Deslocamento dorsal de patela: relato de caso / Dorsal displacement of the patella: case report / Desplazamiento dorsal de la rótula: caso clínico

O deslocamento dorsal da patela, não é uma afecção incomum em potros e em animais que são estabulados e mantidos em repouso após uma temporada de exercícios. Existem vários fatores, que pode levar a esta situação, como membros posteriores retos, flacidez do músculo quadríceps femoral, dentre outras. Existem várias formas de tratamento para o deslocamento, como exercícios controlados, ferrageamento corretivo, provocar uma desmite do ligamento patelar medial, com soluções irritantes, ou com a técnica do splitting, e também pode ser realizada a desmotomia do ligamento patelar medial para correção do deslocamento. Diante disso, buscou-se realizar uma revisão bibliográfica que verse sobre a acurácia do exame clínico e os exames complementares tais com ultrassonografia e radiografias, pois o diagnóstico preciso é de suma importância, para que os objetivos clínicos sejam alcançados.

Dorsal displacement of the patella is not an uncommon condition in foals and in animals that are stabled and kept at rest after a season of exercise. There are several factors, which can lead to this situation, such as straight hind limbs, laxity of the quadriceps femoris muscle, among others. There are several forms of treatment for the dislocation, such as controlled exercises, corrective bracing, provoking a demitis of the medial patellar ligament, with irritant solutions, or with the splitting technique, and also a demotomy of the medial patellar ligament can be performed to correct the dislocation. Therefore, a literature review was carried out on the accuracy of the clinical examination and complementary tests such as ultrasound and radiography, as an accurate diagnosis is of utmost importance to achieve the clinical objectives.

El desplazamiento dorsal de la rótula no es una condición infrecuente en potros y en animales estabulados y mantenidos en reposo después de una temporada de ejercicio. Hay varios factores que pueden conducir a esta situación, como miembros posteriores rectos, laxitud del músculo cuádriceps femoral, entre otros. Existen varias formas de tratamiento para la luxación, como ejercicios controlados, ortesis correctoras, provocando una demitis del ligamento rotuliano medial, con soluciones irritantes, o con la técnica del splitting, y también se puede realizar una desmotomía del ligamento rotuliano medial para corregir la luxación. Por ello, se realizó una revisión bibliográfica sobre la exactitud del examen clínico y de las pruebas complementarias como la ecografía y la radiografía, ya que un diagnóstico preciso es de suma importancia para alcanzar los objetivos clínicos.

Fixed bilateral endo-exo prostheses in feline femur - case report / Endo-exoprótese bilateral fixa em fêmur de felino - relato de caso

The use of endo-exo prosthesis is an alternative to improve the quality of life of amputees, allowing correct distribution of body weight, reducing skin problems and pain related to the implant, and reducing lameness. The aim of this paper is to report the use of a fixed bilateral endo-exo femur prostheses in a cat with amputation prior to treatment. The endoprostheses were made with titanium and the exoprostheses were made with 3D printing technology. A longitudinal craniolateral surgical approach was used and the skin incision was made over the knee-joint, then fascia lata incision, followed by biceps femoris and vastus lateralis muscles retraction, incision through the joint capsule to expose the tibiofemoral joint, disarticulation, and tibia and fibula removal. Afterwards, a femoral leveling osteotomy and insertion of the implant in the medullary canal were performed, being attached in the cis and trans cortical bone. The patient was evaluated in the immediate post-operative and periodically thereafter, showing satisfactory results, without macroscopic signs of rejection, wound dehiscence or infection, fracture, or injury of limbs, and presented adapted walking. Furthermore, it was observed the return to common behaviors for the species.

O uso de endoexoprótese é uma alternativa para melhoria na qualidade de vida de pacientes amputados, permitindo distribuição correta do peso corporal, redução de problemas de pele e dor ligadas ao implante e redução da claudicação. Este trabalho objetivou relatar a utilização de endoexoprótese bilateral fixa em fêmur em felino com amputação prévia ao atendimento. Foram modeladas endopróteses em titânio e exopróteses projetadas e impressas em 3D. O acesso cirúrgico, em ambos os membros, foi realizado por incisão craniolateral transarticular da pele, incisão da fáscia lata, rebatimento dos músculos bíceps femoral e vasto lateral, incisão da cápsula articular para exposição da articulação femorotibial, desarticulação e remoção cirúrgica da tibia e da fibula. Em seguida, realizou-se osteotomia niveladora femoral e inserção do implante no canal medular, sendo esse fixo nas corticais cis e trans. O paciente foi avaliado no pós-cirúrgico imediato e posteriormente de forma periódica, demonstrando resultados satisfatórios, sem sinais macroscópicos de rejeição, deiscência ou infecção da ferida cirúrgica, fratura ou lesão de membros, e apresentava deambulação adaptada. Além disso, foi observado o retorno de comportamentos comuns da espécie.

Ruptura bilateral do músculo fibular terceiro em bovino / Bilateral rupture of the peroneus tertius muscle in bovine

Background: The peroneus tertius muscle is responsible for tarsal flexion and coordinate extension of the stifle joint. The most common causes of rupture are excessive effort when trying to rise on a slippery surface, mounting, or being mounted. Rupture of the peroneus tertius muscle is characterized by an inability to flex the hock. Most cases are not curable, presenting an unfavorable to poor prognosis, and the animal has to be euthanized. This study aimed to report the clinical picture and treatment of a bilateral rupture of the peroneus tertius muscle in a cow from the municipality of Castanhal, state of Pará (Amazonian biome). Case: We report the clinical picture and treatment of a bilateral rupture of the peroneus tertius muscle in a 4-year-old cow, mixed breed, weighing approximately 400 kg, calved 3 months ago, belonging to a batch of 40 cattle kept on extensive breeding system in a pasture of Urochloa (Brachiaria) brizantha. The clinical signs appeared after the cow was mounted by a 1,100 kg bull and consisted of lameness, falling into sternal decubitus with hind limbs extended backward, hyperextension of the hocks with flexed stifle, with the tibia and metatarsus in a straight line, which lead to a 90-degree position of the femur and knee. Abrasions in the dorsal region of the fetlocks reinforce evidence of dragging hooves. Diagnosis of bilateral rupture of the peroneus tertius muscle was performed by a clinical examination and semiological test. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (flunixin meglumine, 2,2 mg/kg, every 24 h for 4 days) were prescribed for treatment, in addition to resting in a paddock with good availability of pasture, water, and mineral salt. After 3 months, we observed an improvement of the clinical signs, and after 6 months, an almost complete recovery. Only a slight difficulty in flexing the hock when moving remained. Discussion: In the present report, bull mounting was the probable cause of the hyperextension of both hocks and the bilateral rupture of the peroneus tertius muscle. According to the handler, these clinical signs were only evidenced after the animal was mounted. As stated in the literature, accidents such as falls, slips, mounting or being mounted, as well as excessive traction and over-elevation of the limb are considered predisposing factors for the onset of the disease. Rupture of the peroneus tertius muscle is unusual in production animals; therefore, the low occurrence of reports on this kind of rupture in the literature makes this case even more unique. The bilateral injury differs from cases described in the literature, in which the reported injuries were always unilateral. Our findings reinforce the hypothesis that the act of mounting was the triggering factor for the bilateral rupture of the animal peroneus tertius muscle. The breeding system also differs from the cases diagnosed by the same authors, since they describe the disease in bovines kept on intensive or semi-intensive breeding. In the present case, the cattle were kept on an extensive breeding system. The extension and flexion tests used in the clinical examination allowed for the diagnosis of rupture of the peroneus tertius muscle in both limbs, similarly to what has been reported by other authors. Anamnesis, clinical findings, and exclusion of different diagnoses were decisive for establishing the diagnosis. The treatment chosen was efficient, even though the case was severe, as the injury occurred in both hind limbs.

Tibial plateau leveling osteotomy in dogs: an ex vivo comparative study of knee's surrounding structures protection methods

Background: Cranial cruciate ligament failure is one of the leading causes of pelvic limb lameness in dogs and one of the most recommended treatments is tibial plateau leveling osteotomy (TPLO) surgery. However, this procedure may lead to some complications as fractures of the fibula, laceration in varying degrees of the popliteal vasculature and its branches, neuropraxia, neurotmeses, among others. The goals of this study were to compare the effectiveness of 8 methods used during TPLO, to prevent damage to the cranial tibial artery, fibula, tibial and fibular nerve (surgical compresses, specific surgical retractors I and II and an osteotomy technique variation). Materials, Methods & Results: A total of 40 canine cadavers weighing 25.9 ± 3.7 kg were submitted to TPLO. Animals were previously prepared with 1: 4 barium red latex solution, to provide radiopacity of arteries surrounding the knee (n = 80). TPLO was performed using 8 methods to protect the cranial tibial artery, fibula, and tibial and fibular nerves. Each method was used in one of the knees of 5 animals. The contralateral knee was maintained as a control (without protection). The knees were radiographed in orthogonal projections before and after the osteotomies and then anatomically dissected. The evaluated structures were photographed, and the images sent to four blind evaluators (visual macroscopy) to classify the possible injuries. The highest incidence of injuries was identified when protection methods were used. However, this difference was not significant (P > 0.05). No significant differences regarding efficacy were found between all 8 protection methods. Discussion: In this study, the total incidence of injuries following TPLO was 20% was much higher than that presented in the literature which indicates when considering only intraoperative injuries. The dogs cadavers tissue resistance and stiffened latex may have predisposed the osteotomy injury, as soft tissues with greater flexibility are less susceptible to trauma caused by the oscillatory saw. When compared to others cadaveric studies that also evaluated the efficacy of surgical dressings to protect the cranial tibial artery, during TPLO, we also find a higher incidence of damage. Maybe the limb's position was responsible for this difference, once in the after mentioned researches the limb was positioned suspended to simulate a dorsal decubitus position and we choose the limb position with the lateral face resting on the surface of the operating table, and this may have provided extra pressure from the structures towards the osteotomy saw, increasing the occurrence of those damages. Although the present study did not reveal a significant difference for the use of protection methods, we believe that the dimensions of the compresses used herein may have contributed to a higher incidence of injuries. They probably increased the tissue trauma needed for their allocation and led to a lower positioning accuracy for the isolation of these structures. Maybe for the same reason, the specific type II surgical retractor was the only shield that, observationally, did not increase the occurrence of injuries, once less dissection was required to allocate it. The difference in geometric dimensions between the retractors may justify the superiority of the retractor II, since it allows a more careful and apparently less traumatic allocation. Performing TPLO without adopting these protection methods did not lead to a higher risk of injury to the cranial tibial artery, fibula, and tibial and fibular nerves.

Hemoperitoneum in a cow with lumbar muscle hemangiosarcoma

Background: Hemangiosarcoma is a malignant neoplasm of endothelial cells with an infiltrative growth pattern. Hemangiosarcomas are frequently reported in canines and rare in felines, sheep, goats, swine, horses and cattle. Few cases of hemangiosarcoma were reported in cattle. In the present report, we describe the clinicopathological findings of a bovine muscle hemangiosarcoma. Case: A 6-year-old, Girolando cow from the Dairy Cattle Sector of the Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), Seropédica, presented sternal decubitus. Clinical signs were markedly pale mucous membranes, moderate dehydration, respiratory distress, and increased heart rate. The hematological examination revealed intense regenerative anemia. Due to the worsening of the clinical condition, the cow was submitted to euthanasia. The necropsy and collection of various fragments of organs were performed, which were sent to the "Setor de Anatomia Patológica" (SAP-UFRRJ). Tissues were fixed in 10 % buffered formalin, routinely processed for histology and stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin (HE). The external mucous membranes were markedly pale. Multifocal areas of 1.5 x 1.0 cm, irregular and dark red were observed dissecting the quadratus lumborum muscle (hemangiosarcoma) fibers. These neoplasms were associated with an extensive cruoric clot adhered to the muscle fibers. The extensive, red, friable mass measured approximately 76 x 55 x 20 cm on the serous surfaces of the organs of the peritoneal cavity (hemoperitoneum). The spleen was moderately reduced. The bone marrow was markedly pale. Histologically, it was observed that there was an extensive proliferation of endothelial cells in the quadratus lumbar muscle mass dissecting the epimysium and perimysium. Endothelial cells had moderate pleomorphism, organized in vascular channels and forming multifocally solid areas with a significant amount of eosinophilic fibrillar material (fibrin). Sections of muscle neoplasm were subjected to immunohistochemistry with anti-von Willebrand factor primary antibody, which showed a multifocal moderate cytoplasmic immunolabeling of neoplastic endothelial cells. Discussion: There are few reports of striated muscle hemangiosarcoma in cattle. Muscular hemangiosarcomas were reported in a 4-month-old calf in the left cervical trapezius muscle and a 6-year-old Holstein cow with left pelvic limb mass lateral and distal to the knee. Some reports presented hemangiosarcoma in the iliopsoas muscle, left cervical trapezius muscle, pelvic limb muscles and right cervical muscle of the bovine. In the presented report, hemoperitoneum occurred as a result of hemorrhages from muscle hemangiosarcoma. Other studies have demonstrated cavity hemorrhages in joint, pelvic, pleural and cranial cavities associated with hemangiosarcoma. Hemangiosarcoma with regenerative anemia must be distinguished from other diseases that cause anemia. The main differential diagnoses of bovine with anemia are vena cava syndrome, coumarin derivatives poisoning, acute poisoning by Pteridium spp., tick fever, anaplasmosis, babesiosis and trypanosomiasis. Hemangiosarcoma should be differentiated from other lesions as hemangioma, vascular tumor of lymphatic endothelium and perivascular wall tumors. Cases with poorly differentiated morphology should be submitted for immunohistochemistry. In the present hemangiosarcoma case, we have used the von Willebrand factor for immunohistochemistry diagnosis. Expression of angiogenic growth factors such as CD31, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF) and angiopoietin-1 (Ang-1) have also been used in the diagnosis of vascular proliferation lesions. Hemangiosarcoma in cattle should be included mainly in the differential diagnosis of diseases that cause acute anemia in cattle.

Granuloma caused by Acanthocheilonema spp. in a canine: case report / [Granuloma por Acanthocheilonema spp. em um cão: relato de caso]

A canine patient, 13-year-old mixed breed male, 24kg, was seen at a private clinic in the city of Guayaquil, Ecuador. The main reason for consultation was the evaluation of a mass in the right knee and neck that had previously been cytologically diagnosed of neoplastic origin by another team of veterinarians through fine needle puncture and cytology. The contacts were asymptomatic. At the time of the consultation, a detailed exploration and complementary methods were performed that included hematological and urinary exams, mass cytology, serological test, chest radiography and biopsy for further histopathological study. The final diagnosis was a cutaneous granuloma due to microfilariae of Acanthocheilonema spp. and its subsequent surgical and medical treatment with excellent results. The canine heartworm is a cosmopolitan disease caused by nematodes of the genus Dirofilaria, with D. immitis being the best-known species. Less frequently, the species Acanthocheilonema spp., found in this patient, is also reported in Americas, with little knowledge about it. This is the first report of its kind hoping that it will serve as a basis for future studies.

Foi atendido, em uma clínica particular, na cidade de Guaiaquil, Equador, um paciente canino, sem raça definida, de 13 anos de idade, macho, não castrado, de 24kg. O motivo da consulta foi a avaliação de uma massa em região de articulação de joelho direito e de pescoço, que havia sido previamente diagnosticada como de origem neoplásica por outra equipe de médicos veterinários, mediante punção por agulha fina e citologia. Os contactantes eram assintomáticos. No momento da consulta, realizaram-se detalhadas avaliações clínica e complementar, que incluíram exames hematológicos, urinálise, citologia da massa, teste sorológico, radiografia torácica e biopsia para posterior estudo histopatológico. O diagnóstico final foi granuloma cutâneo por microfilária de Acanthocheilonema spp., para o qual os tratamentos clínico e cirúrgico apresentaram excelentes resultados. A dirofilariose é uma enfermidade cosmopolita causada por nematódeos do gênero Dirofilaria, sendo a espécie D. immitis a mais conhecida. Em menor frequência, a espécie Acanthocheilonema spp. encontrada neste paciente é também relatada na América, existindo pouco conhecimento a seu respeito. Este é o primeiro relato de caso sobre este tema e espera-se que sirva como base para futuros estudos.

Lateral and medial musculatures of pelvic limbs in dogs - normal ultrasonographic anatomy

Background: Pelvic limb claudication is a common problem in dogs. However, determining the location of the lesion can be challenging. Diagnostic imaging is essential for identifying and evaluating muscle injuries. Ultrasonographic evaluation is frequently performed to identify muscle injuries. Although some muscle changes have already been described as ultrasonography findings in veterinary studies, little is known about the standardization of these muscle structures, especially in hip muscles. The objective of this study was to describe the normal ultrasound anatomy of the lateral and medial muscles of the pelvic limb and establish an unprecedented protocol for the evaluation of these structures. Materials, Methods & Results: A total of 4 lateral and 4 medial musculatures of the pelvic limb of dogs were evaluated using ultrasound. An initial ex vivo study (1st phase) was performed to delineate anatomical and ultrasonographic assessments. The 2nd experimental phase proceeded with the application of in vivo scanning. The same operator performed all anatomical and ultrasonographic assessments. The gluteus medius, vastus lateralis, tensor fasciae latae, sartorius, pectineus, gracilis, adductor, and rectus femoris muscles were evaluated in longitudinal and transverse planes. Ten paired hips from 5 cadavers consisting of 3 females (60%) and 2 males (40%) were evaluated during the exvivo phase. The average age and weight of the dogs were 3.6 ± 0.87 years and 21.9 ± 5.2 kg, respectively. The invivo study included 4 females (40%) and 6 males (60%), for a total of 10 healthy animals consisting of 20 hips; the mean weight was 30.11 ± 7.45 kg and the average age was 4.5 ± 2.75 years. All muscles maintained the same ultrasound pattern when compared with each other and between different groups in the invivo study. The longitudinal section presented a hypoechoic structure permeated by thin hyperechoic longitudinal striations. The hypoechoic aspect was maintained, with striae identified as hyperechogenic points in the cross-sectional view. Discussion: B-mode ultrasonographic evaluation with a high-frequency transducer has facilitated the identification of the lateral and medial muscles of the pelvic limbs of medium and large dogs exvivo and invivo. This approach is an effective and safe way to access these muscles, and aids in the establishment of an unprecedented protocol for ultrasound evaluation of this region. Understanding the normal ultrasonographic anatomy is essential to identify muscle injuries such as contractures, tumors, ruptures, and stretch, which can lead to loss of muscle echogenicity and echotexture. Furthermore, ultrasound standardization reduces inter-observer error, facilitates technique reproducibility, assists in a more assertive assessment, and directs the patient's most appropriate therapy. In addition, anatomical dissection with the aid of acoustic gel injection into the evaluated musculature is essential to guide the examination because it allows the confirmation of the structures. In this study, the ultrasound scans of 6 fundamental muscles (gluteus medius, tensor fasciae latae, gracilis, adductor, pectineus, and rectus femoris) for hip mobility and 2 knee muscles (sartorius and vastus lateralis) were standardized. Exvivo evaluations facilitated the application of invivo techniques, and no difficulties were found during these evaluations.

Fratura exposta do fêmur em preguiça-real (Choloepus didactylus) - tratamento e reabilitação / Open fracture of the femur in a two-toed sloth (Choloepus didactylus) - treatment and rehabilitation

Background: The Choloepus didactylus is characterized by having 2 fingers on the forelimbs and 3 on the hind limbs, being found more frequently in northern South America, in countries such as Venezuela, Guyana, Ecuador, Peru, and Brazil. In Brazil, deforestation of the Amazon rainforest has threatened the survival of C. didactylus. In addition, these animals can be affected by several diseases, being those of the musculoskeletal system with limited reports. Thus, the present report aimed to describe the treatment and evolution of an open fracture of the femur in a free-living Choloepus didactylus, which after rehabilitation was released back to the wild. Case: A free-living female two-toed sloth (Choloepus didactylus), weighing 7.0 kg, was found in Manaus city and referred to the Wild Animal Treatment Center (CETAS - IBAMA-AM) located in Amazonas, Brazil, after initial treatment and osteosynthesis in a private clinic (CVMinasPet). According to history, the animal had suffered electrocution 30 days ago and, as a result, had an extensive wound that resulted in the exposure of the knee joint, distal fracture of the femur, and areas of necrosis in the right pelvic limb. After cleansing of the area and removal of necrotic tissues, the fracture was stabilized with the cross-pinning technique (2 Steinmann pins). Then, the stifle joint was stabilized with external skeletal fixation (Type 1b, unilateral biplanar). The external fixator and cross-pins were removed 2 months after the surgical procedure, being observed bone healing. Next, the animal underwent physical rehabilitation for 30 days. After the rehabilitation period, a microchip and a radio collar were applied, and the sloth was released back to the wild. Discussion: Electrocution has been one of the causes of wildlife rescue, with consequences varying depending on the degree of the burn. Generally, the burn is most severe at the entry and exit sites. Since suspensory quadrupedal locomotion requires that sloths have specialized hands and feet to connect with the supports, probably the animal of the current report touched the right pelvic limb on a high-tension pole. The cross-pinning technique combined with the external fixator was used because the animal had an exposed Salter-Harris type I fracture with soft tissue loss. The younger the animal presents physeal fractures, the greater is the chance of developing growth abnormalities due to growth plate closure caused by fracture type or immobilization method. Since the sloth was a free-living animal, the age was unknown. However, pelvic limb length discrepancy was not observed after removing the implants. Culture and antimicrobial susceptibility test were not done and may be considered a limitation of this report. However, the application of ceftriaxone was adequate to control the infection, since the animal did not show signs of infection or draining sinus tracts. Ceftriaxone is a third-generation antibiotic that can be used in chronic osteomyelitis. In addition, the animal in the present report showed good adaptation to captive conditions that contributed to the clinical management. The longevity of the sloth in captivity can reach more than 30 years, but the goal is always to return the animal to nature after the treatment. Surgical treatment of the fracture and physical therapy after implant removal allowed this action in the current report, confirmed by monitoring with the radio collar.

Ultrasound assessment of sheep stifle joint undergone lipopolysaccharide-induced synovitis / Ultrassonografia da articulação femorotibiopatelar em ovinos submetidos à indução de sinovite por lipopolissacarídeos

Synovitis can be induced in animals through the application of bacterial wall lipopolysaccharide and has similar signs to naturally-occurring synovitis. Several studies have been using the sheep species as an experimental model to understand osteoarticular diseases of the femorotibiopatellar (FTP) joint in humans. There are echographic studies on the standardization of normality of the femorotibiopatellar joint in sheep. However, there is a gap in the literature for changes such as acute synovitis. The objective was to serially describe the sonographic aspects of the synovitis process induced by intra-articular infiltration of Escherichia coli (E. coli) lipopolysaccharide in the femorotibiopatellar joint of sheep. Twelve healthy crossbred sheep (Santa Inês x Dorper) were used. Induction of synovitis was performed only in the right FTP joints, which were serially evaluated using ultrasound examination at baseline moment (M0) and 12 (M12), 24 (M24), 48 (M48), 72 (M72), and 120 (M120) hours after lipopolysaccharide infiltration for synovitis induction. Intra-articular application of E. coli lipopolysaccharide resulted in one or more echographic signs of synovitis (increased synovial fluid volume, folding of the synovial membrane, and cellularity in the joint cavity), which were identified early, 12 hours after inoculation, and regressed over the evaluated times (p=0.0001) until disappearing after 120 hours of inoculation.

A sinovite pode ser induzida em animais por meio da aplicação de lipopolissacarídeo de parede bacteriana, e apresenta sinais semelhantes à sinovite causada de forma natural. Diversos estudos têm sido realizados utilizando a espécie ovina como modelo experimental na compreensão das enfermidades osteoarticulares da articulação femorotibiopatelar (FTP) em humanos. Existem estudos ecográficos quanto a padronização da normalidade da articulação femorotibiopatelar em ovinos. Porém, para as alterações, como a sinovite aguda há lacuna na literatura. Objetivou-se descrever, de forma seriada, os aspectos ultrassonográficos do processo de sinovite induzida por infiltração intra-articular de lipopolissacarídeo de Escherichia coli (E. coli) na articulação femorotibiopatelar de ovinos. Foram utilizados 12 ovinos mestiços (Santa Inês x Dorper), hígidos. A indução da sinovite foi realizada apenas nas articulações FTP direitas, as quais foram avaliadas, por meio do exame ultrassonográfico de forma seriada, nos momentos basal (M0) e às 12 (M12), 24 (M24), 48 (M48), 72 (M72) e 120 (M120) horas após a infiltração com lipopolissacarídeo para a indução de sinovite. A aplicação intra-articular de lipopolissacarídeo de E. coli resultou em um ou mais sinais ecográficos de sinovite (aumento de volume do fluido sinovial, pregueamento da membrana sinovial e celularidade na cavidade articular), os quais foram identificados precocemente, 12 horas após a inoculação, e regrediram ao longo dos tempos avaliados (p=0,0001), até desaparecerem após 120 horas da inoculação.

Lateral patellar luxation and Ehlers Danlos Syndrome (EDS) in a dog

Background: Ehlers Danlos Syndrome (EDS) is a rare genetic disease characterized by a deficiency in collagen synthesis,which can result in joint laxity. Patellar luxation is one of the main orthopedic conditions that affect the canine knee joint,with limited descriptions of its association with EDS in dogs. The purpose of this report is to describe the surgical management and postoperative evolution of a 1-year-old Chow Chow dog with grade II patellar luxation, tibial valgus and EDS.Case: A 1-year-old Chow Chow dog was referred to the University Veterinary Hospital due to lameness of the left pelvicfor 3 months. At the orthopedic examination were verified severe lameness and lateral deviation of the left stifle joint during the ambulation of the animal. Additionally, it was verified bilateral hyperextension of the tibiotarsal joint and grade IIpatellar luxation of both pelvic limbs with painful hyperextension of the left stifle joint. Radiographic evaluation showedlateral displacement of the patella from both femoral trochlear groove, and a valgus deviation of the proximal left tibialshaft. In addition, it was verified cutaneous hyperextensibility and an extensibility index suggestive of EDS. The animalwas submitted to trochlear block resection technique and medial imbrication, followed by corrective tibial osteotomy.Furthermore, skin biopsies of the scapular and lumbar folds were performed during the corrective tibial osteotomy. Thesamples were sent for histopathological examination, which revealed fragmented and unorganized collagen fibers in thedermis. Histopathological findings were compatible with EDS. The absence of lameness and correct positioning of thepatella in the trochlear sulcus were verified in the post-surgical follow-up. Complete bone consolidation of the closingwedge osteotomy to correct the tibial...

Lateral patellar luxation and Ehlers Danlos Syndrome (EDS) in a dog

Background: Ehlers Danlos Syndrome (EDS) is a rare genetic disease characterized by a deficiency in collagen synthesis,which can result in joint laxity. Patellar luxation is one of the main orthopedic conditions that affect the canine knee joint,with limited descriptions of its association with EDS in dogs. The purpose of this report is to describe the surgical management and postoperative evolution of a 1-year-old Chow Chow dog with grade II patellar luxation, tibial valgus and EDS.Case: A 1-year-old Chow Chow dog was referred to the University Veterinary Hospital due to lameness of the left pelvicfor 3 months. At the orthopedic examination were verified severe lameness and lateral deviation of the left stifle joint during the ambulation of the animal. Additionally, it was verified bilateral hyperextension of the tibiotarsal joint and grade IIpatellar luxation of both pelvic limbs with painful hyperextension of the left stifle joint. Radiographic evaluation showedlateral displacement of the patella from both femoral trochlear groove, and a valgus deviation of the proximal left tibialshaft. In addition, it was verified cutaneous hyperextensibility and an extensibility index suggestive of EDS. The animalwas submitted to trochlear block resection technique and medial imbrication, followed by corrective tibial osteotomy.Furthermore, skin biopsies of the scapular and lumbar folds were performed during the corrective tibial osteotomy. Thesamples were sent for histopathological examination, which revealed fragmented and unorganized collagen fibers in thedermis. Histopathological findings were compatible with EDS. The absence of lameness and correct positioning of thepatella in the trochlear sulcus were verified in the post-surgical follow-up. Complete bone consolidation of the closingwedge osteotomy to correct the tibial...(AU)

Comparação de três métodos de imagem para análise da evolução da osteoartrite induzida pela ruptura do ligamento cranial em coelhos / Comparison of three imaging methods for the evaluation of osteoarthritis induced by cranial cruciate ligament transection in rabbits

Background: Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease that affects specially cartilage, meniscus, and tendons. Ligaments, muscles, subchondral bone and synovium. This pathology is a common condition limiting the quality of life ofpatients. Imaging modalities have also been used for evaluation the progression of the osteoarthritis, or degenerative processes induced by acute injury. In order to use more accessible imaging modalities for experimentation, this study aimedto compare radiographic, computed tomography, and ultrasound findings in the evaluation of osteoarthritis induced by thecranial cruciate ligament transection model in rabbits.Materials, Methods & Results: Twenty-four male Norfolk rabbits aged approximately 5 months old were used. All rabbits were submitted to cranial cruciate ligament transection of the left stifle and evaluated 45 days after the surgery. Theradiographic findings were subchondral bone sclerosis (33.33%); joint space narrowing (66%); presence of osteophytesat medial femoral condyle (4.16%), lateral femoral condyle (4.16%), medial fabela (20.83%), lateral fabela (8.33%) andsesamoid of the popliteal muscle (4.16%). No osteophytes were seen at medial and lateral tibial condyles. The tomographiccomputed findings were joint space narrowing (62.5%); presence of osteophytes at medial femoral condyle (75%), lateralfemoral condyle (54.16%), medial fabela (66.66%), lateral fabela (37.5%), medial tibial condyle (75%), lateral tibialcondyle (20.83%) and sesamoid of the popliteal muscle (37.5%). The ultrasound findings were synovial hypertrophy(95.83%); effusion in the suprapatellar recess (75%), distal tibial recess (16.66%) and cranial joint space (75%); changes(hyperechogenic foci and heterogeneity) of the lateral meniscus (50%) and medial meniscus (25%); increased thickness ofthe medial condyle (54.16%) and lateral condyle (45.83%); irregularity of the medial condyle (66.66%) and lateral condyle...

Comparação de três métodos de imagem para análise da evolução da osteoartrite induzida pela ruptura do ligamento cranial em coelhos / Comparison of three imaging methods for the evaluation of osteoarthritis induced by cranial cruciate ligament transection in rabbits

Background: Osteoarthritis is a degenerative joint disease that affects specially cartilage, meniscus, and tendons. Ligaments, muscles, subchondral bone and synovium. This pathology is a common condition limiting the quality of life ofpatients. Imaging modalities have also been used for evaluation the progression of the osteoarthritis, or degenerative processes induced by acute injury. In order to use more accessible imaging modalities for experimentation, this study aimedto compare radiographic, computed tomography, and ultrasound findings in the evaluation of osteoarthritis induced by thecranial cruciate ligament transection model in rabbits.Materials, Methods & Results: Twenty-four male Norfolk rabbits aged approximately 5 months old were used. All rabbits were submitted to cranial cruciate ligament transection of the left stifle and evaluated 45 days after the surgery. Theradiographic findings were subchondral bone sclerosis (33.33%); joint space narrowing (66%); presence of osteophytesat medial femoral condyle (4.16%), lateral femoral condyle (4.16%), medial fabela (20.83%), lateral fabela (8.33%) andsesamoid of the popliteal muscle (4.16%). No osteophytes were seen at medial and lateral tibial condyles. The tomographiccomputed findings were joint space narrowing (62.5%); presence of osteophytes at medial femoral condyle (75%), lateralfemoral condyle (54.16%), medial fabela (66.66%), lateral fabela (37.5%), medial tibial condyle (75%), lateral tibialcondyle (20.83%) and sesamoid of the popliteal muscle (37.5%). The ultrasound findings were synovial hypertrophy(95.83%); effusion in the suprapatellar recess (75%), distal tibial recess (16.66%) and cranial joint space (75%); changes(hyperechogenic foci and heterogeneity) of the lateral meniscus (50%) and medial meniscus (25%); increased thickness ofthe medial condyle (54.16%) and lateral condyle (45.83%); irregularity of the medial condyle (66.66%) and lateral condyle...(AU)

Use of hyaluronic acid associated with triamcinolone acetonide or ozone gas in the treatment of induced osteoarthritis in rabbits

Purpose: To evaluate the effects of the intra-articular application of hyaluronic acid associated with triamcinolone acetonide, and ozone gas in the treatment of induced osteoarthritis in rabbit’s stifles.Methods: Twenty-one Norfolk rabbits were submitted to cranial cruciate ligament transection of the left stifle. After six weeks of the surgery, the rabbits were randomized assigned into three groups: G1 (control) – saline solution (0.9%); G2 – hyaluronic acid associated with triamcinolone; G3 – ozone gas, submitted to three intra-articular applications every seven days. Results: Significant differences occurred: osteophytes at medial femoral condyle (G2 > G1, G2 > G3) on radiography exam; thickening of the medial condyle (G1 > G3, G2 > G3) on ultrasound exam; osteophytes at lateral tibial condyle (G2 > G1, G2 > G3), and medial femoral condyle (G1 > G2, G3 > G1) on computed tomography. Histologically, mean values of chondrocytes in the femur and tibia in G3 and G2 were statistically lower. Conclusions: The intra-articular injection of hyaluronic acid associated with triamcinolone accentuated degenerative joint disease by imaging and macroscopic evaluations, and by histological findings, this treatment and the ozone gas treatment showed similar effects and were inferior to the saline solution (0.9%).

Reparo de ruptura crônica do ligamento patelar em um felino / Repair of chronic patelar ligament rupture in a cat

Relata-se o caso de uma felina, sem raça definida, de oito meses de idade e 3,6 kg, com queixa de impotência funcional completa do membro pélvico esquerdo após trauma. A paciente apresentava aumento de volume em região do joelho, dor à palpação e instabilidade patelar. O diagnóstico de ruptura do ligamento patelar foi realizado com base nos resultados do exame ortopédico, juntamente com exame radiográfico e ultrassonográfico do joelho. O método utilizado para reparo da lesão foi a sutura em oito com fio de tetrafluorcabono associado à sutura interrompida simples para aproximação das bordas do ligamento. Durante a reavaliação de trinta dias pós-operatório, a paciente já apresentava melhora significativa, com atividade funcional completa do membro e ausência de dor.

We report the case of an eight-month-old, 3.6 kg, crossbred feline, complaining of complete functional impotence of the left pelvic limb after trauma. The patient presented swelling in the knee region, pain on palpation and patellar instability. The diagnosis of patellar ligament rupture was based on the results of the orthopedic examination, together with radiographic and ultrasound examinations of the knee. The method used to repair the lesion was eight-point suture with tetrafluorocabono thread associated with simple interrupted suture for approximation of the ligament edges. During the thirty-day postoperative reassessment, the patient already presented significant improvement, with complete functional activity of the limb. and absence of pain.

Femoral corrective osteotomy associated with trochlear prosthetics and tibial tuberosity transposition with a tool for treatment of canine patellar dislocation / Osteotomia corretiva de fêmur associada à prótese troclear do joelho e transposição da tuberosidade tibial por dispositivo para tratamento da luxação de patela canina

Patellar luxation is one of the main osteoarticular diseases described in the surgical routine of companion animals, whose treatment differs according to the degree of luxation based on the clinical alterations presented by each patient. The present report aims to describe the association of the femoral corrective osteotomy technique, total trochlear replacement of the knee by prosthesis and transposition of tibial tuberosity with device for correction of degree IV patella luxation in a 1.5 year old German Spitz canine with varus femoral deviation and external torsion of the tibia. The treatment allowed the correction of femoral bone deformation, realignment of the extensor mechanism of the quadriceps and permanent maintenance of the patella on the trochlear folds with early functional limb return, absence of pain and claudication.(AU)

luxação de patela é uma das principais enfermidades osteoarticulares descrita na rotina cirúrgica de animais de companhia, cujo tratamento difere de acordo com a graduação da luxação baseando-se nas alterações clínicas apresentadas por cada paciente. O presente relato tem como objetivo descrever a associação da técnica de osteotomia corretiva femoral, subs-tituição troclear total do joelho por prótese e transposição da tuberosidade tibial com dispositivo para correção de luxação de patela grau IV em uma canina da raça Spitz Alemão de 1,5 anos com desvio femoral varus e torção externa da tíbia. O trata-mento permitiu a correção da deformação óssea femoral, realinhamento do mecanismo extensor do quadríceps e manutenção permanente da patela sobre o sulco troclear protético com retorno funcional precoce do membro, ausência de dor e claudicação(AU)

Femoral corrective osteotomy associated with trochlear prosthetics and tibial tuberosity transposition with a tool for treatment of canine patellar dislocation / Osteotomia corretiva de fêmur associada à prótese troclear do joelho e transposição da tuberosidade tibial por dispositivo para tratamento da luxação de patela canina

Patellar luxation is one of the main osteoarticular diseases described in the surgical routine of companion animals, whose treatment differs according to the degree of luxation based on the clinical alterations presented by each patient. The present report aims to describe the association of the femoral corrective osteotomy technique, total trochlear replacement of the knee by prosthesis and transposition of tibial tuberosity with device for correction of degree IV patella luxation in a 1.5 year old German Spitz canine with varus femoral deviation and external torsion of the tibia. The treatment allowed the correction of femoral bone deformation, realignment of the extensor mechanism of the quadriceps and permanent maintenance of the patella on the trochlear folds with early functional limb return, absence of pain and claudication.

luxação de patela é uma das principais enfermidades osteoarticulares descrita na rotina cirúrgica de animais de companhia, cujo tratamento difere de acordo com a graduação da luxação baseando-se nas alterações clínicas apresentadas por cada paciente. O presente relato tem como objetivo descrever a associação da técnica de osteotomia corretiva femoral, subs-tituição troclear total do joelho por prótese e transposição da tuberosidade tibial com dispositivo para correção de luxação de patela grau IV em uma canina da raça Spitz Alemão de 1,5 anos com desvio femoral varus e torção externa da tíbia. O trata-mento permitiu a correção da deformação óssea femoral, realinhamento do mecanismo extensor do quadríceps e manutenção permanente da patela sobre o sulco troclear protético com retorno funcional precoce do membro, ausência de dor e claudicação

Two-dimensional and three-dimensional techniques for determining the kinematic patterns for hindlimb obstacle avoidance during sheep locomotion / Técnicas bidimensionais e tridimensionais para determinar os padrões cinemáticos durante a ultrapassagem de obstáculos pelos membros pélvicosdurante a locomoção de ovinos

Analysis of locomotion is often used as a measure for impairment and recovery following experimental peripheral nerve injury. Compared to rodents, sheep offer several advantages for studying peripheral nerve regeneration. In the present study, we compared for the first time, two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) hindlimb kinematics during obstacle avoidance in the ovine model. This study obtained kinematic data to serve as a template for an objective assessment of the ankle joint motion in future studies of common peroneal nerve (CP) injury and repair in the ovine model. The strategy used by the sheep to bring the hindlimb over a moderately high obstacle, set to 10% of its hindlimb length, was pronounced knee, ankle and metatarsophalangeal flexion when approaching and clearing the obstacle. Despite the overall time course kinematic patterns about the hip, knee, ankle, and metatarsophalangeal were identical, we found significant differences between values of the 2D and 3D joint angular motion. Our results showed that the most apparent changes that occurred during the gait cycle were for the ankle (2D-measured STANCEmax: 157±2.4 degrees vs. 3D-measured STANCEmax: 151±1.2 degrees; P .05) and metatarsophalangeal joints (2D-measured STANCEmin: 151±2.2 degrees vs. 3D-measured STANCEmin: 162 ± 2.2 degrees; P .01 and 2D-measured TO: 163±4.9 degrees vs. 3D-measured TO: 177±1.4 degrees; P .05), whereas the hip and knee joints were much less affected. Data and techniques described here are useful for an objective assessment of altered gait after CP injury and repairin an ovine model.(AU)

A análise da locomoção é frequentemente usada como uma medida para avaliar a disfunção e sua recuperação após lesão nervosa periférica experimental. Quando comparadas com os roedores, as ovelhas oferecem várias características atrativas como modelo experimental para o estudo da regeneração nervosa periférica. Não existem estudos acerca dos resultados da locomoção após lesão e reparação do nervo periférico no modelo ovino. No presente estudo, realizámos e comparámos a cinemática bidimensional (2D) e, pela primeira vez, tridimensional (3D) do membro pélvico durante a ultrapassagem de obstáculos no modelo ovino. Este estudo teve como objetivo obter dados cinemáticos para servir de modelo para uma avaliação objetiva do movimento articular do tornozelo em estudos futuros de lesão e reparação do nervo fibular comum (FC) no modelo ovino. A estratégia usada pelas ovelhas para elevar o membro pélvico sobre um obstáculo com uma altura moderada, fixado em 10% do seu comprimento, caracteriza-se por uma flexão pronunciada do joelho, tornozelo e metatarso-falangeana ao se aproximar e ultrapassar o obstáculo. Apesar dos padrões cinemáticos do quadril, joelho, tornozelo e metatarso-falangeano terem sido idênticos, foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre os valores do movimento angular das articulações em 2D e 3D. Os nossos resultados mostram que as mudanças mais aparentes que ocorreram durante o ciclo da marcha foram nas articulações do tornozelo (em 2DSTANCEmax: 157±2.4 graus vs. em 3D STANCEmax: 151±1.2 graus; P .05) e metatarso-falangeana (em 2D STANCEmin: 151±2.2 graus vs. em 3D STANCEmin: 162 ± 2.2 graus; P .01 e em 2D TO: 163±4.9 graus vs. em 3D TO: 177±1.4 graus; P .05), enquanto as articulações do quadril e do joelho foram muito menos afetadas. É provável que os dados e técnicas descritas aqui sejam úteis para uma avaliação objetiva das alterações na marcha após lesão e reparação do PC no modelo ovino.(AU)

Reparo de ruptura crônica do ligamento patelar em um felino / Repair of chronic patelar ligament rupture in a cat

Relata-se o caso de uma felina, sem raça definida, de oito meses de idade e 3,6 kg, com queixa de impotência funcional completa do membro pélvico esquerdo após trauma. A paciente apresentava aumento de volume em região do joelho, dor à palpação e instabilidade patelar. O diagnóstico de ruptura do ligamento patelar foi realizado com base nos resultados do exame ortopédico, juntamente com exame radiográfico e ultrassonográfico do joelho. O método utilizado para reparo da lesão foi a sutura em oito com fio de tetrafluorcabono associado à sutura interrompida simples para aproximação das bordas do ligamento. Durante a reavaliação de trinta dias pós-operatório, a paciente já apresentava melhora significativa, com atividade funcional completa do membro e ausência de dor.(AU)

We report the case of an eight-month-old, 3.6 kg, crossbred feline, complaining of complete functional impotence of the left pelvic limb after trauma. The patient presented swelling in the knee region, pain on palpation and patellar instability. The diagnosis of patellar ligament rupture was based on the results of the orthopedic examination, together with radiographic and ultrasound examinations of the knee. The method used to repair the lesion was eight-point suture with tetrafluorocabono thread associated with simple interrupted suture for approximation of the ligament edges. During the thirty-day postoperative reassessment, the patient already presented significant improvement, with complete functional activity of the limb. and absence of pain.(AU)

Reparo de ruptura crônica do ligamento patelar em um felino / Repair of chronic patelar ligament rupture in a cat

Relata-se o caso de uma felina, sem raça definida, de oito meses de idade e 3,6 kg, com queixa de impotência funcional completa do membro pélvico esquerdo após trauma. A paciente apresentava aumento de volume em região do joelho, dor à palpação e instabilidade patelar. O diagnóstico de ruptura do ligamento patelar foi realizado com base nos resultados do exame ortopédico, juntamente com exame radiográfico e ultrassonográfico do joelho. O método utilizado para reparo da lesão foi a sutura em oito com fio de tetrafluorcabono associado à sutura interrompida simples para aproximação das bordas do ligamento. Durante a reavaliação de trinta dias pós-operatório, a paciente já apresentava melhora significativa, com atividade funcional completa do membro e ausência de dor.

We report the case of an eight-month-old, 3.6 kg, crossbred feline, complaining of complete functional impotence of the left pelvic limb after trauma. The patient presented swelling in the knee region, pain on palpation and patellar instability. The diagnosis of patellar ligament rupture was based on the results of the orthopedic examination, together with radiographic and ultrasound examinations of the knee. The method used to repair the lesion was eight-point suture with tetrafluorocabono thread associated with simple interrupted suture for approximation of the ligament edges. During the thirty-day postoperative reassessment, the patient already presented significant improvement, with complete functional activity of the limb. and absence of pain.