Resumo

The present study presents a comparative evaluation of the transit kinetics of straw briquette in response to the dietary addition of non-protein nitrogen sources in the form of a mineral supplement. Four rumen-cannulated, castrated Holstein-Gir crossbred cattle, weighing an average of 380±22.64 kg, were distributed into a 4 × 4 Latin square design (four supplements with non-protein nitrogen sources × four experimental periods). The following non-protein nitrogen sources were studied: conventional urea, slow-release urea, extruded urea, and monoammonium phosphate. During the experiment, the animals were housed in individual stalls with concrete floors where they received a basal diet consisting of straw briquette, potato starch, and the mineral supplement, the latter whose variation was only in the non-protein nitrogen source, which characterized the treatments. The different non-protein nitrogen sources did not affect the parameters of transit or degradation kinetics of straw fiber briquette. These results can be associated with the low nitrogen content limited by the types of supplements and the particle size of straw briquette, which is smaller due to processing.(AU)

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The effects of diets containing oilseeds were measured to evaluate the productive and economic parameters in the finishing of young, feedlot Nellore bulls. Twenty-four young Nellore bulls were used, with an initial body weight (BW) of 311.46±0.37 kg and 24 months of age, distributed into individual stalls (4x20m) in a completely randomized design, totaling four treatments with six repetitions per treatment. Four diets (control, based on corn and soybean meal, and three diets containing cottonseed, soybean, and sunflower) were evaluated. Feed and orts were measured daily to calculate intake and costs. The dry matter intake of the control group was higher than soybean (10.64 kg/day), cotton (9.88 kg/day), and sunflower (9.30 kg/day) treatments, respectively. The cottonseed treatment showed the highest average neutral detergent fiber intake. There was a dietary effect of diets on average daily gain, total weight gain, and final weight. The soybean treatment showed the highest performance, total gain (232.55 kg), and final weight (544.38 kg). Oilseed intake can modify the fatty acids profile in the meat, decreasing its saturated fatty acid content. Whole soybean seed favors performance, improves feed efficiency, fatty acid profile, and fat distribution in the carcass, and can reduce production costs.(AU)

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the reproductive performance of sows in individual stalls (Stall) or group-housed into groups on days 3 to 5 (Pen5) or 38 to 42 (Pen42) after breeding. The reproductive data was collected from the operating system of the farm establishing the average of the weekly performances of the sows that gave birth, for four years, except for the Pen5 system, which was evaluated for three years. Statistical analyses were performed using SAS®, using MIXED (for quantitative traits), NPAR1WAY (for categorical traits) and LOGISTIC (binomial traits) procedures, using sows as a repeated measure. Sows in Stall system had piglets with higher birth weight them sows in the group-housed system (P<0.05), however the piglets born alive, total piglets weaned, average litter weight, and duration of farrowing were lower in this system than in the group-housed (P<0.0001). There was no difference between Pen5 and Stall systems for gestation period and mummified piglets. The Pen42 system had a higher percentage of mummified piglets and a shorter gestation period, when compared Pen5 and Stall systems (P<0.0001), and similar results to the Pen5 system for duration of farrowing, piglets born alive, stillbirths, total piglets weaned, average litter weight and birth weight (P<0.0001).(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a performance reprodutiva de matrizes suínas alojadas individualmente (Individual) ou em grupos, nos dias 3 a 5 (Grupo 5) ou 38 a 42 (Grupo 42) após a inseminação. Os dados reprodutivos foram coletados do sistema operacional da granja, estabelecendo-se a média dos desempenhos semanais das matrizes que pariram por semana, durante quatro anos, exceto para o sistema Grupo 5, que foi avaliado por três anos. A análise estatística foi realizada com SAS®, usando-se os procedimentos MIXED (para variáveis quantitativas), NPAR1WAY (para variáveis categóricas) e LOGISTIC (para variáveis binomiais), tendo a matriz como uma medida repetida. As matrizes no sistema Individual tiveram leitões com maior média de peso ao nascer do que as matrizes nos sistemas de alojamento em grupo (P<0,05), porém os leitões nascidos vivos, o total de leitões nascidos, o peso médio da leitegada e a duração do parto foram menores no sistema Individual do que nos sistemas de alojamento em grupo (P<0,0001). Não houve diferença entre os sistemas Grupo 5 e Individual para o tempo de duração da gestação e o número de leitões mumificados. O sistema Grupo 42 apresentou maior porcentagem de leitões mumificados e menor período de gestação, quando comparado aos sistemas Grupo 5 e Individual (P<0,0001), e resultados semelhantes ao sistema Grupo 5 para duração do parto, leitões nascidos vivos, natimortos, total de leitões desmamados, peso médio da leitegada e peso ao nascer (P<0,0001).(AU)

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This study aimed to evaluate the effect of substituting corn with wheat middling on the in-situ degradability of foods and ruminal parameters of cattle. The experiment was conducted at the Ruminant Studies Unit and the Laboratory of Food Analysis and Animal Nutrition of Londrina State University. Five rumen-fistulated cattle with an average weight of 521 ± 38.22 kg were housed in individual stalls. The experimental design used was a Latin square with five treatments (100% C, 75% C 25% WM, 50% C 50% WM, 25% C 75% WM, and 100% WM) and five periods of 25 days each. The pH and ammoniacal nitrogen (N-NH3) concentration in ruminal fluid was measured before feeding and 2, 4, 6, and 8 h after feeding in subdivided parcels. The in-situ degradability of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (ADF) were determined by incubating silage samples and measuring concentrates in the rumen of cattle. The levels of substitution of corn by wheat middling did not alter the pH and N-NH3 values but was influenced by the collection time. The N-NH3 presented quadratic behavior with a point of maximum rumen concentration (5.31 mgdL-¹) reached 1.12 h after feeding. The pH presented quadratic behavior with a point of minimum (6.04) reached 4.32 h after feeding. The effective degradability (ED) of DM with 2, 5 and 8%h-¹ of passage rate was influenced by the substitution of corn by wheat middling, with increasing linear behavior. The ED 2%h-¹ varied from 46.19% to 50.24%, the ED 5%h-¹ varied from 33.76% to 38.68%, and the ED 8%h-¹ values ranged from 28.16% to 32.92% for the 100% C and 100% WM treatments. Higher values, for treatments with higher levels of substitution of corn by wheat middling, occurred owing to the lower fiber content and to the largest soluble fractions and degradation rate of DM in rations with wheat middling. The ED of CP and NDF with passage rates of [...].

Objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar o efeito da substituição do milho por triguilho sobre a degradabilidade in situ das rações e os parâmetros ruminais de bovinos. O experimento foi conduzido na Unidade de Estudos de Ruminantes (UNER) e no Laboratório de Análises de Alimentos e Nutrição Animal (LANA) da Universidade Estadual de Londrina. Foram utilizados cinco bovinos fistulados no rúmen, com peso médio de 521 ± 38,22 kg, alojados em baias individuais. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o quadrado latino, com cinco tratamentos, sendo as proporções de milho e triguilho (100% M, 75% M 25% T, 50% M, 50% T, 25% M 75% T e 100% T) e cinco períodos de 25 dias cada. O pH e nitrogênio amoniacal (N-NH3) do líquido ruminal foram mensurados antes da alimentação e 2, 4, 6 e 8 horas após alimentação, em parcelas subdivididas. A degradabilidade in situ da matéria seca (MS), matéria orgânica (MO), proteína bruta (PB), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) e fibra em detergente ácido (FDA) foram determinadas com a incubação das amostras de silagem e concentrados no rúmen dos animais. Os teores de substituição do milho pelo triguilho não influenciaram os valores de N-NH3 e pH ruminal, mas os mesmos foram influenciados pelos tempos de coleta. O N-NH3 apresentou comportamento quadrático com ponto de máxima concentração no rúmen (5,31 mgdL-¹) 1h12 após a alimentação. O pH apresentou comportamento quadrático com ponto de mínima (6,04) 4h32 após a alimentação dos animais. A degradabilidade efetiva (DE) da MS com 2, 5 e 8%h-¹ de taxa de passagem foram influenciadas pela substituição do milho por triguilho, observando comportamento linear crescente. A DE 2%h-¹ apresentou variação de 46,19% a 50,24%, a DE 5%h-1 variou de 33,76% a 38,68% e a DE 8%h-¹ apresentou valores de 28,16% a 32,92% para os tratamentos 100% M e 100% T. Os valores superiores, observados nos tratamentos com maiores teores de substituição do milho pelo triguilho, ocorreram devido ao [...].

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The aim of this study was to evaluate swine females of different genetic lines submitted to different reproductive management and housing systems during pregnancy on reproductive performance and animal welfare parameters. After artificial insemination protocol, 524 females were divided into two gestation housing systems: PEN1=animals housed in individual stalls during the breeding and after group-housed; PEN32=animals housed in individual stalls from breeding until 32 days of pregnancy and after group-housed. The number of piglets born, and the pregnancy and farrowing rates were evaluated. Welfare parameters related to the pregnancy phase were used. Females who weaned more piglets in the previous farrowing had a higher number of piglets born at the next farrowing. The pregnancy rate was affected by the number of semen doses. The farrowing rate was not influenced by the evaluated parameters, with average value of 91.36%. There was no effect of the gestation housing system and the genetic lines on pregnancy and farrowing rates, with values above 90.0%. The animal welfare indicators showed more compromised parameters in PEN1 system. PEN1 system did not impair the reproductive performance although it presented more compromised animal welfare parameters.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar fêmeas suínas de diferentes linhagens genéticas submetidas a diferentes sistemas reprodutivos de manejo e alojamento durante a prenhez sobre parâmetros de desempenho reprodutivo e bem-estar animal. Após o protocolo de inseminação artificial, 524 fêmeas foram divididas em dois sistemas de alojamento de gestação: PEN1=animais alojados em baias individuais durante o protocolo de inseminação artificial e, depois, alojados em grupo; PEN32=animais alojados em baias individuais desde o protocolo de inseminação artificial até 32 dias de prenhez e, depois, alojados em grupo. O número de leitões nascidos e as taxas de prenhez e parto foram avaliados. Parâmetros de bem-estar relacionados à fase gestacional foram utilizados. As fêmeas que desmamaram mais leitões no parto anterior tiveram um maior número de leitões nascidos no próximo parto. A taxa de prenhez foi afetada pelo número de doses de sêmen. A taxa de parto não foi influenciada pelos fatores avaliados, com valor médio de 91,36%. Não houve efeito do sistema de alojamento gestacional e das linhas genéticas sobre as taxas de prenhez e parto, com valores acima de 90,0%. Os indicadores de bem-estar animal mostraram parâmetros mais comprometidos no sistema PEN1. O sistema PEN1 não prejudicou o desempenho reprodutivo, embora tenha apresentado parâmetros de bem-estar animal mais comprometidos.(AU)

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ABSTRACT: Understanding the flow of processes in swine production systems and how they work is fundamental to improving reproductive performance. We surveyed 32 boar studs in Brazil, representing 61.53% of the total in the country. Commercial lines were the most common breed (59.38%) used in the studs. Individual pens and stalls were the most commonly used as housing system (71.9%), and 81.25% of the studs reported having some form of thermal control system. For most of the studs (62.51%), average weekly sperm concentration was higher than 200 million cells per mL. Also, for most studs (71.88%) average weekly ejaculate volume was more than 250 mL. In 46.88% of the studs each ejaculate yielded 26 to 40 semen doses. In 6.25% of the studs, 3.5 billion sperm cells per dose were used for artificial, intracervical insemination. Sperm concentration in 46.88% of the studs was determined using a computer-assisted system analysis. The assessment of sperm quality was conducted using morphology, concentration, and microbiological testing. Employees working on semen collection had formal education of elementary/middle school (34.38%) and high school (37.5%). Most of the laboratory technicians had frequented high school (75%). The most time-consuming task was semen processing, taking 16 to 25 h a week (46.8%) and 6 to 10 h was allotted for the cleaning of stud facilities (46.8%). The data collected in the present study allow greater knowledge of this important part in the pig production chain in Brazil.

RESUMO: O entendimento dos processos na suinocultura e como estes funcionam é fundamental para o incremento da performance reprodutiva. Por via eletrônica, foi realizada uma investigação com 32 centrais de coleta e processamento de sêmen no Brasil, representando 61,53% do total no país. O número médio de reprodutores por central foi de 122. Reprodutores da linhagem comercial foram os mais frequentemente (59,38%) utilizados nas centrais. As baias para alojamento individual dos reprodutores foram as mais comuns (71,9%) e 81,25% das centrais relataram possuir algum sistema de climatização. Na maioria das centrais (62,51%), a média da concentração espermática foi maior que 200 milhões de espermatozoides/mL. Da mesma forma, a maioria das centrais (71,88%) apresentaram um volume do ejaculado superior a 250 mL. Em 46,88% das centrais um ejaculado produziu de 26 a 40 doses inseminantes. Em 6,25% das centrais eram utilizadas uma concentração de 3,5 bilhões de espermatozoides por dose inseminante na inseminação intracervical. A concentração espermática em 46,88% das centrais era determinada através do sistema CASA. A avaliação da qualidade espermática era realizada através da análise de morfologia, concentração e exame microbiológico das doses inseminantes. Os colaboradores envolvidos com a coleta de sêmen tinham nível de instrução fundamental (43,38%) e médio (37,5%). A maioria dos técnicos no laboratório das centrais tinham ensino médio (75%). A atividade que mais consumia tempo foi o processamento do sêmen, com 16 a 25 horas/semana (46,8%) e 6 a 10 horas era utilizada na limpeza das instalações (46,8%). Os dados coletados no presente estudo permitem um maior conhecimento desse elo da cadeia produtiva da suinocultura no Brasil.

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The objective was to evaluate the partial substitution of sugarcane treated with urea by elephant grass in the feeding of crossbred cows in lactation. Eight crossbred cows (Holstein x Gyr) were used, with 474 kg of body weight (standard deviation = 46.15 kg) and 8.15 kg of milk per day. The animals were housed in individual stalls, distributed in two 4 x 4 Latin squares, and the treatments were: sugar cane; sugar cane corrected with 0.5% of urea and ammonium sulfate (9:1); 75% of sugar cane + 25% of elephant grass and 50% of sugarcane + 50% of elephant grass, based on natural matter. In addition to the treatments, it was provided water and mineral salt ad libitum and 3 kg of concentrate supplement (24% crude protein), based on corn meal and soybean meal, supplied in two portions during the morning and afternoon milking. There was a treatment effect on the intake and digestibility of dry matter and nutrients, except for non-fibrous carbohydrate intake, and there was no effect on milk production and composition. It can be concluded that the substitution of sugarcane by elephantgrass (25 and 50%) increases the intake and decreases the digestibility of DM and OM, without affecting milk production, when the cows are supplemented with 3 kg of concentrate, containing 24% of protein per day.

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This study examines rumen-fluid parameters and the biochemical profile of feedlot sheep supplemented with a commercial product composed of yeast culture and enzymatically hydrolyzed yeast during an abrupt change of diet. Eight sheep at 30 months of age, with an average weight of 40.2 ± 3.4 kg, were housed in individual stalls where they received the same diet twice daily, which was formulated according to the National Research Council [NRC] (2007). The animals were divided into two groups, namely, supplemented with Saccharomyces cerevisiae (SG, n = 4) and control (CG, n = 4). The experiment consisted of three periods: the first (seven days) consisted of an acclimation to the roughage-only diet; in the second period (five days), the animals of SG started to receive supplementation; lastly, in the third period (five days), all animals underwent a sudden change of diet, which was characterized by an alteration from 100% roughage to a 50:50 ratio (roughage:concentrate) without prior adaptation. Blood samples were collected to evaluate albumin, aspartate amino transferase, calcium, gamma glutamyl transferase, globulins, glucose, magnesium, potassium, sodium, total plasma proteins and urea. Rumen fluid was harvested to evaluate physical aspects. Supplementation increased the protozoa count; the rate of sedimentation and fluctuation remained within the physiological parameters; and total plasma proteins and globulin decreased. Therefore, the yeast appears to be a promising alternative for reducing the deleterious effects of an abrupt change of diet.

Este estudo avaliou os parâmetros do líquido ruminal e o perfil bioquímico de ovinos confinados suplementados com um produto comercial composto por cultura de levedura e levedura hidrolisada enzimaticamente durante mudança abrupta de dieta. Foram utilizadas oito ovelhas, com 30 meses deidade e peso médio de 40,2±3,4kg, mantidas em baias individuais e receberam a mesma dieta duas vezes ao dia, formulada de acordo com o NRC (2007). Os animais foram distribuídos em dois grupos: suplementado com Saccharomyces cerevisiae (GS, n=4) e controle (GC, n=4). O experimento foi constituído de três períodos, o primeiro (sete dias) destinado a adaptação à dieta a base exclusivamente de volumoso, o segundo período (cinco dias) onde os animais do grupo GS passaram a receber suplementação e um último período (cinco dias) onde todos os animais sofreram mudança brusca de dieta, que foi caracterizada por alteração de 100% do volumoso para uma dieta na relação de 50:50 (volumoso:concentrado), sem adaptação prévia. Foram coletadas amostras de sangue, para avaliação de albumina, AST, cálcio, GGT, globulinas, glicose, magnésio, potássio, sódio, PPT (proteínas plasmáticas totais) e ureia. E líquido ruminal para avaliação de aspectos físicos. A suplementação aumentou a contagem de protozoários, a taxa de sedimentação e flutuação manteve-se dentro do fisiológico e houve redução em PPT e globulina mostrando-se uma alternativa promissora na redução dos efeitos deletérios da troca abrupta de dieta.

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The objective of this study was to evaluate the plasma lipid profile and plasma fatty acids of dairy cows receiving diets supplemented with annatto. A total of 32 Holstein cows (550 kg), distributed in a completely randomized design, were allocated to individual stalls and submitted to following treatments: C0 = no annatto; C4 = inclusion of annatto at 4 g kg-1 dry matter (DM) of diet (0.07 g bixin kg-1 diet); C5 = inclusion of annatto at 5 g kg-1 DM of diet (0.09 g bixin kg-1 diet); and C7 = inclusion of annatto at 7 g kg-1 DM of diet (0.12 g bixin kg-1 diet). Blood samples were collected via epigastric vein puncture, centrifuged, and frozen for subsequent analysis. The results indicate that the inclusion (p > 0.05) of annatto does not decrease the total cholesterol or low and high density lipoproteins. However, it impacts the profile of fatty acids, evidenced by the reduction (p < 0.05) in levels of hypercholesterolemic fatty acids viz, myristic acid and palmitic acid. It also causes an increase in the levels of arachidonic acid, rumenic acid, linoleic acid, and total polyunsaturated fatty acids. Therefore, bixin included in the diets of dairy cows induces changes in the plasma fatty acid profile.

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The objective of this study was to analyze the effect of housing density on ingestive behavior of male Santa Inês sheep housed individually and in double. Forty non-castrated males were used with an average initial weight of 21.33±2.62 kg and an average age of 120 days. The males were housed in two types of covered stalls: double stalls (two males/stall) of 3.0 m2 and individual stalls of 1.50 m2. Animals housed in individual stalls spent more time ruminating and less time eating than those in double stalls. These animals also spent more time in idleness. Sheep idled approximately 11.43 hours/day (47% of the time), which can be explained by the shorter time spent in rumination, considering that the diet used in this experiment had adequate nutritional quality. The animals in double stalls consumed more water, which resulted in increased urination. However, this activity did not interfere with total weight gain. Therefore, experiments testing stall density does not interfere with the performance of the animals.(AU)

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This study evaluated the effects of replacing ground corn with dehydrated guava (Psidium guajava L.) byproduct, at concentrations of 0.0, 8.2, 16.4, and 24.6% on the intake and digestibility of nutrients as well as on productive and economic performance of lambs. The study included 40 uncastrated feedlot Santa Inês sheep with an average age of 120 days and an average initial weight of 17.4±1.27 kg, distributed in individual stalls in a completely randomized design with four treatments and 10 replicates. Santa Inês sheep fed diets containing higher levels (16.4%) of guava byproduct showed lower weight gain and feed conversion and reached slaughter weight later. Replacing corn with guava byproduct at higher levels increased acid detergent fiber and reduced non-fiber carbohydrate intake and nutrient digestibility. The inclusion of up to 16.4% of guava byproduct in the diet of feedlot sheep is appropriate for maintaining good performance and economic viability of the system.(AU)

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We evaluated blood parameters of Angus and Nellore bulls fed diets with and without forage. Forty animals with initial body weight (BW) of 380±16.2 kg were housed in individual stalls. Eight bulls of each breed were fed a whole shelled corn (WSC) diet [850 g kg−1 of WCS and 150 g kg−1 of a pellet based on soybean meal, dry mater (DM) basis] or a ground corn with silage (GC) diet (300 g kg−1 of silage and 700 g kg−1 of a concentrate based on corn and soybean meal, DM basis), ad libitum, and four animals of each breed were limited-fed the GC diet [feed restriction (FR), 55% of the DM intake of bulls fed ad libitum, adjusted for the metabolic BW]. Intake was measured daily, and a metabolism trial was conducted with total collection of feces and urine to estimate the ruminally degraded and undegraded protein (intake and nitrogen balance). Blood samples for determination of hormones and metabolites were collected. The data were analyzed using the GLM procedure of SAS adopting a significance level of 0.05. The diet affected only the serum concentrations of triglycerides, HDL, and VLDL, with limited-fed animals presenting smaller concentrations than ad libitum-fed bulls. No difference in blood parameters was observed between animals fed WSC or GC diets. Nellore bulls presented greater T4, cholesterol, HDL, LDL, and serum urea nitrogen concentrations than Angus. Feeding finishing beef cattle with no-roughage diets does not alter their blood parameters. Also, our results support that Zebu cattle might have lower serum removal of nutrients due to a lesser demand for fat and protein deposition than Bos taurus taurus.(AU)

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The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of climatic conditions provided by two types of stalls on the physiological and behavioral responses of horses during agricultural exposure. The study was developed during 2014 and 2015 in an Agricultural Fair located in the semiarid region of the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil. Climatic environment, place of accommodation, physiological and behavioral variables of 114 Mangalarga Marchador horses, housed in individual metal and masonry stalls, were observed. Meteorological variables inside the metal and masonry stalls were monitored. Physiological variables were characterized by respiratory rate and body temperature. For behavioral analysis, the frequency of occurrence of defecation, urination, neigh, agitation, food and water intake were observed at 8 am, 10 am, 12 pm, 14 pm, 16 pm and 18 pm. The thermal environment was classified as thermal discomfort from 10 am. Respiratory rate and body temperature were outside ideal values. The metal stall caused greater thermal discomfort for horses.

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito das condições climáticas proporcionado por dois tipos de baias sobre as respostas fisiológicas e comportamentais de equinos por ocasião de exposição agropecuária. O trabalho foi desenvolvido durante os anos de 2014 e 2015 em Feira Agropecuária localizada na região do semiárido mineiro. Foi observado o ambiente climático, local de acomodação, variáveis fisiológicas e comportamentais de 114 equinos da raça Mangalarga Marchador, alojados em baias individuais de metal e alvenaria. Foram monitoradas as variáveis meteorológicas no interior das baias de metal e de alvenaria. As variáveis fisiológicas foram caracterizadas por meio da frequência respiratória e temperatura corporal. Para análise comportamental, observou-se a frequência de ocorrência de ações de defecação, micção, relinchar, agitação, ingestão de alimentos e água, às 8 h, 10 h, 12 h, 14 h, 16 h e 18 h. O ambiente térmico foi classificado como de desconforto térmico a partir das 10 h. A frequência respiratória e a temperatura corporal estiveram fora dos valores considerados ideais. A baia de metal proporcionou maior desconforto térmico para os equinos.

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The objective of this study was to assess the effects of an electrolyte and energy repository on the hematologic and biochemical variables of horses after a polo game and compare them to the effects of a commercial electrolyte repository and water. Twelve healthy horses, aged 5 to 10 years, mean body weight 356.25 ± 25.6 kg and in training for polo games, were randomly divided into three groups of four animals each and received one of three treatments. Animals participated in a 7-minute polo game. At the end of the match, they were taken to individual stalls where they received treatments for spontaneous hydration for 6 hours. Treatments were Hydroelectrolytic and Energy Repository (RHE) containing sodium, chloride, potassium, calcium, magnesium, dextrose, maltodextrin and, sucrose; and Commercial Paste (PCO) containing calcium, fructooligosaccharides, glycine, magnesium, potassium, sodium, and ad libitum water. The control group (Water) received water. Blood samples were collected as follows: just before the beginning of exercise (T0), immediately after exercise (T1), 3 hours after the end of exercise (T3), and 6 hours after the end of exercise (T6). The volume of voluntary intake was measured at T3 and T6. Packed cell volume and serum concentrations of sodium, potassium, chloride, calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, creatinine, total protein, plasma glucose, and lactate were...

O presente estudo objetivou avaliar os efeitos de um repositor hidroeletrolítico e energético oferecido a equinos que participaram de jogo de polo sobre as variáveis hematológicas e bioquímicas desses animais, além de compará-los aos efeitos de um repositor eletrolítico comercial e água. Doze equinos hígidos, com idade entre 5 e 10 anos, peso corporal médio 356,25 ± 25,6 kg e em treinamento para jogos de polo foram aleatoriamente divididos em três grupos, com quatro animais cada, e submetidos a um dos três tratamentos. Os animais foram submetidos a sete minutos do jogo de polo. Ao término, foram levados às baias individuais onde receberam os respectivos tratamentos para hidratação espontânea durante seis horas. Os tratamentos foram: grupo Repositor Hidroeletrolítico e Energético (RHE) composto por sódio, cloreto, potássio, cálcio, magnésio, dextrose, maltodextrina e sacarose; grupo Pasta Comercial (PCO) contendo cálcio, fruto-oligossacarídeos, glicina, magnésio, potássio e sódio, e água ad libitum; grupo controle (Água). As amostras de sangue foram coletadas nos seguintes tempos: imediatamente antes do início do exercício (T0); imediatamente após o exercício (T1); três horas após o término do exercício (T3); e seis horas após o término do exercício (T6). O volume de ingestão voluntário foi mensurado nos tempos T3 e T6. O volume globular e as concentrações séricas de sódio...

Resumo

This study evaluated the characteristics of carcass and commercial cuts of Santa Ines lambs of different biotypes (traditional and modern) slaughtered at 32 kg and 34 kg. The thirty-six Santa Ines sheep used, of which 18 traditional and 18 modern biotypes were on average 180 days old and weighed 16 kg initially. The animals were kept in individual stalls (0.80 × 1.20 m) until they reached the slaughtering weight. The experimental design was completely randomized, factorial 2×2 (two biotypes x two slaughtering weights). The traditional biotype influenced significantly (P 0.05) the carcass yields, conformation, and marbling, compared to the modern biotype. The biotype did not influence (P> 0.05) carcass morphometric measurements and commercial cuts. On the other hand, the 34-kg slaughtering weight affected most of carcass characteristics. The traditional biotype displayed higher yield, better conformation and greater amount of intramuscular fat in the carcass. The higher slaughtering weight influenced carcass characteristics and the amount of fat. Generally, the carcasses presented high muscle proportion and fat amount appropriate to the consumer.

Este estudo avaliou as características de cortes de carcaça e comerciais de cordeiros Santa Inês de diferentes biótipos (tradicional e moderno) abatidos com 32 kg e 34 kg. As trinta e seis ovelhas Santa Inês utilizadas, das quais 18 biótipos tradicionais e 18 modernos, tinham em média 180 dias e pesavam inicialmente 16 kg. Os animais foram mantidos em baias individuais (0,80 × 1,20 m) até atingirem o peso de abate. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, fatorial 2×2 (dois biótipos x dois pesos de abate). O biótipo tradicional influenciou significativamente (P 0,05) os rendimentos de carcaça, conformação e marmoreio, em comparação ao biotipo moderno. O biótipo não influenciou (P>0,05) as medidas morfométricas da carcaça e os cortes comerciais. Por outro lado, o peso de abate de 34 kg afetou a maioria das características de carcaça. O biótipo tradicional apresentou maior rendimento, melhor conformação e maior quantidade de gordura intramuscular na carcaça. O maior peso de abate influenciou as características de carcaça e a quantidade de gordura. Em geral, as carcaças apresentaram alta proporção muscular e quantidade de gordura adequada ao consumidor.

Resumo

The use of alternative sources of protein for ruminant can alter productivity and reducecosts in animal production. The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance, apparent digestibilityand quantitative characteristics of carcass components of ewes fed increasing levels (0, 50, 100 and 150 g kg1 dry matter) of crambe crushed in the diets. Twenty-four culling ewes were distributed in a completelyrandomized design. All animals were kept in a shed, with individual stalls equipped with feeder, drinkerand concrete floor covered with rice hulls. The animals received corn silage as roughage and diets wereisoenergetic with 700 g kg-1 of TDN. Animals were slaughtered when reached a body condition score of3.5 points. The dry matter intake (948.53 g day-1) and average daily gain (0.15 kg day-1) were not influencedby the inclusion of crambe crushed in the diet. The crambe crushed increased ether extract digestibility anddecreased crude protein intake and digestibility. There was no effect of the levels of crambe crushed oncarcass characteristics and non-carcass components but rather a reduction in the cold carcass yield. Totalreplacement of soybean meal with crambe crushed in the diet for ewes did not alter performance, carcassand non-carcass characteristics.

O uso de fontes proteicas alternativas para ruminantes pode alterar a produtividade e reduzir oscustos na produção animal. O objetivo da pesquisa foi avaliar o desempenho, a digestibilidade aparente e ascaracterísticas quantitativas dos componentes de carcaça das ovelhas alimentadas com níveis crescentes (0,50, 100 e 150 g kg-1 de matéria seca) de torta de crambe nas dietas. Foram distribuídas 24 ovelhas em umdelineamento inteiramente casualizado. Todos os animais foram mantidos em instalação, com baiasindividuais equipadas com cocho, bebedouro e chão de concreto coberto com cascas de arroz. Os animaisreceberam silagem de milho como forragem e as dietas foram isoenergéticas com 700 g kg-1 de NDT. Osanimais foram abatidos quando atingiram o escore de condição corporal de 3,5 pontos. A ingestão dematéria seca (948,53 g dia-1) e o ganho médio diário (0,15 kg dia-1) não foram influenciados pela inclusão detorta de crambe na dieta. A torta de crambe aumentou a digestibilidade do extrato etéreo e diminuiu aingestão e digestibilidade da proteína bruta. Não houve efeito da torta de crambe nas características dacarcaça e nos componentes não carcaça, no entanto houve redução no rendimento da carcaça fria. Asubstituição total da farinha de soja e a torta de crambe na dieta para as ovelhas não alteraram ascaracterísticas de desempenho, carcaça e não carcaça.

Resumo

O monitoramento das fases do sono do cavalo, através da observação postural, pode ser dividido em três fases: a primeira, o animal permanece em pé, com a cabeça baixa, orelhas relaxadas e um dos posteriores relaxado (tempo de ócio - TO) ; na segunda, transfere-se para decúbito esternal (DE) e na terceira, relaxa todo o corpo, indo para decúbito lateral (DL). Observou-se três animais durante 72 horas, para monitorar as fases posturais de descanso. Aproximadamente 80% do descanso ocorre à noite. A proporção TO x DE é uma característica individual. Todos apresentaram DL menor, não excedendo a 10% do período total de descanso, demonstrando que, mesmo esses animais estando em cocheiras, conservam seu instinto de presa.

Equine stages of sleep monitoring using postural observation can be divided into three phases: the first one remains standing, with the head lowered, the ears relaxed and one of the hind limbs relaxed (OT); second phase: sternal decubitus (DE) and third, lateral decubitus relaxing all body (DL). Three animals were observed for 72 hours to monitor postural rest phases. Approximately 80% of rest occurs at night. The ratio TO x DE is an individual characteristic. All of them presented lower DL, not exceeding 10% of the total rest period, demonstrating that even these animals are in stalls, they retain their prey instinct.

Resumo

O projeto foi proposto visando a otimização do uso de dietas com elevada inclusão de forragem tropicais. Experimento I: Foi avaliado o efeito da frequência de fornecimento de Narasina nos parâmetros de fermentação ruminal, digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes em novilhos Nelore alimentados com dietas contendo elevado teor de volumoso. Foi usado 32 novilhos Nelore canulados no rúmen (peso corporal inicial em jejum [PC] = 317 ± 27 kg; idade = 18 ± 1 mês) e distribuídos em baias individuais em delineamento em blocos completos casualizados (DBC) de acordo com seu PC. Dentro do bloco, os novilhos foram distribuídos aleatoriamente nos tratamentos: CON) dieta à base de forragem sem adição de narasina; N24) dieta CON mais 13 ppm de narasina a cada 24 h; N48) dieta CON mais 26 ppm de narasina a cada 48 horas; ou N72) dieta CON mais 39 ppm de narasina a cada 72 horas. O período experimental teve duração de 30 dias (18 dias para adaptação e 12 dias para coleta das amostras). As dietas experimentais continham 95% de feno de Tifton-85 (Cynodon dactylon spp.) e 5% de milho moído usado como veículo de entrega de narasina. Experimento II: Objetivou-se avaliar se doses de suplementação de óleo essencial (OE) de C. citratus afetam o CMS, a digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes e a produção de metano em novilhos Nelore alimentados com dietas à base de forragem. De acordo com o PC, 32 novilhos Nelore (PC = 332 ± 19 kg; idade = 19 ± 1 meses) canulados no rúmen, foram alocados em baias individuais em DBC. Dentro de cada bloco, os animais foram distribuídos aleatoriamente nos tratamentos: CON) dieta à base de forragem sem adição de C. citratus OE, 200OE) dieta CON mais 200 mg/kg de C. citratus OE, 400OE) Dieta CON mais 400 mg/kg de C. citratus OE, ou 600OE) Dieta CON mais 600 mg/kg de C. citratus OE. As dietas experimentais continham 95% de feno de Tifton-85 e 5% de milho moído (veículo de fornecimento do OE). O período experimental teve duração de 21 dias (14 dias para adaptação e 7 dias para coleta das amostras). Experimento III: Objetivou-se avaliar se as doses de suplementação com OE de laranja impactam no CMS, parâmetros de fermentação ruminal, digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes e produção de metano em Nelore alimentados com dieta à base de volumoso. De acordo com o PC, 32 novilhos Nelore (PC inicial = 335 ± 25 kg; idade = 20 ± 1 mês) foram distribuídos em baias individuais em DBC. Dentro do bloco, os novilhos foram distribuídos aleatoriamente nos tratamentos: CON= dieta à base de volumoso sem adição de OE de laranja; 100EO= dieta CON mais 100 mg/kg de OE; 200EO= dieta CON mais 200 mg/kg de OE; 500EO= dieta CON mais 500 mg/kg de OE laranja. O período experimental teve duração de 28 dias, sendo 22 dias para adaptação da dieta e 6 dias para coleta de amostras. As dietas experimentais continham 95% de feno de Tifton-85 e 5% de milho moído (veículo de fornecimento do OE). Palavras-chave: Citral, ex situ, fermentação, frequência, limoneno

The project was proposed aiming at the optimization of the use of diets with high inclusion of tropical forages. Experiment I: The effect of the frequency of Narasin supply on the parameters of rumen fermentation, and apparent digestibility of nutrients in Nellore steers-fed diets containing high forage content was evaluated. Thirty-two rumencannulated Nellore steers were used (initial fasting body weight [BW] = 317 ± 27 kg; age = 18 ± 1 month) and distributed in individual pens in a randomized complete block design (RBD) according to their BW. Within the block, steers were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 treatments: CON) forage-based diet without added narasin; N24) CON diet plus 13 ppm narasin every 24 h; N48) CON diet plus 26 ppm narasin every 48 hours; or N72) CON diet plus 39 ppm narasin every 72 hours. The experimental period lasted 30 days (18 days for adaptation and 12 days for sample collection). Experimental diets contained 95% Tifton-85 haylage (Cynodon dactylon spp.) and 5% ground corn used as a narasin delivery vehicle. Experiment II: The objective of this study was to evaluate whether C. citratus essential oil (EO) supplementation doses affect DMI, apparent nutrient digestibility and methane production in Nellore steers fed forage-based diets. According to BW, 32 Nellore steers (BW = 332 ± 19 kg; age = 19 ± 1 month) cannulated in the rumen were allocated to individual stalls in RBD. Within each block, the animals were randomly assigned to the following treatments: CON) forage-based diet without the addition of C. citratus OE, 200EO) CON diet plus 200 mg/kg of C. citratus EO, 400EO) CON diet plus 400 mg /kg of C. citratus EO, or 600EO) Diet CON plus 600 mg/kg of C. citratus EO. Experimental diets contained 95% Tifton-85 hay and 5% ground corn (EO supply vehicle). The experimental period lasted 21 days (14 days for adaptation and 7 days for sample collection). Experiment III: The objective was to evaluate whether the doses of orange EO supplementation impact DMI, ruminal fermentation parameters, apparent nutrient digestibility, and methane production in Nellore fed a roughage-based diet. According to BW, 32 Nellore steers (initial BW = 335 ± 25 kg; age = 20 ± 1 month) were distributed in individual stalls in RBD. Within the block, the steers were randomly distributed in the treatments: CON= diet based on roughage without the addition of orange EO; 100EO= CON diet plus 100 mg/kg of EO; 200EO= CON diet plus 200 mg/kg of EO; 500EO= CON diet plus 500 mg/kg orange EO. The experimental period lasted 28 days, 22 days for diet adaptation, and 6 days for sample collection. Experimental diets contained 95% Tifton-85 hay and 5% ground corn (EO supply vehicle). Key words: Citral, ex situ, fermentation, frequency, limonene.

Resumo

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da associação de 20% de raspa de mandioca (Manihot esculenta crantz) e 0,75% de ureia em diferentes silagens sobre as características fermentativas das silagens; desempenho animal e digestibilidade; características de carcaças e análise econômica de ovinos mestiços. Foram utilizados 20 ovinos machos não castrados, com peso corporal inicial médio de 28,37±6,75 kg e 8 meses de idade. Estes terminados em baias individuais cobertas, providas de bebedouros, comedouros, piso cimentado e alimentados com dieta na proporção de 50% de volumoso e 50% de concentrado, em delineamento em blocos ao acaso, com quatro tratamento (diferentes silagens) e cinco repetições sendo abatidos após 45 dias de terminação. As diferentes silagens, após ensiladas em mini-silos por 45 dias, foram analisadas para obtenção dos resultados das características fermentativas. Os resultados de desempenho animal; ganho médio de peso, conversão alimentar foram analisados nos 45 dias experimental; e a digestibilidade analisada pelo método de coleta de dietas e fezes para determinação dos coeficientes de digestibilidade de matéria seca, matéria orgânica, proteína bruta, fibra em detergente ácido e fibra em detergente neutro. Os dados dos ensaios experimentais foram analisados por meio de análise de variância (P<0,05) e as médias comparadas pelo teste Tukey ao nível de 5% de probabilidade utilizando-se o software Statistical Analysis System. As silagens de sorgo (2,80% MS) e milho (2,44% MS) apresentaram menores resultados de perdas por gases e perdas de matéria seca, estes com valores respectivos, de 3,23 % e 2,56%. No processo de ensilagem, a inclusão de 20% de raspa de mandioca e 0,75% de ureia manteve faixa adequada de pH para todos os tratamentos com destaque para a silagem de cana-de-açúcar (3,18). Dentre os tratamentos, a inclusão de 20% de raspa de mandioca e 0,75% de ureia não proporciona efeito (P<0,05) sobre a digestibilidade aparente da matéria seca, matéria orgânica e proteína bruta das silagens. Os rendimentos de carcaça quente não obtiveram influencia pela adição de 20% de raspas de mandioca e 0,75% de ureia obtendo-se valor médio 46,55%. Os melhores resultados de indicadores econômicos foram os obtidos com o tratamento contendo silagem de milho resultando em uma Margem Bruta de R$ 63,09/animal, Margem Liquida de R$ 47,46/animal e Lucro de R$ 44,05/animal.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the association of 20% cassava scrapings (Manihot esculenta Crantz) and 0.75% urea in different types of silages, and its effects on the fermentative characteristics of the silages produced; animal performance and digestibility; carcass characteristics and economic analysis of crossbred sheep. Twenty uncastrated male sheep were used in the trial, with an initial body weight mean of 28.37±6.75 kg and 8 months old (finishing phase). These animals were kept under individual stalls, equipped with drinkers, feeders, cemented floor and fed with a diet composed of 50% of forage and 50% of concentrate. The experimental design was randomized in blocks, with four treatments (different silages) and five replications. The animals were slaughtered after 45 days of the finishing phase. After being kept ensiled in mini-silos for a 45 days period, the different types of silages produced in the mini-silos were analyzed to obtain the results of their fermentative characteristics. The results of animal performance, average weight gain, and feed conversion were analyzed along the 45 experimental days. The feed digestibility was analyzed by the method of collecting diets and feces to determine the digestibility coefficients of dry matter (DM), organic matter, crude protein, neutral and acid detergent fiber. Data from experimental trials were analyzed using analysis of variance (P<0.05) and means were compared by Tukey test at 5% probability using the Statistical Analysis System software. The silages of sorghum (2.80% DM) and corn (2.44% DM) showed lower results in terms of losses per gas production, and losses of dry matter, with the respective values of 3.23% and 2.56%. During the ensiling process, the inclusion of 20% of cassava scrapings and 0.75% urea kept an adequate pH range in all treatments, especially in the silage of sugarcane (pH=3.18). Among all treatments, the inclusion of 20% of cassava scrapings and 0.75% of urea did not affect (P<0.05) the apparent digestibility of the dry matter, organic matter and crude protein of the silages. Hot carcass yields were not influenced by the addition of 20% of cassava scrapings and 0.75% of urea, they had an average value of 46.55%. The best results in the economic indicators were obtained with the treatment containing corn silage, resulting in a gross margin of R$ 63.09/animal, net margin of R$ 47.46/animal and profit of R$ 44.05/animal.

Resumo

The effects of cassava wastewater on nutrient digestibility and rumen protozoa were evaluated in 32 Santa Inês sheep fed a diet with Tifton hay, ground corn cob, and concentrate, containing 0, 500, 1000, or 1500 mL cassava wastewater. Uncastrated sheep at an average age of 167 days and average weight of 25.3 kg were housed in individual stalls and distributed in a randomized complete design with four treatments and eight replicates. The experimental period was 70 days: 15 days for adaptation to the diets and 60 days to collect the ingredients and diets supplied. Prior to this stage, the animals were adapted to the consumption of cassava wastewater, in collective cages, for seven days. Apparent digestibility was determined by partial feces collection and by using the LIPE® external marker in 250-mg capsules. The apparent digestibility of nutrients did not differ (P>0.05) in relation to the cassava wastewater levels tested. Eleven genera of rumen protozoa were identified, and they formed a community that, except for Ophryoscolex, did not differ among the cassava wastewater treatments with respect to composition. However, Entodinium species were observed at a higher density (P<0.05) in sheep that received 1500 mL of cassava wastewater. The use of cassava wastewater in the sheep diet does not affect the digestibility of nutrients or composition of rumen protozoa; however, it causes a significant increase in Entodinium density.

Os efeitos da manipueira sobre a digestibilidade de nutrientes e protozoários ruminais foram avaliados utilizando-se 32 ovinos Santa Inês submetidos a dietas compostas por feno de Tifton, rolão de milho e concentrado, acrescidas de 0, 500, 1000 ou 1500 mL de manipueira. Foram utilizados ovinos não castrados com idade media de 167 dias e com peso médio e aproximadamente 25,3 kg. Foram alojados em gaiolas individuais e distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com quatro tratamentos e oito repetições. O período experimental foi de 70 dias: 15 dias para adaptação às dietas e 60 dias para coleta dos ingredientes e rações. Antes desta fase, os animais foram adaptados ao consumo de manipueira em gaiolas coletivas durante um período de 7 dias. A digestibilidade aparente foi determinada pela coleta parcial de fezes e pelo uso do marcador externo LIPE® em cápsulas de 250 mg. A digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes avaliados não diferiu (P>0,05) em relação aos níveis de manipueira estudados. Onze gêneros de protozoários foram identificados, compondo uma comunidade que à exceção de Ophryoscolex, não diferiu entre os tratamentos em sua composição. Entretanto, as espécies de Entodiniumapresentaram maior densidade (P<0,05) em ovinos que receberam 1500 mL de manipueira. O uso da manipueira na dieta de ovinos não afeta a digestibilidade de nutrientes e composição de protozoários ruminais, entretanto, promove aumento significativo na densidade de Entodinium.