Fecal microbiota profile of ovariohysterectomized cats submitted to estrogen replacement / Perfil da microbiota fecal de gatas ovariohisterectomizadas submetidas à reposição estrogênica

This study aimed to observe the effects of 17 ß-estradiol replacements on the fecal microbiota in spayed cats. Individual samples of fresh feces were collected and stored at -80° C. Sequencing of the V3/V4 regions of the 16S rRNA gene was used, and bioinformatic analysis was performed. Firmicutes/Bacteriodetes ratio was lower in the group receiving estrogen replacement compared to the SHAM group (P = 0,005). Jaccard index (P = 0.123) and Yue & Clayton index (P = 0.094) did not reveal alpha and beta diversity differences. The linear discriminant analysis effect size (LefSe) identified Firmicutes and MegasPhaera as the biomarkers for the SHAM group, and Burkholderiales, Betaproteobacteria, Sutterellaceae, Suterella, Proteobacteria, Proteobacteria unclassified and Collinsella for the group receiving estrogen replacement.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi observar os efeitos da reposição de 17 ß-estradiol na microbiota fecal de gatas castradas. Amostras individuais de fezes frescas foram colhidas e armazenadas a -80°C. Foi realizado o sequenciamento das regiões V3/V4 do gene 16S rRNA e a análise bioinformática. A razão Firmicutes/Bacteriodetes foi menor no grupo que recebeu reposição estrogênica em comparação ao grupo SHAM (P = 0,005). O índice de Jaccard (P = 0,123) e o índice de Yue & Clayton (P = 0,094) não revelaram diferenças na alfa e beta diversidade. A análise discriminatória linear de tamanho do efeito (LefSe) identificou Firmicutes e Megasphaera como biomarcadores para o grupo SHAM, e Burkholderiales, Betaproteobacteria, Sutterellaceae, Suterella, Proteobacteria, Proteobacteria não classificada e Collinsella para o grupo que recebeu reposição estrogênica.(AU)

Isolation and characterization of bacteria residing in the oral, gut, and fecal samples of different pheasant species

Abstract There is a paucity of research conducted on microbial prevalence in pheasants. The microbiota of captive birds has zoonotic significance and must be characterize. Present study is therefore planned to assess the microbiota from oral, fecal and gut content of captive avian species. It will be helpful in characterization of harmful microbes. Different samples taken from oral, gut and feces of ring-necked pheasants (Phasianus colchicus), green pheasants (Phasianus versicolor), golden pheasant (Chrysolophus pictus) and silver pheasant (Lophura nycthemera). Samples were collected, diluted, and inoculated onto different agar plates (MacConkey, SS agar, MSA and nutrient agar) for cultivation of bacterial species. Colonies of E.coli, Staphylococcus spp. Brachyspira spp. and Campylobacter spp were observed based on colony morphology. Colony forming unit showed E. coli as frequently found bacteria in fecal, oral and gut contents of all the above pheasants. The overall significance difference was found among bacterial species of golden pheasants, green pheasant, ring-necked pheasant, and silver pheasants. It was concluded that E.coli is predominant isolated from heathy pheasants followed by Campylobacter, Staphylococcus and Brachyspira.

Resumo Há uma escassez de pesquisas realizadas sobre a prevalência microbiana em faisões. A microbiota de aves em cativeiro tem significado zoonótico e deve ser caracterizada. O presente estudo está, portanto, planejado para avaliar a microbiota do conteúdo oral, fecal e intestinal de espécies aviárias em cativeiro. Será útil na caracterização de micróbios nocivos. Diferentes amostras retiradas da boca, intestino e fezes de faisões de pescoço redondo (Phasianus colchicus), faisões verdes (Phasianus versicolor), faisões dourados (Chrysolophus pictus) e faisão prateado (Lophura nycthemera). As amostras foram coletadas, diluídas e inoculadas em diferentes placas de ágar (MacConkey, ágar SS, MSA e ágar nutriente) para o cultivo de espécies bacterianas. Colônias de E. coli, Staphylococcus spp., Brachyspira spp. e Campylobacter spp foram observados com base na morfologia da colônia. A unidade formadora de colônia mostrou E. coli como bactéria frequentemente encontrada no conteúdo fecal, oral e intestinal de todos os faisões acima. A diferença de significância geral foi encontrada entre as espécies bacterianas de faisões dourados, faisões verdes, faisões de pescoço anelado e faisões prateados. Verificou-se que a E.coli é predominantemente isolada de faisões saudáveis, seguida por Campylobacter, Staphylococcus e Brachyspira.

Isolation and characterization of bacteria residing in the oral, gut, and fecal samples of different pheasant species / Isolamento e caracterização de bactérias residentes nas amostras orais, intestinais e fecais de diferentes espécies de faisão

There is a paucity of research conducted on microbial prevalence in pheasants. The microbiota of captive birds has zoonotic significance and must be characterize. Present study is therefore planned to assess the microbiota from oral, fecal and gut content of captive avian species. It will be helpful in characterization of harmful microbes. Different samples taken from oral, gut and feces of ring-necked pheasants (Phasianus colchicus), green pheasants (Phasianus versicolor), golden pheasant (Chrysolophus pictus) and silver pheasant (Lophura nycthemera). Samples were collected, diluted, and inoculated onto different agar plates (MacConkey, SS agar, MSA and nutrient agar) for cultivation of bacterial species. Colonies of E.coli, Staphylococcus spp. Brachyspira spp. and Campylobacter spp were observed based on colony morphology. Colony forming unit showed E. coli as frequently found bacteria in fecal, oral and gut contents of all the above pheasants. The overall significance difference was found among bacterial species of golden pheasants, green pheasant, ring-necked pheasant, and silver pheasants. It was concluded that E.coli is predominant isolated from heathy pheasants followed by Campylobacter, Staphylococcus and Brachyspira.

Há uma escassez de pesquisas realizadas sobre a prevalência microbiana em faisões. A microbiota de aves em cativeiro tem significado zoonótico e deve ser caracterizada. O presente estudo está, portanto, planejado para avaliar a microbiota do conteúdo oral, fecal e intestinal de espécies aviárias em cativeiro. Será útil na caracterização de micróbios nocivos. Diferentes amostras retiradas da boca, intestino e fezes de faisões de pescoço redondo (Phasianus colchicus), faisões verdes (Phasianus versicolor), faisões dourados (Chrysolophus pictus) e faisão prateado (Lophura nycthemera). As amostras foram coletadas, diluídas e inoculadas em diferentes placas de ágar (MacConkey, ágar SS, MSA e ágar nutriente) para o cultivo de espécies bacterianas. Colônias de E. coli, Staphylococcus spp., Brachyspira spp. e Campylobacter spp foram observados com base na morfologia da colônia. A unidade formadora de colônia mostrou E. coli como bactéria frequentemente encontrada no conteúdo fecal, oral e intestinal de todos os faisões acima. A diferença de significância geral foi encontrada entre as espécies bacterianas de faisões dourados, faisões verdes, faisões de pescoço anelado e faisões prateados. Verificou-se que a E.coli é predominantemente isolada de faisões saudáveis, seguida por Campylobacter, Staphylococcus e Brachyspira.

Isolation and characterization of bacteria residing in the oral, gut, and fecal samples of different pheasant species / Isolamento e caracterização de bactérias residentes nas amostras orais, intestinais e fecais de diferentes espécies de faisão

There is a paucity of research conducted on microbial prevalence in pheasants. The microbiota of captive birds has zoonotic significance and must be characterize. Present study is therefore planned to assess the microbiota from oral, fecal and gut content of captive avian species. It will be helpful in characterization of harmful microbes. Different samples taken from oral, gut and feces of ring-necked pheasants (Phasianus colchicus), green pheasants (Phasianus versicolor), golden pheasant (Chrysolophus pictus) and silver pheasant (Lophura nycthemera). Samples were collected, diluted, and inoculated onto different agar plates (MacConkey, SS agar, MSA and nutrient agar) for cultivation of bacterial species. Colonies of E.coli, Staphylococcus spp. Brachyspira spp. and Campylobacter spp were observed based on colony morphology. Colony forming unit showed E. coli as frequently found bacteria in fecal, oral and gut contents of all the above pheasants. The overall significance difference was found among bacterial species of golden pheasants, green pheasant, ring-necked pheasant, and silver pheasants. It was concluded that E.coli is predominant isolated from heathy pheasants followed by Campylobacter, Staphylococcus and Brachyspira.(AU)

Há uma escassez de pesquisas realizadas sobre a prevalência microbiana em faisões. A microbiota de aves em cativeiro tem significado zoonótico e deve ser caracterizada. O presente estudo está, portanto, planejado para avaliar a microbiota do conteúdo oral, fecal e intestinal de espécies aviárias em cativeiro. Será útil na caracterização de micróbios nocivos. Diferentes amostras retiradas da boca, intestino e fezes de faisões de pescoço redondo (Phasianus colchicus), faisões verdes (Phasianus versicolor), faisões dourados (Chrysolophus pictus) e faisão prateado (Lophura nycthemera). As amostras foram coletadas, diluídas e inoculadas em diferentes placas de ágar (MacConkey, ágar SS, MSA e ágar nutriente) para o cultivo de espécies bacterianas. Colônias de E. coli, Staphylococcus spp., Brachyspira spp. e Campylobacter spp foram observados com base na morfologia da colônia. A unidade formadora de colônia mostrou E. coli como bactéria frequentemente encontrada no conteúdo fecal, oral e intestinal de todos os faisões acima. A diferença de significância geral foi encontrada entre as espécies bacterianas de faisões dourados, faisões verdes, faisões de pescoço anelado e faisões prateados. Verificou-se que a E.coli é predominantemente isolada de faisões saudáveis, seguida por Campylobacter, Staphylococcus e Brachyspira.(AU)

Isolation and characterization of bacteria residing in the oral, gut, and fecal samples of different pheasant species / Isolamento e caracterização de bactérias residentes nas amostras orais, intestinais e fecais de diferentes espécies de faisão

Abstract There is a paucity of research conducted on microbial prevalence in pheasants. The microbiota of captive birds has zoonotic significance and must be characterize. Present study is therefore planned to assess the microbiota from oral, fecal and gut content of captive avian species. It will be helpful in characterization of harmful microbes. Different samples taken from oral, gut and feces of ring-necked pheasants (Phasianus colchicus), green pheasants (Phasianus versicolor), golden pheasant (Chrysolophus pictus) and silver pheasant (Lophura nycthemera). Samples were collected, diluted, and inoculated onto different agar plates (MacConkey, SS agar, MSA and nutrient agar) for cultivation of bacterial species. Colonies of E.coli, Staphylococcus spp. Brachyspira spp. and Campylobacter spp were observed based on colony morphology. Colony forming unit showed E. coli as frequently found bacteria in fecal, oral and gut contents of all the above pheasants. The overall significance difference was found among bacterial species of golden pheasants, green pheasant, ring-necked pheasant, and silver pheasants. It was concluded that E.coli is predominant isolated from heathy pheasants followed by Campylobacter, Staphylococcus and Brachyspira.

Resumo Há uma escassez de pesquisas realizadas sobre a prevalência microbiana em faisões. A microbiota de aves em cativeiro tem significado zoonótico e deve ser caracterizada. O presente estudo está, portanto, planejado para avaliar a microbiota do conteúdo oral, fecal e intestinal de espécies aviárias em cativeiro. Será útil na caracterização de micróbios nocivos. Diferentes amostras retiradas da boca, intestino e fezes de faisões de pescoço redondo (Phasianus colchicus), faisões verdes (Phasianus versicolor), faisões dourados (Chrysolophus pictus) e faisão prateado (Lophura nycthemera). As amostras foram coletadas, diluídas e inoculadas em diferentes placas de ágar (MacConkey, ágar SS, MSA e ágar nutriente) para o cultivo de espécies bacterianas. Colônias de E. coli, Staphylococcus spp., Brachyspira spp. e Campylobacter spp foram observados com base na morfologia da colônia. A unidade formadora de colônia mostrou E. coli como bactéria frequentemente encontrada no conteúdo fecal, oral e intestinal de todos os faisões acima. A diferença de significância geral foi encontrada entre as espécies bacterianas de faisões dourados, faisões verdes, faisões de pescoço anelado e faisões prateados. Verificou-se que a E.coli é predominantemente isolada de faisões saudáveis, seguida por Campylobacter, Staphylococcus e Brachyspira.

Effect of lactic acid bacteria preparations on calf fecal flora

This experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of lactic acid bacteria preparations on microbial diversity and community structure of calves. On days 1 and 7 of the trial period, feces were collected into sterile tubes and labeled (Day 1: control group D1DZ, experimental group D1SY, and Day 7: control group D7DZ, experimental group D7SY). Twenty Angus calves (150±10 kg) were selected and randomly divided into two groups of 10 calves each. The control group fed a basal diet. In addition to feeding the basal diet, the experimental group was given 15 mL lactobacillus preparation orally at 09:00 and 16:00 h every day. Calves were allowed free feeding and drinking water. All other feeding environments and management conditions remained consistent with the experiment lasting for seven days. At the end of the experiment, the fecal microflora of the calves was analyzed using 16S rRNA sequencing techniques. The 16S rRNA analysis data were processed using the Excel 2007 software and analyzed by the IBM SPSS statistical software (Statistical Analysis System, version 22). The Alpha diversity index analysis showed that the Chao and the Ace indices were significantly different after feeding supplemented with lactic acid bacteria. The PCA analysis showed that the fecal flora structure differed significantly after supplementation with the lactic acid bacteria preparation. Further analysis showed that the lactic acid bacteria increased Firmicutes, Patescibacteria, Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group, Clostridium_sensu_stricto_1, and prevotellaceae_UCG-003 in the feces. Therefore, we speculate that lactic acid bacteria preparations play an important role in animal production and are beneficial to the diversity of the fecal microflora of the calves.

Characteristic of decreased bacterial diversity in psoriasis / [Característica da diminuição da diversidade bacteriana na psoríase]

Disturbance of commensal intestinal microbiota is related to chronic inflammatory dermatosis. We analyzed the diversity of the gut microbiota to characterize the biological variation of psoriasis (Ps). Significant differences of gut microbiome profiles were revealed in murine model with psoriasis by sequencing 16S rRNA V3-V4 variable region. Group comparisons included the imiquimod cream (IMQ group, n=8), the imiquimod cream and antibiotics (ATB) (PC+IMQ group, n=8) and the healthy control (CTRL group, n=8). The gut microbiota existed in Ps groups including IMQ group and PC+IMQ group encompassed less diversity than controls, which were attributed to decreased presence of several taxa. The two Ps groups were characterized by significant reduction in firmicutes. In this study, microbiota of psoriasis was defined by an increase presence of Bacteroides. After treated with ATB, we found substantial increase of Lactobacillales but significant decrease of Clostridiales and Coriobacteriales. Relative lower abundance of multiple intestinal bacteria was observed in Ps groups. Although part of genera were concomitantly reduced in both IMQ and PC+IMQ conditions, we discovered the specialty of PC+IMQ group samples was that contained lower abundance of beneficial taxa. Characteristics of gut microbiota profiles in Ps mice were comparable to profiles in patients with Ps, which were related to alteration of specific inflammatory proteins in disease groups but were significantly different from control group. Thus, this study emphasizes the role of intestinal microbiota in the pathogenesis of Ps and provides new insight for investigating association between intestinal microbes and immune inflammation.

A perturbação da microbiota intestinal comensal está relacionada à dermatose inflamatória crônica. Analisamos a diversidade da microbiota intestinal para caracterizar a variação biológica da psoríase (Ps). Diferenças significativas do perfil microbiológico intestinal foram reveladas no modelo murino com psoríase pelo sequenciamento da região variável 16S rRNA V3-V4. As comparações de grupo incluíram o creme imiquimod (grupo IMQ, n=8), o creme imiquimod e antibióticos (ATB) (grupo PC+IMQ, n=8) e o controle saudável (grupo CTRL, n=8). A microbiota intestinal existia nos grupos Ps, incluindo o grupo IMQ e o grupo PC+IMQ englobava menos diversidade do que os controles, que foram atribuídos à diminuição da presença de vários taxa. Os dois grupos de Ps caracterizavam-se por uma redução significativa nos firicutes. Neste estudo, a microbiota da psoríase foi definida por um aumento da presença de bacteroides. Após o tratamento com ATB, encontramos um aumento substancial de Lactobacillales mas uma diminuição significativa de Clostridiales e Coriobacteriales. Uma menor abundância relativa de bactérias intestinais múltiplas foi observada nos grupos de Ps. Embora parte dos gêneros tenha sido concomitantemente reduzida tanto em condições IMQ como PC+IMQ, descobrimos que a especialidade das amostras do grupo PC+IMQ era que continham menor abundância de taxas benéficas. As características dos perfis de microbiota intestinal em ratos de Ps eram comparáveis aos perfis em pacientes com Ps, que estavam relacionados à alteração de proteínas inflamatórias específicas em grupos de doenças, mas eram significativamente diferentes do grupo controle. Assim, este estudo enfatiza o papel da microbiota intestinal na patogênese do Ps e fornece novos conhecimentos para investigar a associação entre micróbios intestinais e inflamação imunológica.

Effect of Dietary Tetramethylpyrazine on Egg Production, Nutrient Retention and Cecal Bacterial Diversity in Aged Laying Hens

This study aimed to investigate the effect of tetramethylpyrazine (TMP) supplementation on egg production, nutrient retention and cecal microbiota diversity using 288 commercial Hy-Line brown hens as of wk 75 to 86. Four treatments consisted of TMP addition at 0 (control, basal diet), 100, 150 and 200 mg/kg of diet. The results showed that diets supplemented with TMP addition improved egg-laying rate as of wk 77 compared to the control, which led to an increase (p<0.001) of egg mass by 97-225 g/hen throughout the whole trial, and a linear increase (p=0.003) of egg mass to the incremental TMP doses was found. At wk 86, the apparent digestibilities of dry matter and crude protein were enhanced (p<0.05), exhibiting consistent linear increases (p≤0.033) with the TMP doses. However, TMP did not cause alpha and beta diversity of cecal microbiota. The results suggest that TMP can be an additive to improve egg production and nutrient digestibility of aged laying hens.(AU)

Exploring the rumen microbial community in Guizhou White goats at different ages

This study evaluated the changes in rumen microbiome during the process of age development of farming Guizhou White goats from Southwest China. We conducted high-throughput 16S rRNA gene sequencing to investigate the diversity, structure, and composition of goat rumen microbiota (RM) of 21 goats of different age groups (1, 6, and 12 months). We found that volatile fatty acids (i.e., acetate, propionate, and butyrate) fermented by microbes were found to increase significantly in the sixand one-month-old goats. Results of the genera abundance analysis showed that abundance of eight and seven taxa decreased in six- and one-month-old goats, respectively, compared with that in 12-month-old goats. Additionally, differences in six taxa in six-month-old goats and in one taxon in one-month-old goats were found. In addition, specific gut microbiome was found, which was significantly correlated with rumen fermentation parameters in Guizhou White goats. These results revealed the signature microbiota in RM during various developmental stages in goats raised in Southwest China and can also provide a guiding tool for evaluating rumen health of ruminants worldwide.(AU)

Effect of fermented soybean meal supplementation on some growth performance, blood chemical parameters, and fecal microflora of finishing pigs

This study evaluated the effect of fermented soybean meal (FSBM) supplementation on growth performance, meat quality, blood biochemical parameters, and fecal microflora of finishing pigs. Thirty-two crossbred pigs (Duroc × Landrance × Yorkshire) (66-day-old, 67.95±0.25 kg) were randomly allocated to two treatments and fed diets containing soybean meal and FSBM. The average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI), feed conversion ratio (FCR), blood biochemical parameters, and meat quality index were measured. At the end of experiment, the fecal microflora of finishing pigs was analyzed with 16S rDNA techniques. Results revealed that pigs fed FSBM had a greater ADG and lower cooking loss relative to control group (basal diets). Compared with the control group, the triglyceride content in the serum of the group fed FSBM increased significantly, and the creatinine content in the serum decreased notably. Fermented soybean meal enhanced the abundance of Bacteroidetes, Prevotellaceae, Bcteroidales, Bacteroidia, but inhibited the growth of Firmicutes, Clostridia, Clostridiales, and Ruminococcaceae in the intestine of pigs. Therefore, we can speculate that FSBM may play an important role in animal production. Dietary FSBM supplementation may be beneficial to some aspects of growth performance and the diversity of fecal microflora in finishing pigs.(AU)

Comparison of gut microbial diversity in Beijing oil and Arbor Acres chickens

The Beijing oil (BJO) chicken is an autochthona Chinese breed which shows outstanding meat quality characteristics compared with fast-growing imported chickens such as Arbor Acres (AA) chickens. Gut microbial diversity has been shown to influence host factors such as energy and nutrient metabolism, immune response and fertility. Consequently, it is hoped that analyses into host microbial populations will ultimately help to improve the quality of associated meat products. Two distinct chicken breeds, Arbor Acres (AA) and Beijing oil (BJO), were selected to analyze the composition of the 16S rRNA gene V3-V5 hypervariable regions using high-throughput sequencing technology. Upon elucidation of gut-colonizing bacteria, the Firmicutes were observed to encompass the dominant phylum. The abundance of Firmicutes in the BJO chickens (84.9%) was lower than in the AA chickens (89.9%). Conversely, the prevalence of Proteobacteria was 4.8% in BJO chickens, with a significantly lower abundance observed in AA chickens (1.3%). In the cecum, the Firmicutes were once more the dominant phylum in BJO chickens (60.2%) and AA chickens (63.7%). The abundance of bacteroidetes was 37.7% in BJO chickens and 34.9% in AA chickens, respectively. These discoveries provide a perception into the composition of the gut microbiotain both breeds. The study also provides a foundation for future research relating to gut bacterial factors that may influence the development and progression of gastrointestinal disease in chickens and other animals.(AU)

Comparison of gut microbial diversity in Beijing oil and Arbor Acres chickens

The Beijing oil (BJO) chicken is an autochthona Chinese breed which shows outstanding meat quality characteristics compared with fast-growing imported chickens such as Arbor Acres (AA) chickens. Gut microbial diversity has been shown to influence host factors such as energy and nutrient metabolism, immune response and fertility. Consequently, it is hoped that analyses into host microbial populations will ultimately help to improve the quality of associated meat products. Two distinct chicken breeds, Arbor Acres (AA) and Beijing oil (BJO), were selected to analyze the composition of the 16S rRNA gene V3-V5 hypervariable regions using high-throughput sequencing technology. Upon elucidation of gut-colonizing bacteria, the Firmicutes were observed to encompass the dominant phylum. The abundance of Firmicutes in the BJO chickens (84.9%) was lower than in the AA chickens (89.9%). Conversely, the prevalence of Proteobacteria was 4.8% in BJO chickens, with a significantly lower abundance observed in AA chickens (1.3%). In the cecum, the Firmicutes were once more the dominant phylum in BJO chickens (60.2%) and AA chickens (63.7%). The abundance of bacteroidetes was 37.7% in BJO chickens and 34.9% in AA chickens, respectively. These discoveries provide a perception into the composition of the gut microbiotain both breeds. The study also provides a foundation for future research relating to gut bacterial factors that may influence the development and progression of gastrointestinal disease in chickens and other animals.

The effect of hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate on fatty liver and the composition of the intestinal microbiota in overfed landes geese

Goose fatty liver is a delicious food product and the overfeeding will cause the abnormal physiology of the geese. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of supplementation with hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate (HSCAS) on the fatty liver, ileal and cecal microbiota of Landes geese during overfeeding. Sixty 70-day-old Landes geese (body weight= 3.0 ± 0.05 kg) were randomly divided into three groups, two of which were overfed with whole corn supplemented with or without HSCAS for 20 days when the fatty liver reaches to the maximum size and the negative control group was ad libitum access to the corn basal diet. The intestinal contents of the ileum and cecum from three geese per group were used for high-throughput sequencing. As a result of this study, the HSCAS-treatment led to an increase in relative liver weight (p 0.05) of geese compared with the overfeeding control group. The richness and diversity of the bacterial communities decreased in the ileum and ceca after overfeeding. Overfeeding increased the relative abundance of Firmicutes, especially Lactobacillus, in ileal samples. HSCAS supplementation increased the relative abundance of Lactobacillus, and decreased the relative abundance of Actinobacillus in the ileum and the relative abundance of Erysipelotrichi, Bacteroides and Escherichia in the ceca. Bacterial richness indicators were also increased in samples from ileum and ceca after HSCAS supplementation. In conclusion, dietary HSCAS supplementation promoted liver performance in overfed Landes geese. HSCAS treatment had a beneficial effect on the intestinal microbiota composition in geese during the overfeeding.(AU)

The effect of hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate on fatty liver and the composition of the intestinal microbiota in overfed landes geese

Goose fatty liver is a delicious food product and the overfeeding will cause the abnormal physiology of the geese. The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of supplementation with hydrated sodium calcium aluminosilicate (HSCAS) on the fatty liver, ileal and cecal microbiota of Landes geese during overfeeding. Sixty 70-day-old Landes geese (body weight= 3.0 ± 0.05 kg) were randomly divided into three groups, two of which were overfed with whole corn supplemented with or without HSCAS for 20 days when the fatty liver reaches to the maximum size and the negative control group was ad libitum access to the corn basal diet. The intestinal contents of the ileum and cecum from three geese per group were used for high-throughput sequencing. As a result of this study, the HSCAS-treatment led to an increase in relative liver weight (p 0.05) of geese compared with the overfeeding control group. The richness and diversity of the bacterial communities decreased in the ileum and ceca after overfeeding. Overfeeding increased the relative abundance of Firmicutes, especially Lactobacillus, in ileal samples. HSCAS supplementation increased the relative abundance of Lactobacillus, and decreased the relative abundance of Actinobacillus in the ileum and the relative abundance of Erysipelotrichi, Bacteroides and Escherichia in the ceca. Bacterial richness indicators were also increased in samples from ileum and ceca after HSCAS supplementation. In conclusion, dietary HSCAS supplementation promoted liver performance in overfed Landes geese. HSCAS treatment had a beneficial effect on the intestinal microbiota composition in geese during the overfeeding.

Ecologia da comunidade de helmintos gastrointestinais de tartarugas-verdes ( Chelonia mydas ) recolhidas no litoral do Espírito Santo / Community ecology of gastrointestinal helminths from green turtles (Chelonia mydas) collected in the coast of Espírito Santo

A tartaruga-verde, Chelonia mydas, apresenta distribuição cosmopolita. No Brasil, ocorre na costa, porém desova em ilhas oceânicas. A helmintofauna de tartarugas-verdes é diversificada, podendo-se dizer que tem a maior diversidade comparada com outras espécies de tartarugas. Objetivou-se avaliar aspectos ecológicos da comunidade de helmintos gastrointestinais e relacionar com a condição corporal de tartarugas-verdes recolhidas no litoral do Espírito Santo. Foram utilizados 36 exemplares juvenis da espécie C. mydas. O trato gastrointestinal foi separado e dividido em porções: esôfago/estômago, intestino delgado e intestino grosso. Cada porção foi inspecionada à procura de parasitos, e os exemplares encontrados foram separados para posterior identificação. Das 36 tartarugas avaliadas, 34 estavam parasitadas por helmintos (94,44%), com um total de 10.734 helmintos. Foram encontradas 18 espécies de trematodas pertencentes a quatro famílias. A riqueza de espécies encontrada foi de 4,29±2,19 (1-10) e a intensidade média de infecção foi de 315,64±281,83 (2-994) helmintos. Os parasitos mais prevalentes foram Cricocephalus albus, Metacetabulum invaginatum e Neoctangium travassosi, ambos com 61,11% (22/36), Pronocephalus obliquus com 33,33% (12/36), e Glyphicephalus lobatus com 30,55% (11/36). O helminto mais abundante foi M. invaginatum com 70,63 helmintos/animal, seguido de C. albus com 58,77 helmintos/animal e N. travassosi com 41,75 helmintos/animal.(AU)

The green turtle, Chelonia mydas has worldwide distribution. In Brazil, it is found on the coast, but spawning occurs on oceanic islands. The helminth fauna of green turtles is diverse and has the greatest diversity when compared with other species of turtles. This study aims to evaluate ecological aspects of gastrointestinal helminth community and connect to the body condition of green turtles collected on the coast of Espírito Santo. A total of 36 juvenile specimens of the species C. mydas were used. The gastrointestinal tract was removed and divided into portions: esophagus/stomach, small intestine and large intestine. Each portion was inspected looking for parasites and the specimens found were separated for later identification. Of the 36 turtles evaluated, 34 were parasitized by helminths (94.44%), with a total of 10,734 helminths. Results include findings of 18 species of trematodes belonging to four families. The species richness was 4,29 ± 2,19 (1-10) and the mean intensity of infection was 315,64 ± 281,83 (2-994) helminths. The prevalent parasites were Cricocephalus albus, Metacetabulum invaginatum and Neoctangium travassosi, both with 61,11% (22/36), Pronocephalus obliquus with 33,33% (12/36), and Glyphicephalus lobatus with 30,55% (11/36). The abundant helminth was Metacetabulum invaginatum with helminths 70,63/animal, followed by C. albus with helminths 58,77/animal and N. travassosi with helminths 41,75/animal.(AU)

Ecologia da comunidade de helmintos gastrointestinais de tartarugas-verdes (Chelonia mydas) recolhidas no litoral do Espírito Santo / Community ecology of gastrointestinal helminths from green turtles (Chelonia mydas) collected in the coast of Espírito Santo

A tartaruga-verde, Chelonia mydas, apresenta distribuição cosmopolita. No Brasil, ocorre na costa, porém desova em ilhas oceânicas. A helmintofauna de tartarugas-verdes é diversificada, podendo-se dizer que tem a maior diversidade comparada com outras espécies de tartarugas. Objetivou-se avaliar aspectos ecológicos da comunidade de helmintos gastrointestinais e relacionar com a condição corporal de tartarugas-verdes recolhidas no litoral do Espírito Santo. Foram utilizados 36 exemplares juvenis da espécie C. mydas. O trato gastrointestinal foi separado e dividido em porções: esôfago/estômago, intestino delgado e intestino grosso. Cada porção foi inspecionada à procura de parasitos, e os exemplares encontrados foram separados para posterior identificação. Das 36 tartarugas avaliadas, 34 estavam parasitadas por helmintos (94,44%), com um total de 10.734 helmintos. Foram encontradas 18 espécies de trematodas pertencentes a quatro famílias. A riqueza de espécies encontrada foi de 4,29±2,19 (1-10) e a intensidade média de infecção foi de 315,64±281,83 (2-994) helmintos. Os parasitos mais prevalentes foram Cricocephalus albus, Metacetabulum invaginatum e Neoctangium travassosi, ambos com 61,11% (22/36), Pronocephalus obliquus com 33,33% (12/36), e Glyphicephalus lobatus com 30,55% (11/36). O helminto mais abundante foi M. invaginatum com 70,63 helmintos/animal, seguido de C. albus com 58,77 helmintos/animal e N. travassosi com 41,75 helmintos/animal.(AU)

The green turtle, Chelonia mydas has worldwide distribution. In Brazil, it is found on the coast, but spawning occurs on oceanic islands. The helminth fauna of green turtles is diverse and has the greatest diversity when compared with other species of turtles. This study aims to evaluate ecological aspects of gastrointestinal helminth community and connect to the body condition of green turtles collected on the coast of Espírito Santo. A total of 36 juvenile specimens of the species C. mydas were used. The gastrointestinal tract was removed and divided into portions: esophagus/stomach, small intestine and large intestine. Each portion was inspected looking for parasites and the specimens found were separated for later identification. Of the 36 turtles evaluated, 34 were parasitized by helminths (94.44%), with a total of 10,734 helminths. Results include findings of 18 species of trematodes belonging to four families. The species richness was 4,29 ± 2,19 (1-10) and the mean intensity of infection was 315,64 ± 281,83 (2-994) helminths. The prevalent parasites were Cricocephalus albus, Metacetabulum invaginatum and Neoctangium travassosi, both with 61,11% (22/36), Pronocephalus obliquus with 33,33% (12/36), and Glyphicephalus lobatus with 30,55% (11/36). The abundant helminth was Metacetabulum invaginatum with helminths 70,63/animal, followed by C. albus with helminths 58,77/animal and N. travassosi with helminths 41,75/animal.(AU)

STUDY OF THE REPRODUCTIVE PERFORMANCE AND THE IMMUNOLOGICAL RESPONSE IN ZEBRAFISH (DANIO RERIO) FED WITH BEE POLLEN SUPPLEMENTED DIETS

O pólen de abelha é um produto natural coletado das plantas pelas abelhas e armazenado na colmeia misturado principalmente com enzimas salivares. É uma rica fonte de vários nutrientes, por isso pode ser um excelente suplemento alimentar. Este produto tem sido descrito com múltiplas propriedades benéficas, como efeitos antimicrobianos, imunoestimulantes e antioxidantes, o que se reflete em possíveis características terapêuticas para diferentes situações patológicas. Tendo em vista que a dieta pode estar associada ao desempenho e reprodução dos animais, à modulação da microbiota e ser um fator potencial no desenvolvimento do câncer, este estudo teve como objetivo analisar se a adição de pólen apícola na dieta poderia influenciar na reprodução e imunidade do peixe-zebra. O Danio rerio é um peixe teleósteo tropical de água doce, amplamente utilizado como modelo experimental para estudar a complexa biologia dos vertebrados, pois permite fácil manipulação genética. A identificação dos mecanismos envolvidos nas respostas fisiológicas de peixes submetidos a tratamento complementar com pólen apícola pode fornecer informações importantes para a recomendação deste produto na dieta. O objetivo deste trabalho foi estudar a adição de pólen de abelha à dieta do peixe-zebra, focando seu efeito na reprodução, parâmetros de crescimento, modulação intestinal e resposta ao desenvolvimento tumoral. Os peixes-zebra adultos foram alimentados com diferentes dietas, três vezes ao dia, utilizando ração comercial, artêmia e pólen de abelha. Os peixes receberam as dietas por 60 dias e durante este período foram analisados semanalmente os seguintes parâmetros reprodutivos: número total de ovos, produção de ovos por fêmea, taxa de viabilidade embrionária, taxa de sobrevivência larval após exposição ao vírus da viremia. taxa de sobrevivência após exposição a Salmonellae enterica sorovar Typhimurium e análise do recrutamento de neutrófilos em larvas após lesão na cauda. Após isso, os peixes de cada tratamento foram analisados quanto ao ganho de peso e comprimento, e os intestinos foram coletados para avaliação da microbiota intestinal por meio de análise metagenômica, que permite identificar a diversidade bacteriana entre as amostras. Além disso, foram determinados os níveis de mRNA do gene que criptografa a proteína amilóide A (Saa) nos órgãos abdominais do peixe-zebra e intestinos separados, uma vez que essa proteína é produzida no intestino e no fígado e tem efeitos nas células imunes e algumas bactérias induzem fortemente sua produção. Após 120 dias de dieta, os peixes restantes de cada um dos tratamentos foram avaliados quanto ao crescimento tumoral após o procedimento de alotransplante com melanoma, uma forma muito agressiva de câncer de pele. Nossos resultados mostram que a suplementação de pólen de abelha falhou em melhorar a produção de ovos e a viabilidade embrionária na criação de peixe-zebra. Em contraste, descendentes de reprodutores alimentados com dietas suplementadas com pólen de abelha mostraram aumento da sobrevivência após o desafio do vírus e aumento da migração de neutrófilos para as feridas. Esses resultados indicam que o pólen de abelha pode influenciar a imunidade vertical através de importantes mecanismos relacionados à imunidade da prole em fases iniciais da vida. A dieta de pólen de abelha também revelou abundância microbiana intestinal diferente em nível de família, gênero e espécie em comparação com os peixes do grupo controle; e, inesperadamente, os peixes alimentados com pólen de abelha mostraram uma maior taxa de crescimento tumoral e tumores maiores. Embora alguns estudos atribuam atividades antitumorais ao pólen de abelha, principalmente em experimentos in vitro, nossos resultados mostram que essa relação deve ser questionada. Devido à sua composição variável, os efeitos causados pela ingestão de pólen de abelha necessitam de maiores investigações antes da recomendação, pois também podem variar entre diferentes espécies e estados fisiológicos.

Bee pollen is a natural product collected by bees from plants and stored in the hive mixed mainly with salivary enzymes. It is a rich source of various nutrients, so it can be an excellent dietary supplement. This product has been described with many beneficial properties, such as antimicrobial, immunostimulating and antioxidants effects, which reflects in possible therapeutic features for different pathological situations. As diet can be associated with animal performance and reproduction, microbiota modulation and potentially factor for cancer, this study aimed to analyze if dietary bee pollen addition could influence zebrafish parameters. The zebrafish Danio rerio is a teleost fish from tropical freshwater, widely used as an experimental model to study complex vertebrate biology using many genetic approaches. The identification of mechanisms involved in physiological responses of fish submitted to supplemental treatment with bee pollen can provide important information for the recommendation of this product in the diet of also other species. This work studied bee pollen addition to the zebrafish diet, focusing its effect on reproduction, growth parameters, intestinal modulation and response against tumor development. Adult zebrafish were fed with different diets, three times a day, using commercial feed, brine shrimp and bee pollen. The fish received the diets for 60 days and throughout this period were tested weekly for: total number of eggs, egg production per female, embryo viability rate (72hpf), larval survival rate after exposure to Spring Viramae of Carp virus, larval survival rate after exposure to Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium and analysis of neutrophil recruitment after tail wound. After this, fish from each treatment were analyzed for weight gain and increased length, and the intestines were collected to assess the intestinal microbiota through metagenomics analysis, which enables the identification of bacterial diversity between samples. Also, serum amyloid A (saa) transcript levels from abdominal organs and from separated intestines were analyzed, as the protein encoded by this gene has effects on immune cells and some intestinal bacteria strongly induce its production. After 120 days of diet, fish remaining from each of the treatments were evaluated for tumor growth after melanoma allotransplantation procedure, a very aggressive form of skin cancer. Our results show that bee pollen failed to improve egg production and embryo viability. Instead, the offspring of breeders fed with bee pollen diets showed longer survival upon virus exposure and higher neutrophil migration to wounds. These results indicate that bee pollen can influence vertical immunity through important mechanisms related to offspring immunity in the early stages. Bee pollen diet also revealed different gut microbial abundance at family, genus and species level compared with fish from control group; and, unexpectedly, fish fed with bee pollen showed higher tumor growth rate and larger tumor size. Although some studies attribute bee pollen with antitumor activities, mostly in vitro experiments, our results show that this link should be questioned. Due to its variable composition, the effects caused by bee pollen ingestion need deeper investigation before recommendation, as it can also vary between different species and physiological states.

EFEITOS DA ADMINISTRAÇÃO PROFILÁTICA PÓS-ECLOSÃO DE CEFTIOFUR E DA SUPLEMENTAÇÃO COM SANGUINARINA NA MICROBIOTA CECAL DE PINTINHOS

A aplicação profilática de ceftiofur em frangos de corte recém-eclodidos é uma prática comum em vários incubatórios. Investigamos os efeitos dessa prática na microbiota cecal de pintinhos de 14 dias. Além disso, também investigamos os efeitos da suplementação dietética da sanguinarina como aditivo alimentar fitogênico na microbiota intestinal. As amostras de DNA foram extraídas do conteúdo cecal, amplificadas para as regiões v3-v4 do gene 16S rRNA microbiano e sequenciadas em uma plataforma ilumina Miseq. Após bioinformática a jusante e análises estatísticas, nossos resultados demonstraram que os tratamentos envolvendo tanto o ceftiofur como a sanguinarina aumentaram as proporções do filo Bacteroidetes e dos gêneros Bacteroides e Megamonas no ceco das aves, enquanto reduziram a abundância relativa do filo Firmicutes e da família Lachnospiraceae. A inferência gênica indicou um aumento nas vias metabólicas associadas à digestibilidade na microbiota de aves tratadas com ceftiofur. As mudanças de diversidade e abundância na comunidade bacteriana cecal de frangos de corte, desencadeados pelo ceftiofur, foram semelhantes às observadas nas aves que receberam dieta suplementada com sanguinarina. Tais descobertas apoiam relatos anteriores sobre os benefícios da sanguinarina na produtividade como uma alternativa para melhorar a saúde animal.

The prophylactic application of ceftiofur to newly hatched broiler chickens is a common practice in several hatcheries. We investigated the effects of this practice on the cecal microbiota of 14 days-old chicks. Furthermore, we also investigated the effects of the dietary supplementation of sanguinarine on the gut microbiota. DNA samples were extracted from cecal contents, amplified for thev3-v4 regions of the microbial 16S rRNA gene and sequenced in an Illumina Miseq platform. After downstream bioinformatics and statistical analyses, our results demonstrated that both treatments involving ceftiofur and sanguinarine treatments increased the proportions of the phylum Bacteroidetes, and the genus Bacteroides and Megamonas in the cecum of birds while reduced the relative abundance of the Firmicutes phylum and the Lachnospiraceae family. The functional prediction indicated an increase in metabolic pathways associated with digestibility in the microbiota of birds treated with ceftiofur. Diversity and abundance changes in the cecal bacterial community of broiler chickens triggered by ceftiofur were similar to those observed in the birds receiving sanguinarine-supplemented diet. Such findings support previous reports on the productivity benefits of sanguinarine as an alternative compound to improve gut health.

USO DE PREBIÓTICOS E PROBIÓTICOS NA NUTRIÇÃO DE CÃES

Prebióticos e probióticos tem sido largamente utilizados na indústria de pet food, principalmente com a função de melhorar a saúde intestinal e aumentar a longevidade de cães. Prebiótico é um ingrediente alimentar não digestível pelas enzimas do intestino delgado que beneficia o organismo por estimular seletivamente o crescimento e/ou atividade de determinadas bactérias no cólon, promovendo a saúde do hospedeiro. Já os probióticos, são produtos constituídos por microrganismos vivos que, uma vez introduzidos no organismo animal influenciam beneficamente o hospedeiro por meio da melhoria do balanço microbiano intestinal. Desta forma, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a inclusão de levedura autolisada ou Bacillus subtilis em dietas de cães. No experimento I foram utilizadas as seguintes dietas: controle, sem adição de levedura (CO); Dieta CO + 1% de levedura autolisada adicionada na massa (1%M) e Dieta CO + 1% de levedura autolisada adicionada por cobertura (1%C). Para digestibilidade e produtos de fermentação intestinal, foram utilizados 15 cães adultos da raça Beagle, distribuídos inteiramente ao acaso, com 5 repetições por tratamento. Os cães foram alimentados durante 30 dias com as dietas experimentais (n=5), sendo 25 dias de adaptação e 5 dias de coleta total de fezes. No teste de preferência alimentar foram utilizados 16 cães e realizados as seguintes comparações: CO vs 1%M; CO vs 1%C e 1%M vs 1%C. Cada teste foi realizado por um período de 2 dias, totalizando 32 repetições. Houve maior número de primeiras escolhas para a dieta 1%C, em relação às demais dietas (P<0,05). Para a razão de ingestão, nos testes entre os tratamentos CO vs 1%M e CO vs 1%C os cães consumiram maior quantidade da dieta CO e 1%C (P<0,01), respectivamente. No experimento II, dezesseis cães Beagle adultos foram distribuídos aleatoriamente (n = 8) para um dos dois tratamentos dietéticos por 33 dias: controle (sem probiótico) e probiótico (B. subtilis C-3102, 1 x 106 UFC / g de dieta). Não houve diferença entre os coeficientes de digestibilidade aparente do trato total (CTTAD) e a energia metabolizável (EM) das dietas (P> 0,05). Da mesma forma, não houve diferenças para o pH fecal e ácido siálico (P> 0,05). No entanto, maior escore fecal (P <0,001), conteúdo de matéria seca (P = 0,021) e concentração de ácido propiônico (P = 0,039) e menor odor fecal (P <0,001) e amônia (P = 0,037) foram observados em cães alimentados com probiótico. O sequenciamento do gene 16S rRNA revelou que a adição de B. subtilis alterou a microbiota intestinal de cães. Alterações proporcionais da microbiota intestinal entre os grupos foram detectadas em quatro filos principais e 13 gêneros de bactérias (P <0,05). A diversidade bacteriana do intestino foi maior (P = 0,021) em cães alimentados com probiótico. Dessas mudanças, o interesse particular foi a maior abundância de Faecalibacterium em cães alimentados com probiótico, que é considerado como tendo efeitos benéficos sobre a saúde intestinal. A inclusão de 1% de levedura autolisada em cobertura aumenta a palatabilidade de alimentos destinados a cães em relação à dieta controle. Já a inclusão de 33 g/tonelada de B. subtilis na dieta aumenta a consistência e o ácido propiônico fecal e reduz a amônia e o odor das fezes dos cães. Ainda, altera a microbiota intestinal, mas não afeta a digestibilidade dos nutrientes e energia da dieta.

Prebiotics and probiotics have been widely used in the pet food industry, mainly with the function of improving intestinal health and increasing the longevity of dogs. Prebiotic is a food ingredient not digestible by small intestine enzymes that benefits the body by selectively stimulating the growth and/ or activity of certain bacteria in the colon, promoting the health of the host. Probiotics are products composed of living microorganisms that, once introduced into the animal organism, beneficially influence the host by improving the intestinal microbial balance. Thus, the objective of this work was to evaluate the inclusion of autolysed yeast or Bacillus subtilis in dog diets. In the experiment I the following diets were used: control, without addition of yeast (CO); Diet CO + 1% of autolysed yeast added in the mass (1% M) and Diet CO + 1% of autolysed yeast added by coverage (1% C). For digestibility and intestinal fermentation products, 15 adult beagle dogs were used, randomly distributed with 5 replicates per treatment. Dogs were fed for 30 days with experimental diets (n = 5), 25 days of adaptation and 5 days of total collection of feces. In the food preference test, 16 dogs were used and the following comparisons were made: CO vs 1% M; CO vs 1% C and 1% M vs 1% C. Each test was performed for a period of 2 days, totaling 32 replicates. There were more first choices for the 1% C diet, in relation to the other diets (P <0.05). For the intake ratio, in the tests between CO treatments vs 1% M and CO vs 1% C the dogs consumed higher amounts of the diet CO and 1% C (P <0.01), respectively. In the experiment II, sixteen adult Beagle dogs were randomly assigned (n=8) to one of the two dietary treatments for 33 days: control (no probiotic) and probiotic (B. subtilis C-3102, 1 x 106 CFU/g diet). There was no difference between the coefficients of total tract apparent digestibility (CTTAD) and metabolisable energy (ME) of diets (P > 0.05). Likewise, there were no differences for faecal pH and sialic acid (P > 0.05). However, greater faecal score (P < 0.001), dry matter content (P = 0.021) and propionic acid concentration (P = 0.039) and lower faecal odor (P < 0.001) and ammonia (P = 0.037) were observed in dogs fed with probiotic. The 16S rRNA gene sequencing revealed that the addition of B. subtilis altered gut microbiota of dogs. Proportional changes of gut microbiota between groups were detected in four major phyla and 13 genera of bacteria (P < 0.05). Gut bacterial diversity was greater (P = 0.021) in dogs fed probiotic. Of these changes, particular interest was the greater abundance of Faecalibacterium in dogs fed probiotic, which is considered to have beneficial effects on gut health. The inclusion of 1% of autolysed yeast in cover increases the palatability of foods destined to dogs in relation to the control diet. Already the inclusion of 33 g/ tonne B. subtilis in the diet increases the consistency and the fecal propionic acid and reduces the ammonia and the odor of the feces of the dogs. Still, it alters the intestinal microbiota, but does not affect the digestibility of nutrients and dietary energy.

Phenotypic and genotypic features of the Salmonella enterica serovar Heidelberg strain UFPR1 and insights about intestinal microbiota in feral and broiler chickens

Salmonelas paratíficas são patógenos relevantes sob uma perspectiva clínica e de saúde pública. A Salmonella enterica sorovar Heidelberg (SH) frequentemente causa doenças transmitidas por alimentos em humanos e é frequentemente encontrada em avicultura em vários países, causando perdas econômicas e preocupações relacionadas à saúde pública. Neste cenário, gerou-se uma riqueza de informações sobre uma cepa emergente brasileira de SH, UFPR1, a fim de compreender sua variação genética, patogenicidade, resistência e medidas alternativas de controle. No Capítulo 1, o primeiro genoma completo da cepa SH UFPR1 é relatado, revelando 11 fragmentos genômicos ausentes em comparação a uma cepa SH resistente a múltiplos fármacos, o que explica a alta suscetibilidade a antibióticos e resistência a ácidos orgânicos de cadeia curta. No Capítulo 2, um probiótico composto por três cepas de Bacillus subtilis melhorou o desempenho animal quando alimentado a 250 g/ton e reduziu a colonização de SH UFPR1 no trato gastrintestinal. O probiótico mobilizou as células imunes e promoveu importantes alterações histológicas, relacionada à ativação da resposta de defesa e absorção intestinal. Além disso, a suplementação de probiótico aumentou a diversidade da microbiota cecal e alterou alguns grupos bacterianos comensais no íleo. Estudos sobre o microbioma intestinal e a imunidade inata em frangos geneticamente diferentes e inseridos em ambientes mais naturais são raros e podem nos fornecer ideias sobre a evolução e a ecologia dos patógenos, comensais e hospedeiro. No Capítulo 3, estudamos duas populações de aves feralizadas em Bermudas e no Havaí, comparando a composição da microbiota intestinal e a resposta imune inata a um grupo de frangos de corte comerciais. O sequenciamento de alto rendimento revelou a presença de uma microbiota central e algumas comunidades exclusivas em aves feralizadas e comerciais. A perda progressiva da diversidade microbiana no grupo de frangos de corte pode estar correlacionada a uma resposta imune inata vulnerável e interessantemente mediada por toll-like receptors (TLRs). Mais estudos serão necessários para distinguir características genotípicas e fenotípicas de diferentes cepas e variantes de Salmonella, a fim de melhorar e identificar medidas específicas de controle. Além disso, mais pesquisas envolvendo a feralização são úteis para esclarecer e explorar possíveis elos relacionados a mudanças evolutivas concomitantes, visando melhorar a produtividade e produzir produtos avícolas mais seguros.

Non-typhoidal Salmonella are relevant pathogens under a clinical and public health perspective. Salmonella enterica serovar Heidelberg (SH) frequently causes food-borne illness in humans and are frequently found in broiler operations in several countries, causing economic losses and health-related concerns. This research effort has generated a wealth of information on an emergent Brazilian SH, UFPR1 strain, in order to understand its genetic variation, pathogenicity, resistance and alternative measures of control. In the Chapter 1, the first complete genome of SH UFPR1 strain is reported, revealing 11 missing genomic fragments in comparison with a multidrug resistant SH strain, which explains the high susceptibility to antibiotics and short-chain organic acids resistance. In the Chapter 2, a probiotic composed by three strains of Bacillus subtilis improved animal performance when fed at 250 g/ton and reduced SH UFPR1 colonization in the gastrointestinal tract. The probiotic mobilized immune cells and promoted important histologic alteration, related to activation of defense response and gut absorption. In addition, the supplementation of probiotic increased the diversity of cecal microbiota and increased some commensal bacterial groups in ileum. Studies about gut microbiome and innate immunity in chickens genetically different and inserted in more natural environments are rare and can provide us insights about evolution and ecology of the pathogens, commensals and the host. In the Chapter 3, we studied two populations of feral chickens in Bermuda and Hawaii, comparing their gut microbiota composition and innate immune response to a group of modern broiler chickens. High throughput sequencing revealed the presence of a core microbiota and some exclusive taxa in feral and broiler chickens. The progressive loss of the microbial diversity in the broilers group may be correlated to a vulnerable and interesting innate immune response mediated by TLRs. Further work will be needed to distinguish genotypic and phenotypic features of different Salmonella serovars and strains in order to enhance and identify specific measures of control. Also, more research involving feralization is useful to clarify and explore possible links related to concomitant evolutionary changes, aiming to improve productivity and produce safer poultry products.