Effect of exercise on occurrence of diurnal rhythms of plasma ions and metabolites in Thoroughbred racehorses / Efeito do exercício na ocorrência de ritmos diários de íons e metabólitos plasmáticos em cavalos de corrida Puro Sangue Inglês

Records of plasma calcium (Ca++), phosphorus (Pi), potassium (K+), sodium (Na+), chloride (Cl-), magnesium (Mg++), iron (Fe++), glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides and total protein levels were measured to determine the effects of exercise on occurrence of diurnal rhythms in Throughbred racehorses (n=7) under physical training. Physical activities consisted of gallop on the track and walking. Blood samples were collected from jugular vein every 4h over a 48h period. Plasma Ca++, K+, Mg++ and Na+ levels were obtained by flame photometry; and, Pi, Cl-, Fe++, glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides and total protein levels were measured by colorimetric tests using visible UV spectrophotometry. The data were analyzed using a 24h period to each exercise performed. Diurnal rhythm of Pi was observed when walking was the physical activity performed, and its acrophase occurred at the light period. Plasma triclycerides showed significant diurnal rhythms, with their acrophases occurring at the dark period, even when walking or gallop were performed. High intensity exercise (gallop) decreased triglycerides amplitude. No significant diurnal rhythms of other variables were found. Gallop, as physical activity, masked phosphorus diurnal rhythm. However, physical training did not influence triglycerides diurnal rhythm occurrence. High intensity exercise (gallop) just declined triglycerides amplitude(AU)

Mensuraram-se as concentrações plasmáticas de cálcio (Ca++), fósforo (Pi), potássio (K+), sódio (Na+), cloreto (Cl-), magnésio (Mg++), ferro (Fe++), glicose, colesterol, triglicerídeos e proteínas totais para determinar os efeitos do exercício sobre a ocorrência dos ritmos diários em cavalos de corrida da raça Puro Sangue Inglês (n=7), em treinamento. A atividade física consistiu de galope na raia e passo. Amostras de sangue foram coletadas da veia jugular a cada 4h durante um período de 48h. As concentrações plasmáticas de Ca++, K+, Mg++ e Na+ foram obtidas por espectrofotometria de absorção atômica com chama, e as concentrações de Pi, Cl-, Fe++, glicose, colesterol, triglicerídeos e proteína total foram mensuradas por testes colorimétricos utilizando-se a espectrometria de luz UV visível. Os dados foram analisados utilizando-se um período de 24h para cada tipo de exercício desenvolvido. Ritmo diário de Pi foi observado quando o passo foi a atividade física desenvolvida, apresentando sua acrofase no período diurno. A concentração plasmática de triglicerídeos mostrou significante ritmo diário com a acrofase ocorrendo no período noturno, independente se foi desenvolvido o galope ou passo. O exercício de alta intensidade (galope) diminuiu a amplitude dos triglicerídeos. Nenhum ritmo diurno foi achado nas outras variáveis. Estes resultados mostram que o galope como atividade física, mascara o ritmo diário do fósforo. Entretanto, o treinamento físico não apresentou nenhum efeito na ocorrência do ritmo diário de triglicerídeos, somente na sua amplitude(AU)

Congenital nuttaliasis of throughbred race horses in the State of Sâo Paulo / Nutaliose congênita em equinos puro-sangue de corridas no Estado de São Paulo

The article has no abstract.

O artigo não apresenta resumo.

Congenital nuttaliasis of throughbred race horses in the State of Sâo Paulo / Nutaliose congênita em equinos puro-sangue de corridas no Estado de São Paulo

The article has no abstract.

O artigo não apresenta resumo.

Note on the total serum cholesterol level in the throughbred / Nota sobre a taxa de colesterol sérico total de equinos, puro-sangue de carreira

The total cholesterol was determined in 20 throughbred horses, with an average of 101.9 ± 7.06 mg/100 ml of serum. When compared with other published data, the results are considered low. As a matter of conjecture and in order to justify the values disclosed, some tentative explanations are offered concerning mainly the breed as well as the high level of indirect bilirubin present in the serum of horses, during the training period at the Jockey Club of São Paulo, Brazil.

O artigo apresenta resumo em inglês.

Note on the total serum cholesterol level in the throughbred / Nota sobre a taxa de colesterol sérico total de equinos, puro-sangue de carreira

The total cholesterol was determined in 20 throughbred horses, with an average of 101.9 ± 7.06 mg/100 ml of serum. When compared with other published data, the results are considered low. As a matter of conjecture and in order to justify the values disclosed, some tentative explanations are offered concerning mainly the breed as well as the high level of indirect bilirubin present in the serum of horses, during the training period at the Jockey Club of São Paulo, Brazil.

O artigo apresenta resumo em inglês.

Contribution to the study of the spermatic cord in Throughbred horses. / Contribuicão ao estudo do funículo espermático de equinos da raça Puro Sangue Inglês

We have studied 28 pairs of spermatic cords of thoroughbred horses in order to estabilish the histological aspects of the following structures: testicular wrappers, arterial and venous vessels, intervascular tissues, as well as the arrangement of its vascular sistem and the length of the testicular arterie segment contained within it.

Estudando 28 pares de funículos espermáticos de equinos da raça Puro Sangue Inglês, buscou-se estabelecer os aspectos histológicos dos envoltórios dos testículos, dos vasos arteriais e venosos, dos tecidos intervasculares, bem como o arranjo do seu sistema vascular e o comprimento do segmento da artéria testicular nele contido.

Contribution to the study of the spermatic cord in Throughbred horses / Contribuicão ao estudo do funículo espermático de equinos da raça Puro Sangue Inglês

We have studied 28 pairs of spermatic cords of thoroughbred horses in order to estabilish the histological aspects of the following structures: testicular wrappers, arterial and venous vessels, intervascular tissues, as well as the arrangement of its vascular sistem and the length of the testicular arterie segment contained within it.

Estudando 28 pares de funículos espermáticos de equinos da raça Puro Sangue Inglês, buscou-se estabelecer os aspectos histológicos dos envoltórios dos testículos, dos vasos arteriais e venosos, dos tecidos intervasculares, bem como o arranjo do seu sistema vascular e o comprimento do segmento da artéria testicular nele contido.

Distance from the Torus pyloricus to the Papilla duodeni major and to the Papilla duodeni minor in throughbred horses / Distância do Torus pylorieus à Papilla duodeni major e à Papilla duodeni minor, em equinos da raça puro sangue inglês

The distance from the Torus pyloricus to the Papilla duodeni major and to the Papilla duodeni minor was observed in 20 (10 males and 10 females) adult thoroughbred horses. The mean obtained was 14.8 cm ± 1.6. Sex did not influence the refered distance.

Determina-se a distância compreendida  entre o toro pilórico e as papilas duodenais maior e menor. em 20 (10 machos e 10 fêmeas) equinos, adultos, da raça  puro sangue inglês e obtém a média de 14,8cm + 1,6, Conclue , ainda, que o sexo  não interfere na focada medida.

Preliminary observations on the potentialization of the general anesthesia in throughbred race horses / Observações preliminares sobre anestesia geral potencializada em equinos puro-sangue de corridas

In the present paper the AA. describe the preliminary observations on the potentialization of the general anesthesia in the Thoroughbred Race Horses. Dose of 100/100 Kg body weight of Clorpromazina (Largatil or Amplictil) together with dose of 50 mg/100 Kg body weight of Prometazina (Phenergan) is administered by intravenous injection approximately twenty minutes before the anesthetic. A anesthetic solution containing 7.5 per cent of cloral hydrate and 6,13 per cent of magnesium sulfate is given by slow intravenous infusion. A satisfactory degree of anaesthesia is attained by employing those quantities per 100 Kg body weight. Detailed data of nine observations have been described with this new method.

O artigo apresenta resumo em inglês.

Distance from the Torus pyloricus to the Papilla duodeni major and to the Papilla duodeni minor in throughbred horses / Distância do Torus pylorieus à Papilla duodeni major e à Papilla duodeni minor, em equinos da raça puro sangue inglês

The distance from the Torus pyloricus to the Papilla duodeni major and to the Papilla duodeni minor was observed in 20 (10 males and 10 females) adult thoroughbred horses. The mean obtained was 14.8 cm ± 1.6. Sex did not influence the refered distance.

Determina-se a distância compreendida  entre o toro pilórico e as papilas duodenais maior e menor. em 20 (10 machos e 10 fêmeas) equinos, adultos, da raça  puro sangue inglês e obtém a média de 14,8cm + 1,6, Conclue , ainda, que o sexo  não interfere na focada medida.

Preliminary observations on the potentialization of the general anesthesia in throughbred race horses / Observações preliminares sobre anestesia geral potencializada em equinos puro-sangue de corridas

In the present paper the AA. describe the preliminary observations on the potentialization of the general anesthesia in the Thoroughbred Race Horses. Dose of 100/100 Kg body weight of Clorpromazina (Largatil or Amplictil) together with dose of 50 mg/100 Kg body weight of Prometazina (Phenergan) is administered by intravenous injection approximately twenty minutes before the anesthetic. A anesthetic solution containing 7.5 per cent of cloral hydrate and 6,13 per cent of magnesium sulfate is given by slow intravenous infusion. A satisfactory degree of anaesthesia is attained by employing those quantities per 100 Kg body weight. Detailed data of nine observations have been described with this new method.

O artigo apresenta resumo em inglês.

Origin of the aa. metacarpeae palmares profundae medialis and lateralis in througlibred horses / Origem das artérias metacarpéias volares profundas em equinos P.S.I.

The AA. observed the origin of the arteriae metacarpeae palmares profundae medialis and lateralis in 50 thoracic limbs, concerning to 25 thoroughbred horses (males and females). They described the following dispositions: a) the a. metacarpeae palmaris profundae medialis arises from the a. mediana, before the origin of the a.m.p.p. lateralis 29 cases (58.0% ± 7.0) ; b) the a.m.p.p. medialis arises from the a. mediana, after the origin of the a.m.p.p lateralis 15 cases (30.0% ± 6.5); c) the aa.m.p.p. medialis and lateralis arise from the a. mediana at the same level 5 cases (10.0% ± 4,2); d) the aa.m.p.p medialis and lateralis arise from the a. mediana by a common stem 1 case (2.0% ± 2.0).

Os AA. observam a origem das aa. metacarpeias volares profundas medial e lateral em 50 membros torácicos pertencentes a 25 equinos P.S.I ., machos e fêmeas de diferentes idades, encontrando os seguintes arranjos: a) oramo medial nasce, da a. mediana, proximalmente ao lateral 29 vezes (58,0% ± 7,0); b) o ramo medial, ao inverso da disposição anterior, deriva distalmente ao lateral 15 vezes (30,0% ± 6,5%); c ) os ramos medial e lateral emergem ao mesmo nível 5 vezes (10,0% ± 4,2); d) os ramos medial e lateral originam-se por tronco comum 1 vez (2,0% ±2,0).

Origin of the aa. metacarpeae palmares profundae medialis and lateralis in througlibred horses / Origem das artérias metacarpéias volares profundas em equinos P.S.I

The AA. observed the origin of the arteriae metacarpeae palmares profundae medialis and lateralis in 50 thoracic limbs, concerning to 25 thoroughbred horses (males and females). They described the following dispositions: a) the a. metacarpeae palmaris profundae medialis arises from the a. mediana, before the origin of the a.m.p.p. lateralis 29 cases (58.0% ± 7.0) ; b) the a.m.p.p. medialis arises from the a. mediana, after the origin of the a.m.p.p lateralis 15 cases (30.0% ± 6.5); c) the aa.m.p.p. medialis and lateralis arise from the a. mediana at the same level 5 cases (10.0% ± 4,2); d) the aa.m.p.p medialis and lateralis arise from the a. mediana by a common stem 1 case (2.0% ± 2.0).

Os AA. observam a origem das aa. metacarpeias volares profundas medial e lateral em 50 membros torácicos pertencentes a 25 equinos P.S.I ., machos e fêmeas de diferentes idades, encontrando os seguintes arranjos: a) oramo medial nasce, da a. mediana, proximalmente ao lateral 29 vezes (58,0% ± 7,0); b) o ramo medial, ao inverso da disposição anterior, deriva distalmente ao lateral 15 vezes (30,0% ± 6,5%); c ) os ramos medial e lateral emergem ao mesmo nível 5 vezes (10,0% ± 4,2); d) os ramos medial e lateral originam-se por tronco comum 1 vez (2,0% ±2,0).

Determination of the age in the Throughbred during the replacement period / Determinação da idade do puro sangue de carreira na época das mudas

A statistical study is presented dealing with the average time at which the replacement of the temporary incisor teeth by the permanent ones is performed in Throughbred kept under training conditions at Jockey Club of S; Paulo, Brazil. For this purpose, 356 horses were examined. From these, 82 were excluded and the remainders 274 (147 males and 127 females) divided in four groups in accordance with the eruption of their incisor teeth: a) without permanent incisors - 68 horses (36 males and 32 females); b) with either one, two, three or four permanent pincers - 86 horses (41 males and 45 females). c) with all the permanent pincers, and either one, two, three or four permanents intermediates - 77 horses (42 males and 35 females); d) with all the permanent pincers and intermediates and either one, two, three or four permanent corners - 43 horses (28 males and 13 females). The actual age of each horse was controlled by the Stud Book records; 30.4 days was the period considered as month average. Sex differences showed no statistical signification at age for teeth replacement. For this reason males and females were computed all together.

Visando estabelecer, em base estatística, meios para a determinação da idade do Puro Sangue Inglês na época das mudas, examinamos 356 equinos, de ambos os sexos, mantidos em "boxes" individuais na Vila Hípica do Jockey Club de São Paulo. Eliminados os animais (32) que não se prestavam ao pretendido estudo, computamos 274 exemplares (147 machos e 127 fêmeas), os quais, de conformidade com o exame direto das arcadas incisivas, foram distribuídos em quatro grupos: a) sem muda - 68 animais (36 machos e 32 fêmeas); b) primeira muda - 86 exemplares (41 machos e 45 fêmeas); c) segunda muda - 77 equinos (42 machos e 35 fêmeas). d) terceira muda - 43 espécimes (28 machos e 15 fêmeas). A data de nascimento inscrita no Stud Book mantido pelo Jockey Club permitiu-nos o cálculo da idade real, efetuado na base de 30.4 dias por mês. A interpretação estatística, limitada aos grupos de animais em muda, levou-nos a arrolar as variáveis, englobadamente, posto que denunciamos não significantes as diferenças encontradas entre os dois sexos. Adotamos representação destinada a fornecer, de imediato, o número de dentes substituídos, mediante o emprego de fração ordinária, sujo numerador e denominador nos davam, na ordem de numeração, o total de incisivos superiores e inferiores permanentes.

Determination of the age in the Throughbred during the replacement period / Determinação da idade do puro sangue de carreira na época das mudas

A statistical study is presented dealing with the average time at which the replacement of the temporary incisor teeth by the permanent ones is performed in Throughbred kept under training conditions at Jockey Club of S; Paulo, Brazil. For this purpose, 356 horses were examined. From these, 82 were excluded and the remainders 274 (147 males and 127 females) divided in four groups in accordance with the eruption of their incisor teeth: a) without permanent incisors - 68 horses (36 males and 32 females); b) with either one, two, three or four permanent pincers - 86 horses (41 males and 45 females). c) with all the permanent pincers, and either one, two, three or four permanents intermediates - 77 horses (42 males and 35 females); d) with all the permanent pincers and intermediates and either one, two, three or four permanent corners - 43 horses (28 males and 13 females). The actual age of each horse was controlled by the Stud Book records; 30.4 days was the period considered as month average. Sex differences showed no statistical signification at age for teeth replacement. For this reason males and females were computed all together.

Visando estabelecer, em base estatística, meios para a determinação da idade do Puro Sangue Inglês na época das mudas, examinamos 356 equinos, de ambos os sexos, mantidos em "boxes" individuais na Vila Hípica do Jockey Club de São Paulo. Eliminados os animais (32) que não se prestavam ao pretendido estudo, computamos 274 exemplares (147 machos e 127 fêmeas), os quais, de conformidade com o exame direto das arcadas incisivas, foram distribuídos em quatro grupos: a) sem muda - 68 animais (36 machos e 32 fêmeas); b) primeira muda - 86 exemplares (41 machos e 45 fêmeas); c) segunda muda - 77 equinos (42 machos e 35 fêmeas). d) terceira muda - 43 espécimes (28 machos e 15 fêmeas). A data de nascimento inscrita no Stud Book mantido pelo Jockey Club permitiu-nos o cálculo da idade real, efetuado na base de 30.4 dias por mês. A interpretação estatística, limitada aos grupos de animais em muda, levou-nos a arrolar as variáveis, englobadamente, posto que denunciamos não significantes as diferenças encontradas entre os dois sexos. Adotamos representação destinada a fornecer, de imediato, o número de dentes substituídos, mediante o emprego de fração ordinária, sujo numerador e denominador nos davam, na ordem de numeração, o total de incisivos superiores e inferiores permanentes.

Toxoplasmosis in the equine. Serelogical evaluation / Toxoplasmose em eqüinos PSI. Estudo sorológico

Seventy seven throughbred horses of São Paulo state, among them 52 attacked by toxoplasmosis and 25 normals, were grouped according to the observed signs: 1) with incoordination (24 animals); 2) females that suffered, in the past, at least one abortion (23 animals); 3) excessive irritability (5 animals); 4) without signs (25 animals). Blood samples of all animals were examined by the Sabin-Feldman test and all 52 sick animals were positive and the antibody titer varied from 64 to 4000 and more frequent value of the antibody level was 1000. Among the animals of the control group, 24 serum specimens were negative and one was positive at the 1:16 dilution. The results suggest that the infection by the Toxoplasma gondii was recently introduced in horse population.

Setenta e sete equinos PSI do Estado de São Paulo, com diagnóstico clinico de toxoplasmose e sadios, foram divididos nos seguintes grupos de acordo com a sintomatologia observada: 1) incoordenação motora (24 animais); 2) com história passada de pelo menos 1 (um) aborto; (28 casos); 3) irritabilidade excessiva (5 casos); 4) clinicamente sadios (25). Examinados pelo teste de Sabin-Feldman, todos os 52 soros dos três primeiros grupos (doentes) apresentaram apreciáveis níveis de anticorpos anti-toxoplasma que variaram de 64 a 4000, sendo o valor 1000 o mais frequente; dentre os animais clinicamente sadios, somente 1 (5%) foi reagente ao título 16. Os resultados sugerem ter sido a toxoplasmose recentemente introduzida no rebanho equino.

Toxoplasmosis in the equine. Serelogical evaluation / Toxoplasmose em eqüinos PSI. Estudo sorológico

Seventy seven throughbred horses of São Paulo state, among them 52 attacked by toxoplasmosis and 25 normals, were grouped according to the observed signs: 1) with incoordination (24 animals); 2) females that suffered, in the past, at least one abortion (23 animals); 3) excessive irritability (5 animals); 4) without signs (25 animals). Blood samples of all animals were examined by the Sabin-Feldman test and all 52 sick animals were positive and the antibody titer varied from 64 to 4000 and more frequent value of the antibody level was 1000. Among the animals of the control group, 24 serum specimens were negative and one was positive at the 1:16 dilution. The results suggest that the infection by the Toxoplasma gondii was recently introduced in horse population.

Setenta e sete equinos PSI do Estado de São Paulo, com diagnóstico clinico de toxoplasmose e sadios, foram divididos nos seguintes grupos de acordo com a sintomatologia observada: 1) incoordenação motora (24 animais); 2) com história passada de pelo menos 1 (um) aborto; (28 casos); 3) irritabilidade excessiva (5 casos); 4) clinicamente sadios (25). Examinados pelo teste de Sabin-Feldman, todos os 52 soros dos três primeiros grupos (doentes) apresentaram apreciáveis níveis de anticorpos anti-toxoplasma que variaram de 64 a 4000, sendo o valor 1000 o mais frequente; dentre os animais clinicamente sadios, somente 1 (5%) foi reagente ao título 16. Os resultados sugerem ter sido a toxoplasmose recentemente introduzida no rebanho equino.

Serum glutamic-piruvic and glutamic-oxaloacetic transminases level in throughbred horses / Taxa das transaminases glutâmica pirúvica e glutâmica oxaloacética no soro sanguíneo de equinos puro sanque inglês

Using the CABAUD method, modified by HUMOLLER, the authors studied the serum glutamic-piruvic (SGP-T) and glutamic-oxaloacetic (SGO-T) transaminase levels in thoroughbred horses. Twenty-five animals, male and female, one to two years old (Group I) and 26 mares, six to eleven years old (Group II) were employed. All blood-serum samples were drawn in the same day (7/6/63), between seven and nine thirty A.M., while animals were yet maintained in their boxes. In an attempt to determine a possible daily variation in transaminase levels, two animals, one yearling and one mare were chosen from the above groups. From these horses blood-serum samples were drawn by seven A.M., for ten successive days (Group III). As the results obtained with the groups I and II were not significantly different (t = 0 ,36 for the SGP-T and t = 1,97 for SGO-T) all of them were put together. So, the means, in CABAUD units were, as follows: SGP-T = 0,48 _+ 0,09; SGO-T = 0,68 _+ 0,10 with a range of 0,30 to 0,63 and 0,40 to 0,95, respectively. With the horses, which were bled for ten successive days the following ranges were obtained: a - yearling: SGP-T = 0,36 to 0,45 CABAUD units SGO-T = 0,60 to 0,75 CABAUD units b - mare: SGP-T = 0,32 to 0,45 CABAUD units SGO-T = 0,62 to 0,78 CABAUD units These results when compared with those of the groups I and II indicated that no great daily variation were found in seru

O artigo apresenta resumo em inglês.

Serum glutamic-piruvic and glutamic-oxaloacetic transminases level in throughbred horses / Taxa das transaminases glutâmica pirúvica e glutâmica oxaloacética no soro sanguíneo de equinos puro sanque inglês

Using the CABAUD method, modified by HUMOLLER, the authors studied the serum glutamic-piruvic (SGP-T) and glutamic-oxaloacetic (SGO-T) transaminase levels in thoroughbred horses. Twenty-five animals, male and female, one to two years old (Group I) and 26 mares, six to eleven years old (Group II) were employed. All blood-serum samples were drawn in the same day (7/6/63), between seven and nine thirty A.M., while animals were yet maintained in their boxes. In an attempt to determine a possible daily variation in transaminase levels, two animals, one yearling and one mare were chosen from the above groups. From these horses blood-serum samples were drawn by seven A.M., for ten successive days (Group III). As the results obtained with the groups I and II were not significantly different (t = 0 ,36 for the SGP-T and t = 1,97 for SGO-T) all of them were put together. So, the means, in CABAUD units were, as follows: SGP-T = 0,48 _+ 0,09; SGO-T = 0,68 _+ 0,10 with a range of 0,30 to 0,63 and 0,40 to 0,95, respectively. With the horses, which were bled for ten successive days the following ranges were obtained: a - yearling: SGP-T = 0,36 to 0,45 CABAUD units SGO-T = 0,60 to 0,75 CABAUD units b - mare: SGP-T = 0,32 to 0,45 CABAUD units SGO-T = 0,62 to 0,78 CABAUD units These results when compared with those of the groups I and II indicated that no great daily variation were found in seru

O artigo apresenta resumo em inglês.

Contribution to the study on the innervation of the diaphragm in throughbred horses / Contribuição ao estudo da inervação do diafragma em eqüinos da raça Puro Sangue Inglês

The results obtained through the study of 30 diaphragms of adult throughbred horses, extracted from 15 male and 15 female animals from the Jockey Clube de São Paulo and the Jockey Clube Brasileiro, allowed us to come to the following conclusions: 1) The phrenic nerves terminate in a ventral branch and in a dorsolateral trunk on the right (96.7%) and on the left (26.7%), or in a dorsal branch and a ventrolateral trunk on the left (66.7%) and on the right (3.3%). Trifurcations in ventral, lateral and dorsal branches are also found on the left (6,6%). Right and left phrenic nerves are simetrically arranged in a ventral branch and a dorsolateral trunk (26.7%) and a dorsal branch and a ventrolateral trunk (3.3%). 2) The dorsal branches of the phrenic nerves innervate the lumbar portion on the left (86.6%) and on the right (83.3%) respectively. They provide fillets to the tendinous center of the diaphragm either on the right or on the left (6.6%). They also provide fillets to the dorsal leaflet on the right (6.6%), and to the vena cava caudal on the left (6.6%), and only in one case they provide branches to the right lumbar portion (3.3%). 3) The lateral branches of the phrenic innervate the costal portion on the left (90.0%) and on the right (56.6%), more precisely the dorsal and lateral portion. They provide fillets to the dorsal leaflet on the right (20.0%) and on the left (3.3%),

Os resultados obtidos com o estudo de 30 diafragmas de cavalos da raça Puro Sangue Inglês, adultos, retirados de 15 machos e 15 fêmeas, oriundos do Jockey Clube de São Paulo e Jockey Clube Brasileiro, permitiram-nos chegar às seguintes conclusões: 1) os nervos frênicos terminam em ramo ventral e tronco dorsolateral à direita (96,7%) e à esquerda (26,7%), ou em ramo dorsal e tronco ventrolateral a esquerda (66,7%) e à direita (3,3%), encontrando-se ainda, trifurcação em ramos dorsal, lateral e ventral à esquerda (6,6%). Os nervos frênicos direito e esquerdo comportam-se simetricamente em ramo ventral e tronco dorsolateral (26,7%) e, em ramo dorsal e tronco ventrolateral (3,3%); 2) os ramos dorsais dos nervos frênicos inervam a esquerda (86,6%) e à direita (83,3%) a parte lombar do mesmo lado; fornecem filetes ao centro tendíneo do diafragma, tanto à direita como a esquerda (6,6%); emitem filetes ao folíolo dorsal à direita (6,6%); a parede da veia cava caudal à esquerda (6,6%); e, em apenas uma oportunidade, enviam ramos à porção lombar direita (3,3%); 3) os ramos laterais dos nervos frênicos inervam à esquerda (90,0%) e à direita (56,6%) a parte costal, mais precisamente, as porções dorsal e lateral; à direita (23,3%) emitem filetes à porção lombar; enviam filetes ao folíolo dorsal à direita (20,0%) e à esquerda (3,3%); e, dirigem-se à porção ventral da parte costal a esquerda