Management of dairy calves and heifers and the economic impact on first lactation / Manejos de bezerras e novilhas leiteiras e seu impacto econômico na primeira lactação

Management of calves and heifers directly influence the future productivity of dairy animals. However, the pre-production stage is often neglected by farmers, as young cows do not yet produce milk and, therefore, revenue, while representing an important part of the total cost of the property. This study aimed to identify and determine the economic value of factors influencing the production in the first lactation of heifers in a herd. This was a case study carried out on a family property in the municipality of Patrocínio, state of Minas Gerais, using data from 54 heifers. Qualitative characteristics (sire, maternal grandsire, amount of colostrum consumed, antibiotics use on the first day of life; application of prostaglandin to induce estrus, application of prostaglandin for resynchronization, use of progesterone implant for resynchronization, occurrence of retention of placenta and/or abortion, induction of lactation) and quantitative characteristics (weight at 90 days, average daily gain at 90 days and age at first mating) were evaluated. Variables influencing the production in the first lactation were the application of antibiotics, retained placenta, induction of lactation and age at mating. The differences in milk revenue were -R$ 2,381.21 for the use of antibiotics in each female, -R$ 299.85 for each heat loss for the first mating, -R$ 5,043.11 for each lactation induction, -R$6,841.16 for each retained placenta with abortion and - R$1,060.96 for each case of retained placenta without abortion. Knowing the productive and economic consequences of each of these items provides the producer with subsidies for decision making, such as planning management strategies that avoid such losses, and choosing options to maximize the economic efficiency of production.

O manejo e os cuidados com as bezerras e novilhas influenciam diretamente a produtividade futura das fêmeas leiteiras. No entanto, muitas vezes a fase pré-produtiva é negligenciada pelos produtores, pois ao mesmo tempo que representam uma parcela importante do custo total da propriedade, as fêmeas jovens ainda não produzem leite e, portanto, receita. Objetivou-se identificar e determinar o valor econômico de fatores que influenciam na produção na primeira lactação de novilhas em um rebanho. O estudo de caso foi realizado em uma propriedade familiar na cidade de Patrocínio/MG, utilizando os dados de 54 novilhas. Foram avaliadas características qualitativas (pai, avô materno, quantidade de colostro consumida, uso de antibiótico no primeiro dia de vida; aplicação de prostaglandina para indução do cio, aplicação de prostaglandina para ressincronização, uso de implante de progesterona para ressincronização, ocorrência de retenção de placenta e/ou aborto, indução de lactação) e quantitativas (peso aos 90 dias, ganho médio diário aos 90 dias e idade à primeira cobertura). As variáveis que influenciaram a produção na primeira lactação foram a aplicação de antibióticos, retenção de placenta, indução à lactação e idade cobertura. As diferenças na receita do leite foram de -R$ 2.381,21 para o uso de antibióticos em cada fêmea, -R$ 299,85 para cada cio perdido para a primeira cobertura, -R$ 5.043,11 para cada indução de lactação, de -R$ 6.841,16 para cada ocorrência de retenção de placenta com aborto e de -R$ 1.060,96 para cada caso de retenção de placenta sem aborto. Conhecer as implicações produtivas e econômicas de cada um destes itens fornece ao produtor tem subsídios para tomadas de decisão, como planejar estratégias de manejo que evitem tais prejuízos, e escolher as opções que maximizem a eficiência econômica da produção.

Evaluation of techniques for diagnosis of Trypanosoma vivax infections in naturally infected cattle in the Zona da Mata Mineira / Avaliação de técnicas para diagnóstico de infecções por Trypanosoma vivax em bovinos naturalmente infectados na Zona da Mata Mineira

Abstract This study aimed to evaluate diagnostic techniques for trypanosomiasis, caused by Trypanosoma vivax, in naturally infected cattle in Minas Gerais, Zona da Mata. The deaths of six lactating cows with similar clinical conditions—characterized by hyporexia, hypogalactia, and recumbency—had been reported from one property. Initially, two animals were examined and diagnosed with trypanosomiasis through identification of the protozoan in a blood smear. After the initial diagnosis, all lactating cows (n=37) on the property were examined, and blood samples were collected for tests including whole blood smear, buffy coat smear, Woo's technique, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Woo's test, buffy coat smears, and whole blood smears indicated that 4/37 (10.81%) animals were positive for trypanosomiasis, whereas ELISA and PCR indicated that 33/37 (89.19%) and 27/37 (72.97%) animals, respectively, were positive. The agreement obtained between parasitological techniques was classified as high, while between ELISA and PCR, no agreement. In conclusion, parasitological techniques have a low capacity to identify infected animals in the chronic stage of T. vivax infection. Therefore, techniques such as PCR and/or ELISA should be used to minimize the occurrence of false negatives.

Resumo Este estudo objetiva avaliar as técnicas de diagnóstico da tripanossomíase, causada pelo Trypanosoma vivax, em bovinos naturalmente infectados, em Minas Gerais, Zona da Mata. A morte de seis vacas em lactação com condições clínicas semelhantes - caracterizadas por hiporexia, hipogalaxia e decúbito - foi relatada em uma propriedade. Inicialmente, dois animais foram examinados e diagnosticados com tripanossomíase através da identificação do protozoário em esfregaço sanguíneo. Após o diagnóstico inicial, todas as vacas em lactação (n = 37) na propriedade foram examinadas, e amostras de sangue foram coletadas para testes, incluindo esfregaço de sangue total, esfregaço de capa leucocitária, técnica de Woo, ensaio imunoenzimático (ELISA) e reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR). O teste de Woo, os esfregaços de capa leucocitária e de sangue total indicaram que 4/37 (10,81%) animais foram positivos para tripanossomíase, enquanto ELISA e PCR indicaram que 33/37 (89,19%) e 27/37 (72,97%) animais, respectivamente, foram positivos. A concordância entre técnicas parasitológicas foi classificada como alta, enquanto entre ELISA e PCR, sem concordância. As técnicas parasitológicas apresentam baixa capacidade para identificar animais infectados na fase crônica da infecção por T. vivax. Dessa forma, técnicas como PCR e/ou ELISA devem ser utilizadas para minimizar a ocorrência de falsos negativos.

Stephanofilariasis in Holstein cows - Diagnostic approach

Background: Stephanofilariasis is a parasitic disease caused by the nematode Stephanofilaria spp., considered a zoonotic disease, that affects several species, mainly dairy cattle. The condition causes chronic ulcerative dermatitis, due to the mechanical action of the parasite on the hair follicles and dermal papillae. The recommended diagnostic method is histopathological examination, but alternative methods have been studied for the detection of the agent since it does not demonstrate good results. There is no specific treatment, however, the use of organophosphates is recommended. The objective of this work is to report an outbreak of stephanofilariasis with unusual lesions in cattle from a dairy cattle farm in the city of Boa Vista do Buricá, RS, Brazil, as well as to demonstrate an alternative method for the diagnosis of the disease. Cases: We prospectively evaluated 15 Holstein cows, aged between 1 and 10-year-old whose data and materials for diagnosis, were provided by the property owner. The outbreak occurred in the summer, in a period of greater rainfall, affecting cows of different ages and totaling 48% of the herd. These showed ulcerative lesions on the skin of the groin, limbs and interdigital regions, and less frequently in the udder. The samples were obtained through tissue biopsy and scraped from the lesions, being packed in 10% formaldehyde for fixation. Afterward, the formaldehyde was centrifuged at 800 g for 5 min, which consisted of analyzing the sediment through optical microscopy and without staining, aiming at the direct search of the agent. The tissues, on the other hand, underwent routine processing and stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin. Histopathological analysis did not reveal Stephanofilaria sp. subjects in morphological analysis and revealed acanthosis, spongiosis, ulcers and fibrosis in the analyzed tissue. The examination of direct research with formaldehyde proved to be efficient, and fast. In the direct examination of the agent, structures similar to filarial and compatible with Stephanofilaria sp. in all samples. Thus, the present study demonstrated that filariasis can present in the form of outbreaks and with unusual injuries. The examination of direct research with formaldehyde, proved to be efficient and fast. Discussion: Semi-confined and confined animals may have a higher occurrence of strephanofilariasis, since the parasite needs humid and warm environments to proliferate and that, the proliferation of stephanophilariasis vectors is intensified in environments with low sunlight, high temperatures, high humidity, and low cleaning frequency. The city of Boa Vista do Buricá, where the outbreak occurred, reached a minimum average temperature of 18.5ºC and an average of 29ºC, with an average rainfall of 120.5 mm. Cutaneous lesions have been seen in animals from 1 to 10 years of age and no racial predisposition, age, or blackout stage is reported. The histological diagnosis, although mentioned as a form of diagnosis, has low efficacy in finding parasites in the tissue, is also used as a diagnosis, direct examination of the agent with saline solution, and impression of the lesion stained by the Romanoswsky method. However, in this report, formaldehyde proved to be a new option, as efficiently as saline.

Association of selected risk factors with bovine subclinical mastitis / Associação de fatores de risco selecionados com mastite subclínica bovina

A total of 695 Holstein Friesian lactating dairy cows were examined for the prevalence of subclinical mastitis (SCM) and its association with selected risk factors in a private dairy farm at Fayoum district, Egypt. 444 lactating cows with 1145 quarters were found positive for SCM with prevalence of 63.88% and 41.18% at cow and quarter level respectively based on California Mastitis Test (CMT), Electrical Conductivity (EC) that had a mean value of 6.27 ± 0.066 mS/cm and Somatic Cell Count (SCC) with a mean value of 8.8×105± 9.2×103 cells/ml. The risk factors investigated in this study revealed that the highest percentage of SCM was observed in winter, in cows at the late lactation stage with a percentage of 32.21 and 59.91 respectively. The results concluded that the young age cows were exposed to SCM more than old ones. While the occurrence of SCM was higher in cows with 2nd, 3rd and 1st than those with 4, 5, 6th parity number. The analytical results also revealed that there is a highly significant difference (p 0.05) between different stages of age, lactation and season as risk factors.

Um total de 695 vacas leiteiras Holstein Friesian lactantes foram examinadas para a prevalência de mastite subclí-nica (SCM) e sua associação com fatores de risco selecionados em uma fazenda privada de leite no distrito de Fayoum, Egito. 444 vacas em lactação com 1145 quartos foram consideradas positivas para SCM com prevalência de 63.88% e 41.18% no nível de vacas e quartos, respectivamente com base no California Mastitis Test (CMT), Condutividade Elétrica (EC) que teve um valor médio de 6.27 ± 0.066 mS / cm e Contagem de células somáticas (SCC) com um valor médio de 8.8 × 105± 9.2 × 103 células / ml. Os fatores de risco investigados neste estudo revelaram que o maior percentual de SCM foi observado no inverno, em vacas no final da lactação com um percentual de 32.21 e 59.91 respectivamente. Os resultados concluíram que as vacas jovens foram mais expostas ao SCM do que as vacas velhas. Enquanto a ocorrência de SCM foi maior nas vacas com 2, 3 e 1ª do que nas com 4, 5 e 6 números de paridade. Os resultados analíticos também revelaram que existe uma diferença altamente significativa (p 0.05) entre os diferentes estágios de idade, lactação e estação do ano como fatores de risco.

Association of selected risk factors with bovine subclinical mastitis / Associação de fatores de risco selecionados com mastite subclínica bovina

A total of 695 Holstein Friesian lactating dairy cows were examined for the prevalence of subclinical mastitis (SCM) and its association with selected risk factors in a private dairy farm at Fayoum district, Egypt. 444 lactating cows with 1145 quarters were found positive for SCM with prevalence of 63.88% and 41.18% at cow and quarter level respectively based on California Mastitis Test (CMT), Electrical Conductivity (EC) that had a mean value of 6.27 ± 0.066 mS/cm and Somatic Cell Count (SCC) with a mean value of 8.8×105± 9.2×103 cells/ml. The risk factors investigated in this study revealed that the highest percentage of SCM was observed in winter, in cows at the late lactation stage with a percentage of 32.21 and 59.91 respectively. The results concluded that the young age cows were exposed to SCM more than old ones. While the occurrence of SCM was higher in cows with 2nd, 3rd and 1st than those with 4, 5, 6th parity number. The analytical results also revealed that there is a highly significant difference (p < 0.05) between numbers of parity. However, there is no significant difference (p > 0.05) between different stages of age, lactation and season as risk factors.(AU)

Um total de 695 vacas leiteiras Holstein Friesian lactantes foram examinadas para a prevalência de mastite subclí-nica (SCM) e sua associação com fatores de risco selecionados em uma fazenda privada de leite no distrito de Fayoum, Egito. 444 vacas em lactação com 1145 quartos foram consideradas positivas para SCM com prevalência de 63.88% e 41.18% no nível de vacas e quartos, respectivamente com base no California Mastitis Test (CMT), Condutividade Elétrica (EC) que teve um valor médio de 6.27 ± 0.066 mS / cm e Contagem de células somáticas (SCC) com um valor médio de 8.8 × 105± 9.2 × 103 células / ml. Os fatores de risco investigados neste estudo revelaram que o maior percentual de SCM foi observado no inverno, em vacas no final da lactação com um percentual de 32.21 e 59.91 respectivamente. Os resultados concluíram que as vacas jovens foram mais expostas ao SCM do que as vacas velhas. Enquanto a ocorrência de SCM foi maior nas vacas com 2, 3 e 1ª do que nas com 4, 5 e 6 números de paridade. Os resultados analíticos também revelaram que existe uma diferença altamente significativa (p <0.05) entre os números de paridade. No entanto, não há diferença significativa (p> 0.05) entre os diferentes estágios de idade, lactação e estação do ano como fatores de risco.(AU)

Effects of weather and other factors on milk production in the Churra dairy sheep breed

The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of meteorological and other factors on the quality and quantity of milk of the Spanish Churra sheep breed, based on an analysis of 359,808 milk controls from 9,904 ewes on 15 farms in 8 years. Daily milk yield (DMY), fat, protein, and lactose (%), and somatic cell count (SCC) data were obtained from monthly alternating milk controls. Mean, maximum, and minimum temperatures (T) (°C), mean relative humidity (RH) (%), wind speed (WS, m/s), mean solar radiation (SR, MJ/m2), and total rainfall (RF, mm) on the day before each milk control day were documented. Year, farm, number of lambing and stage of lactation, and all of the meteorological factors had asignificant (P < 0.0001) effect on DMY and milk quality. DMY and SCC differed among seasons (P < 0.001), and maximum DMY and minimum SCC occurred in spring, and minimum DMY and maximum SCC occurred in autumn. Fat, protein, and lactose content differed significantly (P < 0.001) among seasons, and fat and protein contents were highest in autumn. DMYwas highest in the second lambing of the ewe and steadily declined in subsequent lambings. SCC increased significantly from the first to the 10th lambing of the ewe. DMY, SCC, and fat content differed significantly (P < 0.001) among years. In conclusion, meteorological conditions had a significant effect on milk quality and production in Churra sheep conditions in a season-dependent manner such that factors such as temperature had the opposite effect on milk production in hot and cold seasons.(AU)

Effects of weather and other factors on milk production in the Churra dairy sheep breed

The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of meteorological and other factors on the quality and quantity of milk of the Spanish Churra sheep breed, based on an analysis of 359,808 milk controls from 9,904 ewes on 15 farms in 8 years. Daily milk yield (DMY), fat, protein, and lactose (%), and somatic cell count (SCC) data were obtained from monthly alternating milk controls. Mean, maximum, and minimum temperatures (T) (°C), mean relative humidity (RH) (%), wind speed (WS, m/s), mean solar radiation (SR, MJ/m2), and total rainfall (RF, mm) on the day before each milk control day were documented. Year, farm, number of lambing and stage of lactation, and all of the meteorological factors had asignificant (P < 0.0001) effect on DMY and milk quality. DMY and SCC differed among seasons (P < 0.001), and maximum DMY and minimum SCC occurred in spring, and minimum DMY and maximum SCC occurred in autumn. Fat, protein, and lactose content differed significantly (P < 0.001) among seasons, and fat and protein contents were highest in autumn. DMYwas highest in the second lambing of the ewe and steadily declined in subsequent lambings. SCC increased significantly from the first to the 10th lambing of the ewe. DMY, SCC, and fat content differed significantly (P < 0.001) among years. In conclusion, meteorological conditions had a significant effect on milk quality and production in Churra sheep conditions in a season-dependent manner such that factors such as temperature had the opposite effect on milk production in hot and cold seasons.(AU)

Effects of weather and other factors on milk production in the Churra dairy sheep breed

The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of meteorological and other factors on the quality and quantity of milk of the Spanish Churra sheep breed, based on an analysis of 359,808 milk controls from 9,904 ewes on 15 farms in 8 years. Daily milk yield (DMY), fat, protein, and lactose (%), and somatic cell count (SCC) data were obtained from monthly alternating milk controls. Mean, maximum, and minimum temperatures (T) (°C), mean relative humidity (RH) (%), wind speed (WS, m/s), mean solar radiation (SR, MJ/m2), and total rainfall (RF, mm) on the day before each milk control day were documented. Year, farm, number of lambing and stage of lactation, and all of the meteorological factors had asignificant (P < 0.0001) effect on DMY and milk quality. DMY and SCC differed among seasons (P < 0.001), and maximum DMY and minimum SCC occurred in spring, and minimum DMY and maximum SCC occurred in autumn. Fat, protein, and lactose content differed significantly (P < 0.001) among seasons, and fat and protein contents were highest in autumn. DMYwas highest in the second lambing of the ewe and steadily declined in subsequent lambings. SCC increased significantly from the first to the 10th lambing of the ewe. DMY, SCC, and fat content differed significantly (P < 0.001) among years. In conclusion, meteorological conditions had a significant effect on milk quality and production in Churra sheep conditions in a season-dependent manner such that factors such as temperature had the opposite effect on milk production in hot and cold seasons.

Prevalência de mastite bovina no planalto de Santa Catarina / Bovine mastitis prevalence in the plateau of Santa Catarina

A mastite bovina é amplamente distribuída nos rebanhos leiteiros, acarretando em perdas econômicas aos produtores. Assim, o objetivo do estudo foi identificar a prevalência de mastite clínica e subclínica nos rebanhos de bovinos leiteiros, na região do Planalto Catarinense. Foram visitadas 44 propriedades leiteiras, onde foram registradas as principais informações sobre o rebanho de fêmeas em lactação. O diagnóstico de mastite clínica foi realizado pelo teste da caneca de fundo preto, enquanto, para mastite subclínica, foi utilizado o CMT (California Mastitis Test). Os dados foram processados no software estatístico R, para cálculo da prevalência, e foi aplicado teste Qui-quadrado ao nível de 5% de significância para as seguintes variáveis: manejos de ordenha, dados individuais dos animais (número e estágio de lactação) e Escore de Limpeza de Úbere (ELU). Foram estimadas, a partir do CMT, as perdas produtivas decorrentes da mastite subclínica. A prevalência média de mastite clínica e subclínica foi, respectivamente, de 4,29% e 76,92% para os animais avaliados. Não foram encontradas associações entre a mastite e o manejo de ordenha, os dados individuais dos animais e o ELU. As perdas produtivas são importantes, com mais de 15.000 litros de leite que deixam de ser produzidos por mês, devido à mastite subclínica no rebanho. Assim, as prevalências encontradas são preocupantes, visto a importância da atividade como fonte de renda aos produtores. Órgãos públicos devem investir na conscientização e em medidas de controle e prevenção da doença para melhorar a rentabilidade desses produtores e para que a atividade tenha crescimento na região.

Bovine mastitis is widely distributed among dairy herds and causes large economic losses to farmers. The objective of this study was to identify the prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis in dairy herds in the plateau of Santa Catarina. Forty-four dairy farms were visited and the main information about the lactating female herd was recorded. The test of the mug of black background was performed for the identification of clinical mastitis, while CMT (California Mastitis Test) was performed for subclinical mastitis. The data was processed with the statistical program R, where the prevalence was calculated. Chi-square test at 5% significance level were used to the variables: milking maneuvers, individual animal data (number and stage of lactation) and Udder Cleaning Score (ELU). The production losses resulting from subclinical mastitis were estimated through the CMT result. The mean prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis was 4.29% and 78,92%, respectively, for the animals evaluated. There was no correlation between the prevalence found and the management of milking, number and stage of lactation and ELU. Production losses were significant, with more than 15.000 liters of milk being stopped every month, due to the presence of subclinical mastitis in the herd. Thus, the prevalence found is worrisome, given the importance of the activity as a source of income for these producers. Public bodies should invest in awareness and in measures of control and prevention of the disease so that the profitability of these producers improves and the activity grows in the region.

Prevalência de mastite bovina no planalto de Santa Catarina / Bovine mastitis prevalence in the plateau of Santa Catarina

A mastite bovina é amplamente distribuída nos rebanhos leiteiros, acarretando em perdas econômicas aos produtores. Assim, o objetivo do estudo foi identificar a prevalência de mastite clínica e subclínica nos rebanhos de bovinos leiteiros, na região do Planalto Catarinense. Foram visitadas 44 propriedades leiteiras, onde foram registradas as principais informações sobre o rebanho de fêmeas em lactação. O diagnóstico de mastite clínica foi realizado pelo teste da caneca de fundo preto, enquanto, para mastite subclínica, foi utilizado o CMT (California Mastitis Test). Os dados foram processados no software estatístico R, para cálculo da prevalência, e foi aplicado teste Qui-quadrado ao nível de 5% de significância para as seguintes variáveis: manejos de ordenha, dados individuais dos animais (número e estágio de lactação) e Escore de Limpeza de Úbere (ELU). Foram estimadas, a partir do CMT, as perdas produtivas decorrentes da mastite subclínica. A prevalência média de mastite clínica e subclínica foi, respectivamente, de 4,29% e 76,92% para os animais avaliados. Não foram encontradas associações entre a mastite e o manejo de ordenha, os dados individuais dos animais e o ELU. As perdas produtivas são importantes, com mais de 15.000 litros de leite que deixam de ser produzidos por mês, devido à mastite subclínica no rebanho. Assim, as prevalências encontradas são preocupantes, visto a importância da atividade como fonte de renda aos produtores. Órgãos públicos devem investir na conscientização e em medidas de controle e prevenção da doença para melhorar a rentabilidade desses produtores e para que a atividade tenha crescimento na região.(AU)

Bovine mastitis is widely distributed among dairy herds and causes large economic losses to farmers. The objective of this study was to identify the prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis in dairy herds in the plateau of Santa Catarina. Forty-four dairy farms were visited and the main information about the lactating female herd was recorded. The test of the mug of black background was performed for the identification of clinical mastitis, while CMT (California Mastitis Test) was performed for subclinical mastitis. The data was processed with the statistical program R, where the prevalence was calculated. Chi-square test at 5% significance level were used to the variables: milking maneuvers, individual animal data (number and stage of lactation) and Udder Cleaning Score (ELU). The production losses resulting from subclinical mastitis were estimated through the CMT result. The mean prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis was 4.29% and 78,92%, respectively, for the animals evaluated. There was no correlation between the prevalence found and the management of milking, number and stage of lactation and ELU. Production losses were significant, with more than 15.000 liters of milk being stopped every month, due to the presence of subclinical mastitis in the herd. Thus, the prevalence found is worrisome, given the importance of the activity as a source of income for these producers. Public bodies should invest in awareness and in measures of control and prevention of the disease so that the profitability of these producers improves and the activity grows in the region.(AU)

Effect of bentonite on the health and dairy production of cows submitted to a diet naturally contaminated by mycotoxins / Efeito da bentonita na saúde e produção leiteira de vacas submetidas à dieta naturalmente contaminada por micotoxinas

Mycotoxins often contaminate cattle food, which can cause liver damage, immunosuppression, and reduced milk production. Although previous studies have shown the benefits of adsorbents in farm animals, knowledge regarding their mechanism of action is limited, especially when intoxication occurs due to naturally contaminated diets. The present study aimed to assess whether the daily oral administration of mycotoxin adsorbent bentonite clay based on aluminosilicate for 56 days, would attenuate these changes in 18 dairy cows, which were multiparous in the middle of the lactation stage, and were consuming a diet containing fumonisin B1 and B2, zearalenone, and desoxynivalenol. The animals were divided into treatment (TG, n = 9) and control (CG, n = 9) groups, and subjected to assessment of liver functions, hematological assessments, assessment of oxidative leucocyte metabolism by the tetrazolium nitroazul (NBT) technique, and physical chemical analysis of milk, every week for two months, totaling eight analyses. It was observed that the use of the adsorbent caused a reduction in the milk excretion of aflatoxin M1 (AFM1), an increase in levels of serum protein (p = 0.03) and albumin (p = 0.0001), an increase in leukocyte oxidative metabolism from day 24 of treatment(p = 0.05), and increased milk production from the day 16 of treatment (p = 0.08). There was no improvement in the physicochemical indices of the milk. It was concluded that the use of an aluminosilicate-based adsorbent was able to attenuate the effects of mycotoxins on the function of leukocytes and increase milk production.(AU)

Micotoxinas podem contaminar alimentos de bovinos, levando a distúrbios hepáticos, imunodepressão e redução da produção. Embora existam estudos mostrando os benefícios de adsorventes em animais de produção, há limitado conhecimento sobre sua ação quando a intoxicação de bovinos ocorre por dietas naturalmente contaminadas. O presente estudo objetivou avaliar se a administração oral diária do adsorvente de micotoxinas, argila bentonita a base de aluminossilicato durante 56 dias atenuaria alterações promovidas pelas micotoxinas em 18 vacas leiteiras, multíparas no meio do estágio da lactação, consumindo dieta contendo fumonisina B1 e B2, zearalenona (ZEA) e desoxinivalenol (DON). Os animais foram divididos, grupos tratamento (GT, n=9) e controle (GC, n=9), e submetidos às avaliações de enzimas e função hepática, hematológicas, metabolismo oxidativo de leucócitos pela técnica do nitroazul de tetrazolium (NBT) e análise físico-química do leite, a cada semana, durante dois meses, totalizando oito análises. Observou-se que o uso do adsorvente promoveu redução da excreção láctea de aflatoxina M1 (AFM1), aumento de proteína (p = 0,03) e albumina séricas (p= 0,0001), e aumento do metabolismo oxidativo leucocitário a partir do dia 24 (p = 0,05). Houve também elevação da produção leiteira a partir do 16º dia de tratamento (p= 0,008). Não foi observado melhora nos índices físico-químicos do leite dos animais e houve pouca influência na atividade das enzimas hepáticas. Conclui-se que o uso do adsorvente a base de aluminossilicato foi capaz de atenuar os efeitos das micotoxinas na função de leucócitos e de elevar a produção leiteira.(AU)

Causes of death of sows in three Brazilian pig farms / Causas de morte de matrizes suínas em três granjas brasileiras

Sow mortality is directly related to financial losses and productive efficiency in pig farms. Despite this, diseases associated with the death of sows are poorly understood. This study aimed to determine the main causes of death of sows in Brazilian pig farms. To perform this research, three Brazilian pig farms were visited, and necropsies were performed on all sows that had died spontaneously or were subjected to euthanasia. Tissue fragments were collected for histopathological and bacteriological examination. In addition, the clinical signs, productive stage, parity, and type of death (spontaneous or euthanasia) were recorded. A total of 138 necropsies were performed, and 132 had a conclusive diagnosis. The most frequent productive stages were gestation and lactation (33.3 and 31.9%, respectively), followed by parturient sows (17.4%), cull sows (9.4%), weaning-to-estrus interval (WEI) (4.3%), and unmated gilts (3.6%). The most affected organ systems were reproductive (28%), digestive (25%), locomotor (22%), cardiovascular (9.1%), and hematopoietic (6.1%). The most frequently diagnosed conditions were uterine prolapse (16/132; 12.1%), gastric ulcer (13/132; 9.8%), suppurative arthritis (11/132; 8.3%), liver lobe torsion (11/132; 8.3%), heart failure (9/132; 6.8%), vaginal or vaginal and rectal prolapse (9/132; 6.8%), and pododermatitis (8/132; 6.1%). Although 58.2% of the deaths were due to one of these seven diseases, there was a great variability in diagnoses.(AU)

A mortalidade de porcas está diretamente relacionada a perdas financeiras e à eficiência produtiva das granjas. Apesar disso, as doenças associadas à morte de porcas são pouco conhecidas. Este estudo teve como objetivo determinar as principais causas de morte de porcas em granjas suinícolas brasileiras. Para a realização desta pesquisa, três granjas brasileiras foram visitadas e necropsias foram realizadas em todas as porcas que morreram espontaneamente ou foram submetidas à eutanásia. Fragmentos de tecidos foram coletados para exame histopatológico e bacteriológico. Além disso, foram registrados os sinais clínicos, estágio reprodutivo, ordem de parto e tipo de morte (espontânea ou eutanásia). Um total de 138 necropsias foram realizadas e 132 tiveram um diagnóstico conclusivo. Os estágios produtivos mais frequentes foram gestação e lactação (33,3 e 31,9%, respectivamente), seguidos por porcas parturientes (17,4%), porcas de descarte (9,4%), intervalo desmame-estro (IDE) (4,3%) e leitoas vazias (3,6%). Os sistemas orgânicos mais afetados foram reprodutor (28%), digestivo (25%), locomotor (22%), cardiovascular (9,1%) e hematopoiético (6,1%). As condições mais frequentemente diagnosticadas foram prolapso uterino (16/132; 12,1%), úlcera gástrica (13/132; 9,8%), artrite supurativa (11/132; 8,3%), torção do lobo hepático (11/132; 8,3%), insuficiência cardíaca (9/132; 6,8%), prolapso vaginal ou prolapso vaginal e retal (9/132; 6,8%) e pododermatite (8/132; 6,1%). Embora 58,2% dos óbitos tenham ocorrido por uma dessas sete doenças, houve grande variabilidade de diagnósticos.(AU)

Causes of death of sows in three Brazilian pig farms / Causas de morte de matrizes suínas em três granjas brasileiras

Sow mortality is directly related to financial losses and productive efficiency in pig farms. Despite this, diseases associated with the death of sows are poorly understood. This study aimed to determine the main causes of death of sows in Brazilian pig farms. To perform this research, three Brazilian pig farms were visited, and necropsies were performed on all sows that had died spontaneously or were subjected to euthanasia. Tissue fragments were collected for histopathological and bacteriological examination. In addition, the clinical signs, productive stage, parity, and type of death (spontaneous or euthanasia) were recorded. A total of 138 necropsies were performed, and 132 had a conclusive diagnosis. The most frequent productive stages were gestation and lactation (33.3 and 31.9%, respectively), followed by parturient sows (17.4%), cull sows (9.4%), weaning-to-estrus interval (WEI) (4.3%), and unmated gilts (3.6%). The most affected organ systems were reproductive (28%), digestive (25%), locomotor (22%), cardiovascular (9.1%), and hematopoietic (6.1%). The most frequently diagnosed conditions were uterine prolapse (16/132; 12.1%), gastric ulcer (13/132; 9.8%), suppurative arthritis (11/132; 8.3%), liver lobe torsion (11/132; 8.3%), heart failure (9/132; 6.8%), vaginal or vaginal and rectal prolapse (9/132; 6.8%), and pododermatitis (8/132; 6.1%). Although 58.2% of the deaths were due to one of these seven diseases, there was a great variability in diagnoses.(AU)

A mortalidade de porcas está diretamente relacionada a perdas financeiras e à eficiência produtiva das granjas. Apesar disso, as doenças associadas à morte de porcas são pouco conhecidas. Este estudo teve como objetivo determinar as principais causas de morte de porcas em granjas suinícolas brasileiras. Para a realização desta pesquisa, três granjas brasileiras foram visitadas e necropsias foram realizadas em todas as porcas que morreram espontaneamente ou foram submetidas à eutanásia. Fragmentos de tecidos foram coletados para exame histopatológico e bacteriológico. Além disso, foram registrados os sinais clínicos, estágio reprodutivo, ordem de parto e tipo de morte (espontânea ou eutanásia). Um total de 138 necropsias foram realizadas e 132 tiveram um diagnóstico conclusivo. Os estágios produtivos mais frequentes foram gestação e lactação (33,3 e 31,9%, respectivamente), seguidos por porcas parturientes (17,4%), porcas de descarte (9,4%), intervalo desmame-estro (IDE) (4,3%) e leitoas vazias (3,6%). Os sistemas orgânicos mais afetados foram reprodutor (28%), digestivo (25%), locomotor (22%), cardiovascular (9,1%) e hematopoiético (6,1%). As condições mais frequentemente diagnosticadas foram prolapso uterino (16/132; 12,1%), úlcera gástrica (13/132; 9,8%), artrite supurativa (11/132; 8,3%), torção do lobo hepático (11/132; 8,3%), insuficiência cardíaca (9/132; 6,8%), prolapso vaginal ou prolapso vaginal e retal (9/132; 6,8%) e pododermatite (8/132; 6,1%). Embora 58,2% dos óbitos tenham ocorrido por uma dessas sete doenças, houve grande variabilidade de diagnósticos.(AU)

Effects of short-term feed restriction on the physiological parameters and metabolites of F1 Holstein x Zebu cows in different stages of lactation / [Efeitos da restrição alimentar de curto prazo sobre os parâmetros fisiológicos e metabólicos de vacas F1 Holstein x Zebu em diferentes estágios da lactação]

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different nutritional plans on the productive, physiological and metabolic parameters of F1 ½ Holstein x ½ Zebu cows in different stages of lactation. Sixty lactating cows were allotted to a completely randomized 5 x 3 factorial design with five feed allowances and three lactation periods. The dry matter intake, milk yield and heart rate were reduced by 5.69kg, 2.41kg and 10.36 beats/min (morning) and 10.25 beats/min (afternoon) for each 1% feed restriction, respectively. There was no difference in the concentration of glucose, total protein, albumin, cholesterol and non-esterified fatty acids for cows subjected to different feed allowances, with means of 95.25, 7.98, 2.95, 121.68 and 0.45mg/dL, respectively. Feed restriction of up to 2.50% BW is a cost reduction strategy that does not alter milk yield, regardless of the stage of lactation.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos de diferentes planos nutricionais sobre as características produtivas, fisiológicas e metabólicas de vacas F1 ½ Holandês x ½ Zebu. Foram utilizadas 60 vacas em lactação, seguindo-se o delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 5 x 3, com cinco níveis de oferta de dieta e três períodos de lactação. À medida que se aumentou 1% na restrição da oferta da dieta, houve redução linear de 5,69kg no consumo de matéria seca pelos animais, 2,41kg na produção de leite, bem como de 10,36bat/min (manhã) e 10,25 bat/min (tarde) na frequência cardíaca dos animais. Não houve diferença para a concentração de glicose, proteínas totais, albumina, colesterol e NEFA com a restrição na oferta da dieta dos animais, sendo a média de 95,25, 7,98, 2,95, 121,68 e 0,45mg/dL, respectivamente. Recomenda-se a restrição de até 2,50% de peso corporal como estratégia de redução dos custos em todos os estágios em lactação, visando não alterar, economicamente, a produção de leite.(AU)

Effects of short-term feed restriction on the physiological parameters and metabolites of F1 Holstein x Zebu cows in different stages of lactation / [Efeitos da restrição alimentar de curto prazo sobre os parâmetros fisiológicos e metabólicos de vacas F1 Holstein x Zebu em diferentes estágios da lactação]

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different nutritional plans on the productive, physiological and metabolic parameters of F1 ½ Holstein x ½ Zebu cows in different stages of lactation. Sixty lactating cows were allotted to a completely randomized 5 x 3 factorial design with five feed allowances and three lactation periods. The dry matter intake, milk yield and heart rate were reduced by 5.69kg, 2.41kg and 10.36 beats/min (morning) and 10.25 beats/min (afternoon) for each 1% feed restriction, respectively. There was no difference in the concentration of glucose, total protein, albumin, cholesterol and non-esterified fatty acids for cows subjected to different feed allowances, with means of 95.25, 7.98, 2.95, 121.68 and 0.45mg/dL, respectively. Feed restriction of up to 2.50% BW is a cost reduction strategy that does not alter milk yield, regardless of the stage of lactation.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos de diferentes planos nutricionais sobre as características produtivas, fisiológicas e metabólicas de vacas F1 ½ Holandês x ½ Zebu. Foram utilizadas 60 vacas em lactação, seguindo-se o delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 5 x 3, com cinco níveis de oferta de dieta e três períodos de lactação. À medida que se aumentou 1% na restrição da oferta da dieta, houve redução linear de 5,69kg no consumo de matéria seca pelos animais, 2,41kg na produção de leite, bem como de 10,36bat/min (manhã) e 10,25 bat/min (tarde) na frequência cardíaca dos animais. Não houve diferença para a concentração de glicose, proteínas totais, albumina, colesterol e NEFA com a restrição na oferta da dieta dos animais, sendo a média de 95,25, 7,98, 2,95, 121,68 e 0,45mg/dL, respectivamente. Recomenda-se a restrição de até 2,50% de peso corporal como estratégia de redução dos custos em todos os estágios em lactação, visando não alterar, economicamente, a produção de leite.(AU)

Yield, composition, and fatty acid profile of milk from Anglo Nubian goats fed a diet supplemented with vegetable oils

We aimed to evaluate the inclusion of three sources of vegetable oil in the diet of lactating goats on production in 120 days of lactation and the effect of these sources and lactation stage on fortnightly composition and fatty acid profile of goat milk at 20, 50, 80, and 110 days of lactation. A completely randomized design was adopted and 32 Anglo Nubian goats were used, distributed in four treatments: control diet and diets with inclusion of 30 g/kg of dry matter of diet of canola, sunflower, or soybean oil. The dairy production was 182.75 kg, and there was no difference for treatments. Among the constituents, only urea nitrogen was influenced by treatment and presented lower content for control treatment. Day of lactation had an effect on lactose. Defatted dry extract and somatic cell count had a quadratic effect with minimum values around 100 and 33 days of lactation, respectively. The content of urea nitrogen, also with a quadratic effect, was higher at 93 days of lactation. For protein, there was an interaction between treatments and period and, at the end of lactation, its content was increased. The inclusion of vegetable oils promoted reduction in total saturated fatty acids (SFA) and increased the total content of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and conjugated linoleic acid. The proportions MUFA:SFA and PUFA:SFA, the atherogenicity and thrombogenicity indexes, and the relation hypocholesterolemic fatty acids:hypercholesterolemic fatty acids improved with oil addition in animal diets. The addition of vegetable oil to diets for lactating goats improve the fatty acid profile with no impairment on milk production and composition, and the milk from early stages of lactation has better nutritional quality of the lipid fraction.(AU)

Corn supplementation on milk urea nitrogen content of dairy cows grazing on temperate annual pasture / Efeito da suplementação com grão ou silagem de milho sobre o nitrogênio ureico no leite de vacas em pastos anuais de inverno

The excretion of urinary nitrogen (N), one of the most important environmental contaminants from livestock systems, is highly correlated with milk urea N content. The objective of this research was to evaluate the use of different types of corn supplementation on milk urea N in grazing dairy cows. Twelve Holstein × Jersey lactating dairy cows were divided into six uniform groups according to milk production, lactation stage and live weight. Treatments were compared according to a 3 × 3 replicated Latin square experimental design, with three periods of seventeen days (twelve days to adaptation and five to measurements). The experimental treatments were exclusively grazing (G); grazing + supplementation with 4.2 kg DM of corn silage (CS) and grazing + supplementation with 3.2 kg DM of ground corn (GC). The pasture used was annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum L.) and white oats (Avena sativa L.). The milk protein production increased 65 g/day in the GC treatment group compared to the G and CS groups. The supplemented dairy cows showed lower milk urea N (-2.8 mg/dL) than unsupplemented cows, but the N utilization efficiency (g N output in milk/ g N intake) did not change between treatments (average = 0.26). Additionally, there was a relationship between milk and plasma urea nitrogen concentrations (R2 = 0.64). In conclusion, for dairy cows grazing annual temperate pastures, corn ground supplementation increased milk protein production and reduced the excretion of milk urea N, whereas corn silage reduced the excretion of milk urea N without affecting milk protein production.(AU)

A excreção de nitrogênio (N) urinário é um dos mais importantes contaminantes ambientais nos sistemas de produção animal, e possui alta correlação com as concentrações de N ureico no leite. Objetivou-se avaliar a suplementação com grão ou silagem de milho na excreção de N ureico e produção de proteína no leite de vacas em pastos anuais de inverno. Doze vacas em lactação cruza Holandês × Jersey foram divididas em seis lotes uniformes de acordo com a produção de leite, estádio de lactação e peso vivo. Os tratamentos foram comparados de acordo com um delineamento experimental em duplo Quadrado Latino 3 × 3, com três períodos de dezessete dias (doze dias de adaptação e cinco de avaliações). Os tratamentos experimentais foram exclusivamente pastejo (G), suplementação com 4.2 kg de MS de silagem de milho (CS) e 3.2 kg de MS de milho moído (GC). O pasto utilizado foi Azevém anual (Lolium multiflorum L.) e Aveia branca (Avena sativa L.). A produção de proteína no leite aumentou 65 g/dia nos animais do grupo GC quando comparados aos dos grupos G e CS. As vacas suplementadas reduziram os teores de N ureico do leite em comparação às não suplementadas (-2,8 mg/dL), mas a eficiência de uso do N (g N produzido no leite/g N ingerido) foi semelhante entre os tratamentos (média = 0,26). Além disso, houve uma relação positiva entre as concentrações de N ureico no leite e no plasma (R2 = 0.64). Em conclusão, a suplementação com o grão de milho se mostrou eficiente na redução da excreção de N ureico com aumento na produção de proteína do leite, enquanto a silagem de milho permitiu reduções na excreção de N ureico sem afetar a produção de proteína do leite.(AU)

Influência da fase de lactação e do intervalo entre as ordenhas sobre a composição e produção de leite de cabras no semiárido / Influence of lactation and the interval between milkings on the compositionand production of milk goats in the semiarid

Objetivou-se com esse trabalho avaliar a influência da fase de lactação e do intervalo de tempo entre as ordenhas sobre os constituintes e a produção de leite de cabras no semiárido da Paraíba. Foram utilizados 28 animais da raça Anglo Nubiana distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado em arranjo fatorial do tipo 3 x 2, três fases de lactação e dois turnos de ordenha. A análise de variância não revelou efeito (P>0,05) de fase de lactação para proteína, gordura e sólidos totais. Contudo, houve diferença significativa (P<0,05) para lactose e produção de leite dentro das fases de lactação e intervalo entre ordenhas. Para acidez e densidade houve efeito (P<0,05) de fase de lactação e do turno da ordenha. Houve correlação negativa entre o turno da ordenha para produção de leite, acidez, lactose, densidade, proteína e gordura. Com relação à fase de lactação observou-se correlação negativa para produção de leite e lactose e correlação positiva para acidez e proteína. A composição do leite de cabra sofre influência da fase de lactação e do intervalo entre ordenhas. Intervalo de tempo igual entre as ordenhas favorece a produção de um leite com uma composição mais uniforme.(AU)

The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of lactation stage and the time interval between milking on ingredients and the production of milk goats in the semiarid region of Paraíba. We used 28 animals of Anglo Nubian breed distributed in a completely randomized design in a factorial arrangement of type 3 x 2, three stages of lactation and two milking shifts. Analysis of variance revealed no effect (P>0.05) were lactating for fat, protein and total solids. However, there was significant difference (P<0.05) for lactose and milk production within the phases of lactation and the interval between milking. For acidity and density was no effect (P<0.05), lactation stage and the milking turn. There was a negative correlation between the shift milking for milk, acidity, lactose, density, protein and fat. With respect to stage of lactation negative correlation was observed for milk and lactose positive correlation for acidity and protein. The goat milk composition is influenced by the stage of lactation and the interval between milking. Equal time interval between milking favors the production of milk with a more uniform composition.(AU)

Influência da fase de lactação e do intervalo entre as ordenhas sobre a composição e produção de leite de cabras no semiárido / Influence of lactation and the interval between milkings on the compositionand production of milk goats in the semiarid

Objetivou-se com esse trabalho avaliar a influência da fase de lactação e do intervalo de tempo entre as ordenhas sobre os constituintes e a produção de leite de cabras no semiárido da Paraíba. Foram utilizados 28 animais da raça Anglo Nubiana distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado em arranjo fatorial do tipo 3 x 2, três fases de lactação e dois turnos de ordenha. A análise de variância não revelou efeito (P>0,05) de fase de lactação para proteína, gordura e sólidos totais. Contudo, houve diferença significativa (P<0,05) para lactose e produção de leite dentro das fases de lactação e intervalo entre ordenhas. Para acidez e densidade houve efeito (P<0,05) de fase de lactação e do turno da ordenha. Houve correlação negativa entre o turno da ordenha para produção de leite, acidez, lactose, densidade, proteína e gordura. Com relação à fase de lactação observou-se correlação negativa para produção de leite e lactose e correlação positiva para acidez e proteína. A composição do leite de cabra sofre influência da fase de lactação e do intervalo entre ordenhas. Intervalo de tempo igual entre as ordenhas favorece a produção de um leite com uma composição mais uniforme.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of lactation stage and the time interval between milking on ingredients and the production of milk goats in the semiarid region of Paraíba. We used 28 animals of Anglo Nubian breed distributed in a completely randomized design in a factorial arrangement of type 3 x 2, three stages of lactation and two milking shifts. Analysis of variance revealed no effect (P>0.05) were lactating for fat, protein and total solids. However, there was significant difference (P<0.05) for lactose and milk production within the phases of lactation and the interval between milking. For acidity and density was no effect (P<0.05), lactation stage and the milking turn. There was a negative correlation between the shift milking for milk, acidity, lactose, density, protein and fat. With respect to stage of lactation negative correlation was observed for milk and lactose positive correlation for acidity and protein. The goat milk composition is influenced by the stage of lactation and the interval between milking. Equal time interval between milking favors the production of milk with a more uniform composition.

Influência da fase de lactação e do intervalo entre as ordenhas sobre a composição e produção de leite de cabras no semiárido / Influence of lactation and the interval between milkings on the composition and production of milk goats in the semiarid

Objetivou-se com esse trabalho avaliar a influência da fase de lactação e do intervalo de tempo entre as ordenhas sobre os constituintes e a produção de leite de cabras no semiárido da Paraíba. Foram utilizados 28 animais da raça Anglo Nubiana distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado em arranjo fatorial do tipo 3 x 2, três fases de lactação e dois turnos de ordenha. A análise de variância não revelou efeito (P>0,05) de fase de lactação para proteína, gordura e sólidos totais. Contudo, houve diferença significativa (P<0,05) para lactose e produção de leite dentro das fases de lactação e intervalo entre ordenhas. Para acidez e densidade houve efeito (P<0,05) de fase de lactação e do turno da ordenha. Houve correlação negativa entre o turno da ordenha para produção de leite, acidez, lactose, densidade, proteína e gordura. Com relação à fase de lactação observou-se correlação negativa para produção de leite e lactose e correlação positiva para acidez e proteína. A composição do leite de cabra sofre influência da fase de lactação e do intervalo entre ordenhas. Intervalo de tempo igual entre as ordenhas favorece a produção de um leite com uma composição mais uniforme.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of lactation stage and the time interval between milking on ingredients and the production of milk goats in the semiarid region of Paraíba. We used 28 animals of Anglo Nubian breed distributed in a completely randomized design in a factorial arrangement of type 3 x 2, three stages of lactation and two milking shifts. Analysis of variance revealed no effect (P>0.05) were lactating for fat, protein and total solids. However, there was significant difference (P<0.05) for lactose and milk production within the phases of lactation and the interval between milking. For acidity and density was no effect (P<0.05), lactation stage and the milking turn. There was a negative correlation between the shift milking for milk, acidity, lactose, density, protein and fat. With respect to stage of lactation negative correlation was observed for milk and lactose positive correlation for acidity and protein. The goat milk composition is influenced by the stage of lactation and the interval between milking. Equal time interval between milking favors the production of milk with a more uniform composition.