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A ocorrência de processos fisiopatológicos que cursam com desidratação da ingesta no trato gastrointestinal dos equinos é comum na rotina clínica. Fatores como diminuição da motilidade intestinal e sobrecarga intraluminal de conteúdo desidratado podem levar a compactação em segmentos como estômago, ceco e cólons. Este estudo objetivou realizar a comparação entre soluções eletrolíticas enterais hipotônica (SeHIPO) e isotônica (SeISO) e a solução Ringer com lactato de sódio (RL IV) sobre o teor de umidade das fezes de equinos submetidos a um período de desidratação experimental (PD). Foram utilizados seis equinos adultos, todas fêmeas com idades entre 10 e 15 anos, média de 440 kg de peso corpóreo. O PD constou de 36 horas de jejum hídrico e alimentar associadas a duas administrações intravenosas de furosemida, sendo a primeira imediatamente no início (T-36) e a segunda 12 horas após o início do PD. Os tratamentos utilizados foram: SeHIPO e SeISO, ambas administradas por via nasogástrica em fluxo contínuo (HETfc), e RL IV administrada pela via intravenosa. Todos os tratamentos foram administrados a uma taxa de infusão contínua de 15mL kg-1 h-1 durante 8 horas consecutivas. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o crossover6x3, onde cada animal foi submetido, em sistema de rodízio, aos três tratamentos em momentos distintos. As soluções eletrolíticas enterais demonstraram maior eficácia na recomposição do teor de umidade das fezes quando comparadas à terapia RL IV. A hidratação enteral com soluções isotônicas e hipotônicas administrada em fluxo contínuo são eficazes em restaurar o teor de umidade das fezes, podendo ofertar uma opção econômica, segura e eficiente na reidratação de pacientes e nas afecções que cursam como obstruções intraluminais simples.

The occurrence of pathophysiological processes that curse with digesta dryness in the gastrointestinal tract of horses is common in clinical routine, factors such as decreased intestinal motility and intraluminal overload of dry content can lead to compaction in segments such as cecum and colon. This study aimed to compare a hypotonic enteral solution (SeHIPO), an isotonic enteral solution (SeISO) and a Ringer with sodium lactate solution (RL IV) over the moisture content of equine feces submitted to an experimental dehydration protocol. Six adult horses were used, all females aged between 10 and 15 years, average body weight of 440 kg. The PD consisted of a 36 hours period of water and food fasting associated with two intravenous administrations of furosemide, the first immediately at the beginning (T-36) and the second 12 hours after the beginning of the PD. The treatments used were: SeHIPO (hypotonic enteral solution administered via nasogastric), SeISO (enteral isotonic solution administered via nasogastric) and RL IV (Ringer's solution with sodium lactate administered intravenously), all treatments were administered by continuous infusion at a rate of 15mL kg-1 h-1 for 8 consecutive hours. The experimental design used was the 6x3 crossover, where each animal is submitted, in a rotation system, to the three treatments at different times. Enteral fluid therapy with isotonic and hypotonic solutions administered in continuous flow are effective in restoring the moisture content of feces, and may offer an economical, safe, and efficient option for rehydrating patients and in conditions that progress as simple intraluminal obstructions.

Resumo

O objetivo do presente estudo foi realizar a comparação entre três modalidades de terapias hidroeletrolíticas, sendo uma hipotônica (SeHIPO) e outra isotônica (SeISO), ambas por via enteral em fluxo contínuo (HETfc), com a solução de ringer lactato por via intravenosa (RL IV), na taxa de infusão de 15 ml/kg/h, administradas simultaneamente em tempo real por 8 horas num delineamento crossover6X3 em equinos desidratados experimentalmente pela utilização de parâmetros clínicos do exame físico e de alguns exames laboratoriais. Para tanto foram utilizadas 6 éguas adultas da raça Brasileiro de Hipismo submetidas a um protocolo experimental de indução de desidratação (PD) e posteriormente tratadas de acordo com o delineamento experimental. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que ambos os tratamentos HETfc demonstraram eficácia equivalente ao RL IV na reversão dos efeitos determinados pelo PD, ainda que para os marcadores da volemia, tais como o Volume Globular (VG), Proteínas Plasmáticas Totais (PPT) e porcentagem de Volume Plasmático (%VP) tenham sido relativamente mais lentos. Porém, para os demais marcadores clínicos a eficácia entre as três terapias estudadas foi equivalente. Esses resultados comprovam a ação das terapias HETfc ao serem comparadas ao tratamento RL IV, pela utilização dos marcadores clínicos e laboratoriais utilizados, e justificam a indicação e utilização dessas modalidades terapêuticas em equinos.

The objective of the present study was to compare three modalities of hydroelectrolytic therapies, one hypotonic (SeHIPO) and another isotonic (SeISO), both by continuous enteral flow (HETfc), with intravenous lactated ringer solution ( RL IV), at the infusion rate of 15 ml / kg / h, administered simultaneously in real time for 8 hours in a 6X3 crossover design in horses experimentally dehydrated by the use of clinical parameters of the physical examination and some laboratory tests. Six adult mares of the Brazilian Equestrian race were submitted to an experimental protocol for induction of dehydration (PD) and later treated according to the experimental design. The results showed that both HETfc treatments demonstrated an efficacy equivalent to RL IV in the reversal of the effects determined by PD, although for volume markers such as Globular Volume (VG), Total Plasma Proteins (PPT) and Percentage of Plasmatic Volume (% VP) were relatively slower. However, for the other clinical markers the efficacy among the three therapies studied was equivalent. These results confirm the action of HETfc therapies when compared to RL IV treatment, by the clinical and laboratorial markes used, and justify the indication and use of these therapeutic modalities in horses.

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The aim of this study was to report the clinical and pathological aspects of an outbreak of poisoning by the ingestion of Ricinus communis leaves in a herd of goats at Pernambuco, northeastern Brazil. Within 3-5 hours after ingesting the sprouts and young shrubs of the plant, twenty Toggenburg female goats and two adults crossbred wethers presented acute neurological clinical signs, which were initially characterized by decreased locomotor activity that later evolved to severe ataxia, depression, incoordination and staggering gait. Four goat that died spontaneously were necropsied. Gross lesions were unspecific and consisted in focal areas of lungs edema, petechial hemorrhages in the epicardium and congestion and enlargement of liver. The contents of the rumen, reticulum and omasum were dry and contained leaves of the plant. Histologically there were no lesions in the CNS. In the liver, the main lesion consisted in cytoplasmic vacuolization and necrosis of hepatocytes. Eighteen goats recovered after a supportive therapy with activated charcoal, glycated isotonic solution, dexamethasone and vitamin B12. There is no specific therapy for poisoning by R. communis, however supportive and symptomatic treatments are recommended and should be based on the clinical signs.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi relatar os aspectos clínicos e patológicos de um surto de intoxicação pelas folhas de Ricinus communis em um rebanho de caprinos em Pernambuco, Nordeste do Brasil. Três a cinco horas após a ingestão dos brotos e arbustos jovens da planta, vinte cabras da raça Toggenburg e dois machos mestiços apresentaram quadro clínico neurológico agudo caracterizado principalmente pela diminuição da atividade locomotora, grave ataxia, depressão, incoordenação e marcha cambaleante. Quatro caprinos morreram espontaneamente e foram necropsiados. Macroscopicamente, as lesões eram inespecíficas e consistiam em áreas focais de edema pulmonar, hemorragias petequiais epicárdicas e aumento do volume e congestão do fígado. Os conteúdos do rumem, retículo e omaso eram ressecados e continham folhas da planta. Histologicamente, não foram observadas lesões no SNC. No fígado, havia vacuolização citoplasmática e necrose de hepatócitos. Dezoito caprinos se recuperaram após receberem terapia de suporte com carvão ativado, soro glicosado, dexametasona e vitamina B12. Não existe terapêutica especifica para a intoxicação pelas folhas de R. Communis. Os tratamentos sintomáticos e de suporte são recomendados e devem basear-se nos sinais clínicos.(AU)

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Background: The corneal endothelium is a monolayer of polygonal cells which constitute the last layer of the cornea. The integrity of this layer is critical to cornea transparency. The characterization of normal corneal endothelial morphology is important not only to clinical evaluation but also to selection of areas of the cornea with better quality to be employed as donor tissue. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the morphology of endothelial cells from different regions of the swine cornea after alizarin red staining using optical microscopy.Materials, Methods & Results: Twenty-four healthy eyes from 12 swine Large White breed, with 14-monthold, males or females obtained from a licensed Brazilian commercial slaughterhouse were studied. Immediately after humane slaughter, the eyes were enucleated and submitted to ophthalmic examination. Eyes with signs of diseases of the anterior segment were excluded. The cornea, with 3 mm of the sclera, was removed and placed on a glass microscope slide with the endothelial side up. Four radial incisions were made in the periphery of the cornea to better accommodate the cornea on the microscope slide. Alizarin red was diluted in isotonic solution (0.2 g/100 mL) and the pH was adjusted to 4.2 with hydrochloric acid. Three drops of alizarin red were placed on the corneal endothelium. After 90 s, the dye was removed from the cornea with balanced saline solution. The corneal endothelium was examined and photographed using an optical microscope. All evaluations were performed by the same investigator. Photomicrographs were taken of central, superior, inferior, nasal and temporal corneal areas. Parameter studied included endothelial cell morphology. For the statistical analysis, was employed the ANOVA variance test (repeated measures). Differences were considered statistically significant at P < 0.05.[...]

Resumo

O objetivo do presente estudo foi realizar a comparação entre três modalidades de terapias hidroeletrolíticas, sendo umahipotônica (SeHIPO) e outra isotônica (SeISO), ambas por via enteral em fluxo contínuo (HETfc), com a solução de ringer lactatopor via intravenosa (RL IV), na taxa de infusão de 15 ml/kg/h, administradas simultaneamente em tempo real por 8 horas numdelineamento crossover 6X3 em equinos desidratados experimentalmente pela utilização de parâmetros clínicos do exame físicoe de alguns exames laboratoriais. Para tanto foram utilizadas 6 éguas adultas da raça Brasileiro de Hipismo submetidas a umprotocolo experimental de indução de desidratação (PD) e posteriormente tratadas de acordo com o delineamento experimental.Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que ambos os tratamentos HETfc demonstraram eficácia equivalente ao RL IV na reversãodos efeitos determinados pelo PD, ainda que para os marcadores da volemia, tais como o Volume Globular (VG), ProteínasPlasmáticas Totais (PPT) e porcentagem de Volume Plasmático (%VP) tenham sido relativamente mais lentos. Porém, para osdemais marcadores clínicos a eficácia entre as três terapias estudadas foi equivalente. Esses resultados comprovam a ação dasterapias HETfc ao serem comparadas ao tratamento RL IV, pela utilização dos marcadores clínicos e laboratoriais utilizados, ejustificam a indicação e utilização dessas modalidades terapêuticas em equinos.

The objective of the present study was to compare three modalities of hydroelectrolytic therapies, one hypotonic (SeHIPO) andanother isotonic (SeISO), both by continuous enteral flow (HETfc), with intravenous lactated ringer solution ( RL IV), at the infusionrate of 15 ml / kg / h, administered simultaneously in real time for 8 hours in a 6X3 crossover design in horses experimentallydehydrated by the use of clinical parameters of the physical examination and some laboratory tests. Six adult mares of the BrazilianEquestrian race were submitted to an experimental protocol for induction of dehydration (PD) and later treated according to theexperimental design. The results showed that both HETfc treatments demonstrated an efficacy equivalent to RL IV in the reversalof the effects determined by PD, although for volume markers such as Globular Volume (VG), Total Plasma Proteins (PPT) andPercentage of Plasmatic Volume (% VP) were relatively slower. However, for the other clinical markers the efficacy among thethree therapies studied was equivalent. These results confirm the action of HETfc therapies when compared to RL IV treatment,by the clinical and laboratorial markes used, and justify the indication and use of these therapeutic modalities in horses.

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The effects of a new intravenous polyionic solution on electrolyte and acid-base balances in cattle were evaluated. Eight healthy adult, crossbred Bos taurus cattle received two treatments in a cross-over design: isotonic saline solution (IS) and test solution (TS) with 145 mEq of Na+, 5 mEq of K+, 4 mEq of Ca++, 2 mEq of Mg++, 96 mEq of Cl-, 60 mEq of lactate, 50 g of dextrose, and 4 mg of cyanocobalamin per liter. The solutions were IV infused in a volume corresponding to 5% of BW, through 3 hours. Venous blood samples were taken before the infusion and 3, 6, 9, and 24 hours after the beginning of the infusion. Glucose, L-lactate, Ca, P, Mg, pH, pCO2, HCO3-, BE, Na+, K+, Cl-, and Ca++ were measured. Data were analyzed through repeated measures ANOVA. IS caused acidifying effect due to hyperchloremia and decreased plasma strong ion difference (SID). On the contrary, TS induced mild and transient alkalinization without changes in Na+ and Cl- plasma levels. Transient hypokalemia and hyperglycemia were presented at the end of the ST infusion but did not provoke apparent clinical signs. We concluded that TS is a safe choice for fluid therapy in cattle, inducing low magnitude iatrogenic changes as an advantage.

Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos de uma nova solução hidratante intravenosa sobre os equilíbrios eletrolítico e ácido-base de bovinos. Para tanto, oito animais adultos hígidos, mestiços taurinos foram submetidos a dois tratamentos em delineamento cross-over: solução salina isotônica (SI) e solução teste (ST) composta por 145 mEq de Na+, 5 mEq de K+, 4 mEq de Ca++, 2 mEq de Mg++, 96 mEq de Cl-, 60 mEq de lactato, 50 g de dextrose e 4 mg de cianocobalamina por litro. As soluções foram administradas por via intravenosa, em volume correspondente a 5% do peso corporal, durante três horas de infusão contínua. Amostras de sangue venoso foram colhidas antes da infusão e três, seis, nove e 24 horas após o início da infusão para determinações de glicose, lactato L, Ca, P, Mg, pH, pCO2, HCO3-, BE, Na+, K+, Cl- e Ca++. Os resultados foram analisados por análise de variâncias de medidas repetidas. Ao contrário da SI, que causou hipercloremia e redução da diferença de íons fortes no plasma (SID), determinando efeito acidificante, a ST gerou alcalinização leve e transitória e não provocou alteração das concentrações de Na+ e de Cl-. A hipopotassemia e a hiperglicemia, presentes ao final da infusão da ST, foram transitórias e não determinaram sinais clínicos evidentes. Conclui-se que a ST é uma alternativa segura para a terapia com fluidos em bovinos, tendo a vantagem de provocar alterações iatrogênicas de baixa magnitude.

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This study compared the effects of enteral electrolyte solutions with different osmolarities in Holstein cattle. Eighteen newborn calves were evenly divided into three groups and administered the following treatments: hypotonic electrolyte solution (ESHYPO) containing 4g NaCl, 0.5g KCl, 1g sodium acetate, and 7.5g dextrose diluted in 1,000mL water; isotonic electrolyte solution (ESISO) containing 5g NaCl, 1g KCl, 2g sodium acetate, and 10g dextrose diluted in 1,000mL water; and hypertonic electrolyte solution (ESHYPER) containing 6g NaCl, 1g KCl, 3g sodium acetate, and 15g dextrose diluted in 1,000mL water. Solutions were administered at a rate of 15mL kg-1hr-1 for 12 hours in a continuous flow. All three solutions increased the concentration of plasma sodium, but ESHYPO did not alter the serum osmolarity. Both ESISO and ESHYPO resulted in an increase in volemia.

O presente estudo comparou os efeitos de soluções de eletrolíticas enterais com diferentes osmolaridades administradas em fluxo contínuo. Dezoito animais foram divididos em três grupos: Solução eletrolítica hipotônica (SEHIPO) contendo 4g de NaCl; 0,5g de KCl; 1g de acetato de sódio; 7,5g de dextrose diluídos em 1.000mL de água; Solução eletrolítica isotônica (SEISO) contendo 5g de NaCl; 1g de KCl; 2g de acetato de sódio; 10g de dextrose diluídos em 1.000mL de água; A solução eletrolítica hipertônica (SEHIPER) contendo 6g de NaCl; 1g de KCl; 3g de acetato de sódio; 15g de dextrose diluídos em 1.000mL de água. As soluções foram administradas na dose de 15mLkg-126h-1 durante 12 horas. Os tratamentos SEHIPO, SEISO e SEHIPER aumentaram a concentração plasmática de sódio, contudo apenas a SEHIPO não ocasionou alteração na osmolaridade sérica. As SEHIPO e SEISO aumentaram a volemia.

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ABSTRACT: The effects of a new intravenous electrolyte solution for veterinary therapy on electrolyte and acid-base balances of horses were evaluated, assessing the potential of the use of this solution as a rational alternative in fluid therapy. Eight healthy adult horses, including 4 males and 4 females, received two treatments in a cross-over design: isotonic saline solution (IS) and a test solution (TS) containing 145mEq of Na+, 5mEq of K+, 4mEq of Ca++, 2mEq of Mg++, 96mEq of Cl-, 60mEq of lactate, 50g of dextrose, and 4mg of cyanocobalamin per liter. Solutions were IV infused in a volume corresponding to 5% of BW, over 3 hours. Venous blood samples were taken 5 times before and after the infusion (at 0, 3, 6, 9 e 24h), for pHv, pCO2v, HCO3 -v, BEv, Na+, K+, Cl-, Ca++, Ca, P, Mg, glucose and L-lactate measurements, and AG and SID calculations. The data were analyzed through repeated measures ANOVA. The IS caused mild acidifying effect by increasing Cl- and decreasing plasma SID. In contrast, the TS induced mild and transient hypochloremia without changes in acid-base balance. Hyperglycemia was present at the end of the TS infusion and reversed 6 hours later. The horses did not exhibit any clinical changes. We concluded that TS is an option for fluid therapy in horses.

RESUMO: Considerando a possibilidade de ser empregada como alternativa racional na terapia com fluidos, avaliaram-se os efeitos de uma nova solução eletrolítica intravenosa, desenvolvida para uso veterinário, sobre os equilíbrios eletrolítico e ácido base de equinos. Oito equinos adultos sadios, quatro machos e quatro fêmeas, foram submetidos a dois tratamentos em delineamento cross-over: solução salina isotônica (SI) e solução teste (ST), composta por 145mEq de Na+, 5mEq de K+, 4mEq de Ca++, 2mEq de Mg++, 96mEq de Cl-, 60mEq de lactato, 50g de dextrose e 4mg de cianocobalamina por litro. As soluções foram administradas por via intravenosa, em volume correspondente a 5% do peso corporal, durante três horas de infusão contínua. Amostras de sangue venoso foram colhidas em cinco momentos, antes e após a infusão (0, 3, 6, 9 e 24h), para determinações de pHv, pCO2v, HCO3 -v, BEv, Na+, K+, Cl-, Ca++, Ca, P, Mg, glicose e lactato L, e para cálculo de AG e SID. Os resultados foram analisados por análise de variância de medidas repetidas. Enquanto a SI gerou efeito acidificante discreto, com elevação da cloremia e redução da SID plasmática, a ST causou hipocloremia discreta e transitória e não interferiu com o equilíbrio ácido base. A hiperglicemia, presente ao final da infusão da ST, reverteu-se seis horas após. Os equinos não manifestaram alterações clínicas. Conclui-se que a ST é uma alternativa para a terapia com fluidos em equinos.

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ABSTRACT PURPOSE: To analyze the influence of chlorpromazine on renal histology of rats submitted to ischemia and reperfusion injury. METHODS: Sixteen Wistar rats - split in two groups - have been used: control group, receiving 3 mg/kg isotonic saline solution through caudal vein, and, the chlorpromazine group, receiving 3 mg/kg-IV of such medication. The nephrectomy of the left kidney lower third was carried out; immediately, the test-drug was administrated. After 15 minutes of test-drug administration, the renal pedicle was clamped; in 60 minutes of ischemia it was released. After 24 hours of the renal reperfusion, the rats were, once more, anesthetized and submitted to total left nephrectomy, and, afterwards, to euthanasia. Histological findings regarding ischemia have been evaluated and compared between the groups. RESULTS: There was no statistical difference related to inferior renal pole histological analysis. Regarding 60-minute renal ischemia, chlorpromazine has statistically reduced the accrual of leucocytes within the vasa recta renis (p=0.036) and the congestion of peritubular capillaries (p=0.041). When conducting joint analysis of histological patterns, the control group showed a median score of 11 and chlorpromazine group of 5.5 (p=0.036). CONCLUSION: Chlorpromazine significantly reduced the occurrence of secondary damage to ischemia and reperfusion process in the overall histological analysis.

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ABSTRACT PURPOSE: To investigate the potential efficacy of beractant (Survanta(r)) and Seprafilm(r) on the prevention of postoperative adhesions. METHODS: Forty Wistar-albino female rats were used. The rats were randomly allocated into four groups of 10 rats each as control group (CG), beractant group (BG), Seprafilm(r) group (SG), and combined group (COG). All rats underwent cecal abrasion via midline laparotomy. Before abdominal closure, isotonic saline, beractant, Seprafilm, and combined agents were intraperitoneally administered. Adhesions were classified macroscopically with Canbaz Scoring System on postoperative day 10. Ceacum was resected for histopathological assessment. RESULTS: Macroscopic adhesion scores were significantly lower in BG, SG, and COG than CG (p<0.05); (45%, 15%, 25%, and 15%; respectively). Histopathological assessment revealed a reduced inflammation and fibrosis score in the study groups than CG (p<0.05). In BG, adhesion development, inflammation and fibrosis scores were lower than SG; however, it was not statistically significant. CONCLUSIONS: Intra-abdominal application of beractant is significantly effective for the prevention of adhesion formation with no adverse effect by covering the whole peritoneal mesothelium with excellent gliding properties in a rat model. The combination of both agents is also effective in reducing adhesion formation, however, not superior to single beractant application.

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ABSTRACT PURPOSE: To assess and compare the histopathological effects of ozone therapy and/or methylprednisolone (MPS) treatment on regeneration after crush type sciatic nerve injury. METHODS: Forty Sprague-Dawley male rats were randomly allocated into four groups. Four groups received the following regimens intraperitoneally every day for 14 days after formation of crush type injury on sciatic nerve: Group I: ozone (20mcg/ml); Group II: methylprednisolone (2mg/kg); Group III: ozone (20 mcg/ml) and methylprednisolone (2mg/kg); Group IV: isotonic saline (0.9%). The histomorphological evaluation was made after biopsies were obtained from the sites of injury. RESULTS: Significant differences were noted between groups in terms of degeneration (p=0.019), nerve sheath cell atrophy (p=0.012), intraneural inflammatory cellular infiltration (p=0.002), perineural granulation tissue formation (p=0.019), perineural vascular proliferation (p=0.004), perineural inflammatory cellular infiltration (p<0.001) and inflammation in peripheral tissue (p=0.006). Degeneration was remarkably low in Group III, while no change in nerve sheath cell was noted in Group II. CONCLUSION: The combined use of methylprednisolone and ozone treatment can have beneficial effects for regeneration after crush type nerve injury.

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O estudo teve o objetivo de testar a hipótese de que o efeito alcalinizante da solução de Ringer com lactato (SRL) pode ser maior nos animais portadores de acidose metabólica do que nos sadios, como consequência da necessidade de retorno ao equilíbrio. Seis ovelhas receberam a SRL em volume correspondente a 10% do peso corporal, administrada por infusão contínua intravenosa, durante quatro horas, em duas condições definidas: enquanto eram saudáveis e após a indução experimental de acidose láctica ruminal aguda (ALRA). Amostras de sangue venoso e de urina foram colhidas em quatro momentos: antes do início da infusão, na metade do volume infundido, ao término da infusão e duas horas após. Foram determinados valores de pH sanguíneo e urinário, de pCO2, HCO3 - e BE no sangue, de Na+, K+, Cl-, SID, AG, PPT, Atot e lactato L no plasma, e das excreções fracionadas urinárias de Na+, K+, Cl- e lactato L. A SRL provocou hemodiluição, mas não interferiu nos equilíbrios eletrolítico e acidobase das ovelhas sadias. Apesar de eficaz para reverter a desidratação, não foi capaz de corrigir a acidose metabólica presente após a indução da ALRA.

The aim of this study was to investigate if the alkalinizing effect of lactated Ringer's solution (LRS) is greater in animals with metabolic acidosis than in healthy ones, as a result of the need to restore acid-base balance. LRS was intravenously infused in a volume corresponding to 10% of body weight, continously during four hours, in two definite conditions in the same six ewes: when they were healthy and after experimentally induced acute rumen lactic acidosis (ARLA). Venous blood and urine samples were taken in four moments: before the beginning, in the middle, at the end of the infusion and two hours after. Blood and urine pH, blood pCO2, HCO3 - and BE, and plasma Na+, K+, Cl-, TP and L lactate were measured. Na+, K+, Cl- and L lactate fractional clearance and plasma SID, AG, and Atot were calculated. LRS caused hemodilution but didn't change electrolyte and acid-base balances in healthy ewes. When ewes were affected by ARLA, the infusion of this solution was effective for dehydration reversion but was unable to correct metabolic acidosis.

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Este trabalho teve como objetivo a elaboração de uma bebida eletrolítica a base de permeado da ultrafiltração de leite e avaliação de suas características físicas, químicas e microbiológicas, durante o período de armazenamento por 30 dias, nas temperaturas de 7°C e 25°C. A bebida apresentou-se clara, com coloração amarelo-esverdeada, osmolalidade de 311,6mOsmol.L-1 e carboidratos totais de 6,48% m/v. Não foram observadas alterações significativas de pH, acidez titulável e sólidos solúveis durante o tempo e temperatura de armazenamento (P>0,05). A osmolalidade e o teor de açúcares totais foram afetados pelo tempo (P<0,05), enquanto que o aumento de açúcares redutores foi afetado pelo tempo e pela temperatura de armazenamento (P<0,05). Observou-se correlação positiva (P<0,05) entre o teor de açúcares redutores e totais com a osmolalidade,porém a bebida manteve-se dentro da faixa de osmolalidade(entre 290mOsm L-1 e 330mOsm L-1). As coordenadas L*, a*, b* e C* foram afetadas somente pelo tempo de armazenamento (P<0,05). No estudo de vida útil, a bebida mostrou-se estável microbiologicamente. Assim, o permeado pode ser aproveitado como coproduto industrial na elaboração de bebidas eletrolíticas, em vista dos critérios de osmolalidade, além de conter minerais naturais.

This study aimed to prepare a electrolyte drink based on permeate of milk ultrafiltration with evaluation of its physical, chemical, and microbiological properties during 30 days of storage at 7°C and 25°C. The drink became clear, with greenish-yellow color, osmolality of 311,6mOsmol L-1and total carbohydrates of 6.48 % m/v. There were no significant changes in pH, titratable acidity, and soluble solids during storage time and temperature (P>0.05). The osmolality and total sugars were affected by time (P<0.05), whereas the increase in reducing sugars was affected by storage temperature and time (P<0.05). Positive correlation (P<0.05) between total reducing sugars and osmolality was observed, but the drink was within the osmolality range for isotonic drinks (290mOsm L-1 and 330mOsm L-1). L*, a*, b*, and C* coordinates were affected only by the storage time (P<0.05). In the study of shelf life, the drink showed to be microbiologically stable. The permeate can be used as industrial residue in the preparation of electrolyte drinks in view of osmolality criteria, besides containing natural minerals.

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PURPOSE: Vogt´s antioxidant solution (red blood cells, Ringer's solution, sodium bicarbonate, mannitol, allopurinol and 50% glucose) or its modification including hydroxyethyl starch (HES) were tested for the prevention of splanchnic artery occlusion shock. METHODS: Seventy rats were distributed in treatment (3), control (1), and sham (3) groups. Ischemia and reperfusion were induced by celiac, superior mesenteric and inferior mesenteric arteries occlusion for 40 min, followed by 60 min reperfusion or sham procedures. Controls received saline, both treatment and sham groups received the Vogt's solution, modified Vogt's solution (replacing Ringer's solution by HES), or HES. Mean arterial blood pressure (MABP), ileal malondialdehyde (MDA) and plasmatic MDA were determined, and a histologic grading system was used. RESULTS: At reperfusion, MABP dropped in all I/R groups. Only HES treatment was able to restore final MABP to the levels of sham groups. Plasmatic MDA did not show differences between groups. Ileum MDA was significantly higher in the control and treatment groups as compared to the sham group. Histology ranking was higher in the only in control group. CONCLUSIONS: Hydroxyethyl starch was able to prevent hemodynamic shock but not intestinal lesions. Both treatments with Vogt's solutions did not show any improvement. .

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The aim of this study was to evaluate clinical and histopathological aspects of topical application of almescar (Protium heptaphyllum (Aubl.) Marchand) oil resin on the healing processes of experimentally induced wounds in rats (Rattus norvegicus). Male rats (n=16) were randomly distributed into two experimental groups: group treated with almescar oil resin at 0.5% in isotonic solution (GO, n=8) and control group (CG, n=8). The experimental lesions were treated daily for 30 days. Macroscopic and histopathological analyses were performed on days 3, 7, 14 and 21, respectively. A wound contraction of 94.77% was recorded for GO and 93.91% 21 days after the lesion. The chemical constituents identified in the essential oil were predominantly monoterpenes, α-terpinolene (32.7%), limonene (22.0%) and 3-carene (15.0%) were identified as major components. Wounds in both groups had a significant reduction in the wound area during the trial period (p <.0001). Comparing the groups in different stages of evaluation, there were significant differences on day 3 (p = 0.0268), day 7 (p = 0.0031) and day 14 (p = .0190). In conclusion, the topical application of almescar resin oil was beneficial in the healing process of experimentally induced skin wounds in rats, making it a therapeutic option in veterinary medicine.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os aspectos clínicos e histopatológicos da aplicação tópica do óleo da resina do alméscar (Protium heptaphyllum (Aubl.) Marchand) no processo de cicatrização de feridas cutâneas induzidas experimentalmente em ratos (Rattus norvegicus). Ratos machos (n=16) foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em dois grupos experimentais: grupo tratado com resina de óleo alméscar em 0,5% em solução isotônica (GO, n=8) e grupo controle (GC, n=8). As lesões experimentais foram tratadas diariamente durante 30 dias. Análises macroscópicas e histopatológicas foram realizadas nos dias 3, 7, 14 e 21. Grau de contração de 94,77% foi registrada no grupo tratado com o óleo de resina e de 93,91% para as feridas controle após 21 dias de tratamento. Os constituintes químicos identificados no óleo essencial foram predominantemente monoterpenos, entre estes, α - terpinoleno (32,7%), limoneno (22%) e 3-careno (15%) em sua maioria. As feridas de ambos os grupos tiveram uma redução significativa na área durante o período experimental (p<0,0001). Comparando-se os grupos em diferentes etapas de avaliação, houve diferença significativa no dia 3 (p=0,0268), dia 7 (p=0,0031) e dia 14 (p=0,0190). Em conclusão, a aplicação tópica de óleo de resina alméscar foi benéfica no processo de cicatrização de feridas cutâneas induzidas experimentalmente em ratos, tornando- se uma opção terapêutica em medicina veterinária.

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PURPOSE: To evaluate the changes of contractility and reactivity in isolated lymphatics from hemorrhagic shock rats with resuscitation. METHODS: Six rats in the shock group suffered hypotension for 90 min by hemorrhage, and resuscitation with shed blood and equal ringer's solution. Then, the contractility of lymphatics, obtained from thoracic ducts in rats of the shock and sham groups, were evaluated with an isolated lymphatic perfusion system using the indices of contractile frequency (CF), tonic index (TI), contractile amplitude (CA) and fractional pump flow (FPF). The lymphatic reactivity to substance P (SP) was evaluated with the different volume of CF, CA, TI and FPF between pre- and post-treatment of SP at different concentrations. RESULTS: The CF, FPF, and TI of lymphatics obtained from the shocked rats were significantly decreased than that of the sham group. After SP stimulation, the ∆CF (1×10-8, 3×10-8, 1×10-7, 3×10-7 mol/L), ∆FPF (1×10-8, 3×10-8, 1×10-7 mol/L), and ∆TI (1×10-8 mol/L) of lymphatics in the shock group were also obviously lower compared with the sham group. In addition, there were no statistical differences in CA and ∆CA between two groups. CONCLUSION: Lymphatic contractility and reactivity to substance P appears reduction following hemorrhagic shock with resuscitation. .

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Objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar a suplementação de um isotônico proteico (IP) administrado à leitões na maternidade e creche e sua influência no desempenho e saúde intestinal. Foram utilizadas 120 leitegadas com o total de 1634 leitões provenientes de matrizes de mesma linhagem comercial. Os animais foram selecionados de acordo com a média de peso da leitegada e a ordem de parto (OP) das matrizes. O experimento foi realizado em duas fases (pré e pós desmame), admitindo o desmame aos 24 dias de vida. Delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados com 4 tratamentos e 30 repetições, sendo a unidade experimental o leitão e os blocos a OP. Os quatro tratamentos foram: T1: Grupo controle, sem inclusão do isotônico proteico T2: suplementação de IP aos 2-8 dias de vida; T3: suplementação de IP durante os 3 últimos dias antes do desmame e nos 3 dias iniciais de creche, e T4: associação dos tratamentos T2 e T3. O IP foi oferecido na concentração de 3% por litro de água. Ocorreram pesagens dos leitões nos dias 2, 8, 16 e 23 na maternidade e aos dias 7 e 14 por desmame na creche. Ao 8º dia de creche foram selecionados 16 leitões v para eutanásia, 16 leitões, pela média de peso e eutanasiados 16 leitões por tratamento para coleta de jejuno e conteúdo cecal. Análise estatística: Desempenho e morfologia intestinal foram submetidas ao teste de Shapiro-Wilk , o PROC RANK (SAS INSTITUTE, 2009) foi utilizado para normalização dos dados. A análise de variância passou pelo pacote SAS através do teste F (p <0,05), adotando o teste Tukey para comparação de médias. Na avaliação do desempenho, o GPD (ganho de peso diário) na maternidade do T4 foi superior ao T2 (p <0,016), não diferindo do T1 e T3 entre si para essa variável. O peso na creche ao 7º (p <0,009) e 14º dia (p <0,020) foi maior no T4 quando comparado ao controle. Também o GPD ao 14º dia de creche foi maior (p <0,015) para T4 em comparação com o controle. As vilosidades foram maiores nos tratamentos T2, T3, T4 comparados ao T1. A relação vilo/cripta foi maior no T2 e T3 comparados com o T1. Os tratamentos 2,3 e 4 que foram suplementados com o isotônico apresentaram uma menor concentração de E. coli. que o tratamento controle. As demais variáveis de desempenho, microbiota e produção de ácidos graxos não apresentaram diferenças significativas. Conclui-se então, que a suplementação de um isotônico proteico nas fases pré e pós desmame, pôde garantir melhor saúde intestinal e consequentemente melhor desempenho para os leitões após o desmame.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the supplementation of a protein isotonic (PI) administered to suckling and weaning piglets and its effect on performance and intestinal health. A total of 120 litter from sows of the same commercial farm were used. Based on the average weight of the litter and the birth order (BO) of the sows. It was performed in two phases, pre and post weaning, allowing weaning at 24 days of age. Experimental design carried out in randomized blocks with 4 treatments and 30 replicates, being the experimental unit the piglet and the blocks the BO. Four treatments were used: T1: Control group, without inclusion; T2: PI at 2-8 days of life; T3: IP at 3 days before weaning and 3 days after weaning, and T4: IP at 2-8 days of life and 3 days before weaning and 3 days after weaning. IP was offered at a concentration of 1.5% per liter of water. The piglets were weighted on days 2, 8, 16 and 23 in the maternity ward and on days 7 and 14 in the nursery. At 8th day of nursery, 16 pigs per treatment for jejunum collection and cecal content at slaughter were selected by weight average. Statistical analysis: Performance and intestinal morphology were submitted to the Shapiro-Wilk test. The PROC RANK (SAS INSTITUTE, 2009) was used for data normalization. The analysis of variance passed through the SAS package through the F test (P <0.05), adopting the Tukey test for comparison of means. For diarrhea incidence, the Kruskall Wallis nonparametric test was used (P <0.05). In the performance evaluation, ADG (average daily gain) at T4 was higher than T2 (P <0.016), not differing between T1 and T3 for this variable. The weight at 7th (P <0.009) and 14th day (P <0.020) post weaning was higher in T4 when compared to control. The ADG at day 14 after weaning was higher (P <0.015) for T4 compared to T1. Villus length of T2, T3, T4 larger villi compared to T1. Villus/crypt ratio: T2 and T3 presented higher relation compared to T1. The treatments supplemented with the isotonic presented a smaller amount (P = 0.056) of E. coli. than the control treatment. The other performance variables, microbiota and fatty acid production did not present significant differences. It was concluded that supplementation of a protein isotonic in the pre and post weaning phases could guarantee a better performance and intestinal environment for the piglets.

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Os cães que atuam no serviço de busca, resgate e salvamento necessitam de treinamento intensivo. O conhecimento das modificações eletrolíticas e energéticas que ocorrem nestes cães é importante para se estabelecer métodos e ações para melhorar o desempenho e reduzir as alterações provenientes da atividade física. Objetivou-se avaliar os parâmetros de hidratação, e as concentrações de eletrólitos, hormônios, glicose e lactato com e sem suplementação hidroeletrolítica e energética, em cães submetidos há um treinamento de 60 minutos. Seis cães saudáveis, treinados e que exercem atividade de busca, resgate e salvamento, foram avaliados em sete tempos e dois momentos distintos. Foram determinados parâmetros de hidratação, como o peso corporal (PC), temperatura corporal (TC), hematócrito (Ht), hemácia (He), hemoglobina (Hb), proteína total (PT) e albumina; indicadores energéticos, como a glicose e o lactato; eletrólitos, como o potássio (K+), sódio (Na+), cloro (Cl-), fósforo (P+ ), cálcio (Ca2+) e magnésio (Mg2+); e hormônios, como o cortisol, aldosterona e insulina. Em ambos os momentos (M1 e M2), após o término do treinamento (T60), observou-se desidratação isotônica nos cães, acompanhada de eritrocitose, perda de peso, sem alterações de K+, Na+, Ca2+, albumina, cortisol e aldosterona. Na fase de recuperação, em ambos os momentos de avaliação, ocorreu aumento significativo da TC e lactato, houve ainda redução significativa de insulina, PT e P+. O Clreduziu em M1 e aumentou em M2, enquanto o Mg2+ reduziu em M1 e não alterou em M2. Os animais demonstraram recuperação no R30, com valores próximos aos basais (T0). Conclui-se que tanto a reposição hídrica quanto asuplementação hidroeletrolítica e energética, fornecidas por via enteral, são capazes de corrigir a desidratação isotônica apresentada pelos cães. No entanto, a suplementação é capaz de elevar os valores séricos de Cl- e Mg2+ após o exercício, sem alterar os demais eletrólitos. A TC e as concentrações de lactato aumentam após o exercício e retornam aos valores basais com a recuperação. A insulina reduz após o treino, sem alterações nos níveis séricos de glicose.

Search and rescue dogs require intensive training. The knowledge of the electrolytic and energetic changes that occur in these dogs is important to establish methods and actions to improve performance and reduce changes during physical activity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the hydration parameters, electrolytes, hormones, glucose and lactate concentrations with and without hydroelectrolytic and energy supplementation, in dogs submitted to 60 minutes of training. Six healthy dogs, trained and carrying out search and rescue activities, were evaluated in seven times and two different moments. Hydration parameters, such as body weight (BW), body temperature, hematocrit (Ht), red blood cell (RBC), hemoglobin (Hb)), total protein (PT) and albumin were determined; energy indicators such as glucose and lactate; electrolytes such as potassium (K+), sodium (Na+), chlorine (Cl-), phosphorus (P+),calcium (Ca2+) and magnesium (Mg2+); and hormones such as cortisol, aldosterone, and insulin. In both moments (M1 and M2), after training (T60"), dogs presented isotonic dehydration, determined by erythrocytosis, weight loss, with no changes in K+,Na+, Ca2+, albumin, cortisol and aldosterone. In the recovery phase, in both assessment moments, there was a significant increase in temperature and lactate, there was also a significant reduction of insulin, PT and P+. Clreduced in M1 and increased in M2, while Mg2+ reduced in M1 and did not change in M2. Dogs showed recovery in R30", with values close to the basal (T0). It was concluded that both water supply and hydroelectrolytic and energetic supplementation, provided by the enteral administration, were capable of correcting the isotonic dehydration presented by dogs. However, supplementation was able to raise the serum values of Cl- and Mg2+ after exercise, without altering other electrolytes. Temperature and lactate concentrations increase after exercise and return to baseline with recovery. Insulin reduces aftertraining, with no changes in serum glucose levels.

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Na medicina equina é comum o atendimento de potros enfermos. Estes pacientes podem desenvolver rapidamente hipoglicemia e desequilíbrios hidroeletrolíticos e ácido base. O principal desafio para o veterinário é a elaboração de protocolos de hidratação que permitam corrigir estas alterações de maneira eficaz, com baixo custo e que sejam minimamente estressantes ao paciente. A hidratação enteral, além de ser uma forma fisiológica de administração de fluidos, atende a todos esses critérios e ainda permite o ajuste da composição das soluções de acordo com as necessidades de cada paciente. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos de duas soluções eletrolíticas enterais de manutenção contendo carboidratos administradas por sonda nasogástrica em fluxo contínuo sobre o equilíbrio hidroeletrolítico e ácido base de potros. Foram utilizados seis potros com idade média de 7,3 ± 1,4 meses em um cross over (6x2), os animais foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em dois tratamentos, sendo que cada um passou por todos os tratamentos com intervalo de sete dias. Antecipando a fase de hidratação enteral, os animais foram submetidos a doze horas de restrição hídrica alimentar. Os tratamentos foram solução eletrolítica enteral isotônica com osmolaridade mensurada de 289 mOsm L-1; e solução eletrolítica enteral hipotônica com osmolaridade mensurada de 225 mOsm L-1. Os tratamentos foram administrados por via nasogástrica em um fluxo contínuo a uma velocidade de 15 mL Kg-1 hora-1 durante doze horas. Os animais foram avaliados nos tempos T-12h, T0h, T4h, T8h, T12h e T24h. Os resultados demonstraram que ambas as soluções eletrolíticas enterais promoveram expansão da volemia, diurese e aumento da umidade das fezes sem ocasionar desequilíbrios eletrolíticos, demonstrando que as duas soluções podem ser utilizadas em potros na rotina médica veterinária.

In equine medicine it is common to care for diseased foals. These patients can rapidly develop hypoglycemia, hydroelectrolytic and acid-base imbalances. The main challenge for the veterinarian is the elaboration of rehydration protocols that allow to correct these alterations in an effective way, with low cost and that are minimally stressful to the patient. Enteral fluid therapy, is a physiological form for administration of fluids, fulfills all these criteria and also allows the adjustment of the composition of the solutions according to the needs of each patient. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of two enteral electrolyte maintenance solutions containing carbohydrates delivered by nasogastric tube in a continuous flow on the hydroelectrolytic balance and acid base of foals. Six foals with a mean age of 7.3 ± 1.4 months were used in a cross over design (6x2). The animals were randomly distributed in two treatments, each of which underwent all treatments with a seven days interval. Anticipating the enteral fluid therapy phase, the animals were submitted to twelve hours of water and food restriction. The treatments were isotonic enteral electrolyte solution with measured osmolarity of 289 mOsm L-1; and hypotonic enteral electrolyte solution with measured osmolarity of 225 mOsm L-1. Treatments were administered by nasogastric route in a continuous flow at a rate of 15 ml kg-1 hour-1 for twelve hours. The animals were evaluated at times T-12h, T0h, T4h, T8h, T12h and T24h. The results demonstrated that both enteral electrolyte solutions promoted volume expansion, diuresis and increased feces moisture without causing electrolyte imbalances, demonstrating that both solutions can be used in foals in the veterinary medical routine.

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Este estudo objetivou avaliar e comparar a glicose e o lactato plasmáticos, bem como a insulina e o cortisol séricos, em éguas hígidas, não gestantes, tratadas com: polietilenoglicol 3350 (PEG); ou polietilenoglicol 3350 associado ao Ringer lactato (PEG+RL); ou solução isotônica poliônica enteral (SIPE); ou solução isotônica poliônica enteral associada ao Ringer lactato (SIPE+RL); ou solução de cloreto de sódio a 0,9 por cento (NaCl). A avaliação laboratorial foi realizada nos tempos: imediatamente antes do início dos tratamentos (T0h); com seis horas (T6h) e ao final dos tratamentos (T12h); com 24 (T24h) e 48 horas (T48h) após T0h. Não ocorreu alteração significativa no lactato plasmático. Ocorreu apenas um discreto aumento nos valores da glicose e da insulina no tratamento SIPE, ocasionado pela presença de maltodextrina. O cortisol aumentou nos animais de todos os tratamentos, porém menor nos animais do SIPE. Conclui-se que os tratamentos não alteraram os valores da glicose, do lactato e da insulina em éguas hígidas e que a hidratação enteral em fluxo contínuo realizada no tratamento SIPE ocasionou menos estresse nos animais...

The aim of this study was to evaluate and compare the plasmatic lactate and glucose, serum insulin and cortisol in healthy non pregnant mares treated with: polyethylene glycol 3350 (PEG); or polyethylene glycol 3350 associated with Ringer lactate (PEG+RL), or enteral polionic isotonic solution (EPIS); or enteral polionic isotonic solution associated with Ringer lactate (EPIS+RL); or sodium chloride solution 0.9 percent (NaCl). Laboratory tests were carried out in the following moments: immediately before the start of treatment (T0h), at six hours (T6h) and at the end of treatment (T12h), with 24 (T24h) and 48 hours (T48h) after T0h. The lactate did not change significantly. There was a slight increase in glucose and insulin values in EPIS caused by the presence of maltodextrin. Cortisol increased in animals from all treatments, but this increase was lower in the animals in EPIS. It is concluded that the treatments did not alter the values of glucose, lactate and insulin in healthy mares and the enteral hydration in continuous flow done in the EPIS treatment caused less stress to the animals...