Hydrallantois in Jersey cow: case report / Hidroalantóide em vaca Jersey: relato de caso

Hydrallantois is an uncommon gestational disease caused by abnormal accumulation of fluid in one compartments of the placenta, whose incidence has increased in cattle with the diffusion of modern reproduction techniques like in vitro embryo production (IVP) and cloning. Since it still remains the difficulty of early diagnosis and treatment to preserve the life of the female and allow a rapid return to uterine and ovarian conditions prior to the pregnancy, this report aims to describe its occurrence in a Jersey cow contributing to the study of its puerperal and surgical treatment.

Hidroalantóide é uma patologia gestacional incomum causada pelo acúmulo anormal de fluido em um dos compartimentos da placenta, cuja incidência tem aumentado em bovinos com a difusão de modernas técnicas de reprodução como produção in vitro de embriões (PIV) e clonagem. Visto que ainda hoje persiste a dificuldade de um diagnóstico precoce e de tratamentos que preservem a vida da fêmea e permitam um rápido retorno às condições uterinas e ovarianas anteriores à prenhez, o presente relato tem por objetivo descrever sua ocorrência em uma vaca Jersey contribuindo para o estudo de seu tratamento cirúrgico e puerperal.

Hydrallantois in Jersey cow: case report / Hidroalantóide em vaca Jersey: relato de caso

Hydrallantois is an uncommon gestational disease caused by abnormal accumulation of fluid in one compartments of the placenta, whose incidence has increased in cattle with the diffusion of modern reproduction techniques like in vitro embryo production (IVP) and cloning. Since it still remains the difficulty of early diagnosis and treatment to preserve the life of the female and allow a rapid return to uterine and ovarian conditions prior to the pregnancy, this report aims to describe its occurrence in a Jersey cow contributing to the study of its puerperal and surgical treatment.(AU)

Hidroalantóide é uma patologia gestacional incomum causada pelo acúmulo anormal de fluido em um dos compartimentos da placenta, cuja incidência tem aumentado em bovinos com a difusão de modernas técnicas de reprodução como produção in vitro de embriões (PIV) e clonagem. Visto que ainda hoje persiste a dificuldade de um diagnóstico precoce e de tratamentos que preservem a vida da fêmea e permitam um rápido retorno às condições uterinas e ovarianas anteriores à prenhez, o presente relato tem por objetivo descrever sua ocorrência em uma vaca Jersey contribuindo para o estudo de seu tratamento cirúrgico e puerperal.(AU)

Triplex doppler ultrassonography in prenatal of pregnant bitches

Background: The Dopplerfl uxometry is a diagnostic technique that provides anatomical information and real-time dynamictissue evaluation by determining the presence and direction of blood fl ow in a vessel and their hemodynamic features.Considering the importance of Doppler to pregnant women and the recent studies of vascular indices in pregnant animalsand the application of news technologies for Doppler ultrasonography as spectral and power techonology, the objective ofthis study was to determine the absolute values of the vascular indices from the uterine, umbilical and fetal aorta arteriesin pregnant bitches, using new techniques of doppler ultrassonography.Materials, Methods & Results: Twenty six multiparous bitches from the same kennel, weighting 5 - 25 kg, aged 4 - 6 yearsold, were selected to the current study. Doppler ultrasonography was performed to assess the maximum and minimumvelocity, resistance and pulsatility indices of the uteroplacental, umbilical and fetal abdominal aorta arteries (5th, 6th, 7thand 8th gestational week). The mean pregnancy period in twenty six bitches was 60 days and the mean number of puppies per pregnancy was four. Twenty fi ve animals presented healthy pregnancies and one presented hydrallantois at the7th and 8th gestational week. During Doppler exams in healthy pregnant bitches, there were progressive increase in PSV(P 5%) but increased EDV (P < 5 %) in umbilical and fetal aorta and decreased PI and RI in the vessels evaluated (P < 5%). For the bicthe with hydrallantois was observed EDV = 3 cm / s, PI and RI of 1.82 to 1.46; PSV was 11 cm/s, EDV =2.1 c/ms, PI = 1.46 and RI = 0.76 at the 7th and 8th week of pregnancy, respectively, different values from those obtainedin healthy bitches...

Triplex doppler ultrassonography in prenatal of pregnant bitches

Background: The Dopplerfl uxometry is a diagnostic technique that provides anatomical information and real-time dynamictissue evaluation by determining the presence and direction of blood fl ow in a vessel and their hemodynamic features.Considering the importance of Doppler to pregnant women and the recent studies of vascular indices in pregnant animalsand the application of news technologies for Doppler ultrasonography as spectral and power techonology, the objective ofthis study was to determine the absolute values of the vascular indices from the uterine, umbilical and fetal aorta arteriesin pregnant bitches, using new techniques of doppler ultrassonography.Materials, Methods & Results: Twenty six multiparous bitches from the same kennel, weighting 5 - 25 kg, aged 4 - 6 yearsold, were selected to the current study. Doppler ultrasonography was performed to assess the maximum and minimumvelocity, resistance and pulsatility indices of the uteroplacental, umbilical and fetal abdominal aorta arteries (5th, 6th, 7thand 8th gestational week). The mean pregnancy period in twenty six bitches was 60 days and the mean number of puppies per pregnancy was four. Twenty fi ve animals presented healthy pregnancies and one presented hydrallantois at the7th and 8th gestational week. During Doppler exams in healthy pregnant bitches, there were progressive increase in PSV(P < 5 %) to the uteroplacental, fetal aorta and umbical arteries, constant values in the uteroplacental artery EDV (P > 5%) but increased EDV (P < 5 %) in umbilical and fetal aorta and decreased PI and RI in the vessels evaluated (P < 5%). For the bicthe with hydrallantois was observed EDV = 3 cm / s, PI and RI of 1.82 to 1.46; PSV was 11 cm/s, EDV =2.1 c/ms, PI = 1.46 and RI = 0.76 at the 7th and 8th week of pregnancy, respectively, different values from those obtainedin healthy bitches...(AU)

Hydrallantois in a female dog: a case report / Hidroalantoide em cadela: relato de caso

The aim of this study was to describe the clinical, ultrasound and histological findings of hydrallantois in a Pug bitch. On the 56th day of pregnancy the patient presented pronounced abdominal distention, lethargy, anorexia and dyspnea. The ultrasound revealed the presence of abnormal fluid accumulation within the fetal membranes, especial in the allantois, which was incompatible with the 8th week of pregnancy in bitches. The macroscopic exam during the C-section, distention of the fetal membranes and accumulation of fluid within the allantois was observed. The precise amount of liquid could not be assessed due to the surgical procedure. All neonates of our case report were normal at the initial physical exam. The histologic exam revealed normal placenta. In conclusion, clinical and ultrasound assessment were able to diagnose hydrallantois in a canine patient.(AU)

O objetivo do estudo foi descrever a sintomatologia clínica e achados ultrassonográficos e histopatológicos em um caso de hidroalantoide em cadela Pug. Aos 56º dia de gestação, o animal apresentou distensão abdominal pronunciada, letargia, anorexia e dispneia. Por meio do exame ultrassonográfico, verificou-se o acúmulo anormal de líquido em membranas fetais, especialmente em alantoide, incompatível à oitava semana gestacional em cadelas. À inspeção macroscópica, verificou-se distensão de membranas fetais e acúmulo de líquido no interior do alantoide. A quantidade exata de líquido não pôde ser avaliada, devido ao procedimento cirúrgico. Todos os recém-nascidos do presente relato apresentavam-se normais ao exame físico inicial. Ao exame histopatológico, revelou-se placenta normal. Concluiu-se que a avaliação clínica e a ultrassonográfica foram capazes de diagnosticar a hidralantoide em uma cadela.(AU)

The placenta of bovine clones

Background: Since the first success in sheep, the production of viable cloned offspring by somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) in various mammals has increased significantly. The incidence of pregnancy failure and fetal death, however, is still very high, whatever the species, and impairs the commercial development of this technology, even in the bovine species where the success rates are highest compared to other species. Review: In cattle, most gestation losses are initially due to abnormal implantation and poor placental development leading to fetal demise during the early post-implantation period (30 to 70 days of pregnancy). Thereafter, in continuing pregnancies, losses usually occur in the last third of gestation and affect about 25% of the on-going pregnancies, with very large differences according to phenotype. These are currently referred to as the Large Offspring Syndrome (LOS), Large Placenta Syndrome or Abnormal Offspring Syndrome. In all cases, the placenta appears to be central to the onset of the pathology, with placentomegaly and hydrallantois being the most common features. Clinically, transabdominal ultrasound monitoring of fetal and placental development as well as the measurement of maternal plasma concentrations of pregnancy associated glycoproteins (PAG) are recommended in order to monitor the pregnancies. Humane termination of the pregnancies by Caesarian section or slaughtering of the affected animals is recommended when the pathology onset is diagnosed more than 2 weeks prior to term. Underlying mechanisms include abnormal placental vascularization, which is present early in SCNT placental development. Enzymatic response to oxidative stress is also modified. In the first trimester, several genes expressed in the trophoblast have been found to be differentially expressed between SCNT and control conceptuses, including placental lactogen (PL), the PAG, prolactin related protein-1 (PRP-1) and Dickkopf-1(DKK-1), to name a few. All these proteins are expressed in the Binucleate cells (BNC) of the trophoblast and thus, indicate that BNC function may be affected in SCNT from very early in gestation, thereby compromising placental development. Later in pregnancy, it has been shown that transplacental exchanges are disturbed, in particular those related to glucose metabolism. Moreover, endocrine function is altered compared to controls, with decreased estrogen secretion and modifications in PAG secretion, resulting in largely elevated maternal plasma concentrations. Gene expression patterns are affected, with most prominent functional effects involving cell cycle, cell signaling pathways, molecular transport, DNA replication, recombination and repair. Most of the affected genes are downregulated. Finally, many of the pathologies reported with SCNT pregnancies resemble abnormalities reported with either mutations or deletions of imprinted genes or dysregulation of imprinted gene expression, and the expression of several imprinted genes have been shown to be abnormal in SCNT placenta. Conclusions: In conclusion, pregnancy failure after SCNT is due to multiple factors affecting, implantation, placental development, morphology, vascularization, responses to oxidative stress and the epigenetic control of gene expression. If abnormal nuclear reprogramming may induce long term effects in bovine SCNT, these effects may also be due to fetal programming due to abnormal placental function and perturbed fetal development.

Hydrallantois in an ewe (case report) / Hidroalantóide em uma ovelha. relato de caso

A 4-year-old Suffolk ewe in the last trimester of gestation was referred to Veterinary Teaching Hospital with history of an acute, progressive, bilateral abdominal distention. After 10 days of hospitalization, the animal underwent a cesarean section in the paramammary region that revealed a grossly distended, thin-walled, fluid-filled uterus with 18 liters of allantoic fluid and 2 lambs. Two days after surgery, the ewe was alert, able to stand and had normal appetite. Abdominal distention did not recur after surgery and neither retention of fetal membranes nor septic metritis signs were observed. Ten days after surgery the animal was discharged to the farm. Rebreeding was discouraged in this case. KEY WORDS: Hydrallantois. Ewe.

Uma ovelha da raça Suffolk, 4 anos de idade, no terceiro trimestre de gestação foi encaminhada ao Hospital Veterinário com história primária de distensão abdominal bilateral aguda e progressiva. Após 10 dias de internação, o animal foi submetido a uma cesariana na região paramamária que revelou útero distendido com paredes finas e preenchido com 18 litros de líquido alantóico e presença de 2 cordeiros. Dois dias após a cirurgia, a ovelha estava alerta, era capaz de se levantar e tinha apetite normal. A distensão abdominal não retornou após a cirurgia nem retenção de placenta ou sinais de metrite foram observados. Dez dias após a cirurgia o animal retornou para a fazenda. Nova cobertura foi desencorajada neste caso.PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Hidroalantóide. Ovelha

Hidropsia uterina em bovinos / Hidropsia uterina em bovinos

One case of hydrops uterine was observed in a female bovine, holstein cross, 5 years old, 8 mounts of pregnancy, with enlarged abdomen and sudden death. In the necropsy were observed hydrallantois, adventitious placentae, small placentomes and reduced numbers of placentomes, and one dead normal fetus slightly edematousus.

Relato de um caso de hidropsia uterina observada em uma fêmea bovina, mestiça holandesa, de 5 anos de idade, gestante de 8 meses, que apresentou um aumento exagerado do volunte abdominal e morte súbita. A necropsia confirmou-se o diagnóstico de hidroalantóide, com pontos de fixação adventícia da placenta, placentomas pequenos e com redução de número, e um feto morto de características normais e levemente edematoso.

Hidropsia uterina em bovinos / Hidropsia uterina em bovinos

One case of hydrops uterine was observed in a female bovine, holstein cross, 5 years old, 8 mounts of pregnancy, with enlarged abdomen and sudden death. In the necropsy were observed hydrallantois, adventitious placentae, small placentomes and reduced numbers of placentomes, and one dead normal fetus slightly edematousus.  

Relato de um caso de hidropsia uterina observada em uma fêmea bovina, mestiça holandesa, de 5 anos de idade, gestante de 8 meses, que apresentou um aumento exagerado do volunte abdominal e morte súbita. A necropsia confirmou-se o diagnóstico de hidroalantóide, com pontos de fixação adventícia da placenta, placentomas pequenos e com redução de número, e um feto morto de características normais e levemente edematoso.    

HYDRALLANTOIS IN AN EWE (CASE REPORT). / HIDROALANTÓIDE EM UMA OVELHA. RELATO DE CASO.

A 4-year-old Suffolk ewe in the last trimester of gestation was referred to Veterinary Teaching Hospital with history of an acute, progressive, bilateral abdominal distention. After 10 days of hospitalization, the animal underwent a cesarean section in the paramammary region that revealed a grossly distended, thin-walled, fluid-filled uterus with 18 liters of allantoic fluid and 2 lambs. Two days after surgery, the ewe was alert, able to stand and had normal appetite. Abdominal distention did not recur after surgery and neither retention of fetal membranes nor septic metritis signs were observed. Ten days after surgery the animal was discharged to the farm. Rebreeding was discouraged in this case. KEY WORDS: Hydrallantois. Ewe.

Uma ovelha da raça Suffolk, 4 anos de idade, no terceiro trimestre de gestação foi encaminhada ao Hospital Veterinário com história primária de distensão abdominal bilateral aguda e progressiva. Após 10 dias de internação, o animal foi submetido a uma cesariana na região paramamária que revelou útero distendido com paredes finas e preenchido com 18 litros de líquido alantóico e presença de 2 cordeiros. Dois dias após a cirurgia, a ovelha estava alerta, era capaz de se levantar e tinha apetite normal. A distensão abdominal não retornou após a cirurgia nem retenção de placenta ou sinais de metrite foram observados. Dez dias após a cirurgia o animal retornou para a fazenda. Nova cobertura foi desencorajada neste caso.PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Hidroalantóide. Ovelha

HYDRALLANTOIS IN AN EWE (CASE REPORT). / HIDROALANTÓIDE EM UMA OVELHA. RELATO DE CASO.

A 4-year-old Suffolk ewe in the last trimester of gestation was referred to Veterinary Teaching Hospital with history of an acute, progressive, bilateral abdominal distention. After 10 days of hospitalization, the animal underwent a cesarean section in the paramammary region that revealed a grossly distended, thin-walled, fluid-filled uterus with 18 liters of allantoic fluid and 2 lambs. Two days after surgery, the ewe was alert, able to stand and had normal appetite. Abdominal distention did not recur after surgery and neither retention of fetal membranes nor septic metritis signs were observed. Ten days after surgery the animal was discharged to the farm. Rebreeding was discouraged in this case. KEY WORDS: Hydrallantois. Ewe.

Uma ovelha da raça Suffolk, 4 anos de idade, no terceiro trimestre de gestação foi encaminhada ao Hospital Veterinário com história primária de distensão abdominal bilateral aguda e progressiva. Após 10 dias de internação, o animal foi submetido a uma cesariana na região paramamária que revelou útero distendido com paredes finas e preenchido com 18 litros de líquido alantóico e presença de 2 cordeiros. Dois dias após a cirurgia, a ovelha estava alerta, era capaz de se levantar e tinha apetite normal. A distensão abdominal não retornou após a cirurgia nem retenção de placenta ou sinais de metrite foram observados. Dez dias após a cirurgia o animal retornou para a fazenda. Nova cobertura foi desencorajada neste caso.PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Hidroalantóide. Ovelha

"Clonagem em bovinos: uso de fibroblastos fetal e adulto como fonte doadora de núcleo" / Bovine cloning: fetal and adult fibroblasts as nuclei donor source

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a viabilidade in vitro e in vivo de embriões bovinos reconstruídos com oócitos enucleados em Metáfase II e núcleos de células somáticas (fibroblastos) fetais e adultas. Para tanto, oócitos de ovários colhidos em matadouro foram maturados in vitro por 17 horas e enucleados pela remoção do primeiro corpúsculo polar (CP) e da região do oolema contendo a placa metafásica. Como núcleo doador, foram utilizados fibroblastos de orelha de vaca da raça Nelore e de feto colhido em abatedouro. Para a reconstrução dos embriões, cada célula doadora de núcleo, após indução à G0, foi inserida sob a zona pelúcida de cada oócito enucleado e o complexo citoplasma receptor - núcleo doador (CCN) fundido e ativado por eletrofusão (2 pulsos de 4 KV/cm durante 20µs). Após ativação elétrica, cada CCN foi incubado em solução de ciclohexemide (10µg/ml) e citocalasina D (2,5µg/ml) por 1 hora e, em seguida, em solução de ciclohexemide (10µg/ml) por mais 4 horas. Os embriões reconstruídos e ativados, assim como os fecundados in vitro (controle), foram co-cultivados em monocamada de células da granulosa e TCM 199 acrescido de 10% de SFB por 7-9 dias. Após o co-cultivo por 7-9 dias, parte dos embriões (controle e reconstruídos) foi fixada e corada para determinação do número de células e parte transferida para receptoras. Um total de 668 embriões foram reconstruídos com célula fetal e 569 com fibroblasto adulto. Após eletrofusão, 212 embriões reconstruídos com célula fetal e 181 com célula adulta fundiram e 32 (15,1%) e 30 (16,6%) atingiram o estádio de blastocisto, respectivamente. O número médio de células dos blastocistos foi 129,3, 101,3 e 114,3, respectivamente, para célula fetal, adulta e embriões FIV (controle), não havendo diferença estatística significante entre os grupos (P<0,05). Após a transferência de 18 blastocistos de célula fetal e 21 de célula adulta, as taxas de prenhez aos 90 dias foram 16,7% (3) e 19% (4), respectivamente, não havendo diferença estatística significante entre os grupos (P<0,05). A primeira prenhez com célula fetal deu origem a um bezerro saudável, aos 290 dias, pesando 34kg. Uma das receptoras morreu aos 229 dias de gestação em conseqüência de hidroalantóide e outra abortou aos 252 dias. As prenhezes de embriões reconstruídos com célula adulta ainda estão em andamento. Estes resultados indicam que fibroblastos fetal e adulto podem ser usados como doadores de núcleo com semelhantes taxas de desenvolvimento in vitro e in vivo

The aim of this study was to evaluate the in vitro and in vivo viability of bovine nuclear transferred embryos from metaphase II oocytes and fetal and adult fibroblasts. Oocytes from ovaries collected at slaughterhouse were matured in vitro for 17 hours and enucleated after aspiration of first polar body (PB) and small volume of cytoplasm containing metaphase plate. Fibroblasts from Nelore cow and foetus collected at slaughterhouse were used as nuclei donor. In Nuclear Transfer, each nuclei donor cell, after serum starvation, was inserted under the zona pellucida of the each enucleated oocyte and the enucleated oocyte- nuclei donor cell complexes were electrofused and activated (2 pulses of 4KV/cm for 20µs). After electrical activation, the couplets were incubated in TCM199 plus 10% FCS supplemented with cycloheximide (10µg/ml) and cytochalasin D (2.5µgml) for 1 hour and cycloheximide alone for further 4 hours. The activated reconstructed embryos, as well as IVF embryos (control group), were co-cultured with granulosa cells in TCM 199 + 10% FCS for 7–9 days. After co-cultured, part of embryos (control and reconstructed) was fixed and the number of cells counted and part was transferred into recipients. A total of 668 couplets were reconstructed from fetal and 569 from adult fibroblasts. After electrofusion, 212 (fetal cells) and 181 (adult cells) embryos got fused and 32 (15.1%) and 30 (16.6%) reached blastocyst stage, respectively. The blastocyst cell number means were 129.3, 101.3 and 114.3, respectively, for fetal, adult and IVF (control) embryos. There was no significant difference (P<0.05) in the number of cells of blastocysts among the groups. After transferring 18 (fetal cells) and 21 (adult cells) blastocysts, pregnancy rates at day 90 were 16.7% (3) and 19% (4), respectively. There was no significant difference (P<0.05) between pregnancy rates. The first pregnancy from fetal cells delivered a healthy male calf at day 290, weighting 34kg. One of the remaining recipients died with hydrallantois at day 229 and the other aborted at day 252. The pregnancies of adult cells reconstructed embryos are still in course. These results indicated that fetal and adult fibroblasts could be used as nuclei donor, with similar rates of in vitro and in vivo developments