitamin C and growth factors could improve reprogramming efficiency. In this study, the NTERA2-D1 (NT2) cells were induced towards differentiation (NT2-RA) with 10-5 M retinoic acid (RA) for three days and then subjected to various amounts of vitreous humor (VH). Results show that the growth rate of these cells was reduced, while this rate was partly restored upon treatment with VH (NT2-RA-VH). Cell cycle analysis with PI method also showed that the numbers of cells at the S phase of the cell cycle in these cells were increased. The levels of SSEA3 and TRA-1-81 antigens in NT2-RA were dropped but they increased in NT2- RA-VH to a level similar to the NT2 cells. The level of SSEA1 had an opposite pattern. Expression of OCT4 gene dropped after RA treatment, but it was recovered in NT2-RA-VH cells. In conclusion, we suggest VH as a potent mixture for improving the cellular reprogramming leading to dedifferentiation.

Resumo Os mamíferos têm uma capacidade limitada de regenerar seus tecidos e órgãos. Um dos mecanismos associados à regeneração natural é a desdiferenciação. Várias moléculas pequenas, como vitamina C e fatores de crescimento, podem melhorar a eficiência da reprogramação. Neste estudo, as células NTERA2-D1 (NT2) foram induzidas à diferenciação (NT2-RA) com ácido retinóico (RA) 10-5 M por três dias e depois submetidas a várias quantidades de humor vítreo (VH). Os resultados mostram que a taxa de crescimento dessas células foi reduzida, enquanto essa taxa foi parcialmente restaurada após o tratamento com VH (NT2-RA-VH). A análise do ciclo celular com o método PI também mostrou que o número de células na fase S do ciclo celular nessas células estava aumentado. Os níveis de antígenos SSEA3 e TRA-1-81 em NT2-RA diminuíram, mas aumentaram em NT2-RA-VH a um nível semelhante ao das células NT2. O nível de SSEA1 teve um padrão oposto. A expressão do gene OCT4 diminuiu após o tratamento com AR, mas foi recuperado em células NT2-RA-VH. Em conclusão, sugerimos o VH como uma mistura potente para melhorar a reprogramação celular levando à desdiferenciação.

Resumo

Abstract Maydis leaf blight, caused by Bipolaris maydis, is an important disease of maize crop in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) Pakistan. Fifteen isolates of the pathogen, collected across KP, were studied for variability based on phenotypic and molecular markers. Significant variability among the isolates was observed when assessed using phenotypic traits such as radial growth, spore concentration, fungicide sensitivity and virulence. The isolates were classified into six culture groups based on colour, texture and margins of the colony. Conidial morphology was also variable. These were either straight or slightly curved and light to dark brown in colour. Fungicide test showed significant variation in the degree of sensitivity against Carbendazim. Isolate Bm8 exhibited maximum radial growth on carbendazim spiked plates. Conversely, isolate Bm15 showed the lowest radial growth. Variations in virulence pattern of the isolates were evident when a susceptible maize variety Azam was inoculated with spores of B. maydis. Genetic variability amongst the isolates was also estimated by RAPD as well as sequencing of ITS region. The RAPD dendrogram grouped all the isolates into two major clusters. Average genetic distance ranged from 0.6% to 100%, indicating a diverse genetic gap among the isolates. Maximum genetic distance was found between isolates Bm9 and Bm10 as well as Bm2 and Bm8. Conversely, isolates Bm13 and Bm15 were at minimum genetic distance. Phylogenetic dendrogram based on sequencing of ITS region grouped all the isolates into a single major cluster. The clusters in both the dendrogram neither correlate to the geographical distribution nor to the morphological characteristics.

Resumo A ferrugem das folhas de maydis, causada por Bipolaris maydis, é uma doença importante da cultura do milho em Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP), Paquistão. Quinze isolados do patógeno, coletados em KP, foram estudados quanto à variabilidade com base em marcadores fenotípicos e moleculares. Variabilidade significativa entre os isolados foi observada quando avaliada por meio de características fenotípicas, como crescimento radial, concentração de esporos, sensibilidade a fungicida e virulência. Os isolados foram classificados em seis grupos de cultura com base na cor, textura e margens da colônia. A morfologia dos conídios também foi variável. Estes eram retos ou ligeiramente curvos e de cor marrom-claro a escuro. O teste de fungicida mostrou variação significativa no grau de sensibilidade ao carbendazim. O isolado Bm8 exibiu crescimento radial máximo em placas com adição de carbendazim. Por outro lado, o isolado Bm15 apresentou o menor crescimento radial. As variações no padrão de virulência dos isolados foram evidentes quando uma variedade de milho suscetível Azam foi inoculada com esporos de B. maydis. A variabilidade genética entre os isolados também foi estimada por RAPD, bem como sequenciamento da região ITS. O dendrograma RAPD agrupou todos os isolados em dois grupos principais. A distância genética média variou de 0,6% a 100%, indicando uma lacuna genética diversa entre os isolados. A distância genética máxima foi encontrada entre os isolados Bm9 e Bm10 e também entre Bm2 e Bm8. Por outro lado, os isolados Bm13 e Bm15 estavam a uma distância genética mínima. O dendrograma filogenético baseado no sequenciamento da região ITS agrupou todos os isolados em um único aglomerado principal. Os agrupamentos em ambos os dendrogramas não se correlacionam com a distribuição geográfica nem com as características morfológicas.

Resumo

Abstract The present study examines the correlations between fifteen morphometric and ten meristic characters and total length (TL) of males, females, and combined sexes of Alepes vari (Cuvier, 1833) collected from Karachi fish harbor, West Wharf of Karachi Coast. Statistical analyses of linear regression relationships show mostly strong correlations (r0.70; p 0.05) between total length (TL) and most morphometric characters in males, females, and combined sexes, except the height of pectoral-fin (PFH), and pelvic-fin base length (PelFL); whereas, meristic characters were found to be constant and indicate weak or negative type correlations (r0.50; p>0.05) with total length (TL). Hence, according to our present results, there is a direct relationship between the total length of fish and all morphometric characters, which were found to be the best indicators of positive allometric pattern growth in fish. Moreover, analysis of the 2-sample t-test revealed (t-test; p>0.05) that no sexual dimorphism was reported in Alepes vari. Thus, our present study could be valuable in systematic classification, sexual dimorphism, and management of this species on the Karachi coast.

Resumo O presente estudo examina as correlações entre 15 caracteres morfométricos e 10 caracteres merísticos e comprimento total (CT) de machos, fêmeas e sexos combinados de Alepes vari (Cuvier, 1833), coletados do porto de Karachi, West Wharf, na costa de Karachi. As análises estatísticas das relações de regressão linear mostraram, principalmente, correlações fortes (r 0,70; p 0,05) entre o CT e a maioria dos caracteres morfométricos em machos, fêmeas e sexos combinados, exceto a altura da nadadeira peitoral e o comprimento da base da nadadeira pélvica, enquanto os caracteres merísticos foram constantes, indicando correlações fracas ou negativas (r 0,50; p > 0,05) com o CT. Portanto, de acordo com nossos resultados, existe uma relação direta entre o CT dos peixes e todos os caracteres morfométricos, que foram considerados os melhores indicadores de crescimento do padrão alométrico positivo em peixes. Além disso, a análise do teste t de duas amostras revelou (teste t; p > 0,05) que nenhum dimorfismo sexual foi relatado em A. vari. Assim, o presente estudo pode ser valioso na classificação sistemática, dimorfismo sexual e manejo dessa espécie na costa de Karachi.

Resumo

For the first time, on the basis of complex research, scientifically based and experimentally proven zootechnical feasibility of using the Prevention-N-A biologics developed by us based on the polysaccharide complex of yeast cells Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the aminoglycoside group bactericidal preparation in the technology of obtaining and growing calves in comparison with the previously approved PS-2 preparation. It is proved that three-time intramuscular injection of PS-2 and Prevention-N-A biologics to down-calvers 45-40, 25-20 and 15-10 days before calving in a dose of 10 ml prevents gynecological diseases and increases reproductive function. Under the influence of preparations in cows, the time of separation of the fetal membranes was reduced by 6.0 and 6.4 hours, retention of placenta, post-parturient complications and breast diseases were prevented. The risk of subinvolution of the uterus and endometritis in the first case decreased by 3.0 and 2.0 times, respectively, and in the second ­ was excluded (P<0.05). Against the background of immunocorrection in cows, the time of onset of heat by 11.6 and 14.2 days, the insemination index by 1.6 and 1.8 times, the service period by 22.4 and 28.4 days, and fertilization in 1 oestrus increased by 2.5 and 3.0 times (P<0.05-0.01). It was found that twice intramuscular injection of PS-2 and Prevention-N-A to calves on 2...3rd and 7... 9th day of life in a dose of 3 ml stimulates their growth and development, reduces the incidence. By the end of the growing period, the animals of the 1st and 2nd experimental groups were superior in live weight to control peers by 4.6 and 7.0 kg, rearing - 13.8 and 17.0 kg, and fattening - by 19.4 and 24.2 kg, respectively (P<0.05-0.01). A similar pattern occurred in the nature of changes in exterior measurements and the growth coefficient of animals of the compared groups. In calves of the experimental groups, the incidence of respiratory and digestive organs decreased by 2.3 and 7.0 times, the recovery time - by 1.3 and 4.3 days, respectively, compared to the control (P<0.05).

Pela primeira vez, fundamentado em pesquisas complexas, apresentamos a viabilidade zootécnica com base científica e experimentalmente comprovada do uso dos produtos biológicos Prevention-N-A desenvolvidos por nós a partir do complexo polissacarídeo de células de levedura Saccharomyces cerevisiae, em conjunto com a solução bactericida do grupo aminoglicosídeo para a tecnologia de obtenção e criação de bezerros em comparação com a solução PS-2 previamente aprovada. Está provado que a aplicação da injeção tripla dos produtos biológicos PS-2 e Prevention-N-A em parturientes 45-40, 25-20 e 15-10 dias antes do parto em uma dose de 10 ml por via intramuscular previne doenças ginecológicas e aumenta a função reprodutiva. Sob a influência desta substância, o tempo de ruptura das membranas foi reduzido em 6,0 e 6,4 horas, prevenindo a retenção de placenta, complicações pós-parto e doenças mamárias nas vacas testadas no presente estudo. O risco de subinvolução uterina e endometrite no primeiro caso diminuiu 3,0 e 2,0 vezes, respectivamente e, no segundo, foi eliminado (P<0,05). No contexto da imunocorreção em vacas, foi observado um aumento de 11,6 e 14,2 dias em relação ao tempo de início do cio, 1,6 a 1,8 vezes na taxa de inseminação, 22,4 e 28,4 dias no período de serviço, e a fertilização em 1 estro aumentou 2,5 e 3,0 vezes (P<0,05-0,01). Verificou-se que a injeção dupla de PS-2 e Prevention-N-A em bezerros após 2-3 e 7-9 dias de vida na dose de 3 ml por via intramuscular estimula o crescimento e desenvolvimento, reduzindo a incidência de doenças. Ao final do período de crescimento, os animais do 1º e 2º grupos experimentais apresentaram ganhos de peso em carcaça superiores aos grupo de controle em 4,6 e 7,0 kg, assim como um aumento relacionado à recria - 13,8 e 17,0 kg e engorda - em 19,4 e 24,2 kg, respectivamente (P <0,05-0,01). Um padrão semelhante ocorre na natureza das mudanças de medidas externas e no coeficiente de crescimento dos animais dos grupos estudados. Nos bezerros dos grupos experimentais, a incidência de órgãos respiratórios e digestivos diminuiu 2,3 e 7,0 vezes, e o tempo de recuperação reduziu em 1,3 e 4,3 dias, respectivamente, em comparação ao grupo de controle (P<0,05).

Resumo

Abstract Mammals have a limited capacity to regenerate their tissues and organs. One of the mechanisms associated with natural regeneration is dedifferentiation. Several small molecules such as vitamin C and growth factors could improve reprogramming efficiency. In this study, the NTERA2-D1 (NT2) cells were induced towards differentiation (NT2-RA) with 10-5 M retinoic acid (RA) for three days and then subjected to various amounts of vitreous humor (VH). Results show that the growth rate of these cells was reduced, while this rate was partly restored upon treatment with VH (NT2-RA-VH). Cell cycle analysis with PI method also showed that the numbers of cells at the S phase of the cell cycle in these cells were increased. The levels of SSEA3 and TRA-1-81 antigens in NT2-RA were dropped but they increased in NT2- RA-VH to a level similar to the NT2 cells. The level of SSEA1 had an opposite pattern. Expression of OCT4 gene dropped after RA treatment, but it was recovered in NT2-RA-VH cells. In conclusion, we suggest VH as a potent mixture for improving the cellular reprogramming leading to dedifferentiation.

Resumo Os mamíferos têm uma capacidade limitada de regenerar seus tecidos e órgãos. Um dos mecanismos associados à regeneração natural é a desdiferenciação. Várias moléculas pequenas, como vitamina C e fatores de crescimento, podem melhorar a eficiência da reprogramação. Neste estudo, as células NTERA2-D1 (NT2) foram induzidas à diferenciação (NT2-RA) com ácido retinóico (RA) 10-5 M por três dias e depois submetidas a várias quantidades de humor vítreo (VH). Os resultados mostram que a taxa de crescimento dessas células foi reduzida, enquanto essa taxa foi parcialmente restaurada após o tratamento com VH (NT2-RA-VH). A análise do ciclo celular com o método PI também mostrou que o número de células na fase S do ciclo celular nessas células estava aumentado. Os níveis de antígenos SSEA3 e TRA-1-81 em NT2-RA diminuíram, mas aumentaram em NT2-RA-VH a um nível semelhante ao das células NT2. O nível de SSEA1 teve um padrão oposto. A expressão do gene OCT4 diminuiu após o tratamento com AR, mas foi recuperado em células NT2-RA-VH. Em conclusão, sugerimos o VH como uma mistura potente para melhorar a reprogramação celular levando à desdiferenciação.

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Steroids and gonadotrophins are essential for the regulation of late stages of preantral development and antral follicular development. Although the luteinizing hormone receptor (LHCGR) has been detected in the preantral follicles of rats, rabbits, and pigs, its expression, in bovine fetal ovary, has not been demonstrated. Based on this, we aimed to investigate the expression of the LHCGR and LHCGR mRNA binding protein (LRBP), as well as, to quantify bta-miR-222 (a regulatory microRNA of the LHCGR gene) during the development of bovine fetal ovary. In summary, LHCGR expression was observed in the preantral follicle in bovine fetal ovary, from oogonias to primordial, primary and secondary stages, and the mRNA abundance was lower on day 150 than day 60. However, the mRNA abundance of LRBP followed the opposite pattern. Similar to LRBP, the abundance of bta-miR-222 was higher on day 150 than day 60 or 90 of gestation. The LHCGR protein was detected in oogonia, primordial, primary, and secondary follicles. Moreover, both oocytes and granulosa cells showed positive immunostaining for LHCGR. In conclusion, we suggest the involvement of LHCGR/LRBP/bta-mir222 with mechanisms related to the development of preantral follicles in cattle.(AU)

Resumo

The present study examines the correlations between fifteen morphometric and ten meristic characters and total length (TL) of males, females, and combined sexes of Alepes vari (Cuvier, 1833) collected from Karachi fish harbor, West Wharf of Karachi Coast. Statistical analyses of linear regression relationships show mostly strong correlations (r≥0.70; p<0.05) between total length (TL) and most morphometric characters in males, females, and combined sexes, except the height of pectoral-fin (PFH), and pelvic-fin base length (PelFL); whereas, meristic characters were found to be constant and indicate weak or negative type correlations (r≤0.50; p>0.05) with total length (TL). Hence, according to our present results, there is a direct relationship between the total length of fish and all morphometric characters, which were found to be the best indicators of positive allometric pattern growth in fish. Moreover, analysis of the 2-sample t-test revealed (t-test; p>0.05) that no sexual dimorphism was reported in Alepes vari. Thus, our present study could be valuable in systematic classification, sexual dimorphism, and management of this species on the Karachi coast.

O presente estudo examina as correlações entre 15 caracteres morfométricos e 10 caracteres merísticos e comprimento total (CT) de machos, fêmeas e sexos combinados de Alepes vari (Cuvier, 1833), coletados do porto de Karachi, West Wharf, na costa de Karachi. As análises estatísticas das relações de regressão linear mostraram, principalmente, correlações fortes (r ≥ 0,70; p < 0,05) entre o CT e a maioria dos caracteres morfométricos em machos, fêmeas e sexos combinados, exceto a altura da nadadeira peitoral e o comprimento da base da nadadeira pélvica, enquanto os caracteres merísticos foram constantes, indicando correlações fracas ou negativas (r ≤ 0,50; p > 0,05) com o CT. Portanto, de acordo com nossos resultados, existe uma relação direta entre o CT dos peixes e todos os caracteres morfométricos, que foram considerados os melhores indicadores de crescimento do padrão alométrico positivo em peixes. Além disso, a análise do teste t de duas amostras revelou (teste t; p > 0,05) que nenhum dimorfismo sexual foi relatado em A. vari.

Resumo

In this study, we evaluated variation in vegetative and reproductive phenological events of four phylogenetically related plant species subjected to a seasonal environment. To this aim, we sampled 15 individuals of each plant species every fortnight for one year, between January and December of 2017. To assess when a given phenophase occurred more intensely in the population, the Fournier intensity index was used and the synchrony of individuals of the sample in a given phenological event was estimated using the activity index. The Rayleigh (Z) test was used to determine whether the phenological events have seasonal distribution. The relationship of abiotic factors (photoperiod, precipitation, relative humidity and temperature) with the intensity of phenophases was evaluated for each plant species using generalized linear models (GLMs). The phenophases of all plants showed a seasonal distribution pattern, as well as variation in synchrony of phenophases and specific sets of abiotic factors significantly influenced their phenophases. New leaves, for example, were produced throughout the seasons, with intense leaf fall in the dry season. Flowering periods, on the other hand, did not overlap. Indeed, species exhibited sequential flowering and asynchronous flowering among individuals. Our results suggest that the phenological patterns of four sympatric plant species are directly linked to climatic variables, but different abiotic factors affected different phenophases.

Neste estudo, avaliamos a variação nos eventos fenológicos vegetativos e reprodutivos de quatro espécies de plantas filogeneticamente relacionadas submetidas a um ambiente sazonal. Para isso, amostramos 15 indivíduos de cada espécie quinzenalmente, pelo período de um ano, entre janeiro e dezembro de 2017. Para avaliar quando uma determinada fenofase ocorreu de modo mais intenso na população foi utilizado o índice de intensidade de Fournier e a sincronia dos indivíduos da amostra em determinado evento fenológico foi estimada utilizando-se o índice de atividade. O teste de Rayleigh (Z) foi usado para determinar se os eventos fenológicos têm distribuição sazonal. A relação dos fatores abióticos (fotoperíodo, precipitação, temperatura e umidade relativa) com a intensidade das fenofases foi avaliada para cada espécie de planta usando modelos lineares generalizados (GLMs). As fenofases de todas as plantas apresentaram um padrão de distribuição sazonal, bem como variação na sincronia das fenofases e conjuntos específicos de fatores abióticos influenciaram significativamente suas fenofases. Folhas novas, por exemplo, foram produzidas ao longo das estações, com intensa queda de folhas na estação seca. Os períodos de floração, por outro lado, não se sobrepuseram. De fato, as espécies exibiram floração sequencial e floração assíncrona entre os indivíduos. Nossos resultados sugerem que os padrões fenológicos das quatro espécies de plantas simpátricas estão diretamente ligados às variáveis climáticas, mas diferentes fatores abióticos afetaram diferentes fenofases.

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The growth pattern of broilers can be influenced by diets, environment, stress, health and management. Considering the relevance of the body structure of broilers for slaughterhouse condemnations, the aim of this study was to analyze the body composition, bone mineral density (BMD), and musculoskeletal and visceral morphology of broilers with different body attributes from commercial slaughterhouses. Forty-eight plucked broilers from two different strains were distributed into three groups: standard, uneven, and cachectic. The broilers were evaluated for lean mass, body fat, BMD, and bone mineral content (BMC), and subject to macroscopic, musculoskeletal and visceral analyses. It was found that BMD was lower in the uneven and cachectic groups compared to the standard (p≤0.05), and cachectic broilers had a lower BMC compared to the other groups. The body weight of broilers in the standard group was greater compared to the other groups, while the relative weight of the proventriculus, gizzard, liver, duodenum, jejunum, cardiovascular structures, and kidney was greater among the cachectic in comparison to the others. The uneven group presented intermediate mean values for several densitometric and morphological parameters, as well as no statistical difference (p≥0.05) to the standard group in the weight of the proventriculus, spleen and kidneys, the weight and the length of duodenum, the length and diameter of the gastrocnemius, and the diameter of the sartorius muscle. It is possible to conclude that uneven broilers have similar characteristics to the standard group, demonstrating that they could be used as feedstock for processed products, reducing economic losses at the slaughterhouse.(AU)

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This trial was designed to evaluate the effect of processing method of rehydrated corn grain silage (RCGS) on feed intake, performance, carcass traits, feeding behavior, rumen morphology, and blood metabolites of cattle in the finishing phase. Thirty-eight F1 Angus × Nellore bulls (365±22 kg) raised under grazing conditions were housed in individual pens (2 × 4 m) for the feeding trial. At the end of the adaptation period, animals were weighed after a 16-h fast, blocked by shrunk body weight, and randomly assigned to one of two dietary treatments: GRC, consisting of RCGS that was ground before ensiling using a hammer mill with a uniform 8-mm screen (1.52 mm geometric mean particle size); and RRC, consisting of RCGS that was rolled before ensiling in a roller mill mounted in a bagging machine (2.18 mm geometric mean particle size). Diet ingredients were mixed manually twice daily, at 09:00 and 15:00 h, and offered as total mixed rations in amounts approximately 50 g/kg in excess of daily intake. The experimental diets contained a forage:concentrate ratio of 130:870 g/kg, with 644 g/kg of RCGS. The GRC resulted in greater daily variation in dry matter intake, total-tract digestibility (dry and organic matter), fecal pH, rumen papillae width, and lower first meal duration, meal length, fecal starch, and rumen papillae height than the RRC. However, grinding or rolling RCGS did not affect dry matter intake, growth performance, carcass traits, or health (liver abscesses, ruminitis, serum D-lactate) of finishing beef cattle. Therefore, the processing equipment to make RCGS might be preferable based on equipment availability, milling yield, energy consumption, and diet composition.(AU)

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Purpose: The current study aimed at evaluating the repair of a partial defect of the trachea with a muscle flap, an advanced technique that employs combined suture patterns. Methods: Sixteen healthy male New Zealand white rabbits were used as an experimental model. A partial defect in the trachea within the ventral region of the fourth to eighth tracheal ring was created. Subsequently, repair was initiated with a flap of the sternocephalicus muscle. The animals were divided into four groups for postoperative evaluation using clinical, tracheoscopic, and histopathological analyses. Each group was separated according to the time of euthanasia, programmed at interval of seven (G7), 15 (G15), 30 (G30), and 60 days (G60). Results: One animal from the G60 group died, whereas the other animals had good surgical recovery without serious changes in the breathing pattern. The major clinical signs observed were stridor and coughing. Tracheoscopy revealed secretions in the tracheal lumen, exuberant granulation, and stenosis. Histopathological analysis showed growth of the ciliary respiratory epithelium at the flap site 30 days after implantation. Conclusions: Partial repair showed satisfactory results owing to the anatomical location of the muscle, adequate vascular support, and structural and physiological maintenance without serious changes in the respiratory system.

Resumo

Growth pattern is essential for economically efficient poultry production. In this study, we aimed to describe the growth curve of chickens of the Canela-Preta breed reared in two different rearing systems, considering their different plumage colors. Initially, 204 one-day-old male and female chicks were randomly distributed in confinement and semi-confinement (102 animals in each system) without separation by gender. The animals were individually identified by wing and foot plastic brands and were weighted every seven days. The body weight and age records were used to estimate the growth curves of the following factors using the Richards model: plumage color, gender, and rearing system. The likelihood ratio test was used to verify the equality of parameters and identify nonlinear models to compare the growth patterns of the evaluated groups. The growth pattern of Canela-Preta chickens changed as a function of gender, plumage color, and rearing system. Females with black plumage, black and gold hens, and males with black and white plumage showed greater sensitivity to changes in rearing systems. Within-breed selection strategies for specific colors can improve the use of growth pattern differences, improving production efficiency. Semi-confinement is suitable for rearing Canela-Preta chickens with any plumage color, as these animals meet the free-range poultry niche market requirements.(AU)

Resumo

Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn. Ex Benth. (Fabaceae), a non-native pioneer species in Brazil with fast growth and rusticity, is used in restoration programs. Our goal was to assess during a 24-month survey the pattern of arthropods (phytophagous insects, bees, spiders, and predator insects) on the leaf surfaces of A. auriculiformis saplings. Fourteen species of phytophagous, two of bees and eleven of predators were most abundant on the adaxial surface. The values of the ecological indexes (abundance, diversity, and species richness) and the rarefaction, and k-dominance curves of phytophagous, bees and arthropod predators were highest on the adaxial leaf surface of A. auriculiformis. The k-dominance and abundance of Aleyrodidae (Hemiptera) (both leaf surfaces), the native stingless bee Tetragonisca angustula Latreille (Hymenoptera: Apidae) (both leaf surfaces) and the ant Brachymyrmex sp. (adaxial surface) and Pheidole sp. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) (abaxial surface) were the highest between the taxonomic groups of phytophagous, bees, and predators, respectively on A. auriculiformis saplings. The ecological indexes and rarefaction, abundance, and k-dominance curves of phytophagous insects, bees, and predators were highest on the adaxial leaf surface. The preference of phytophagous insects for the adaxial leaf surface is probably due to the lower effort required to move on this surface. Understanding the arthropod preferences between leaf surfaces may help to develop sampling and pest management plans for the most abundant phytophagous insects on A. auriculiformis saplings. Also, knowledge on the preference pattern of bees and predators may be used to favour their conservation.

Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn. Ex Benth. (Fabaceae), espécie pioneira com rápido crescimento e rusticidade, é utilizada em programas de recuperação de áreas degradadas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar, durante 24 meses, o padrão de distribuição de artrópodes (insetos fitófagos, abelhas, aranhas e insetos predadores) nas superfícies foliares de A. auriculiformis. Quatorze espécies de fitófagos, duas de abelhas e onze de predadores foram mais abundantes na superfície adaxial. Índices ecológicos (abundância, diversidade e riqueza de espécies) e curvas de rarefação e dominância-k de fitófagos, abelhas e artrópodes predadores foram maiores na face adaxial de folhas de A. auriculiformis. A dominância-k e a abundância de Aleyrodidae (Hemiptera) (ambas as superfícies foliares), da abelha nativa sem ferrão Tetragonisca angustula Latreille (Hymenoptera: Apidae) (ambas as superfícies foliares) e das formigas Brachymyrmex sp. (superfície adaxial) e Pheidole sp. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) (superfície abaxial) foram as maiores entre os grupos taxonômicos de fitófagos polinizadores e predadores, respectivamente, em plantas jovens de A. auriculiformis. A abundância, diversidade e riqueza e as curvas de rarefação e dominância-k de artrópodes fitófagos, abelhas e predadores foram maiores nas superfícies adaxiais das folhas dessa árvore. A preferência pela superfície adaxial da folha se deve, provavelmente, ao menor esforço para se movimentarem na mesma. Compreender as preferências dos artrópodes pelas superfícies foliares pode auxiliar no desenvolvimento de planos de amostragem e manejo de pragas em A. auriculiformis. Além disso, o conhecimento da distribuição de abelhas e predadores pode favorecer a conservação desses insetos.

Resumo

Abstract Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn. Ex Benth. (Fabaceae), a non-native pioneer species in Brazil with fast growth and rusticity, is used in restoration programs. Our goal was to assess during a 24-month survey the pattern of arthropods (phytophagous insects, bees, spiders, and predator insects) on the leaf surfaces of A. auriculiformis saplings. Fourteen species of phytophagous, two of bees and eleven of predators were most abundant on the adaxial surface. The values of the ecological indexes (abundance, diversity, and species richness) and the rarefaction, and k-dominance curves of phytophagous, bees and arthropod predators were highest on the adaxial leaf surface of A. auriculiformis. The k-dominance and abundance of Aleyrodidae (Hemiptera) (both leaf surfaces), the native stingless bee Tetragonisca angustula Latreille (Hymenoptera: Apidae) (both leaf surfaces) and the ant Brachymyrmex sp. (adaxial surface) and Pheidole sp. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) (abaxial surface) were the highest between the taxonomic groups of phytophagous, bees, and predators, respectively on A. auriculiformis saplings. The ecological indexes and rarefaction, abundance, and k-dominance curves of phytophagous insects, bees, and predators were highest on the adaxial leaf surface. The preference of phytophagous insects for the adaxial leaf surface is probably due to the lower effort required to move on this surface. Understanding the arthropod preferences between leaf surfaces may help to develop sampling and pest management plans for the most abundant phytophagous insects on A. auriculiformis saplings. Also, knowledge on the preference pattern of bees and predators may be used to favour their conservation.

Resumo Acacia auriculiformis A. Cunn. Ex Benth. (Fabaceae), espécie pioneira com rápido crescimento e rusticidade, é utilizada em programas de recuperação de áreas degradadas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar, durante 24 meses, o padrão de distribuição de artrópodes (insetos fitófagos, abelhas, aranhas e insetos predadores) nas superfícies foliares de A. auriculiformis. Quatorze espécies de fitófagos, duas de abelhas e onze de predadores foram mais abundantes na superfície adaxial. Índices ecológicos (abundância, diversidade e riqueza de espécies) e curvas de rarefação e dominância-k de fitófagos, abelhas e artrópodes predadores foram maiores na face adaxial de folhas de A. auriculiformis. A dominância-k e a abundância de Aleyrodidae (Hemiptera) (ambas as superfícies foliares), da abelha nativa sem ferrão Tetragonisca angustula Latreille (Hymenoptera: Apidae) (ambas as superfícies foliares) e das formigas Brachymyrmex sp. (superfície adaxial) e Pheidole sp. (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) (superfície abaxial) foram as maiores entre os grupos taxonômicos de fitófagos polinizadores e predadores, respectivamente, em plantas jovens de A. auriculiformis. A abundância, diversidade e riqueza e as curvas de rarefação e dominância-k de artrópodes fitófagos, abelhas e predadores foram maiores nas superfícies adaxiais das folhas dessa árvore. A preferência pela superfície adaxial da folha se deve, provavelmente, ao menor esforço para se movimentarem na mesma. Compreender as preferências dos artrópodes pelas superfícies foliares pode auxiliar no desenvolvimento de planos de amostragem e manejo de pragas em A. auriculiformis. Além disso, o conhecimento da distribuição de abelhas e predadores pode favorecer a conservação desses insetos.

Resumo

The early ontogeny of Triportheus albus and T. angulatus, two fish species of Triportheidae, is described using morphological, meristic, and morphometric characters. These species are exploited by subsistence fisheries and have potential as an alternative source of fish, given the decline in the natural stocks of other commercially important fish species in the Amazon. The specimens were collected in the open water limnetic zone, under of the macrophyte stands, and in subsurface areas near sandbars in the Amazon basin. Intra and interspecific morphometric analyzes were performed to evaluate growth models between species. The combination of color pattern, body morphology, morphometric proportions and myomeres number distinguishes the species from each other and from other congeners. Some morphometric relationships related to head as snout length and eye diameter as well as length from the snout to the origins of anal and length from the snout to the origins of pelvic, related with standard length were different between the two species of Triportheus, reflecting different growth models between them. An identification key for larvae and juveniles of some species of Triportheus from the Eastern Amazon is presented.(AU)

A ontogenia inicial de Triportheus albus e T. angulatus, duas espécies de peixes pertencentes a Triportheidae, é descrita usando caracteres morfológicos, merísticos e morfométricos. Essas espécies são exploradas pela pesca de subsistência e têm potencial como fonte alternativa de pescado, dado o declínio nos estoques naturais de outras espécies de peixes comercialmente importantes na Amazônia. Os espécimes foram coletados na zona limnética de águas abertas, sob bancos de macrófitas e em áreas subsuperficiais próximas a bancos de areia na bacia amazônica. Análises morfométricas, intra e interespecíficas, foram realizadas para avaliar modelos de crescimento entre as espécies. A combinação do padrão de coloração, morfologia corporal, proporções morfométricas e número de miômeros distingue as espécies entre si e de outras congêneres. Algumas relações morfométricas relacionadas à cabeça, como comprimento do focinho e diâmetro do olho, assim como o comprimento do focinho à origem da nadadeira anal e o comprimento do focinho à origem da nadadeira pélvica, relacionadas ao comprimento padrão foram diferentes entre as duas espécies de Triportheus, refletindo modelos distintos de crescimento entre elas. Uma chave de identificação para larvas e juvenis de algumas espécies de Triportheus da Amazônia Oriental é apresentada.(AU)

Resumo

Pyrrhulina brevis is an endemic fish from the Amazon basin that is valued in the ornamental fish market. In larviculture, fish are very sensitive to stressors and have a high mortality rate. Salinized water may provide more energy to overcome stress and feeding frequency is an important strategy to improve productive performance. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the best feeding frequency and the best level of water salinization for larval development of P. brevis. A total of 360 post-larvae of P. brevis (5.26 ± 1.65 mg, 5.57 ± 0.68 mm) were randomly distributed in 36 aquariums (1 L) in a 3x4 factorial scheme, to evaluate three concentrations of salt in water (0, 1 and 2 g L-1) and four feeding frequencies (once, twice, three and four times a day). We offered 150 Artemia nauplii per day and per post-larvae during 15 days. The fish kept at 1 g L-1 salinized water, and those fed 3 and 4 times a day presented significantly greater final length and weight, weight gain, and specific growth rate for length and weight. An interaction between salinized water and feeding frequency was observed for survival rate. We conclude that, during the initial rearing phase of P. brevis, feeding frequency of three times a day and salinized water at 1 g L-1 is recommended.(AU)

Pyrrhulina brevis é um peixe endêmico da bacia amazônica que apresenta bons valores no mercado de peixes ornamentais. Na larvicultura, os peixes são muito sensíveis aos estressores e apresentam alta taxa de mortalidade. A água salinizada pode fornecer mais energia para superar o estresse e a frequência alimentar é uma estratégia importante para melhorar o desempenho produtivo. Portanto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a melhor frequência alimentar e o melhor nível de salinização da água para o desenvolvimento larval de P. brevis. Um total de 360 pós-larvas de P. brevis (5,26 ± 1,65 mg, 5,57 ± 0,68 mm) foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em 36 aquários (1 L) em esquema fatorial 3x4, para avaliar três concentrações de sal na água (0, 1 e 2 g L-1) e quatro frequências de alimentação (uma, duas, três e quatro vezes ao dia). Foram oferecidas 150 náuplios de Artemia por dia e por pós-larva, durante 15 dias. Os peixes mantidos com 1 g L-1 de água salinizada e os alimentados 3 e 4 vezes ao dia apresentaram comprimento e peso finais, ganho de peso e taxa de crescimento específico para comprimento e peso significativamente maiores. Uma interação entre água salinizada e frequência alimentar foi observada para a taxa de sobrevivência. Concluímos que, durante a fase inicial de criação de P. brevis, recomenda-se uma frequência alimentar de três vezes ao dia e água salinizada a 1 g L-1.(AU)