Artéria subclávia direita aberrante em cão - aspectos clínicos e de imagem / Aberrant right subclavian artery in a dog - clinical and imaging aspects

Background: Aberrant right subclavian artery is only rarely observed in veterinary medicine. Some animals may present postprandial regurgitation and progressive weight loss, which is considered an incidental finding unrelated to clinical alterations. Advanced imaging techniques such as thoracic CT scan, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and contrast angiography are used for the accurate detection of lesions, anatomical changes and specific information about vascular rings. This paper describes the clinical changes, imaging exams and therapeutic approach in a female dog with megaesophagus induced by an aberrant right subclavian artery. Case: A 2-month-old female bull terrier, weighing 1.6 kg, with a history of regurgitation immediately or a few minutes after a meal, diarrhea, polyphagia, progressive emaciation and apathy for 45 days, was treated at a University Veterinary Hospital. The dog's physical examination revealed 7% dehydration and body condition score 1 (scale 1 to 5), but no cardiac or pulmonary alterations upon auscultation. The hematological analysis and renal and hepatic serum enzymes were within the normal range for the species. In view of the presumptive clinical diagnosis of vascular anomaly, suggested by the contrast X-ray examination, a chest tomography was performed, which revealed altered aortic arch shape and contours, and a posterior aneurysm in the area of abnormal connection of the right subclavian artery. The patient was released with a prescription for conservative dietary management for megaesophagus. Within two weeks, the patient returned with a report of a good response to the prescribed therapy, absence of vomiting and diarrhea, and an increase in body weight. Surgical correction was recommended, but has not been performed so far, but conservative treatment for megaesophagus was continued. No further episodes of regurgitation were identified during the nine-month follow-up period. Discussion: In the case reported here, the right subclavian artery is considered anatomically atypical because it arises directly from the aortic arch. This vascular anomaly passes on to the right pectoral limb, dorsal to the esophagus, contracting it in its dorsal aspect. It tends to affect purebred dogs, occurring more frequently in Irish setters, German shepherds and Labrador retrievers, although it has been described in other breeds such as the bull terrier documented here and mixed breed dogs. Vascular ring anomalies may not cause clinical changes in animals and represent only incidental findings, or they may lead to gastrointestinal changes resulting from esophageal stricture, contributing to megaesophagus and clinical signs of esophageal obstruction, especially in recently weaned puppies. Such alterations were observed in this case, with the dog presenting regurgitation, immediately or a few minutes after a meal, megaesophagus, diarrhea and progressive weight loss. A CT scan was performed to confirm the type and location of the vascular anomaly and diagnostic accuracy, as recommended in the literature. Dietary therapy is one of the approaches adopted for patients presenting with regurgitation resulting from megaesophagus secondary to vascular anomalies. The dog in this report responded well to the medical therapy; nevertheless, the treatment of choice to correct the esophageal obstruction caused by this anomaly is surgical sectioning of the aberrant vessel by right intercostal thoracotomy, given that the degree of esophageal dilation and dysfunction tends to increase over time. However, at this time, the animal's owner decided to suspend the recommended surgical procedure.

Displasia renal em filhote de tamanduá bandeira (Myrmecophaga trydactila) de vida livre - aspectos ultrassonográficos e tomográficos / Renal dysplasia in a free-living giant anteater cub (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) - ultrasonographic and tomographic aspects

Background: Renal dysplasia is a congenital disorder that occurs during differentiation of the renal parenchyma or as aconsequence of a functional and/or structural obstruction of the lower urinary tract. In wild animals, this pathology has beenreported in cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis), golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) and African elephants(Loxodanta africana). However, there are no reports of the disease in the giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla). Thus,this paper describes a case of renal dysplasia in a free-living giant anteater cub, which was sent to the wild animal clinicof the Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT) in Cuiabá, MT, Brazil.Case: The rescued animal had a good body condition score and clinical parameters within the normal range for the species.After a routine clinical evaluation, the anteater cub was subjected to radiography and ultrasound tests. Blood tests, serumtests for hepatic and renal profiles, urinalysis, urinary protein creatinine ratio, and chest X-rays did not reveal significantchanges. However, the abdominal ultrasound examination revealed a volumetric loss of about 1.17 cm in length in theleft kidney, and a renal length to aortic artery diameter ratio of approximately 2.8. This kidney showed irregular contours,loss of corticomedullary demarcation, with preserved echogenicity and cortical echotexture. The right kidney showedthe standard size of the species, with a length of approximately 3.08 cm. In view of the suspicion of renal dysplasia, acontrast-enhanced CT scan was performed in order to assess the dynamics of uptake and excretion of the contrast mediumin the affected kidney and in the ipsilateral collecting system. An examination of the tomographic images indicated thatthe volume of the left kidney was reduced, isodense in relation to the right kidney, with discrete and homogeneous uptakein all phases after administration of the contrast medium, no occurrence of nephrogram...

Displasia renal em filhote de tamanduá bandeira (Myrmecophaga trydactila) de vida livre - aspectos ultrassonográficos e tomográficos / Renal dysplasia in a free-living giant anteater cub (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) - ultrasonographic and tomographic aspects

Background: Renal dysplasia is a congenital disorder that occurs during differentiation of the renal parenchyma or as aconsequence of a functional and/or structural obstruction of the lower urinary tract. In wild animals, this pathology has beenreported in cynomolgus monkeys (Macaca fascicularis), golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) and African elephants(Loxodanta africana). However, there are no reports of the disease in the giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla). Thus,this paper describes a case of renal dysplasia in a free-living giant anteater cub, which was sent to the wild animal clinicof the Federal University of Mato Grosso (UFMT) in Cuiabá, MT, Brazil.Case: The rescued animal had a good body condition score and clinical parameters within the normal range for the species.After a routine clinical evaluation, the anteater cub was subjected to radiography and ultrasound tests. Blood tests, serumtests for hepatic and renal profiles, urinalysis, urinary protein creatinine ratio, and chest X-rays did not reveal significantchanges. However, the abdominal ultrasound examination revealed a volumetric loss of about 1.17 cm in length in theleft kidney, and a renal length to aortic artery diameter ratio of approximately 2.8. This kidney showed irregular contours,loss of corticomedullary demarcation, with preserved echogenicity and cortical echotexture. The right kidney showedthe standard size of the species, with a length of approximately 3.08 cm. In view of the suspicion of renal dysplasia, acontrast-enhanced CT scan was performed in order to assess the dynamics of uptake and excretion of the contrast mediumin the affected kidney and in the ipsilateral collecting system. An examination of the tomographic images indicated thatthe volume of the left kidney was reduced, isodense in relation to the right kidney, with discrete and homogeneous uptakein all phases after administration of the contrast medium, no occurrence of nephrogram...(AU)

Hydronephrosis in a dog related to ovariosalpingohysterectomy

Background: Hydronephrosis is the dilation of the pelvis and renal calyxes due to post-renal obstruction. The obstruction is often associated with extraluminal masses, blood clots and ureter ligation in castration procedures. Ureter ligation is reported as a malpractice. The renal function is reestablished if ligation is rapidly undone, but not for obstructions longer than four weeks. Often, clinical signs are results from months to years after the castration, when nephrectomy is the best therapeutic option. This paper aims to report a case of asymptomatic unilateral hydronephrosis in a 10-year-old dog caused by chronic ureter occlusion with Nylon 3.0 suture during an elective procedure. Case: A 10-year-old female pinscher dog, spayed 3 years ago was admitted at the Surgery Department of the Veterinary Hospital of the Federal University of Jataí (HV-UFJ). The animal was taken for periodontal treatment. In the physical and laboratory examination (complete blood count, hepatic and renal biochemical tests) no significant and noteworthy alterations were found. Ultrasonographic examination showed no changes in the topography and echotexture of the left kidney, however the right kidney was not visualized, with an anechoic structure suggestive of advanced and severe hydronephrosis. Therefore, exploratory laparotomy was proposed to identify the observed structure, with the periodontal treatment considered for a later time. So, a retroumbilical incision was made, followed by linea alba and the removal of simple isolated suture remaining from previous surgical procedure. In the cavity, the viscera were isolated and the left kidney was identified, observing preserved anatomy. On the other hand, the right kidney had altered topography and morphology, being exposed after release of adhesions in adjacent structures. The right renal artery and vein were dissected and a double ligature was made. Then, the right ureter was dissected, observing marked dilatation in the proximal portion and the presence of local ligation with Nylon 3.0. Right ureterectomy and right nephrectomy were performed. After nephrectomy, the capsule was ruptured, observing dark fluid in it and absence of tissue compatible with renal parenchyma. The material was preserved in 10% formaldehyde and sent for histopathological examination. Histopathology revealed risk of rupture of the renal capsule due to the advance of renal degeneration and complete absence of parenchyma. However, contrary to the severity of the histopathological, surgical and ultrasonographic findings, the patient did not present clinical signs at the time of diagnosis. Discussion: In the intraoperative evaluation, the cause of the hydronephrosis was verified to be in fact the ligation of the ureter, which may have been accidental or due to the malpractice of the veterinarian surgeon. Other possible causes such as adhesions and granulomas were ruled out because the Nylon 3.0 suture was found in the proximal portion of the right ureter. It is believed that the patient may have presented clinical signs of hydronephrosis that may have been confused by the tutors as postoperative complications, changes that if identified and performed in time, could have avoided the occurrence or worsening of hydronephrosis and subsequent nephrectomy. Clinically, the bitch did not show clinical signs presented in the literature as consistent with hydronephrosis such as polyuria, polydipsia, abdominalgia, external fistula and anorexia. Therefore, it is believed that this case is one of the first reports of the occurrence of severe hydronephrosis without typical clinical manifestations of hydronephrosis. This fact raises a warning about the thorough monitoring in the postoperative period by owners and veterinarians, in addition to highlighting concerns regarding the occurrence of medical malpractice versus surgical accidents.

Assessment of remnant liver function and volume after selective ligation of portal vein and hepatic artery in a rat model

Purpose: To evaluate liver regeneration after selective ligation of portal vein and hepatic artery by 3D Computed Tomography in an experimental model. Methods: Sixteen Wistar rats were randomized into four equal groups: Group I- control (sham), Group II- isolated selective ligation of the hepatic artery, Group III- isolated selective ligation of the portal vein and Group IV- combined ligation of portal vein and hepatic artery. Before procedure and five days after a 3D CT Scan was performed to analyze the hypertrophy, weight and function of the remnant liver. Results: The largest regeneration rate and increase of weight in the hypertrophied lobe was detected in group IV, the first with an average of 3.99 (p=0.006) and the last varying from 6.10g to 9.64g (p=0.01). However, total liver weight and the R1 ratio (Hypertrophied Lobe Weight/Total Liver Weight) was higher in group III (P 0.001) when compared with groups I, II and IV and showed no difference between them. The immunohistochemical examination with PCNA also found higher percentages with statistical significance differences in rats of groups III and IV. It was possible to confirm a strong correlation between hypertrophied lobe weight and its imaging volumetric study. Liver function tests only showed a significant difference in serum gamma-glutamyltransferase and phosphorous. Conclusion: There is a largest liver regeneration after combined ligation of portal vein and hepatic artery and this evidence may improve the knowledge of surgical treatment of liver injuries, with a translational impact in anima nobile.(AU)

Relationship between serum MMP-9 level and prognosis after radical resection for Hilar cholangiocarcinoma patients

Purpose: To analyze the preoperative serum matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) levels and prognosis of patients with hilar cholangiocarcinoma (HC) undergoing radical resection. Methods: Preoperative serum MMP-9 levels in patients with HC undergoing radical resection were detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The ROC curve assay was used to analyze the preoperative serum MMP-9 level to determine the most valuable cut-off point. The relationship between MMP-9 and clinicopathological features of HC patients was analyzed. Kaplan-Meier method was used to analyze the prognostic factors, and COX regression model was used to analyze the independent risk factors affecting prognosis. Results: Preoperative serum MMP-9 levels were significantly elevated in the death patients compared with the survival patients. The most valuable cut-off point for preoperative serum MMP-9 for prognosis was 201.93 ng/mL. Preoperative serum MMP-9 was associated with Bismuth-Corlette classification) and lymph node metastasis. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that MMP-9, Bismuth-Corlette classification, Lymph node metastasis, Portal vein invasion, Hepatic artery invasion, Liver invasion, Incised margin, and Preoperative biliary drainage were related to prognosis. Cox regression model confirmed that hepatic artery invasion, liver invasion, incised margin, and MMP-9 have the potential to independence predicate prognosis in HC patients. Conclusion: Preoperative serum MMP-9 has high predictive value for prognosis and is an independent influencing factor for the prognosis of patients with hilar cholangiocarcinoma.(AU)

Splenic ischemic preconditioning attenuates oxidative stress induced by hepatic ischemia-reperfusion in rats

Purpose: To evaluate the effects of splenic ischemic preconditioning (sIPC) on oxidative stress induced by hepatic ischemia-reperfusion in rats. Methods: Fifteen male Wistar rats were equally divided into 3 groups: SHAM, IRI and sIPC. Animals from IRI group were subjected to 45 minutes of partial liver ischemia (70%). In the sIPC group, splenic artery was clamped in 2 cycles of 5 min of ischemia and 5 min of reperfusion (20 min total) prior to hepatic ischemia. SHAM group underwent the same surgical procedures as in the remaining groups, but no liver ischemia or sIPC were induced. After 1h, hepatic and splenic tissue samples were harvested for TBARS, CAT, GPx and GSH-Rd measurement. Results: sIPC treatment significantly decreased both hepatic and splenic levels of TBARS when compared to IRI group (p<0.01). Furthermore, the hepatic and splenic activities of CAT, GPx and GSH-Rd were significantly higher in sIPC group than in IRI group. Conclusion: sIPC was able to attenuate hepatic and splenic IRI-induced oxidative stress.(AU)

One-stage laparoscopic nephrectomy and ovariohysterectomy for concurrent dioctophymosis and pyometra in a bitch

Background: Dioctophyme renale, also known as “giant kidney worm”, is a cosmopolitan parasite, which usually affects domestic and wildlife canids in wetlands. Nephrotomy and nephrectomy are the only treatment options. Laparoscopic nephrectomy for dioctophymosis was first performed in veterinary patients in the late 90’s. Canine pyometra is one of the most frequent surgical disorder in the small animal setting. The purpose of this study was to report a case of successful one-stage laparoscopic approach for nephrectomy and ovariohysterectomy in a bitch.Case: A female stray dog, rescued from a riverside community, was presenting hematuria. Abdominal echography revealed presence of Dioctophyme renale worms within the right renal parenchyma. Moreover, the uterus was moderately filled by anechoic content. The patient was clinically stable and undergone laparoscopy. A 10-mm trocar was established at the middle third of the right flank, followed by 12-mmHg CO2 insufflation. The telescope was inserted and a giant worm was seen free within the abdominal cavity. A second 10-mm port was inserted cranial and dorsally to the first one. The parasite was retrieved using a laparoscopic Kelly forceps. A third 5-mm trocar was inserted in a classic laparoscopic triangulation port positioning. Renal artery and vein were individually triple ligated using titanium clips and then transected. The right ovarian pedicle was sequentially coagulated and transected using laparoscopic bipolar forceps. The right kidney was then dissected and detached from the abdominal wall, followed by cauterization and transection of the left ovarian pedicle. The uterus was exposed out of the abdominal cavity through the 5-mm port access. Uterine body and vessels were double ligated using polyglactin 910, with transfixating ligatures, and then transected. The opening of the retrieval bag was exposed through the cranial port site incision.[...]

One-stage laparoscopic nephrectomy and ovariohysterectomy for concurrent dioctophymosis and pyometra in a bitch

Background: Dioctophyme renale, also known as “giant kidney worm”, is a cosmopolitan parasite, which usually affects domestic and wildlife canids in wetlands. Nephrotomy and nephrectomy are the only treatment options. Laparoscopic nephrectomy for dioctophymosis was first performed in veterinary patients in the late 90s. Canine pyometra is one of the most frequent surgical disorder in the small animal setting. The purpose of this study was to report a case of successful one-stage laparoscopic approach for nephrectomy and ovariohysterectomy in a bitch.Case: A female stray dog, rescued from a riverside community, was presenting hematuria. Abdominal echography revealed presence of Dioctophyme renale worms within the right renal parenchyma. Moreover, the uterus was moderately filled by anechoic content. The patient was clinically stable and undergone laparoscopy. A 10-mm trocar was established at the middle third of the right flank, followed by 12-mmHg CO2 insufflation. The telescope was inserted and a giant worm was seen free within the abdominal cavity. A second 10-mm port was inserted cranial and dorsally to the first one. The parasite was retrieved using a laparoscopic Kelly forceps. A third 5-mm trocar was inserted in a classic laparoscopic triangulation port positioning. Renal artery and vein were individually triple ligated using titanium clips and then transected. The right ovarian pedicle was sequentially coagulated and transected using laparoscopic bipolar forceps. The right kidney was then dissected and detached from the abdominal wall, followed by cauterization and transection of the left ovarian pedicle. The uterus was exposed out of the abdominal cavity through the 5-mm port access. Uterine body and vessels were double ligated using polyglactin 910, with transfixating ligatures, and then transected. The opening of the retrieval bag was exposed through the cranial port site incision.[...](AU)

ORIGEM E DISTRIBUIÇÃO DA ARTÉRIA CELÍACA EM PREÁS (Galea spixii Wagler, 1831)

Abstract For this study we used 20 animals that were in the freezer at the Wild Animals Multiplication Center (CEMAS/UFERSA). The animals were thawed, the abdominal cavity was opened, and the thoracic aorta cannulated caudally for the injection of red-stained latex Neoprene 650, and then fixed in formaldehyde solution 10%, for a minimum of 48 hours. Then the animals were dissected, photographed, and the results analyzed. The celiac artery originated from the abdominal aorta and issued the left gastric, splenic, and hepatic arteries. The left gastric artery issued two to three branches to the lesser curvature of the stomach. The splenic artery emitted four branches to the parenchyma of the spleen, six to twelve pancreatic branches and the left gastroepiploic artery. The hepatic artery emitted from one to two pancreatic branches and forked in a short trunk formed by right gastric and own hepatic arteries and in the gastroduodenal artery, which originated the cranial pancreaticoduodenal and right gastroepiploic. The trifurcation behavior of the celiac artery of the yellow-toothed cavy is similar to that found in rodents such as nutria, agouti, hamsters and mice, suggesting that this is the standard for the order.

Resumo Para o estudo foram utilizados 20 animais, que estavam em freezer no Centro de Multiplicação de Animais Silvestres (CEMAS/UFERSA). Os animais foram descongelados, a cavidade abdominal aberta e a aorta torácica canulada no sentido caudal para injeção de solução de látex Neoprene 650 corado de vermelho e, em seguida, fixados em solução de formaldeído a 10%, por um período mínimo de 48 horas, para que pudessem ser dissecados, fotografados e os resultados analisados. A artéria celíaca originou-se da aorta abdominal e emitiu as artérias gástrica esquerda, lienal e esplênica. A artéria gástrica esquerda emitiu de dois a três ramos à região da curvatura menor do estômago. A artéria lienal emitiu quatro ramos ao parênquima do baço, de seis a doze ramos pancreáticos e a artéria gastroepiplóica esquerda. A artéria hepática emitiu de um a dois ramos pancreáticos e bifurcou-se em um curto tronco formado pelas artérias gástrica direita e hepática própria e ainda na artéria gastroduodenal, que originava a pancreaticoduodenal cranial e gastroepiplóica direita. O comportamento de trifurcação da artéria celíaca do preá assemelha-se ao encontrado em roedores, como o nutria, a cutia, o hamster e os ratos, o que sugere que este seja o padrão para a ordem.

Origem e distribuição da artéria celíaca em preás (Galea spixii Wagler, 1831) / Origin and distribution of the celiac artery in yellow-toothed cavies (Galea spixii Wagler, 1831)

Para o estudo foram utilizados 20 animais, que estavam em freezer no Centro de Multiplicação de Animais Silvestres (CEMAS/UFERSA). Os animais foram descongelados, a cavidade abdominal aberta e a aorta torácica canulada no sentido caudal para injeção de solução de látex Neoprene 650 corado de vermelho e, em seguida, fixados em solução de formaldeído a 10%, por um período mínimo de 48 horas, para que pudessem ser dissecados, fotografados e os resultados analisados. A artéria celíaca originou-se da aorta abdominal e emitiu as artérias gástrica esquerda, lienal e esplênica. A artéria gástrica esquerda emitiu de dois a três ramos à região da curvatura menor do estômago. A artéria lienal emitiu quatro ramos ao parênquima do baço, de seis a doze ramos pancreáticos e a artéria gastroepiplóica esquerda. A artéria hepática emitiu de um a dois ramos pancreáticos e bifurcou-se em um curto tronco formado pelas artérias gástrica direita e hepática própria e ainda na artéria gastroduodenal, que originava a pancreaticoduodenal cranial e gastroepiplóica direita. O comportamento de trifurcação da artéria celíaca do preá assemelha-se ao encontrado em roedores, como o nutria, a cutia, o hamster e os ratos, o que sugere que este seja o padrão para a ordem.(AU)

For this study we used 20 animals that were in the freezer at the Wild Animals Multiplication Center (CEMAS/UFERSA). The animals were thawed, the abdominal cavity was opened, and the thoracic aorta cannulated caudally for the injection of red-stained latex Neoprene 650, and then fixed in formaldehyde solution 10%, for a minimum of 48 hours. Then the animals were dissected, photographed, and the results analyzed. The celiac artery originated from the abdominal aorta and issued the left gastric, splenic, and hepatic arteries. The left gastric artery issued two to three branches to the lesser curvature of the stomach. The splenic artery emitted four branches to the parenchyma of the spleen, six to twelve pancreatic branches and the left gastroepiploic artery. The hepatic artery emitted from one to two pancreatic branches and forked in a short trunk formed by right gastric and own hepatic arteries and in the gastroduodenal artery, which originated the cranial pancreaticoduodenal and right gastroepiploic. The trifurcation behavior of the celiac artery of the yellow-toothed cavy is similar to that found in rodents such as nutria, agouti, hamsters and mice, suggesting that this is the standard for the order.(AU)

Origem e distribuição da artéria celíaca em preás (Galea spixii Wagler, 1831) / Origin and distribution of the celiac artery in yellow-toothed cavies (Galea spixii Wagler, 1831)

Para o estudo foram utilizados 20 animais, que estavam em freezer no Centro de Multiplicação de Animais Silvestres (CEMAS/UFERSA). Os animais foram descongelados, a cavidade abdominal aberta e a aorta torácica canulada no sentido caudal para injeção de solução de látex Neoprene 650 corado de vermelho e, em seguida, fixados em solução de formaldeído a 10%, por um período mínimo de 48 horas, para que pudessem ser dissecados, fotografados e os resultados analisados. A artéria celíaca originou-se da aorta abdominal e emitiu as artérias gástrica esquerda, lienal e esplênica. A artéria gástrica esquerda emitiu de dois a três ramos à região da curvatura menor do estômago. A artéria lienal emitiu quatro ramos ao parênquima do baço, de seis a doze ramos pancreáticos e a artéria gastroepiplóica esquerda. A artéria hepática emitiu de um a dois ramos pancreáticos e bifurcou-se em um curto tronco formado pelas artérias gástrica direita e hepática própria e ainda na artéria gastroduodenal, que originava a pancreaticoduodenal cranial e gastroepiplóica direita. O comportamento de trifurcação da artéria celíaca do preá assemelha-se ao encontrado em roedores, como o nutria, a cutia, o hamster e os ratos, o que sugere que este seja o padrão para a ordem.

For this study we used 20 animals that were in the freezer at the Wild Animals Multiplication Center (CEMAS/UFERSA). The animals were thawed, the abdominal cavity was opened, and the thoracic aorta cannulated caudally for the injection of red-stained latex Neoprene 650, and then fixed in formaldehyde solution 10%, for a minimum of 48 hours. Then the animals were dissected, photographed, and the results analyzed. The celiac artery originated from the abdominal aorta and issued the left gastric, splenic, and hepatic arteries. The left gastric artery issued two to three branches to the lesser curvature of the stomach. The splenic artery emitted four branches to the parenchyma of the spleen, six to twelve pancreatic branches and the left gastroepiploic artery. The hepatic artery emitted from one to two pancreatic branches and forked in a short trunk formed by right gastric and own hepatic arteries and in the gastroduodenal artery, which originated the cranial pancreaticoduodenal and right gastroepiploic. The trifurcation behavior of the celiac artery of the yellow-toothed cavy is similar to that found in rodents such as nutria, agouti, hamsters and mice, suggesting that this is the standard for the order.

ORIGEM, RAMIFICAÇÃO E DISTRIBUIÇÃO DA ARTÉRIA CELÍACA EM CANÁRIOS-DA-TERRA (Sicalis flaveola)

Abstract This research was performed aiming to describe the origin and the distribution of the celiac artery in 30 Saffron finches (Sicalis flaveola), through the completion of their circulatory system with an aqueous solution of colored latex, followed by fixation in formol for later dissection of the collateral branches. The celiac artery originated from the descending branch of the aorta, representing its first visceral branch, and was directed to the right antimere of the coelomic cavity. After issuance of the proventricular dorsal artery and the splenic artery, the celiac bifurcated in left and right branches: In all observed finches the left branch originated the proventricular ventral artery, from its left side, and the gastroduodenal and ventral gastric arteries from its right side, in order to continue as the left gastric artery characterizing it as a terminal branch; from its right side, the right branch issued, as first collateral, the right hepatic artery in all observed birds, to originate, from its opposite side, the right gastric and ileal, immediately continuing as pancreaticoduodenal, its terminal branch. From this study, we concluded that the Saffron finch follows the same pattern regarding the origin and distribution of the celiac artery proposed for birds of the genus Gallus, Anas, Columba, Crax, Mitu, and Amazona.

Resumo A origem e a distribuição da artéria celíaca de trinta canários da terra (Sicalis flaveola) foram descritas por meio do preenchimento do sistema arterial com solução de látex corado e fixação em solução de formol, para posterior dissecação de seus ramos colaterais. A artéria celíaca originou-se do ramo descendente da aorta, seu primeiro ramo visceral, direcionada para o antímero direito da cavidade celomática. Após emissão das artérias proventricular dorsal e esplênica, a artéria celíaca bifurcou-se em ramos esquerdo e direito: em todos os canários dissecados, o ramo esquerdo originou a artéria proventricular ventral a partir de sua face esquerda e as artérias gastroduodenal e gástrica ventral pela sua face direita, para em seguida continuar como artéria gástrica esquerda, seu ramo terminal. Em todas as aves, a artéria hepática direita foi o primeiro colateral originado na face direita do ramo direito, para em seguida originar, na face oposta, as artérias gástrica direita e ileal, continuando-se imediatamente como pancreaticoduodenal, seu ramo terminal. A partir desse estudo, concluiu-se que o canário da terra segue o mesmo padrão proposto quanto à origem e distribuição da artéria celíaca para aves dos gêneros Gallus, Anas, Columba, Crax, Mitu e Amazona.

Morfometria da artéria celíaca e seus ramos, artéria mesentérica cranial e caudal em caninos domésticos (Canis familiaris, Linnaeus, 1758) (Mammalia: canivora: canidae).

Objetivou-se com o desenvolvimento deste trabalho, realizar a morfometria da artéria celíaca e de seus ramos, artéria mesentérica cranial e caudal em caninos domésticos. Para realização do presente estudo foram utilizados dez cadáveres de caninos, sendo quatro animais do sexo feminino e seis do sexo masculino, ambos sem raça definida e de idades variadas. Para a fixação dos cadáveres foi infundido solução de formaldeído a 10% pela artéria carótida comum esquerda, seguida de aplicações intramusculares, subcutâneas e submersão em tanque contendo a mesma solução fixadora, por período de 48 horas. Após o tempo de fixação, os animais foram colocados em decúbito lateral esquerdo, sendo realizada celiotomia por incisão paramediana longitudinal xifo-púbica. Com o paquímetro digital foi realizado a morfometria da artéria celíaca e de seus ramos, mesentérica cranial e caudal, em 4 pontos ( P1= Hiato aórtico /eminência da Artéria Celíaca ;P2= Eminência da Artéria celíaca/bifurcação ou trifurcação; P3=Artéria celíaca/Eminência da Artéria mesentérica cranial;P4=Artéria mesentérica cranial / Eminência Artéria mesentérica Caudal). Após aferição do peso médio dos animais, estes variaram entre 7,4kg a 24,4 kg com um a média de 15,42± 4,53 kg quanto a mensuração biométrica longitudinal obteve-se de média nos pontos P1; P2; P3 e P4 respectivamente os valores de 12,10mm; 14,83mm; 10,23mm e 70,41mm; o ponto P1 em 100%(dez) originaram-se da face ventral da A. aorta abdominal. A observação do P2 apenas um animal do sexo feminino 10% (01/10), apresentou uma trifurcação da a. celíaca em ramos gástrico, esplênico e hepático. Concluiu-se que a morfometria da origem dessas artérias são variadas e que corrobora com os autores citados. Entretanto, a identificação da trifurcação na artéria celíaca mostra que mesmo identificada é pouco relatada dificultando assim uma maior disseminação dessa informação e de outras possíveis variações arteriais. Sendo necessários mais estudos para maior mensuração e precisão dessas variações morfométricas.

The goal of the present study was to perform the morphometric analysis of the celiac artery and its arterial branches, cranial and caudal mesenteric arteries in dogs. Ten crossbreed canine cadavers of different ages, four females and six males, were used. The cadavers were initially fixed with 10% formaldehyde solution through left carotid artery, followed by subcutaneous and intramuscular injections of fixative solution and immersion in fixative solution during 48 hours. After finished fixation, the cadavers were positioned in left-side decubitus, xipho-pubic laparotomy was performed. A digital pachymeter was used to assess the celiac artery and its arterial branches, cranial and caudal mesenteric arteries morphometry in four areas: P1= aortic hiatus/celiac artery eminence; P2= celiac artery eminence/bifurcation or trifurcation; P3=Celiac artery/Cranial mesenteric artery eminence; P4= Cranial mesenteric artery/Caudal mesenteric artery eminence. After animal weight determination, between 7.4kg to 24.4 kg ( mean 15.42± 4.53 kg), the longitudinal average at P1, P2, P3, and P4 were 12.10mm, 14.83mm, 10.23mm, and 70.41mm; respectively. In all the cases (100%) the P1 area emerged from the ventral part of the abdominal aorta. Only one female dog (10%) presented a trifurcation of gastric branches of celiac artery in gastric, splenic, and hepatic branches. It was concluded that the morphometric origin of these arteries varies, supporting previous studies. However, celiac artery trifurcation, although identified, is not commonly reported, which difficult the information dissemination, being necessary more studies to increase the accuracy of morphometric variations.

RAMOS AÓRTICOS E RETE MIRABILE DOS MEMBROS LOCOMOTORES DE Choloepus didactylus

Choloepus didactylus, também conhecida como preguiça-real é a maior espécie da Família Megalonychidae, e apresenta como uma de suas principais características apenas dois dedos nos membros torácicos. Por sua vez, as artérias transportam o sangue a todo corpo sob alta pressão, devido isso possuem paredes vasculares extremamente fortes. Já,a Rete mirabile é formada por uma rede de artérias e veias com a função de um sistema de troca de calor contracorrente e manutenção da temperatura. Diante do exposto, objetivou-se identificar e descrever os ramos aórticos e rete mirabile dos membros locomotores de Choloepus didactylus. Para isso, foram utilizados seis espécimes de Choloepus didactylus, cinco fêmeas e um macho, que tiveram suas artérias e veias, dissecadas, contrastadas com sulfato de bário e injetadas látex com pigmento vermelho e azul, respectivamente. Em um indivíduo não houve injeção de látex e foram retirados fragmentos da rete mirabile dos membros locomotores para análise histológica e microscopia eletrônica de varredura. Como resultado, as dissecações dos espécimes revelaram que o arco aórtico apresentou duas ramificações, o tronco braquiocefálico e a artéria subclávia esquerda em todos os indivíduos. A aorta torácica ao atravessar o hiato aórtico adentrou a cavidade abdominal e a primeira artéria que surgiu em todos os indivíduos foi a artéria frênica caudal. Foram encontrados quatro tipos de ramificações distintas na porção inicial da aorta abdominal. No primeiro modelo o tronco celíaco foi o primeiro a surgir seguido pela artéria mesentérica cranial. No segundo modelo observamos a artéria gástrica surgindo separada do tronco celíaco e, na sequência duas artérias mesentéricas craniais. O terceiro modelo apresentou como primeira ramificação a artéria gástrica, separada do tronco celíaco e apenas uma artéria mesentérica cranial. No quarto modelo a artéria gástrica surgiu separada do tronco celíaco, e este surgiu dividido desde a sua base entre artéria hepática e esplênica, em seguida surgiu apenas uma artéria mesentérica cranial. Histologicamente, a rete mirabile de C. didactylus revelou que, em ambos os membros, torácicos e pélvicos, as artérias musculares eram circundadas por múltiplas artérias de menor calibre, bem como veias, tecido nervoso e vasos linfáticos em íntima aposição. Por fim, a preguiça real possui alguns ramos aórticos diferentes quando comparado aos membros da Superordem Xenarthra. Estudos futuros, baseados na frequência de aparição dessas variações vasculares, poderão elucidar as suas classificações, sendo sugerido a princípio serem variações anatômicas sem relação com o sexo ou idade. A rete mirabile demonstrou ser uma fonte de armazenamento sanguíneo durante contrações musculares prolongadas e permite a troca de calor contracorrente, já que não há mistura de sangue venoso e arterial.

Choloepus didactylus, also known as two toed sloth, is the largest species of the Family Megalonychidae, and has as one of its main characteristics only two fingers on the thoracic limbs. Furthermore, the arteries carry blood to the entire body under high pressure, which is why they have extremely strong vascular walls. The rete mirabile is formed by a network of arteries and veins with the function of a countercurrent heat exchange and temperature maintenance system. Given the reasons above, the aim was to identify and to describe the aortic and rete mirabile branches of the locomotor limbs of Choloepus didactylus. For this, six specimens of Choloepus didactylus, five females and one male were used, which had their arteries and veins dissected, contrasted with barium sulfate and injected with latex in red and blue pigment, respectively. In one individual there was no latex injection and fragments of the rete mirabile were removed from the locomotor limbs for histological analysis and scanning electron microscopy. As a result, dissections of the specimens revealed that the aortic arch had two branches, the brachiocephalic trunk and a left subclavian artery in all the individuals. The thoracic aorta, when crossed the aortic hiatus, entered the abdominal cavity and the first artery that appeared in all the animals was the caudal phrenic artery. Four types of distinct branches were found in the initial portion of the abdominal aorta. In the first model, the celiac trunk was the first to appear, followed by the cranial mesenteric artery. In the second model, we observe the gastric artery emerging separately from the celiac trunk and, subsequently, two cranial mesenteric arteries. The third model presented as the first branching the gastric artery, separated from the celiac trunk and followed by only a cranial mesenteric artery. In the fourth model, the gastric artery appeared separated from the celiac trunk, and it appeared divided from its base between the hepatic and splenic arteries, followed by only a cranial mesenteric artery. Histologically, the rete mirabile of C. didactylus revealed that, in both limbs, thoracic and pelvic, the muscular arteries were surrounded by multiple arteries of smaller caliber, as well as veins, nervous tissue and lymphatic vessels in close apposition. Finally, the two toed sloth has different aortic branches when compared to members of the Xenarthra Superorder. Future studies, based on the frequency of appearance of these vascular variations will elucidate their classifications, with anatomical variations being suggested for now and it was not related to sex or age of the animals. The rete mirabile shows to be a source of blood storage during prolonged muscle contractions and allows the exchange of countercurrent heat, since there is no mixture of venous and arterials blood.

Origin, ramification, and distribution of the celiac artery in Saffron finch (Sicalis flaveola) / Origem, ramificação e distribuição da artéria celíaca em canários-da-terra (Sicalis flaveola)

This research was performed aiming to describe the origin and the distribution of the celiac artery in 30 Saffron finches (Sicalis flaveola), through the completion of their circulatory system with an aqueous solution of colored latex, followed by fixation in formol for later dissection of the collateral branches. The celiac artery originated from the descending branch of the aorta, representing its first visceral branch, and was directed to the right antimere of the coelomic cavity. After issuance of the proventricular dorsal artery and the splenic artery, the celiac bifurcated in left and right branches: In all observed finches the left branch originated the proventricular ventral artery, from its left side, and the gastroduodenal and ventral gastric arteries from its right side, in order to continue as the left gastric artery characterizing it as a terminal branch; from its right side, the right branch issued, as first collateral, the right hepatic artery in all observed birds, to originate, from its opposite side, the right gastric and ileal, immediately continuing as pancreaticoduodenal, its terminal branch. From this study, we concluded that the Saffron finch follows the same pattern regarding the origin and distribution of the celiac artery proposed for birds of the genus Gallus, Anas, Columba, Crax, Mitu, and Amazona.

A origem e a distribuição da artéria celíaca de trinta canários da terra (Sicalis flaveola) foram descritas por meio do preenchimento do sistema arterial com solução de látex corado e fixação em solução de formol, para posterior dissecação de seus ramos colaterais. A artéria celíaca originou-se do ramo descendente da aorta, seu primeiro ramo visceral, direcionada para o antímero direito da cavidade celomática. Após emissão das artérias proventricular dorsal e esplênica, a artéria celíaca bifurcou-se em ramos esquerdo e direito: em todos os canários dissecados, o ramo esquerdo originou a artéria proventricular ventral a partir de sua face esquerda e as artérias gastroduodenal e gástrica ventral pela sua face direita, para em seguida continuar como artéria gástrica esquerda, seu ramo terminal. Em todas as aves, a artéria hepática direita foi o primeiro colateral originado na face direita do ramo direito, para em seguida originar, na face oposta, as artérias gástrica direita e ileal, continuando-se imediatamente como pancreaticoduodenal, seu ramo terminal. A partir desse estudo, concluiu-se que o canário da terra segue o mesmo padrão proposto quanto à origem e distribuição da artéria celíaca para aves dos gêneros Gallus, Anas, Columba, Crax, Mitu e Amazona.

Origin, ramification, and distribution of the celiac artery in Saffron finch (Sicalis flaveola) / Origem, ramificação e distribuição da artéria celíaca em canários-da-terra (Sicalis flaveola)

This research was performed aiming to describe the origin and the distribution of the celiac artery in 30 Saffron finches (Sicalis flaveola), through the completion of their circulatory system with an aqueous solution of colored latex, followed by fixation in formol for later dissection of the collateral branches. The celiac artery originated from the descending branch of the aorta, representing its first visceral branch, and was directed to the right antimere of the coelomic cavity. After issuance of the proventricular dorsal artery and the splenic artery, the celiac bifurcated in left and right branches: In all observed finches the left branch originated the proventricular ventral artery, from its left side, and the gastroduodenal and ventral gastric arteries from its right side, in order to continue as the left gastric artery characterizing it as a terminal branch; from its right side, the right branch issued, as first collateral, the right hepatic artery in all observed birds, to originate, from its opposite side, the right gastric and ileal, immediately continuing as pancreaticoduodenal, its terminal branch. From this study, we concluded that the Saffron finch follows the same pattern regarding the origin and distribution of the celiac artery proposed for birds of the genus Gallus, Anas, Columba, Crax, Mitu, and Amazona.(AU)

A origem e a distribuição da artéria celíaca de trinta canários da terra (Sicalis flaveola) foram descritas por meio do preenchimento do sistema arterial com solução de látex corado e fixação em solução de formol, para posterior dissecação de seus ramos colaterais. A artéria celíaca originou-se do ramo descendente da aorta, seu primeiro ramo visceral, direcionada para o antímero direito da cavidade celomática. Após emissão das artérias proventricular dorsal e esplênica, a artéria celíaca bifurcou-se em ramos esquerdo e direito: em todos os canários dissecados, o ramo esquerdo originou a artéria proventricular ventral a partir de sua face esquerda e as artérias gastroduodenal e gástrica ventral pela sua face direita, para em seguida continuar como artéria gástrica esquerda, seu ramo terminal. Em todas as aves, a artéria hepática direita foi o primeiro colateral originado na face direita do ramo direito, para em seguida originar, na face oposta, as artérias gástrica direita e ileal, continuando-se imediatamente como pancreaticoduodenal, seu ramo terminal. A partir desse estudo, concluiu-se que o canário da terra segue o mesmo padrão proposto quanto à origem e distribuição da artéria celíaca para aves dos gêneros Gallus, Anas, Columba, Crax, Mitu e Amazona.(AU)

Translational microsurgery. A new platform for transplantation research

PURPOSE:Clinical microsurgery has been introduced in many fields, while experimental microsurgery has the cross-disciplinary features of the sciences and techniques for growth of medicine, pharmacology, veterinary, engineering etc. Training protocol, proposing a new name as Translational Microsurgery, was introduced.METHODS:Reconstructive skills of hepatic artery in pediatric living donor liver transplantation were summarized. Ex vivo training protocol using artificial blood vessel for surgeons was proposed.RESULTS:Clinical microsurgery requires anastomosis with delicate arteries and limited field of view. Our training protocol revealed that the relation between the score and speed was seen, while not all the surgeons with enough experience got high score. This training led to muster clinical skills and to apply excellent experimental works.CONCLUSIONS:Our microsurgical training protocol has been planned from the points of clinical setting. Training for vascular anastomosis led to rodent transplantation models. These models were used for immunology and immunosuppressant research. Microsurgical techniques led to master catheter technique and to inject various drugs or gene vectors.(AU)

COLECISTECTOMIA LAPAROSCÓPICA UTILIZANDO DISPOSITIVO SELANTE DE VASOS E MODIFICAÇÃO DA TÉCNICA UTILIZANDO NÓ EXTRACORPÓREO EM COELHOS: ESTUDO EXPERIMENTAL

As cirurgias laparoscópicas possuem vantagens conhecidas sendo amplamente utilizada na medicina humana, havendo tendência muito grande de redução dos procedimentos cirúrgicos abertos. Contudo, na medicina veterinária, esse avanço nas videocirurgias não ocorre da mesma maneira. As cirurgias minimamente invasivas ainda estão restritas a alguns centros, havendo poucas pesquisas que buscam o avanço das técnicas em pequenos animais. A colecistectomia laparoscópica (CL) é técnica cirúrgica minimamente invasiva recente na medicina veterinária. Estudos randomizados in vivo que avaliam diferentes métodos de divulsão e ligadura do trato biliar extra-hepático por laparoscopia comprovam benefícios aos pacientes. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste estudo randomizado foi relatar as complicações e os resultados perioperatórios de coelhos submetidos a três técnicas diferentes de CL. 30 coelhos foram divididos em 3 grupos. Grupo A (n = 10): técnica de CL iniciando-se pelo fundo da vesícula biliar (VB) em direção ao ducto cístico (Retrógada) pelo instrumento de dissecção Hook e aplicação de nó extracorpóreo para ligadura de ducto cístico. Grupo B (n = 10): técnica de CL convencional por pinça Maryland bipolar para dissecção da VB e Dispositivo Selante de Vasos (DSV- LigaSure ) para selagem do ducto cístico. Grupo C (n = 10): técnica de CL convencional com utilização de DSV para dissecção da VB e DSV para selagem de ducto cístico. Os dados dos procedimentos cirúrgicos foram coletados e analisados (taxa de perfuração da VB, sangramento dos tecidos adjacentes à iv VB, tempo para dissecção da VB e tempo total de cirurgia). A função hepática: AST, ALT, FA, BT, BD, GGT e fibrinogênio foi avaliada no pré-operatório e nos dias 3,7 15 após a cirurgia. Avaliações ultrassonográficas seriadas foram realizadas no período pós-operatório a fim de se verificar ausência de extravasamento de bile e peritonite biliar. Alterações abdominais macroscópicas foram verificadas aos quinze dias de pós-operatório por meio da necropsia e o grau de aderências pós-operatórias foi classificado de 0 a 4. Amostras de fígado para avaliação histopatológica foram coletadas de todos os animais. Foi avaliada a presença de siderófagos e utilizada uma escala de 1 a 4 para o grau de fibrose, necrose e células gigantes. O grupo A apresentou um tempo de dissecção da VB maior do que os grupos B e C. A perfuração do VB e sangramento dos tecidos adjacentes ao VB foram semelhantes entre os grupos testados. Os níveis de GGT e ALP aumentaram (p0,05) no dia 3 pós-operatório no grupo A. No 15º dia pós-operatório, as enzimas voltaram aos valores pré-operatórios. A mediana de células gigantes, necrose, fibrose e proporção de siderofagos não foram influenciadas pelas técnicas de CL. Conclui-se que elevações transitórias em enzimas hepatocelulares de coelhos após CL podem ser uma observação benigna e podem não ter quaisquer características clínicas. O grupo A teve um escore de adesão maior do que os grupos B e C e foi associado à técnica menos previsível. A CL pode ser realizada por meio de diferentes técnicas, embora o uso de DSV seja altamente recomendado.

Laparoscopic cholecystectomy (LC) has become the gold standard management option for benign gallbladder (GB) disease and cholelithiasis. The aim of this randomized study was to evaluate the intraoperative complications and perioperative outcome of rabbits undergoing 3 different techniques of LC. In this study, we compared the effect of different LC techniques on changes in liver function tests (LFTs). And finally, we investigated and compared the degree of postoperative adhesions and histopathological changes of the liver bed after LC techniques. Methods:30 white male New Zealand rabbits were divided into 3 groups. Group A (n=10) Fundus-first dome-down technique by Hook dissecting instrument and Roeder Slipknot applied for Cystic Duct Ligation. The GB was dissected free from the liver bed starting at the fundus toward the GB neck using Hook electrocautery (KarlStorz 36 cm length). The cystic duct and cystic artery were ligated using extracorporeally Roeder slipknot - extracorporeal slipknot (Roeder knot). Group B (n=10) Conventional technique by Maryland dissecting forceps for GB dissection and Electrothermal Bipolar Vessel Sealing (EVBS) for Cystic duct seal. Rabbits underwent conventional technique using Bipolar Maryland dissecting forceps (maryland36 cm length) and the EVBS LigaSure Maryland Jaw 5mm-23cm (Medtronic, Dublin, Ireland) for Cystic duct seal. Group C conventional technique by Electrothermal Bipolar Vessel Sealing (EBVS) for GB dissection and EVBS for cystic duct seal. Rabbits who underwent conventional technique dissection of the gallbladder by the LigaSure Maryland Jaw 5mm-23cm (Medtronic, Dublin, Ireland) and LigaSure for cystic duct seal. The surgical procedure data were collected and analyzed (GB perforation rate, time to GB bed dissection and length of surgery, bleeding from tissues adjacent to gallbladder)Blood samples were obtained pre-operatively and on day 3, 7 and day 15 after surgery to compare liver enzyme alterations (aspartate transaminase [AST], alanine transaminase [ALT], alkaline phosphatase [ALP], bilirubin, direct bilirubin, total protein, albumin; gamma-glutamyl transferase (GGT), fibrinogen.The necropsy analysis was performed 15 days after surgery, and the degree of postoperative adhesions was classified from 0 to 4. Liver samples for histological examination were taken from all groups. The presence of vi siderophages was evaluated and a scale from 1 to 4 was used for the degree of fibrosis, necrosis and giant cells. Group A presented a longer GB dissection time than groups B and C. GB perforation and bleeding from tissues adjacent to GB were similar among tested groups. GGT and ALP levels increased (p0.05) on day 3 post-operatively in group A. By the 15th postoperative day, the enzymes returned to the preoperative values. The median of giant cells, Necrosis, Fibrosis and proportion of Siderophags were not influenced by the CL techniques. Transient elevation of hepatic transaminases occurred after LC in all groups. Group A had a higher adherence score than groups B and C and was associated with the least predictable technique. LC can be performed using different techniques, although the use of EBVS is highly recommended.

Distribuição intraparenquimal da artéria hepática em coelhos (Orictolagus cuniculus) / Intraparenchymal distribution of hepatic artery in rabbits (Orictolagus cuniculus)

O fígado tem influência direta no processo digestivo e metabólico, porém pouco é descrito sobre avariação anatômica deste órgão entre as espécies. Morfo-funcionalmente o fígado é dividido em loboscaracterizados por sua distribuição venosa, arterial e biliar. O estudo do padrão anatômico fornece asinformações necessárias para ensaios fisiológicos e de produtividade, sendo referencial para pesquisas aplicadas.Desta forma, objetivou-se analisar a distribuição arterial hepáticano fígado de coelhos, referenciando suasegmentação. Para tanto, foram utilizados oito cadáveres de coelhos adultos, machos e fêmeas. Estes foraminjetados, via artéria carótida comum, com látex 60% corado para a marcação arterial, fixados em soluçãoaquosa de formol a 10% por um período mínimo de sete dias, seguida da dissecação da artéria hepática a partirdo seu ponto de origem. Nas peças dissecadas, pode-se observar que a artéria hepática provém diretamente daartéria celíaca, fornecendo ramos destinados aos lobos caudado, lateral esquerdo, medial esquerdo, lateraldireito, medial direito e quadrado. Pode ocorrer uma distribuição variável dos ramos laterais (direito e esquerdo)e caudado para os lobos mediais, caudado, quadrado e vesícula biliar. A análise dos ramos primários esecundários da artéria hepática possibilitou a caracterização da segmentação lobar do fígado. Devido àsvariações nos pontos de origem dos vasos estudados, em casos de aplicação clínico-cirúrgica a artéria hepáticadeve ser tomada como linha de distribuição sanguínea principal

The liver has a direct influence on the digestive process, but little is described about theiranatomical variation between species. The liver morphology is functionally divided into lobes characterized bytheir distribution blood and bile. The anatomical pattern provides the information for physiology andproductivity areas. Thus, it was aimed to analyze the distribution hepaticartery in the liver of rabbits, accordingtheir segmentation. Therefore, eight adult rabbits, males and females were injected via the commum carotidarthery with colored latex for marking blood and fixed in aqueous 10% formaldehyde. The artery system wasdissecaded from their point of origin. It can be observed that the hepatic artery comes directly from the celiacartery, supplying arms for the caudate lobe, left lateral, left medial, right lateral, right medial and square. Theremay be a variable distribution of lateral branches (right and left) to the caudate and medial lobes, caudate, squareand gallbladder. The analysis of primary and secondary branches of the hepatic artery allows the characterizationof the segmentation of the liver lobeand due to variations in the points of origin of the vessels studied in cases ofclinical-surgical application hepatic artery must be taken as main blood distribution line