Manejo das principais anormalidades gestacionais em éguas / Management of the main gestational abnormalities in mares

A produção de potros é o objetivo final de todas as atividades voltadas para a reprodução equina. Para tanto, o diagnóstico de anormalidades gestacionais deve ser realizado precocemente para que a instalação da terapêutica adequada seja garantida, visando manter a sobrevivência da égua e o nascimento de indivíduos vivos e saudáveis. Aqui encontram-se descritos os principais achados relacionados às anormalidades gestacionais de éguas mais frequentemente encontradas em atendimentos realizados a campo e nas rotinas hospitalares. São elas: gestação gemelar, placentite, separação prematura da placenta, torção uterina, hidropsias e ruptura de tendão pré-púbico. O objetivo é caracterizar os sinais clínicos, métodos diagnósticos, tratamento e prognóstico dessas enfermidades. A compreensão desses aspectos é essencial para o desenvolvimento de estratégias de prevenção e gestão das intercorrências obstétricas, visando reduzir seu impacto na criação de equinos.(AU)

The primary objective of equine reproduction is to produce healthy foals. To achieve this, it is crucial to diagnose gestational abnormalities at an early stage and administer appropriate therapy. This will increase the chances of survival for the mare and the birth of live foals. Here we outlines the most frequently observed gestational abnormalities in mares during field visits and hospital routines. The following abnormalities discussed are: twin pregnancy, placenta problems, premature separation of the placenta, uterine torsion, hydrops, and rupture of the prepubic tendon. The objective is to characterize the clinical signs, diagnostic methods, treatment, and prognosis for each of these conditions. It is essential to understand these aspects of gestational abnormalities to develop effective prevention and management strategies for obstetric complications. aiming to reduce their impact on equine breeding.(AU)

Carbúnculo sintomático em bovino: evolução clínica e terapêutica / Symptomatic blackleg in bovine: clinical and therapeutic evolution

As clostridioses são infecções comuns em rebanhos bovinos, causadas por microrganismos do gênero Clostridium e que afetam principalmente animais mais jovens. O objetivo deste estudo é relatar a evolução clínica e tratamento de um bovino acometido com carbúnculo sintomático. A paciente não apresentava histórico vacinal para clostridiose, e pertencia a um lote de animais em que já haviam ocorrido três mortes súbitas em curto período de tempo. Na avaliação física do animal em decúbito esternal, foram constatados sinais clínicos típicos de carbúnculo sintomático, edema e crepitação em membro pélvico e região escapular, além de claudicação quando colocado em estação. Também foi observado edema na região da cabeça, porém este sinal clínico não é frequentemente relatado em literatura científica. Mesmo com prognóstico desfavorável devido à manifestação grave da doença e grande parte das pesquisas mostrarem taxa de letalidade de quase 100%, optou-se pela tentativa de realizar as medidas terapêuticas necessárias. Foi realizado tratamento suporte e administração de fármacos, destacando-se a antibioticoterapia com penicilina. Além disso, também foi conduzido o procedimento cirúrgico por meio de confecção de incisões na pele e no subcutâneo do membro afetado (método ainda não descrito na literatura científica) com objetivo de reduzir a proliferação do Clostridium. Após 32 dias de tratamento, o animal obteve a cura clínica completa. As medidas terapêuticas foram suficientes para recuperar da saúde da paciente.

Clostridial diseases are common infections in cattle herds, caused by microorganisms of the genus Clostridium that mainly affect younger animals. This study aims to report the clinical evolution and treatment of a bovine affected with symptomatic blackleg. The patient had no vaccination history for clostridial disease and belonged to a group of animals in which three sudden deaths had already occurred in a short time. In the physical evaluation of the animal in sternal recumbency, typical clinical signs of blackleg, edema and crackling in the pelvic limb and scapular region and lameness when placed in the station were determined. Edema was also observed in the head region, but this clinical sign is not frequently reported in the scientific literature. Even with an unfavorable prognosis due to the severe manifestation of the disease and a large part of the studies showing a lethality rate of almost 100%, it was decided to try to carry out the necessary therapeutic methods. Support treatment and drug administration were performed, especially antibiotic therapy with penicillin. In addition, a surgical procedure was carried out by making incisions in the skin and subcutaneous tissue of the affected limb (a method not yet described in the scientific literature) to reduce the proliferation of Clostridium. After thirty-two days of treatment, the animal got a complete clinical cure. Therapeutic measures were sufficient to recover the patient's health.

Thalassemia, a human blood disorder

Abstract A group of inherited blood defects is known as Thalassemia is among the worlds most prevalent hemoglobinopathies. Thalassemias are of two types such as Alpha and Beta Thalassemia. The cause of these defects is gene mutations leading to low levels and/or malfunctioning and globin proteins, respectively. In some cases, one of these proteins may be completely absent. and globin chains form a globin fold or pocket for heme (Fe++) attachment to carry oxygen. Genes for alpha and beta-globin proteins are present in the form of a cluster on chromosome 16 and 11, respectively. Different globin genes are used at different stages in the life course. During embryonic and fetal developmental stages, globin proteins partner with globin and are later replaced by globin protein. Globin chain imbalances result in hemolysis and impede erythropoiesis. Individuals showing mild symptoms include carriers of alpha thalassemia or the people bearing alpha or beta-thalassemia trait. Alpha thalassemia causes conditions like hemolytic anemia or fatal hydrops fetalis depending upon the severity of the disease. Beta thalassemia major results in hemolytic anemia, growth retardation, and skeletal aberrations in early childhood. Children affected by this disorder need regular blood transfusions throughout their lives. Patients that depend on blood transfusion usually develop iron overload that causes other complications in the body systems like renal or hepatic impairment therefore, thalassemias are now categorized as a syndrome. The only cure for Thalassemias would be a bone marrow transplant, or gene therapy with currently no significant success rate. A thorough understanding of the molecular basis of this syndrome may provide novel insights and ideas for its treatment, as scientists have still been unable to find a permanent cure for this deadly disease after more than 87 years since it is first described in 1925.

Resumo Um grupo de defeitos sanguíneos hereditários é conhecido como talassemia e está entre as hemoglobinopatias mais prevalentes do mundo. As talassemias são de dois tipos, como talassemia alfa e beta. As causas desses defeitos são as mutações genéticas que levam a níveis baixos e/ou proteínas de globina com mau funcionamento, respectivamente. Em alguns casos, uma dessas proteínas pode estar completamente ausente. As cadeias de globina e formam uma dobra ou bolsa de globina para a fixação de heme (Fe ++) para transportar oxigênio. Os genes das proteínas alfa e beta globina estão presentes na forma de um cluster nos cromossomos 16 e 11, respectivamente. Diferentes genes de globina são usados em diferentes estágios do curso de vida. Durante os estágios de desenvolvimento embrionário e fetal, as proteínas globina se associam à globina e, posteriormente, são substituídas pela proteína globina. Os desequilíbrios da cadeia de globina resultam em hemólise e impedem a eritropoiese. Indivíduos que apresentam sintomas leves incluem portadores de talassemia alfa ou as pessoas com traços de talassemia alfa ou beta. A talassemia alfa causa condições como anemia hemolítica ou hidropsia fetal fatal, dependendo da gravidade da doença. A beta talassemia principal resulta em anemia hemolítica, retardo de crescimento e aberrações esqueléticas na primeira infância. As crianças afetadas por esse distúrbio precisam de transfusões de sangue regulares ao longo da vida. Os pacientes que dependem de transfusão de sangue geralmente desenvolvem sobrecarga de ferro que causa outras complicações nos sistemas do corpo, como insuficiência renal ou hepática, portanto as talassemias agora são classificadas como uma síndrome. A única cura para as talassemias seria um transplante de medula óssea ou terapia genética sem atualmente uma taxa de sucesso significativa. Uma compreensão completa da base molecular dessa síndrome pode fornecer novos insights e ideias para seu tratamento, já que os cientistas ainda não conseguiram encontrar uma cura permanente para essa doença mortal depois de mais de 87 anos desde que foi descrita pela primeira vez em 1925.

Mastectomia a campo em ruminantes - aspectos cirúrgicos e clínico-patológicos / Field mastectomy in ruminants - surgical and clinicopathological aspects

Background: We report the case of 3 cows, 1 ewe, and 1 doe, with chronic mastitis and which underwent a mastectomy. All animals had a history of mastitis, edema with purulent secretion in the udder region, areas of abscess formation, fibrosis, hypogalactia, and agalactia. The animals had already been treated with systemic antibiotic therapy and anti-inflammatory drugs without response. The objective of this work is to describe the surgical and clinicopathological aspects of performing a radical mastectomy in the field in 3 cows and 1 ewe, and a partial mastectomy in a doe, with both procedures performed successfully and considered efficient to maintain the survival of the affected animals, in addition to being economically viable. Cases: In all animals reported in the study, a general and a specific clinical examination were performed, where on palpation of the udder were observed an increase in the region of the mammary apparatus, fluid fluctuation, areas of fibrosis with increased stiffness, and loss of udder functionality. In the case of the doe, there was a functional teat, which was preserved during the surgical procedure. Radical mastectomy was performed in 3 cows and 1 ewe, and the doe underwent a partial mastectomy, with preservation of the functional teat. All animals have fasted for food and water for 48 h. In cows, the anesthetic protocol consisted of 2% xylazine hydrochloride [0.15 mg/kg, intramuscularly (IM)], followed by an epidural block in the lumbosacral region with 2% lidocaine hydrochloride [10 mL]. The midazolam hydrochloride [0.1 mg/kg, intravenously (IV)] and 2% xylazine hydrochloride [0.05 mg/kg, IM] were administered to the ewe and the doe, also associated with lumbosacral epidural anesthesia with 2% lidocaine hydrochloride [5 mL]. The animals were positioned in the right lateral decubitus position and the entire abdominal and udder region were shaved and sanitized for the surgical procedures of radical mastectomy and partial mastectomy, with the use of degerming and topical povidone-iodine. The postoperative period consisted of penicillin-based antibiotic therapy associated with streptomycin [24,000 IU/kg, IM, 10 consecutive days] and flunixin meglumine [2 mg/kg, IM, 3 consecutive days] in cows; enrofloxacin [2.5 mg/kg, IM, 7 consecutive days] and flunixin meglumine [0.5 mg/kg, IM, 5 consecutive days] in the ewe; oxytetracycline [10 mg/kg, IM, 5 applications on alternate days] and flunixin meglumine [0.5 mg/kg, IM, 3 consecutive days] in the doe. In all animals, the cleaning of the surgical wound was performed daily with 10% topical Povidone-iodine and Permethrin ointment, for 14 days, when the stitches were removed. Discussion: The choice of the surgical procedure resulted in improvement of the clinical conditions and increased survival of all animals, and in the case of the doe, partial mastectomy contributed to the preservation of the functional teat, preserving its productive capacity. All anesthetic protocols used and the anatomical positioning of the animals were satisfactory for performing the procedures. Although they are techniques described in the literature with great blood loss, especially in cows, blood transfusion was not required in any of the animals. The stitches were removed 14 days after the surgical procedures, and the surgical wound was completely healed.

Thalassemia, a human blood disorder / Talassemia, uma doença do sangue humano

A group of inherited blood defects is known as Thalassemia is among the world's most prevalent hemoglobinopathies. Thalassemias are of two types such as Alpha and Beta Thalassemia. The cause of these defects is gene mutations leading to low levels and/or malfunctioning α and β globin proteins, respectively. In some cases, one of these proteins may be completely absent. α and β globin chains form a globin fold or pocket for heme (Fe++) attachment to carry oxygen. Genes for alpha and beta-globin proteins are present in the form of a cluster on chromosome 16 and 11, respectively. Different globin genes are used at different stages in the life course. During embryonic and fetal developmental stages, γ globin proteins partner with α globin and are later replaced by β globin protein. Globin chain imbalances result in hemolysis and impede erythropoiesis. Individuals showing mild symptoms include carriers of alpha thalassemia or the people bearing alpha or beta-thalassemia trait. Alpha thalassemia causes conditions like hemolytic anemia or fatal hydrops fetalis depending upon the severity of the disease. Beta thalassemia major results in hemolytic anemia, growth retardation, and skeletal aberrations in early childhood. Children affected by this disorder need regular blood transfusions throughout their lives. Patients that depend on blood transfusion usually develop iron overload that causes other complications in the body systems like renal or hepatic impairment therefore, thalassemias are now categorized as a syndrome. The only cure for Thalassemias would be a bone marrow transplant, or gene therapy with currently no significant success rate. A thorough understanding of the molecular basis of this syndrome may provide novel insights and ideas for its treatment, as scientists have still been unable to find a permanent cure for this deadly disease after more than 87 years since it is first described in 1925.

Um grupo de defeitos sanguíneos hereditários é conhecido como talassemia e está entre as hemoglobinopatias mais prevalentes do mundo. As talassemias são de dois tipos, como talassemia alfa e beta. As causas desses defeitos são as mutações genéticas que levam a níveis baixos e/ou proteínas de globina com mau funcionamento, respectivamente. Em alguns casos, uma dessas proteínas pode estar completamente ausente. As cadeias de globina α e β formam uma dobra ou bolsa de globina para a fixação de heme (Fe ++) para transportar oxigênio. Os genes das proteínas alfa e beta globina estão presentes na forma de um cluster nos cromossomos 16 e 11, respectivamente. Diferentes genes de globina são usados em diferentes estágios do curso de vida. Durante os estágios de desenvolvimento embrionário e fetal, as proteínas γ globina se associam à α globina e, posteriormente, são substituídas pela proteína β globina. Os desequilíbrios da cadeia de globina resultam em hemólise e impedem a eritropoiese. Indivíduos que apresentam sintomas leves incluem portadores de talassemia alfa ou as pessoas com traços de talassemia alfa ou beta. A talassemia alfa causa condições como anemia hemolítica ou hidropsia fetal fatal, dependendo da gravidade da doença. A beta talassemia principal resulta em anemia hemolítica, retardo de crescimento e aberrações esqueléticas na primeira infância. As crianças afetadas por esse distúrbio precisam de transfusões de sangue regulares ao longo da vida. Os pacientes que dependem de transfusão de sangue geralmente desenvolvem sobrecarga de ferro que causa outras complicações nos sistemas do corpo, como insuficiência renal ou hepática, portanto as talassemias agora são classificadas como uma síndrome. A única cura para as talassemias seria um transplante de medula óssea ou terapia genética sem atualmente uma taxa de sucesso significativa. Uma compreensão completa da base molecular dessa síndrome pode fornecer novos insights e ideias para seu tratamento, [...].

Thalassemia, a human blood disorder / Talassemia, uma doença do sangue humano

Abstract A group of inherited blood defects is known as Thalassemia is among the world's most prevalent hemoglobinopathies. Thalassemias are of two types such as Alpha and Beta Thalassemia. The cause of these defects is gene mutations leading to low levels and/or malfunctioning α and β globin proteins, respectively. In some cases, one of these proteins may be completely absent. α and β globin chains form a globin fold or pocket for heme (Fe++) attachment to carry oxygen. Genes for alpha and beta-globin proteins are present in the form of a cluster on chromosome 16 and 11, respectively. Different globin genes are used at different stages in the life course. During embryonic and fetal developmental stages, γ globin proteins partner with α globin and are later replaced by β globin protein. Globin chain imbalances result in hemolysis and impede erythropoiesis. Individuals showing mild symptoms include carriers of alpha thalassemia or the people bearing alpha or beta-thalassemia trait. Alpha thalassemia causes conditions like hemolytic anemia or fatal hydrops fetalis depending upon the severity of the disease. Beta thalassemia major results in hemolytic anemia, growth retardation, and skeletal aberrations in early childhood. Children affected by this disorder need regular blood transfusions throughout their lives. Patients that depend on blood transfusion usually develop iron overload that causes other complications in the body systems like renal or hepatic impairment therefore, thalassemias are now categorized as a syndrome. The only cure for Thalassemias would be a bone marrow transplant, or gene therapy with currently no significant success rate. A thorough understanding of the molecular basis of this syndrome may provide novel insights and ideas for its treatment, as scientists have still been unable to find a permanent cure for this deadly disease after more than 87 years since it is first described in 1925.

Resumo Um grupo de defeitos sanguíneos hereditários é conhecido como talassemia e está entre as hemoglobinopatias mais prevalentes do mundo. As talassemias são de dois tipos, como talassemia alfa e beta. As causas desses defeitos são as mutações genéticas que levam a níveis baixos e/ou proteínas de globina com mau funcionamento, respectivamente. Em alguns casos, uma dessas proteínas pode estar completamente ausente. As cadeias de globina α e β formam uma dobra ou bolsa de globina para a fixação de heme (Fe ++) para transportar oxigênio. Os genes das proteínas alfa e beta globina estão presentes na forma de um cluster nos cromossomos 16 e 11, respectivamente. Diferentes genes de globina são usados ​​em diferentes estágios do curso de vida. Durante os estágios de desenvolvimento embrionário e fetal, as proteínas γ globina se associam à α globina e, posteriormente, são substituídas pela proteína β globina. Os desequilíbrios da cadeia de globina resultam em hemólise e impedem a eritropoiese. Indivíduos que apresentam sintomas leves incluem portadores de talassemia alfa ou as pessoas com traços de talassemia alfa ou beta. A talassemia alfa causa condições como anemia hemolítica ou hidropsia fetal fatal, dependendo da gravidade da doença. A beta talassemia principal resulta em anemia hemolítica, retardo de crescimento e aberrações esqueléticas na primeira infância. As crianças afetadas por esse distúrbio precisam de transfusões de sangue regulares ao longo da vida. Os pacientes que dependem de transfusão de sangue geralmente desenvolvem sobrecarga de ferro que causa outras complicações nos sistemas do corpo, como insuficiência renal ou hepática, portanto as talassemias agora são classificadas como uma síndrome. A única cura para as talassemias seria um transplante de medula óssea ou terapia genética sem atualmente uma taxa de sucesso significativa. Uma compreensão completa da base molecular dessa síndrome pode fornecer novos insights e ideias para seu tratamento, já que os cientistas ainda não conseguiram encontrar uma cura permanente para essa doença mortal depois de mais de 87 anos desde que foi descrita pela primeira vez em 1925.

Thalassemia, a human blood disorder / Talassemia, uma doença do sangue humano

A group of inherited blood defects is known as Thalassemia is among the world's most prevalent hemoglobinopathies. Thalassemias are of two types such as Alpha and Beta Thalassemia. The cause of these defects is gene mutations leading to low levels and/or malfunctioning α and β globin proteins, respectively. In some cases, one of these proteins may be completely absent. α and β globin chains form a globin fold or pocket for heme (Fe++) attachment to carry oxygen. Genes for alpha and beta-globin proteins are present in the form of a cluster on chromosome 16 and 11, respectively. Different globin genes are used at different stages in the life course. During embryonic and fetal developmental stages, γ globin proteins partner with α globin and are later replaced by β globin protein. Globin chain imbalances result in hemolysis and impede erythropoiesis. Individuals showing mild symptoms include carriers of alpha thalassemia or the people bearing alpha or beta-thalassemia trait. Alpha thalassemia causes conditions like hemolytic anemia or fatal hydrops fetalis depending upon the severity of the disease. Beta thalassemia major results in hemolytic anemia, growth retardation, and skeletal aberrations in early childhood. Children affected by this disorder need regular blood transfusions throughout their lives. Patients that depend on blood transfusion usually develop iron overload that causes other complications in the body systems like renal or hepatic impairment therefore, thalassemias are now categorized as a syndrome. The only cure for Thalassemias would be a bone marrow transplant, or gene therapy with currently no significant success rate. A thorough understanding of the molecular basis of this syndrome may provide novel insights and ideas for its treatment, as scientists have still been unable to find a permanent cure for this deadly disease after more than 87 years since it is first described in 1925.(AU)

Um grupo de defeitos sanguíneos hereditários é conhecido como talassemia e está entre as hemoglobinopatias mais prevalentes do mundo. As talassemias são de dois tipos, como talassemia alfa e beta. As causas desses defeitos são as mutações genéticas que levam a níveis baixos e/ou proteínas de globina com mau funcionamento, respectivamente. Em alguns casos, uma dessas proteínas pode estar completamente ausente. As cadeias de globina α e β formam uma dobra ou bolsa de globina para a fixação de heme (Fe ++) para transportar oxigênio. Os genes das proteínas alfa e beta globina estão presentes na forma de um cluster nos cromossomos 16 e 11, respectivamente. Diferentes genes de globina são usados em diferentes estágios do curso de vida. Durante os estágios de desenvolvimento embrionário e fetal, as proteínas γ globina se associam à α globina e, posteriormente, são substituídas pela proteína β globina. Os desequilíbrios da cadeia de globina resultam em hemólise e impedem a eritropoiese. Indivíduos que apresentam sintomas leves incluem portadores de talassemia alfa ou as pessoas com traços de talassemia alfa ou beta. A talassemia alfa causa condições como anemia hemolítica ou hidropsia fetal fatal, dependendo da gravidade da doença. A beta talassemia principal resulta em anemia hemolítica, retardo de crescimento e aberrações esqueléticas na primeira infância. As crianças afetadas por esse distúrbio precisam de transfusões de sangue regulares ao longo da vida. Os pacientes que dependem de transfusão de sangue geralmente desenvolvem sobrecarga de ferro que causa outras complicações nos sistemas do corpo, como insuficiência renal ou hepática, portanto as talassemias agora são classificadas como uma síndrome. A única cura para as talassemias seria um transplante de medula óssea ou terapia genética sem atualmente uma taxa de sucesso significativa. Uma compreensão completa da base molecular dessa síndrome pode fornecer novos insights e ideias para seu tratamento, [...].(AU)

Hidropsia fetal em dois filhotes da raça Buldogue Inglês / Fetal hydrops in two English Bulldog puppies

A hidropsia fetal é uma anomalia congênita, caracterizada pelo acúmulo excessivo de fluidos no espaço extravascular do feto, sendo denominada anasarca, quando o excesso de fluidos ocorre de forma generalizada, causando edema no tecido subcutâneo. Dessa forma, o aumento exagerado no tamanho do feto é esperado, podendo resultar em uma distocia obstrutiva, durante o parto. Os cães da raça Buldogue são mais susceptíveis a essa enfermidade, devido às características braquicefálicas; portanto, deve-se redobrar os cuidados durante a gestação, como utilizar a ultrassonografia para avaliar periodicamente os fetos, com o objetivo de preservar a saúde, tanto da gestante, quanto dos fetos. Vale evidenciar que, geralmente, essa enfermidade possui prognóstico de reservado a grave. Este presente trabalho relata o parto de uma cadela de 3 anos de idade, da raça Buldogue Inglês, que deu entrada em uma clínica veterinária, na cidade de Ourinhos/SP, com aproximadamente 62 dias de gestação, fruto de inseminação artificial, estando em trabalho de parto há aproximadamente 5 horas. A partir da realização dos exames físico e ultrassonográfico, foi observado que dois dos seis fetos apresentavam edema generalizado, estavam sem reflexos e com batimentos cardíacos diminuídos e abafados. A paciente foi submetida a cesariana de emergência. Os filhotes hidrópicos vieram a óbito, após tentativa de tratamento. Diante do exposto, conclui-se que a utilização da ultrassonografia deve ser priorizada, não apenas para diagnóstico, mas para acompanhamento da evolução da gestação e dos fetos, permitindo a visibilização de possíveis fetos hidrópicos e o agendamento da cesariana, procedimento cirúrgico mais indicado na presença dessa anomalia fetal.

Fetal hydrops is a congenital anomaly characterized by excessive accumulation of fluids in the extravascular space of the fetus, being called anasarca when excess fluid occurs in a generalized way, causing edema in the subcutaneous tissue. Thus, an exaggerated increase in the size of the fetus is expected, which may result in obstructive dystocia during birth. Bulldog dogs are more susceptible to this disease due to their brachycephalic characteristics; therefore, care should be redoubled during pregnancy, such as using ultrasound to periodically evaluate the fetuses to preserve the health of both pregnant and fetuses. It is worth noting that this disease usually has a reserved to severe prognosis. This present work reports the birth of a 3-year-old female English Bulldog that was admitted at a veterinary clinic in the city of Ourinhos/SP, with approximately 62 days of gestation, as a result of artificial insemination, being in labor for approximately 5 hours. From the physical and ultrasound examinations, it was observed that two of the six fetuses had generalized edema, had no reflexes, and presented reduced and muffled heartbeats. The patient underwent an emergency cesarean section. The hydropic puppies s died after an attempted treatment. Thus, it is concluded that the use of ultrasound should be prioritized not only for diagnosis, but for monitoring pregnancy evolution and fetuses, allowing the visualization of possible hydropic fetuses and scheduling of the cesarean section, which is the most indicated surgical procedure in the presence of this fetal anomaly.

Tarantula cubensis extract (Theranekron®) inhibits inflammation in carrageenan-induced acute paw edema in rats / [Extrato de tarântula cubensis (Theranekron®) inibe a inflamação no edema induzido por algas vermelhas na pata de ratos]

The aim of this study was to investigate the anti-inflammatory effect of alcoholic extract of Tarantula cubensis alcoholic extract (TCAE) in experimentally induced inflammation in rats. Fifty-four adult Sprague-Dawley male rats were randomly divided into nine groups. Paw edema was induced by 0.2mL subplantar (s.p.) injection of 1% carrageenan (CAR) into the right hind paw. Rats were treated with the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) indomethacin (INDO) (10mg/kg, p.o.) or TCAE at different doses (1, 10 or 100µg/kg) injected s.c. for systemic or s.p. for local anti-inflammatory effect. Saline was used as control. Changes in paw thickness, volume, and weight were calculated as percentages. Formalin-fixed paws were used for histopathological examination. We detected that TCAE applied s.c. at 10µg/kg and 100µg/kg doses resulted in thinner paw thickness, lower paw volume, and lower paw weights four hours after the induction of inflammation when compared with the INDO group (p<0.05). The paw edema inhibitory effect of TCAE applied at a dose of 10µg/kg, s.c. was 68% when compared with the INDO which had an inhibitory effect of 56%. These results were verified with similar histopathological findings. The anti-inflammatory feature of 10µg/kg of TCAE given systematically was similar to the effects of INDO. Our results suggest that TCAE has anti-inflammatory effects by reducing edema and decreasing inflammatory reaction. These results may be attributed to the inhibition of the production of proinflammatory mediators. Thus, TCAE may be considered as a potential anti-inflammatory agent for treating acute inflammatory conditions.

O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar o efeito anti-inflamatório do extrato alcoólico de Tarantula cubensis (TCAE) na inflamação induzida experimentalmente em ratos. Cinqüenta e quatro ratos Sprague-Dawley adultos machos foram divididos aleatoriamente em nove grupos. O edema da pata foi induzido pela injeção de 0,2mL de subplantar (s.p.) de 1% de carragena (CAR) na pata traseira direita. Ratos foram tratados com o medicamento antiinflamatório não esteróide (NSAID) indometacina (INDO) (10mg/kg, p.o.) ou TCAE em doses diferentes (1, 10 ou 100µg/kg) injetado s.c. para efeito sistêmico ou s.p. para efeito antiinflamatório local. A soro fisiológico foi usado como controle. As mudanças na espessura da pata, volume e peso foram calculadas como porcentagens. As patas fixadas com fórmalina foram usadas para exame histopatológico. Detectamos que o TCAE aplicado s.c. em doses de 10µg/kg e 100µg/kg resultou em menor espessura da pata, menor volume da pata e menor peso da pata quatro horas após a indução da inflamação quando comparado com o grupo INDO (p<0,05). O efeito inibidor do edema da pata de TCAE aplicado na dose de 10µg/kg, s.c. foi de 68% quando comparado com o INDO que teve um efeito inibidor de 56%. Estes resultados foram verificados com resultados histopatológicos semelhantes. A característica anti-inflamatória de 10µg/kg de TCAE dada sistematicamente foi semelhante aos efeitos do INDO. Nossos resultados sugerem que o TCAE tem efeitos anti-inflamatórios reduzindo o edema e diminuindo a reação inflamatória. Estes resultados podem ser atribuídos à inibição da produção de mediadores pró-inflamatórios. Assim, o TCAE pode ser considerado como um agente antiinflamatório potencial para o tratamento de condições inflamatórias agudas.

Anasarca associated with restrictive cardiomyopathy in cats

Background: Cardiomyopathies are a primary heart disorder and are one of the most causes of heart failure and sudden death in cats. Restrictive cardiomyopathy is a diastolic dysfunction resulting from endomyocardial fibrosis, with filling restriction and ventricular distention. In these cases, a poor outcome is expected. Anasarca in animals is often associated with dystocia secondary to congenital changes. In adults, this is a rare condition, since subcutaneous edema in animals with congestive heart failure is an uncommon finding. Therefore, this report describes clinical and pathological findings in an unusual presentation of anasarca in two adult cats with restrictive cardiomyopathy. Cases: A 12-year-old female mixed breed cat (case 1) and a 6-year-old male mixed-breed cat (case 2) were present on an emergent basis at the veterinary hospital with a history of respiratory distress. Case 1 showed on physical examination intense restrictive mixed dyspnea and lethargy, with muffled heart sounds and respiratory noises in cardiorespiratory auscultation. The cat exhibited abdominal distension resulting from ascites. Generalized subcutaneous edema was evident mainly in the abdominal and submandibular areas and the thoracic and pelvic limbs. In these regions, a positive Godet signal was observed. Thoracic radiography revealed pleural effusion, and the cat underwent fluid drainage on both sides of the thoracic cavity. Drainage material was sent to the laboratory for clinical analysis, which indicated that it was a modified transudate. The clinical signs worsened, and the cat was euthanized. In case 2, physical examination showed severe restrictive mixed dyspnea, lethargy, and low body temperature (< 32°C). Abdominal distension resulting from ascites and generalized edema in the subcutaneous tissue with a positive Godet sign was observed. On cardiorespiratory auscultation, cardiac sounds and breathing noises were muffled. Thoracic radiography revealed pleural effusion. The cat was immediately placed in an incubator for clinical stabilization with oxygen therapy and warm-up. After 2 h of hospitalization, thoracentesis and drainage of cavity fluids were performed, which were classified as modified transudate. The patient remained in critical condition during hospitalization, evolving to death. The two cats were referred for a complete post mortem examination. Grossly, both cats showed distension of the abdomen and marked edema of subcutaneous tissue, mainly in the abdominal, ventral cervical, and thoracic and pelvic members. In the abdominal and thoracic cavities, a moderate amount of serous-free liquid, slightly reddish was observed. The heart of both cats was enlarged, with a globose appearance and a slightly whitish epicardium. The left ventricular endocardium was mild and diffusely thick and whitish, in addition to moderate dilation of the left atrium. Histological analyses of the heart showed in both cats moderate and diffuse proliferation of fibrous connective tissue in the endocardial region. Discussion: Restrictive cardiomyopathy has major importance in feline medicine due to its severity and poor outcome. Pleural effusion, pulmonary edema, and ascites are common findings in cats with congestive heart failure; however, generalized subcutaneous edema is uncommon. To the author's knowledge, there are no published cases in the literature of anasarca in adult cats with restrictive cardiomyopathy. In human cardiology, this presentation is commonly related to congestive heart failure, and it is reported under several conditions, such as restrictive cardiomyopathy and constrictive pericarditis. The present study suggests that anasarca should be included in the list of associated clinical signs suggestive of severe congestive heart failure, mainly related to restrictive cardiomyopathy.

Prevalência das alterações histopatológicas testiculares encontradas nas raças Curraleiro Pé-Duro, Nelore e seus cruzamentos, criados na região semi-árida do Brasil / Histopathological testicular changes found in the Curraleiro Pé-Duro, Nelore, and its crossings, reared in the semi-arid region of Brazil

O Curraleiro Pé-Duro (CPD) é uma raça nacional, que sofreu um longo processo de seleção natural nas condições do cerrado e semiárido brasileiro. Existem diferenças entre o comportamento reprodutivo das raças naturalizadas brasileiras quando comparadas às raças zebuínas e taurinas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi descrever as alterações histopatológicas testiculares encontradas na raça CPD; Nelore; F1 (CPD x Nelore); Tricross Angus (» CPD + ½ Nelore + ½ Angus); Tricross Senepol (» CPD + ½ Nelore + ½ Senepol), criados na região semiárida do Brasil. Na avaliação microscópica dos 42 testículos, foi observado a ocorrência de 35 casos de degeneração testicular (83,3%), 24 de hipoplasia (57,1%) e 9 de edema (21,4%). Entre os 35 animais que apresentaram diagnóstico de degeneração testicular, 18 casos eram de degeneração leve (51,4%); 7 moderada (20%) e 10 severa (28,6%). Observou-se diversas associações entre degeneração testicular e outro processo patológico no mesmo animal, dentre estes a ocorrência de 17 casos associados à hipoplasia, 5 casos associados a edema e 3 casos associados a hipoplasia e edema no mesmo momento. As alterações histopatológicas testiculares prevalentes nas raças e cruzamentos analisados neste trabalho foram degeneração, hipoplasia e edema, tendo sido a degeneração a de maior acometimento, independentemente da origem racial.(AU)

The Curraleiro Pé-Duro (CPD) is a national breed, which underwent a long process of natural selection in the conditions of the Brazilian cerrado and semi-arid region. There are differences between the reproductive behavior of Brazilian naturalized breeds when compared to zebu and taurine breeds. The objective of this study was to describe the testicular histopathological alterations found in the CPD breed; Nelore; F1 (CPD x Nelore); Tricross Angus (» CPD + ½ Nelore + ½ Angus); Tricross Senepol (» CPD + ½ Nelore + ½ Senepol), bred in the semi-arid region of Brazil. In the microscopic evaluation of the 42 testicles, 35 cases of testicular degeneration (83.3%), 24 cases of hypoplasia (57.1%) and 9 cases of edema (21.4%) were observed. Among the 35 animals that were diagnosed with testicular degeneration, 18 cases were mild degeneration (51.4%); 7 moderate (20%) and 10 severe (28.6%). Several associations were observed between testicular degeneration and another pathological process in the same animal, among which the occurrence of 17 cases associated with hypoplasia, 5 cases associated with edema and 3 cases associated with hypoplasia and edema at the same time. The testicular histopathological alterations prevalent in the breeds and crosses analyzed in this study were degeneration, hypoplasia and edema, with degeneration being the most fruquent, regardless of breed origin.(AU)

Anasarca fetal em um cão recém-nascido da raça Husky Siberiano / Fetal anasarca in a newborn Siberian Husky dog

A anasarca fetal é caracterizada pelo edema generalizado do tecido subcutâneo, pela ampliação excessiva do feto, e, consequentemente, pela distocia obstrutiva durante o parto. Sua etiologia não foi elucidada, porém, acredita-se na relação da anasarca fecal com genes autossômicos recessivos, consanguinidade, malformações congênitas, dentre outros fatores. Além disso, o diagnóstico é feito por meio de ultrassonografia, pois não são observados sinais clínicos durante a gestação. Assim sendo, o objetivo deste estudo foi descrever o caso de um cão recém-nascido da raça Husky Siberiano diagnosticado com anasarca fetal. O laudo, o qual foi obtido com a realização de uma ultrassonografia, estimou a presença de seis fetos com movimentação presente e normal. Entretanto, em um dos fetos os achados ultrassonográficos foram edema e cistos repletos de líquido no tecido subcutâneo, efusão pleural e peritoneal, os quais são compatíveis com anasarca fetal. Assim, foi realizado o procedimento de cesariana programada. Devido ao edema, o filhote nasceu pesando um quilo, enquanto os outros filhotes pesavam em média 350 gramas. Apesar de nascer com batimentos cardíacos presentes, o animal veio a óbito instantaneamente após o parto. A necropsia confirmou os achados ultrassonográficos e revelou a presença de hipoplasia pulmonar. O caso relatado apresenta como causa a consanguinidade, destacando a importância de proporcionar estratégias de reprodução que visem evitar a endogamia.

Fetal anasarca is characterized by generalized swelling of the subcutaneous tissue, excessive enlargement of the fetus, and, consequently, obstructive dystocia during delivery. Its etiology has not been elucidated; however, it is believed that the fetal anasarca is related to autosomal recessive genes, consanguinity, congenital malformations, among other factors. In addition, the diagnosis is made through ultrasound, as clinical signs are not observed during pregnancy. Thus, this study aimed to describe the case of a newborn Siberian Husky dog diagnosed with fetal anasarca. The report, which was obtained with ultrasonography, estimated the presence of six fetuses with present and normal movement. However, in one of the fetuses, the sonographic findings were edema and cysts filled with liquid in the subcutaneous tissue, pleural and peritoneal effusion, which are consistent with fetal anasarca. Therefore, a scheduled cesarean section was performed. Due to the edema, the puppy was born weighing one kilo, while the other puppies weighed an average of 350 grams. Despite being born with a heartbeat, the animal died instantly after delivery. The necropsy confirmed the sonographic findings and revealed the presence of pulmonary hypoplasia. The reported case presents consanguinity as the cause, highlighting the importance of providing reproduction strategies to avoid inbreeding.

Inflammation reduction potential of nanostructured lipid carriers encapsulated with rat's bone marrow cells' lysate / Potencial de redução da inflamação de carreadores lipídicos nanoestruturados encapsulados com lisado de células de medula óssea de ratos

Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (BMSCs) have been used for treating inflammatory disorders. Due to the large size of BMSCs compared to nanoparticles, BMSCs cannot be loaded into the nanoparticles. It is hypothesized that BMSCs lysate loading into the nanocarriers will effectively deliver cellular contents and regulatory elements of BMSCs at the injury site. This study aimed to investigate nanostructured lipid carriers (NLC) loading with BMSCs lysate through basic characterization and morphological analysis. Moreover, this study was mainly designed to investigate the role of NLC loaded BMSCs lysate in reducing inflammation via in-vitro and in-vivoassays. The in-vitro study involves cell viability assays, p53, annexin V and VEGF expression through ELISA and immunocytochemistry, real-time BAX, caspase-3, IL-6, IL-8, TOP2A, PCNA, and Ki-67 gene expression analysis. Additionally, to evaluate in-vivo anti-inflammatory activity, the carrageenan-induced rat paw oedema model was used. In-vitro results showed that NLC loaded BMSCs lysate increased cell viability, decreased apoptosis and pro-inflammatory genes expression and up-regulated angiogenesis and proliferation in H2O2 pre-stimulated cells. Findings of the in-vivo assay also indicated a reduction in rat's paw oedema volume in NLC-loaded BMSCs lysate, and downregulation of BAX, Caspase-3, IL-6, and IL-8 was observed. Enhanced expressions of TOP2A, PCNA, and Ki-67 were obtained. Concluding the results of this study, NLC-loaded BMSCs lysate could reduce inflammation and possibly regenerate damaged tissue mainly via increasing cell viability, angiogenesis and proliferation, and reducing apoptosis and pro-inflammatory cytokines.

Células estromais mesenquimais derivadas da medula óssea (BMSCs) têm sido utilizadas para o tratamento de distúrbios inflamatórios. Devido ao grande tamanho das BMSCs em comparação com as nanopartículas, as BMSCs não podem ser carregadas nas nanopartículas. Supõe-se que o carregamento de lisado de BMSCs no nanocarriers será eficaz na entrega de conteúdos celulares e elementos reguladores de BMSCs no local da lesão. Este estudo teve como objetivo investigar a carga de carreador lipídico nanoestruturado (NLC) com lisado de BMSCs através de caracterização básica e análise morfológica. Além disso, este trabalho foi projetado, principalmente, para investigar o papel do lisado de BMSCs carregado com NLC na redução da inflamação por meio de ensaios anti-inflamatórios in vitro e in vivo. O estudo in vitro envolve ensaios de viabilidade celular, expressão de p53, anexina V e VEGF por ELISA e imunocitoquímica e expressão gênica em tempo real de BAX, caspase-3, IL-6, IL-8, TOP2A, PCNA e Ki-67 . Além disso, para avaliar a atividade anti-inflamatória in vivo,o modelo de edema de pata de rato induzido por carragenina foi utilizado. Os resultados in vitro mostraram que o lisado de BMSCs carregadas com NLC aumentou a viabilidade celular, diminuiu a apoptose e a expressão de genes pró-inflamatórios e aumentou a angiogênese e proliferação em células pré-estimuladas com H2O2. Os achados do ensaio in vivo também indicaram uma redução no volume do edema da pata de rato no lisado de BMSCs carregado com NLC, entretando, foi observada a regulação negativa de BAX, Caspase-3, IL-6 e IL-8. Expressões aumentadas de TOP2A, PCNA e Ki-67 foram obtidas. Assim, concluindo os resultados do estudo, é possível afirmar que o lisado de BMSCs carregado com NLC pode reduzir a inflamação e possivelmente regenerar o tecido danificado principalmente por meio do aumento da viabilidade celular, angiogênese e proliferação e redução da apoptose e citocinas pró-inflamatórias.

Quimiodectoma em cão / Chemodectoma in a dog

Background: The chemodectoma is a rare neoplasm that originates from chemoreceptors located mainly in the aortic body,and carotid body and sinus, and responsible for detecting variations in blood pH, oxygen pressure and carbon dioxide. Dogsof brachiocephalic breeds and aged between 7 and 15 years have greater propensity. A neoplasm involves infiltrative growthin the vessels at the heart base, which leads to Congestive Heart Failure (CHF). The definitive diagnosis is performed byhistopathological and/or immunohistochemical examination. The aim was to report a case of chemiodectoma in a dog,showing the disease’s clinical characteristics.Case: A 13-year-old male undefined breed dog was examinated in the medical clinic of small animal of Veterinary Hospital,Federal Rural University of Pernambuco (UFRPE) with respiratory effort, hyporexia, and edema in face, cervical, ventralthorax and thoracic limbs, with thirty days evoluted. About physical examination, we observed cachexia, orthopneic position, cyanosis and edema with a positive Godet sign, as well as 8% dehydration degree. Thoracic auscultation presentedmixed dyspnea and muffled heart sounds. Chest radiography detected an radiopacity increase in pulmonary section andmetastatic neoplastic process associated with pleural and pericardial effusion. Fluid therapy with lactated ringer and posteriorthoracentesis in the right hemithorax region was performed for greater respiratory comfort for the patient. Hematologicalcount and biochemical profiles stated normochromic normocytic anemia, relative and absolute lymphopenia, thrombocytopenia, as well as increased alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). The patient diedafter 12 hours when was submitted to necroscopic examination and histopathological evaluation. An infiltrative tumor ofcardiac base was observed invading the light of the right atrium, obstructing the venous return, as well as a large thrombus...

Quimiodectoma em cão / Chemodectoma in a dog

Background: The chemodectoma is a rare neoplasm that originates from chemoreceptors located mainly in the aortic body,and carotid body and sinus, and responsible for detecting variations in blood pH, oxygen pressure and carbon dioxide. Dogsof brachiocephalic breeds and aged between 7 and 15 years have greater propensity. A neoplasm involves infiltrative growthin the vessels at the heart base, which leads to Congestive Heart Failure (CHF). The definitive diagnosis is performed byhistopathological and/or immunohistochemical examination. The aim was to report a case of chemiodectoma in a dog,showing the diseases clinical characteristics.Case: A 13-year-old male undefined breed dog was examinated in the medical clinic of small animal of Veterinary Hospital,Federal Rural University of Pernambuco (UFRPE) with respiratory effort, hyporexia, and edema in face, cervical, ventralthorax and thoracic limbs, with thirty days evoluted. About physical examination, we observed cachexia, orthopneic position, cyanosis and edema with a positive Godet sign, as well as 8% dehydration degree. Thoracic auscultation presentedmixed dyspnea and muffled heart sounds. Chest radiography detected an radiopacity increase in pulmonary section andmetastatic neoplastic process associated with pleural and pericardial effusion. Fluid therapy with lactated ringer and posteriorthoracentesis in the right hemithorax region was performed for greater respiratory comfort for the patient. Hematologicalcount and biochemical profiles stated normochromic normocytic anemia, relative and absolute lymphopenia, thrombocytopenia, as well as increased alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST). The patient diedafter 12 hours when was submitted to necroscopic examination and histopathological evaluation. An infiltrative tumor ofcardiac base was observed invading the light of the right atrium, obstructing the venous return, as well as a large thrombus...(AU)

Distocia fetal canina por hidropsia: uso de diagnóstico ultrassonográfico / Canine fetal distocia by hydropsy: use of ultrasonography diagnostic

A hidropsia fetal é uma afecção que comumente leva à obstrução do canal do parto e à morte do feto acometido. Ela se caracteriza por um acúmulo anormal de líquido no espaço extravascular, edema subcutâneo generalizado e nas cavidades peritoneal, pleural e pericárdica. Este trabalho objetiva relatar uma hidropsia fetal canina do tipo anasarca, diagnosticada por exame ultrassonográfico, em modo bidimensional. A cadela Fox Paulistinha de 2 anos, estava em trabalho de parto há 12 horas e havia expulsado três filhotes, sendo um natimorto. À palpação foi detectado um filhote no canal do parto e solicitou-se exame ultrassonográfico para avaliação da viabilidade fetal e possível encaminhamento cirúrgico. A ultrassonografia revelou persistência de fetos: um ausente de batimentos cardíacos e obstruindo o canal do parto e outros dois em sofrimento fetal. O feto morto apresentava-se aumentado de tamanho e com edema subcutâneo ao longo de toda a extensão do tronco. Foram observados cistos cervicais bilateralmente, além de efusão pleural e abdominal. A idade gestacional por morfogênese e diâmetro biparietal foi de 68 dias e a placenta encontrava-se aumentada, medindo 0,83cm. A paciente foi submetida a cesariana de emergência. Ambos os filhotes em sofrimento foram retirados, já sem batimentos e o filhote malformado foi necropsiado. Adicionalmente, foi constatada congestão no coração, pulmões, fígado, intestino e peritônio. O filhote hidrópico não afetou a expulsão anterior dos que se posicionaram mais próximos ao canal do parto; contudo, obstruiu a passagem dos que se posicionavam cranialmente a ele, levando ao sofrimento e consequente morte fetal de dois filhotes.

Fetal hydrops is a condition that commonly leads to obstruction of the birth canal and death of the affected fetus. It is characterized by an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the extravascular space, generalized subcutaneous edema and in the peritoneal, pleural and pericardial cavities. This work aims to report a canine hydropsy of the anasarca type diagnosed by ultrasound examination, in two-dimensional mode. A 2-year-old Brazilian Terrier bitch with a labor enduring 12 hours had successfully expelled three puppies, one of them stillborn. On palpation, a fetus was detected in birth canal and an ultrasound examination was requested to assess fetal viability and possible surgical referral. Ultrasonography revealed the persistence of fetuses: one missing a heartbeat and obstructing the birth canal and two in fetal distress. The dead fetus was enlarged and had subcutaneous edema along the length of the body. Cervical cysts were observed bilaterally in the subcutaneous tissue, besides to pleural and abdominal effusion. Gestational age was 68 days based on morphogenesis and biparietal diameter. Placenta was enlarged, measuring 0.83cm. The patient underwent an emergency cesarean section. Both puppies that were in fetal suffering were removed without heartbeat and the malformed puppy was necropsied. In addition, congestion was found in the heart, lungs, liver, intestine and peritoneum. The hydropic pup did not affected the previous expulsion of those who were closer to the birth canal, however it obstructed the passage of those who positioned themselves cranially to him, leading to the suffering and consequent fetal death of two puppies.

Distocia fetal canina por hidropsia: uso de diagnóstico ultrassonográfico / Canine fetal distocia by hydropsy: use of ultrasonography diagnostic

A hidropsia fetal é uma afecção que comumente leva à obstrução do canal do parto e à morte do feto acometido. Ela se caracteriza por um acúmulo anormal de líquido no espaço extravascular, edema subcutâneo generalizado e nas cavidades peritoneal, pleural e pericárdica. Este trabalho objetiva relatar uma hidropsia fetal canina do tipo anasarca, diagnosticada por exame ultrassonográfico, em modo bidimensional. A cadela Fox Paulistinha de 2 anos, estava em trabalho de parto há 12 horas e havia expulsado três filhotes, sendo um natimorto. À palpação foi detectado um filhote no canal do parto e solicitou-se exame ultrassonográfico para avaliação da viabilidade fetal e possível encaminhamento cirúrgico. A ultrassonografia revelou persistência de fetos: um ausente de batimentos cardíacos e obstruindo o canal do parto e outros dois em sofrimento fetal. O feto morto apresentava-se aumentado de tamanho e com edema subcutâneo ao longo de toda a extensão do tronco. Foram observados cistos cervicais bilateralmente, além de efusão pleural e abdominal. A idade gestacional por morfogênese e diâmetro biparietal foi de 68 dias e a placenta encontrava-se aumentada, medindo 0,83cm. A paciente foi submetida a cesariana de emergência. Ambos os filhotes em sofrimento foram retirados, já sem batimentos e o filhote malformado foi necropsiado. Adicionalmente, foi constatada congestão no coração, pulmões, fígado, intestino e peritônio. O filhote hidrópico não afetou a expulsão anterior dos que se posicionaram mais próximos ao canal do parto; contudo, obstruiu a passagem dos que se posicionavam cranialmente a ele, levando ao sofrimento e consequente morte fetal de dois filhotes.(AU)

Fetal hydrops is a condition that commonly leads to obstruction of the birth canal and death of the affected fetus. It is characterized by an abnormal accumulation of fluid in the extravascular space, generalized subcutaneous edema and in the peritoneal, pleural and pericardial cavities. This work aims to report a canine hydropsy of the anasarca type diagnosed by ultrasound examination, in two-dimensional mode. A 2-year-old Brazilian Terrier bitch with a labor enduring 12 hours had successfully expelled three puppies, one of them stillborn. On palpation, a fetus was detected in birth canal and an ultrasound examination was requested to assess fetal viability and possible surgical referral. Ultrasonography revealed the persistence of fetuses: one missing a heartbeat and obstructing the birth canal and two in fetal distress. The dead fetus was enlarged and had subcutaneous edema along the length of the body. Cervical cysts were observed bilaterally in the subcutaneous tissue, besides to pleural and abdominal effusion. Gestational age was 68 days based on morphogenesis and biparietal diameter. Placenta was enlarged, measuring 0.83cm. The patient underwent an emergency cesarean section. Both puppies that were in fetal suffering were removed without heartbeat and the malformed puppy was necropsied. In addition, congestion was found in the heart, lungs, liver, intestine and peritoneum. The hydropic pup did not affected the previous expulsion of those who were closer to the birth canal, however it obstructed the passage of those who positioned themselves cranially to him, leading to the suffering and consequent fetal death of two puppies.(AU)

Tracheal stenosis in a Holstein cow / Estenose de traqueia em uma vaca Holandesa

Tracheal stenosis, also known as Honker syndrome, is characterized by tracheal edema and hemorrhage, leading to partial obstruction of the lumen; therefore, death. Its etiology is not yet well elucidated. A 3-year-old Holstein cow, with a history of dyspnea, and a large amount of reddish foam flowing from the mouth and nose, had died after 10 minutes of clinical signs. Macroscopic examination revealed focally extensive hemorrhage and clot organization in tracheal mucosa extending to the submucosa, surrounded by well-differentiated fibrous connective tissue. In adjacent mucosa was observed moderate multifocal inflammatory infiltrate composed by lymphocytes and plasma cells, as well as moderate squamous cell metaplasia. The bacterial culture showed growth of contaminant and environmental bacteria and the RT-PCR to detect Herpesvirus 1 (BoHV-1) and 5 (BoHV-5) was negative. To the authors knowledge, this is the first report of tracheal stenosis in South America, as well as the first report of this condition described in a Holstein cow.(AU)

A estenose traqueal, também conhecida como síndrome de Honker, caracteriza-se pela formação edema e hemorragia na traqueia, causando obstrução parcial do lúmen e consequentemente morte dos animais. Sua etiologia ainda não está bem esclarecida. Descreve-se um caso de um bovino, fêmea de aptidão leiteira, três anos de idade com manifestação clínica de dispneia, e secreção de grande quantidade de espuma avermelhada pela boca e narina, e óbito após 10 minutos de evolução do quadro. No exame macroscópico, observou-se em traqueia área focalmente extensa de coágulo circundado por tecido conjuntivo na região dorsal, em áreas adjacentes havia espessamento da mucosa causado por edema e tecido conjuntivo. No exame microscópico observou-se em traqueia, hemorragia e coágulo em organização na submucosa estendendo-se para a mucosa, circundada por tecido conjuntivo fibroso bem diferenciado. Em mucosa adjacente, observou-se infiltrado inflamatório multifocal, moderado de linfócitos e plasmócitos e metaplasia escamosa do epitélio respiratório, multifocal moderada. Verificou-se no cultivo bacteriano que houve crescimento misto abundante somente de bactérias contaminantes e bactérias ambientais. Além disso, a técnica de RT-PCR para detecção Herpesvírus tipo 1 (BoHV-1) e 5 (BoHV-5) resultou negativa. Este foi o primeiro relato ao conhecimento dos autores, de estenose traqueal na América do Sul, bem como o primeiro descrito em bovino de aptidão leiteira.(AU)

Physiological and pathological alterations in the mammary gland of Holstein cows during transition period

Background: Physiological and immunological adaptations occurred in peripartum period may be responsible for susceptibility to intramammary infections during colostrogenesis. Increase in blood flow and hormones cause physiological edema by accumulation of lymphatic fluid in interstitial space. Specific composition of mammary secretion increases the susceptibility to mastitis. So, the study of physical, cellular and microbiological changes in the mammary gland in this period are fundamental for understanding, diagnosing and adopting prophylactic measures for bovine mastitis. This study aimed to characterize physiological and pathological changes that occur in the mammary gland during transition period. Materials, Methods & Results: Thirteen cows, in second to fourth lactation were followed from 3 weeks pre-calving to 3 weeks post-calving. Cows were submitted weekly to physical examination of mammary gland, strip cup test, California Mastitis Test (CMT), Microscopic Somatic Cell Count (MSCC), and bacteriological examination of mammary secretion. Mammary quarters were divided into two groups: BAC-: samples that did not present bacteriological growth throughout transition period; BAC+: samples that presented bacteriological growth in at least two isolates of the same bacterial genus. Regarding physical examination of mammary gland, the parameters localized or generalized alteration in volume, asymmetry, reddish color, reduced skin elasticity, increased temperature, and swollen consistency presented higher frequencies in the BAC- group. On the other hand, infection in mammary quarters of cows from BAC+ group promoted a decrease in frequencies of increased volume, decreased elasticity, and elevated temperature in the mammary gland, in addition to a higher positivity to CMT and higher cellularity. Overall rate of intramammary...

Malignant edema in horse by Clostridium perfringens type A

Background: Malignant edema is one of the terms used to designate severe necrotizing syndromes in soft tissues by Clostridium spp. which are potentially fatal in farm animals. These species are responsible for myonecrosis, belonging to the group of histotoxic clostridia, and may also culminate in toxemia with the worsening of the lesions. These clostridia and their spores require a gateway such as wounds on mucous membranes or skin, which may occur due to shear, tail cut, injuries during delivery, castration or injections by contaminated needles. This report aims to describe the clinicalpathological findings of a case of malignant edema caused by Clostridium perfringens type A in an equine. Case: A female equine, undefined breed, used as traction animal, had a history of abdominal pain. According to the requisitioning veterinary, the tutor reused needles for medication. On palpation, a compact mass was noticed in the pelvic f lexure, as well as edema on the region of head and neck with crackling areas. After surgical intervention for compactation correction, the animal did not show anesthetic recovery and was submited to euthanasia. Tissue samples were collected, f ixed in 10% buffered formalin solution, routinely processed for histopathology and stained with hematoxylin and eosin and Gram stain. Samples of serous-sanguineous edema fluid and fragments of the abdominal muscles and neck were collected. The samples were kept under refrigeration and sent for microbiological culture. Necropsy showed the subcutaneous region of the pectoral was markedly gelatinous and yellowish (edema) and subcutaneous emphysema characterized by accumulation of serous-sanguineous fluid and gas bubbles. In microscopy, we verified fibrous-haemorrhagic...