Resumo
Abstract Background: Melittin has shown antiproliferative effects on tumor cells. Therefore, it comprises a valuable compound for studies on cancer treatment. To the best of our knowledge, no studies have reported melittin effects on bone metastasis. Herein, we propose an approach based on intrametastatic melittin injection to treat bone metastases in colorectal cancer. Methods: Following the characterization of melittin and antiproliferative tests in vitro, a single dose was injected through intrametastatic route into the mouse bone metastasis model. Following treatment, metastasis growth was evaluated. Results: A single dose of melittin was able to inhibit metastasis growth. Histological analysis showed necrosis and inflammatory processes in melittin-treated metastasis. Except by mild weight loss, no other systemic effects were observed. Conclusion: Our data suggest that melittin might be a promising agent for the future development of treatment strategies aiming to reduce the bone metastasis skeletal-related impact in colorectal cancer patients with bone metastasis.
Resumo
Background: Melittin has shown antiproliferative effects on tumor cells. Therefore, it comprises a valuable compound for studies on cancer treatment. To the best of our knowledge, no studies have reported melittin effects on bone metastasis. Herein, we propose an approach based on intrametastatic melittin injection to treat bone metastases in colorectal cancer. Methods: Following the characterization of melittin and antiproliferative tests in vitro, a single dose was injected through intrametastatic route into the mouse bone metastasis model. Following treatment, metastasis growth was evaluated. Results: A single dose of melittin was able to inhibit metastasis growth. Histological analysis showed necrosis and inflammatory processes in melittin-treated metastasis. Except by mild weight loss, no other systemic effects were observed. Conclusion: Our data suggest that melittin might be a promising agent for the future development of treatment strategies aiming to reduce the bone metastasis skeletal-related impact in colorectal cancer patients with bone metastasis.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Osso e Ossos , Técnicas In Vitro , Neoplasias Colorretais , Metástase NeoplásicaResumo
Background: Natural products represent important sources of antimicrobial compounds. Propolis and compounds from essential oils comprise good examples of such substances because of their inhibitory effects on bacterial spores, including bee pathogens. Methods: Ethanol extracts of propolis (EEP) from Apis mellifera were prepared using different methods: double ultrasonication, double maceration and maceration associated with ultrasonication. Together with the antimicrobial peptides nisin and melittin, and compounds present in the essential oils of clove (Syzygium aromaticum) and cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum), assays were carried out on one Bacillus subtilis isolate and Paenibacillus alvei (ATCC 6344) against vegetative and sporulated forms, using the resazurin microtiter assay. Synergism with all the antimicrobials in association with tetracycline was verified by the time-kill curve method. Potassium and phosphate efflux, release of proteins and nucleic acids were investigated. Results: EEPs showed the same MIC, 156.25 µg/mL against B. subtilis and 78.12 µg/mL against P. alvei. The peptides showed better activities against B. subtilis (MIC of 12 µg/ mL for melittin and 37.50 µg/mL for nisin). Antimicrobials showed similar inhibitory effects, but cinnamaldehyde (39.06 µg/mL) showed the best action against P. alvei. Melittin and nisin showed the greatest capacity to reduce spores, regarding B. subtilis there was a 100% reduction at 6.25 and 0.78 µg/mL, respectively. Concerning P. alvei, the reduction was 93 and 98% at concentrations of 80 µg/mL of melittin and 15 µg/ mL of nisin. EEPs showed the highest effects on the protein release against B. subtilis and P. alvei. Nucleic acid release, phosphate and potassium efflux assays indicated bacterial cell membrane damage. Synergism between antimicrobials and tetracycline was demonstrated against both bacteria. Conclusion: All antimicrobials tested showed antibacterial activities against vegetative and sporulated forms of P. alvei and B. subtilis, especially nisin and melittin. Synergism with tetracycline and damage on bacterial cell membrane also occurred.(AU)
Assuntos
Própole/análise , Abelhas/imunologia , Óleos Voláteis/análise , Meliteno/análise , Antibacterianos/farmacologia , Nisina/análise , Bacillus subtilis/imunologia , Paenibacillus/imunologiaResumo
Background: Bee sting poisonings are common in dogs, and toxic systemic presentation may represent a life-threatening condition. Apis mellifera venom is a complex mixture of melitin, apamine, phospholipase, hyaluronidase and degranulating peptides, that causes local injury at the site of inoculation and multiple organ complications, including hemolysis, kidney injury, muscular damage, cardiovascular and respiratory complications. The present work reports a complete and detailed description of a dog's systemic toxic reaction to bee stings, including history, clinical signs, laboratory findings, emergency care and development, as well as possible association with later immunomediated arthritis. Case: A 6-year-old female German Shepperd suffered multiple bee stings. First care was conducted by a veterinary at the site, where he only received promethazine, meloxicam and dexamethasone. After 24 h and significant progression of symptoms, the animal was forwarded to a specialized veterinary hospital. The patient was evaluated throughout 9 days, and presented intense edema, respiratory distress, tongue necrosis and grade II of acute kidney injury. Extensive laboratory exams were conducted throughout the hospitalization. Main laboratory findings included polycythemia, leukocytosis by neutrophilia and monocytosis, thrombocytopenia and azotemia. Urinalysis evidenced turbid aspect, dark yellow color and intense proteinuria, reinforcing kidney damage. Abdominal ultrasound examination identified blood clots in the bladder, and liver with reduced echogenicity and echotexture, suggesting acute inflammation. Therapy aimed to stabilize the patient, control kidney damage and avoid anaphylaxis. Treatment included intensive care support, promethazine, hydrocortisone, dexamethasone, dipyrone, methadone, metronidazole, ampicillin, clindamycin and tramadol. Following successful treatment, the animal presented immunomediated polyarthritis, possibly associated to both the poisoning and later diagnosed hemoparasitosis (both Erlichia and Babesia). Discussion: Massive bee attacks can cause severe complications, however, data regarding emergency care records are scarce. Based on clinical signs and laboratory findings, the patient presented toxic systemic reaction, including grade II of acute kidney injury and significant cardiorespiratory distress. Another important complication was tongue necrosis, that demanded attention and special supportive care, including feeding tube and specific feed. Treatment also focused in reducing edema and control possible anaphylaxis, providing analgesia and antibiotic therapy. Laboratory findings have been previously described, with evidence of immune-mediated reaction. Follow-up consultations revealed normal parameters, and an unusual presentation of claudication. Investigation concluded that polyarthritis could be responsible for such finding and may be a result of the deposition of immunomediated complexes in the joints, due in this case to the bee poisoning and later positive diagnosis for both Erlichia and Babesia. Systemic reactions to bee stings are complex, and full clinical and laboratory profile aid in both the prognosis and treatment options. Special attention must be given to tongue damage and supportive care is essential for maintaining feeding conditions. Arthritis should be considered as possible complication, reinforcing the importance of follow-up consultations.
Assuntos
Animais , Feminino , Cães , Língua/lesões , Venenos de Abelha/toxicidade , Mordeduras e Picadas/complicações , Hipersensibilidade Imediata/veterinária , Fosfolipases A2/análise , Meliteno/toxicidadeResumo
In this study, the toxic effects of melittin on Madin-Darby Bovine Kidney cells (MDBK) were analyzed with respect to mitochondrial functionality by reduction of MTT and flow cytometry, apoptosis potential, necrosis, oxygen reactive species (ROS) production, lipid peroxidation, and DNA fragmentation using flow cytometry and cell membrane destabilization by confocal microscopy. The toxicity presented dose-dependent characteristics and mitochondrial activity was inhibited by up to 78.24 ±3.59% (P<0.01, n = 6) in MDBK cells exposed to melittin (10µg/mL). Flow cytometry analysis revealed that melittin at 2µg/mL had the highest necrosis rate (P<0.05) for the cells. The lipoperoxidation of the membranes was also higher at 2µg/mL of melittin (P<0.05), which was further confirmed by the microphotographs obtained by confocal microscopy. The highest ROS production occurred when the cells were exposed to 2.5µg/mL melittin (P<0.05), and this concentration also increased DNA fragmentation (P<0.05). There was a significative and positive correlation between the lipoperoxidation of membranes with ROS (R=0.4158), mitochondrial functionality (R=0.4149), and apoptosis (R=0.4978). Thus, the oxidative stress generated by melittin culminates in the elevation of intracellular ROS that initiates a cascade of toxic events in MDBK cells.(AU)
Neste estudo, os efeitos tóxicos da melitina em células Madin-Darby Bovine Kidney (MDBK) foram analisados quanto à funcionalidade mitocondrial, por redução de MTT e citometria de fluxo, potencial de apoptose, necrose, produção de espécies reativas de oxigênio (ROS), peroxidação lipídica e fragmentação de DNA, utilizando-se citometria de fluxo e desestabilização da membrana celular, por microscopia confocal. A toxicidade apresentou características dose-dependentes e a atividade mitocondrial foi inibida até 78,24±3,59% (P<0,01, n = 6) em células MDBK expostas à melitina (10µg/mL). Análises por citometria de fluxo revelaram que a melitina a 2µg/mL apresentou o maior índice necrótico celular (P<0,05). A maior lipoperoxidação de membranas também foi na concentração de 2µg/mL de melitina (P<0,05), o que foi posteriormente confirmado por microscopia confocal. A maior produção de ROS aconteceu quando as células foram expostas a 2,5µg/mL de melitina (P<0,05), e essa concentração também aumentou a fragmentação de DNA (P<0,05). Houve uma significativa correlação positiva entre a lipoperoxidação de membranas e a produção de ROS (R=0,4158), funcionalidade mitocondrial (R=0,4149) e apoptose (R=0,4978). Portanto, o estresse oxidativo gerado pela melitina culminou na elevação de ROS intracelular, que inicia uma cascata de eventos tóxicos nas células MDBK.(AU)
Assuntos
Espécies Reativas de Oxigênio/efeitos adversos , Apoptose , Citotoxinas/análise , Meliteno/análise , Venenos de Abelha/análise , Microscopia Confocal , Citometria de FluxoResumo
A case of a donkey attacked by Africanized honeybee is reported here with clinical signs of agitation, dehydration, congestion of the ocular mucous membranes, tongue edema, tachycardia and inspiratory dyspnea, and progression to death. At necropsy, diffuse, severe subcutaneous edema at face and cervical regions and severe diffuse pulmonary hyperemia with abundant edema without parenchymal collapse were observed. Microscopically, marked, diffuse deep dermis and panniculus carnosus edema and marked diffuse alveolar edema, with moderate population of eosinophils predominantly around larger caliber vessels were noted. The final diagnosis of anaphylactic shock was supported by history, clinical signs, and anatomic pathology findings. This is the first report of a honeybee attack with pulmonary eosinophilic infiltration in a mammal.(AU)
Descreve-se um caso de ataque de abelha africanizada em um burro, com sinais clínicos de agitação, desidratação, mucosas oculares congestas, edema de língua, taquicardia e dispneia inspiratória, com progressão e morte. Na necropsia, foram verificados edema subcutâneo difuso grave nas regiões de face e cervical, hiperemia pulmonar difusa grave com edema abundante e sem colapso do parênquima. Microscopicamente, foram observados edema marcado difuso na derme profunda e panículo carnoso e edema alveolar difuso acentuado, com população moderada de eosinófilos predominantemente em torno de vasos de maior calibre. O diagnóstico de choque anafilático foi baseado no histórico, em sinais clínicos e em achados anatomopatológicos. Este é o primeiro relato de ataque de abelhas com infiltração eosinofílica pulmonar em um mamífero.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Venenos de Abelha/toxicidade , Equidae , Anafilaxia/veterinária , Meliteno/efeitos adversos , Abelhas , EosinófilosResumo
ABSTRACT: The search for an alternative to synthetic drugs have revealed discoveries in the field of pharmacology and, according to melittin and apamin, two components of bee venom which have been described were with various pharmacological actions.This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro antiviral and virucidal capabilities of these components. Therefore, after verification of their toxic doses by MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay, MDBK cells (Madin Darby Bovine Kidney) have been cultivated in microplates and treated with different concentrations of apamin, melittin and its association. This treatment occurred before and after infection with MOI (multiplicity of infection) 0.1 of cytopathogenic strains of bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BoHV-1) strain Los Angeles and bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) strain NADL. After incubation for 72 hours, 37°C, the cells were submitted to MTT assay to estimate cell viability. In parallel experiments, plates were subjected to the same procedure suffered freezing and thawing cycle the cells to rupture the same and measurement of viral titers. The virucidal assay was performed by incubating suspension of bovine herpesvirus type-1 and BVDV with apamin solutions, melittin and association for 24 hours at 37°C and 22°C. The viral titer was evaluated at 0 hours, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 24 hours of incubation. The cytotoxic concentration to 50% of the cells (CC50) of melittin was 2.32g/mL and apamin did not show toxicity at the greater concentration tested (100g/mL). There was antiviral effect of melittin on bovine herpesvirus type-1, especially at a concentration of 2g/mL, where was observed 85.96% cell viability when treatment was performed before the infection and 86.78% viability when the treatment was carried out after infection. There was also a 90% reduction of viral particles of bovine herpesvirus type-1. In lower concentrations (1 and 1.5g/mL) melittin no antiviral activity because cell viability was low, showing cytopathic effect of the virus. At the association two substances there were a decrease in the title of BVDV and there was higher cell viability when compared to the isolated action of the compounds of this virus. This is confirmed in the virucidal activity, since there was a decrease of 90% of the viral particles of BVDV with the combination of the two compounds of bee venom. Acting individually, melittin showed antiviral effect and virucidal against for BoHV-1, zeroing its title in just 2 hours at 37°C. It is concluded that melittin has antiviral and virucidal action against the BoHV-1 and its association with apamin potentiate its effects against BVDV.
RESUMO: A busca por alternativa aos fármacos sintéticos têm revelado descobertas no campo da farmacologia e, nesse sentido, melitina e apamina, dois constituintes do veneno de abelhas, foram descritas com várias ações farmacológicas. Este estudo objetivou avaliar in vitro as capacidades antiviral e virucida destes componentes. Para tanto, células MDBK (Madin Darby Bovine Kidney), após verificação das respectivas doses tóxicas por ensaio MTT ((3-(4,5 dimetiltiazol-2yl)-2-5-difenil-2H tetrazolato de bromo), foram cultivadas em microplacas e tratadas com diferentes concentrações de apamina, melitina e sua associação. Esse tratamento ocorreu antes e após a infecção com 0,1 MOI (multiplicidade de infecção) de cepas citopatogênicas de herpesvírus bovino tipo 1 (BoHV-1) cepa Los Angeles e vírus da diarreia viral bovina (BVDV) cepa NADL. Após incubação por 72 horas, 37oC, as células foram submetidas ao ensaio MTT para estimativa da viabilidade celular. Em experimento paralelo, placas que foram submetidas ao mesmo procedimento sofreram ciclo de congelamento e descongelamento das células, para rompimento das mesmas e mensuração dos títulos virais. O ensaio virucida foi realizado incubando-se suspensões de BoHV-1 e BVDV com as soluções de apamina, melitina e associação por 24 horas a 37oC e 22oC. O título viral foi avaliado às 0 horas, 1, 2, 4, 8 e 24 horas de incubação. A concentração citotóxica para 50% das células (CC50) de melitina foi 2,32 g/ml e apamina não demonstrou toxicidade à maior concentração testada (100g/ml). Houve efeito antiviral da melitina sobre BoHV-1, especialmente na concentração de 2g/ml, onde observou-se 85,96% de viabilidade celular quando o tratamento foi realizado antes da infecção e 86,78% de viabilidade quando o tratamento foi realizado após a infecção. Houve ainda redução de 90% das partículas virais de BoHV-1. Em menores concentrações (1 e 1,5g/ml) de melitina não houve atividade antiviral, pois a viabilidade celular foi baixa, demonstrando efeito citopático do vírus. Na associação das duas substâncias houve queda no título de BVDV e observou-se maior viabilidade celular quando comparados à ação isolada dos composto sobre este vírus. Isso se confirma na atividade virucida, uma vez que houve decréscimo de 90% das partículas virais de BVDV com a associação dos dois compostos do veneno de abelhas. Atuando individualmente, melitina apresentou efeito antiviral e virucida frente ao BoHV-1, zerando seu título em apenas 2 horas a 37oC. Conclui-se que melitina tem ação antiviral e virucida frente ao BoHV-1 e sua associação com apamina potencializou seus efeitos frente ao BVDV.
Resumo
A busca por alternativa aos fármacos sintéticos têm revelado descobertas no campo da farmacologia e, nesse sentido, melitina e apamina, dois constituintes do veneno de abelhas, foram descritas com várias ações farmacológicas. Este estudo objetivou avaliar in vitro as capacidades antiviral e virucida destes componentes. Para tanto, células MDBK (Madin Darby Bovine Kidney), após verificação das respectivas doses tóxicas por ensaio MTT ((3-(4,5 dimetiltiazol-2yl)-2-5-difenil-2H tetrazolato de bromo), foram cultivadas em microplacas e tratadas com diferentes concentrações de apamina, melitina e sua associação. Esse tratamento ocorreu antes e após a infecção com 0,1 MOI (multiplicidade de infecção) de cepas citopatogênicas de herpesvírus bovino tipo 1 (BoHV-1) cepa Los Angeles e vírus da diarreia viral bovina (BVDV) cepa NADL. Após incubação por 72 horas, 37oC, as células foram submetidas ao ensaio MTT para estimativa da viabilidade celular. Em experimento paralelo, placas que foram submetidas ao mesmo procedimento sofreram ciclo de congelamento e descongelamento das células, para rompimento das mesmas e mensuração dos títulos virais. O ensaio virucida foi realizado incubando-se suspensões de BoHV-1 e BVDV com as soluções de apamina, melitina e associação por 24 horas a 37oC e 22oC. O título viral foi avaliado às 0 horas, 1, 2, 4, 8 e 24 horas de incubação. A concentração citotóxica para 50% das células (CC50) de melitina foi 2,32 μg/ml e apamina não demonstrou toxicidade à maior concentração testada (100μg/ml). Houve efeito antiviral da melitina sobre BoHV-1, especialmente na concentração de 2μg/ml, onde observou-se 85,96% de viabilidade celular quando o tratamento foi realizado antes da infecção e 86,78% de viabilidade quando o tratamento foi realizado após a infecção. Houve ainda redução de 90% das partículas virais de BoHV-1. Em menores concentrações (1 e 1,5μg/ml) de melitina não houve atividade antiviral, pois a viabilidade celular foi baixa, demonstrando efeito citopático do vírus. Na associação das duas substâncias houve queda no título de BVDV e observou-se maior viabilidade celular quando comparados à ação isolada dos composto sobre este vírus. Isso se confirma na atividade virucida, uma vez que houve decréscimo de 90% das partículas virais de BVDV com a associação dos dois compostos do veneno de abelhas. Atuando individualmente, melitina apresentou efeito antiviral e virucida frente ao BoHV-1, zerando seu título em apenas 2 horas a 37oC. Conclui-se que melitina tem ação antiviral e virucida frente ao BoHV-1 e sua associação com apamina potencializou seus efeitos frente ao BVDV.(AU)
The search for an alternative to synthetic drugs have revealed discoveries in the field of pharmacology and, according to melittin and apamin, two components of bee venom which have been described were with various pharmacological actions.This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro antiviral and virucidal capabilities of these components. Therefore, after verification of their toxic doses by MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay, MDBK cells (Madin Darby Bovine Kidney) have been cultivated in microplates and treated with different concentrations of apamin, melittin and its association. This treatment occurred before and after infection with MOI (multiplicity of infection) 0.1 of cytopathogenic strains of bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BoHV-1) strain Los Angeles and bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) strain NADL. After incubation for 72 hours, 37°C, the cells were submitted to MTT assay to estimate cell viability. In parallel experiments, plates were subjected to the same procedure suffered freezing and thawing cycle the cells to rupture the same and measurement of viral titers. The virucidal assay was performed by incubating suspension of bovine herpesvirus type-1 and BVDV with apamin solutions, melittin and association for 24 hours at 37°C and 22°C. The viral titer was evaluated at 0 hours, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 24 hours of incubation. The cytotoxic concentration to 50% of the cells (CC50) of melittin was 2.32g/mL and apamin did not show toxicity at the greater concentration tested (100μg/mL). There was antiviral effect of melittin on bovine herpesvirus type-1, especially at a concentration of 2μg/mL, where was observed 85.96% cell viability when treatment was performed before the infection and 86.78% viability when the treatment was carried out after infection. There was also a 90% reduction of viral particles of bovine herpesvirus type-1. In lower concentrations (1 and 1.5μg/mL) melittin no antiviral activity because cell viability was low, showing cytopathic effect of the virus. At the association two substances there were a decrease in the title of BVDV and there was higher cell viability when compared to the isolated action of the compounds of this virus. This is confirmed in the virucidal activity, since there was a decrease of 90% of the viral particles of BVDV with the combination of the two compounds of bee venom. Acting individually, melittin showed antiviral effect and virucidal against for BoHV-1, zeroing its title in just 2 hours at 37°C. It is concluded that melittin has antiviral and virucidal action against the BoHV-1 and its association with apamin potentiate its effects against BVDV.(AU)
Assuntos
Apamina/administração & dosagem , Bovinos/anormalidades , Bovinos/virologia , Herpesvirus Bovino 1/imunologia , Meliteno/administração & dosagemResumo
A busca por alternativa aos fármacos sintéticos têm revelado descobertas no campo da farmacologia e, nesse sentido, melitina e apamina, dois constituintes do veneno de abelhas, foram descritas com várias ações farmacológicas. Este estudo objetivou avaliar in vitro as capacidades antiviral e virucida destes componentes. Para tanto, células MDBK (Madin Darby Bovine Kidney), após verificação das respectivas doses tóxicas por ensaio MTT ((3-(4,5 dimetiltiazol-2yl)-2-5-difenil-2H tetrazolato de bromo), foram cultivadas em microplacas e tratadas com diferentes concentrações de apamina, melitina e sua associação. Esse tratamento ocorreu antes e após a infecção com 0,1 MOI (multiplicidade de infecção) de cepas citopatogênicas de herpesvírus bovino tipo 1 (BoHV-1) cepa Los Angeles e vírus da diarreia viral bovina (BVDV) cepa NADL. Após incubação por 72 horas, 37oC, as células foram submetidas ao ensaio MTT para estimativa da viabilidade celular. Em experimento paralelo, placas que foram submetidas ao mesmo procedimento sofreram ciclo de congelamento e descongelamento das células, para rompimento das mesmas e mensuração dos títulos virais. O ensaio virucida foi realizado incubando-se suspensões de BoHV-1 e BVDV com as soluções de apamina, melitina e associação por 24 horas a 37oC e 22oC. O título viral foi avaliado às 0 horas, 1, 2, 4, 8 e 24 horas de incubação. A concentração citotóxica para 50% das células (CC50) de melitina foi 2,32 μg/ml e apamina não demonstrou toxicidade à maior concentração testada (100μg/ml). Houve efeito antiviral da melitina sobre BoHV-1, especialmente na concentração de 2μg/ml, onde observou-se 85,96% de viabilidade celular quando o tratamento foi realizado antes da infecção e 86,78% de viabilidade quando o tratamento foi realizado após a infecção. Houve ainda redução de 90% das partículas virais de BoHV-1. Em menores concentrações (1 e 1,5μg/ml) de melitina não houve atividade antiviral, pois a viabilidade celular foi baixa, demonstrando...(AU)
The search for an alternative to synthetic drugs have revealed discoveries in the field of pharmacology and, according to melittin and apamin, two components of bee venom which have been described were with various pharmacological actions.This study aimed to evaluate the in vitro antiviral and virucidal capabilities of these components. Therefore, after verification of their toxic doses by MTT (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay, MDBK cells (Madin Darby Bovine Kidney) have been cultivated in microplates and treated with different concentrations of apamin, melittin and its association. This treatment occurred before and after infection with MOI (multiplicity of infection) 0.1 of cytopathogenic strains of bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BoHV-1) strain Los Angeles and bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) strain NADL. After incubation for 72 hours, 37°C, the cells were submitted to MTT assay to estimate cell viability. In parallel experiments, plates were subjected to the same procedure suffered freezing and thawing cycle the cells to rupture the same and measurement of viral titers. The virucidal assay was performed by incubating suspension of bovine herpesvirus type-1 and BVDV with apamin solutions, melittin and association for 24 hours at 37°C and 22°C. The viral titer was evaluated at 0 hours, 1, 2, 4, 8 and 24 hours of incubation. The cytotoxic concentration to 50% of the cells (CC50) of melittin was 2.32g/mL and apamin did not show toxicity at the greater concentration tested (100μg/mL). There was antiviral effect of melittin on bovine herpesvirus type-1, especially at a concentration of 2μg/mL, where was observed 85.96% cell viability when treatment was performed before the infection and 86.78% viability when the treatment was carried out after infection. There was also a 90% reduction of viral particles of...(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Bovinos , Apamina/administração & dosagem , Bovinos/anormalidades , Bovinos/virologia , Herpesvirus Bovino 1/imunologia , Meliteno/administração & dosagemResumo
Abstract Background Envenomation caused by multiple stings from Africanized honeybees Apis mellifera constitutes a public health problem in the Americas. In 2015, the Brazilian Ministry of Health reported 13,597 accidents (incidence of seven cases per 100,000 inhabitants) with 39 deaths (lethality of 0.25%). The toxins present in the venom, which include melittin and phospholipase A2, cause lesions in diverse organs and systems that may be fatal. As there has been no specific treatment to date, management has been symptomatic and supportive only. Methods In order to evaluate the safety and neutralizing capacity of a new apilic antivenom, as well as to confirm its lowest effective dose, a clinical protocol was developed to be applied in a multicenter, non-randomized and open phase I/II clinical trial. Twenty participants with more than five stings, aged more than 18 years, of both sexes, who have not previously received the heterologous serum against bee stings, will be included for 24 months. The proposed dose was based on the antivenom neutralizing capacity and the number of stings. Treatment will be administered only in a hospital environment and the participants will be evaluated for a period up to 30 days after discharge for clinical and laboratory follow-up. Results This protocol, approved by the Brazilian regulatory agencies for ethics (National Commission for Ethics on Research CONEP) and sanitation (National Health Surveillance Agency ANVISA), is a guideline constituted by specific, adjuvant, symptomatic and complementary treatments, in addition to basic orientations for conducting a clinical trial involving heterologous sera. Conclusions This is the first clinical trial protocol designed specifically to evaluate the preliminary efficacy and safety of a new antivenom against stings from the Africanized honeybee Apis mellifera. The results will support future studies to confirm a new treatment for massive bee attack that has a large impact on public health in the Americas.
Resumo
Background Envenomation caused by multiple stings from Africanized honeybees Apis mellifera constitutes a public health problem in the Americas. In 2015, the Brazilian Ministry of Health reported 13,597 accidents (incidence of seven cases per 100,000 inhabitants) with 39 deaths (lethality of 0.25%). The toxins present in the venom, which include melittin and phospholipase A2, cause lesions in diverse organs and systems that may be fatal. As there has been no specific treatment to date, management has been symptomatic and supportive only. Methods In order to evaluate the safety and neutralizing capacity of a new apilic antivenom, as well as to confirm its lowest effective dose, a clinical protocol was developed to be applied in a multicenter, non-randomized and open phase I/II clinical trial. Twenty participants with more than five stings, aged more than 18 years, of both sexes, who have not previously received the heterologous serum against bee stings, will be included for 24 months. The proposed dose was based on the antivenom neutralizing capacity and the number of stings. Treatment will be administered only in a hospital environment and the participants will be evaluated for a period up to 30 days after discharge for clinical and laboratory follow-up. Results This protocol, approved by the Brazilian regulatory agencies for ethics (National Commission for Ethics on Research - CONEP) and sanitation (National Health Surveillance Agency - ANVISA), is a guideline constituted by specific, adjuvant, symptomatic and complementary treatments, in addition to basic orientations for conducting a clinical trial involving heterologous sera. Conclusions This is the first clinical trial protocol designed specifically to evaluate the preliminary efficacy and safety of a new antivenom against stings from the Africanized honeybee Apis mellifera. The results will support future studies to confirm a new treatment for massive bee attack that has a large impact on public health in the Americas.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Abelhas , Antivenenos , Fosfolipases A2 , Meio AmbienteResumo
Background Envenomation caused by multiple stings from Africanized honeybees Apis mellifera constitutes a public health problem in the Americas. In 2015, the Brazilian Ministry of Health reported 13,597 accidents (incidence of seven cases per 100,000 inhabitants) with 39 deaths (lethality of 0.25%). The toxins present in the venom, which include melittin and phospholipase A2, cause lesions in diverse organs and systems that may be fatal. As there has been no specific treatment to date, management has been symptomatic and supportive only. Methods In order to evaluate the safety and neutralizing capacity of a new apilic antivenom, as well as to confirm its lowest effective dose, a clinical protocol was developed to be applied in a multicenter, non-randomized and open phase I/II clinical trial. Twenty participants with more than five stings, aged more than 18 years, of both sexes, who have not previously received the heterologous serum against bee stings, will be included for 24 months. The proposed dose was based on the antivenom neutralizing capacity and the number of stings. Treatment will be administered only in a hospital environment and the participants will be evaluated for a period up to 30 days after discharge for clinical and laboratory follow-up. Results This protocol, approved by the Brazilian regulatory agencies for ethics (National Commission for Ethics on Research - CONEP) and sanitation (National Health Surveillance Agency - ANVISA), is a guideline constituted by specific, adjuvant, symptomatic and complementary treatments, in addition to basic orientations for conducting a clinical trial involving heterologous sera. Conclusions This is the first clinical trial protocol designed specifically to evaluate the preliminary efficacy and safety of a new antivenom against stings from the Africanized honeybee Apis mellifera. The results will support future studies to confirm a new treatment for massive bee attack that has a large impact on public health in the Americas.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Abelhas , Antivenenos , Fosfolipases A2 , Meio AmbienteResumo
Apis mellifera venom, which has already been recommended as an alternative anti-inflammatory treatment, may be also considered an important source of candidate molecules for biotechnological and biomedical uses, such as the treatment of parasitic diseases. Methods Africanized honeybee venom from Apis mellifera was fractionated by RP-C18-HPLC and the obtained melittin was incubated with promastigotes and intracellular amastigotes of Leishmania (L.) infantum. Cytotoxicity to mice peritoneal macrophages was evaluated through mitochondrial oxidative activity. The production of anti- and pro-inflammatory cytokines, NO and H2O2 by macrophages was determined. Results Promastigotes and intracellular amastigotes were susceptible to melittin (IC50 28.3 g.mL1 and 1.4 g.mL1, respectively), but also showed mammalian cell cytotoxicity with an IC50 value of 5.7 g.mL1. Uninfected macrophages treated with melittin increased the production of IL-10, TNF-, NO and H2O2. Infected melittin-treated macrophages increased IL-12 production, but decreased the levels of IL-10, TNF-, NO and H2O2. Conclusions The results showed that melittin acts in vitro against promastigotes and intracellular amastigotes of Leishmania (L.) infantum. Furthermore, they can act indirectly on intracellular amastigotes through a macrophage immunomodulatory effect.(AU)
Assuntos
Meliteno/imunologia , Leishmania infantum/classificação , Leishmania infantum/imunologia , 26016/intoxicação , Técnicas ImunológicasResumo
Background : Apis mellifera stings are a problem for public health worldwide, particularly in Latin America due to the aggressiveness of its Africanized honeybees. Massive poisoning by A. mellifera venom (AmV) affects mainly the cardiovascular system, and several works have described its actions on heart muscle. Nevertheless, no work on the pharmacological action mechanisms of the AmV in isolated aorta has been reported. Thus, the present work aimed to investigate the actions of AmV and its main fractions, phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and melittin, on isolated aorta rings and a probable action mechanism. Results : AmV and the complex PLA2 + melittin (0.1-50 g/mL) caused contraction in endothelium-containing aorta rings, but neither isolated PLA2 nor melittin were able to reproduce the effect. Endothelium removal did not change the maximum vasoconstrictor effect elicited by AmV. Ca2+-free medium, as well as treatment with phentolamine (5 M), verapamil (10 M), losartan (100 M), and U-73122 (10 M, a phospholipase C inhibitor), eliminated the AmV-induced contractile effects. Conclusions : In conclusion, AmV caused contractile effect in aorta rings probably through the involvement of voltage-operated calcium channels, AT1 and -adrenergic receptors via the downstream activation of phospholipase C. The protein complex, PLA2 + melittin, was also able to induce vasoconstriction, whereas the isolated proteins were not.
Resumo
Background : Apis mellifera stings are a problem for public health worldwide, particularly in Latin America due to the aggressiveness of its Africanized honeybees. Massive poisoning by A. mellifera venom (AmV) affects mainly the cardiovascular system, and several works have described its actions on heart muscle. Nevertheless, no work on the pharmacological action mechanisms of the AmV in isolated aorta has been reported. Thus, the present work aimed to investigate the actions of AmV and its main fractions, phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and melittin, on isolated aorta rings and a probable action mechanism. Results : AmV and the complex PLA2 + melittin (0.1-50 g/mL) caused contraction in endothelium-containing aorta rings, but neither isolated PLA2 nor melittin were able to reproduce the effect. Endothelium removal did not change the maximum vasoconstrictor effect elicited by AmV. Ca2+-free medium, as well as treatment with phentolamine (5 M), verapamil (10 M), losartan (100 M), and U-73122 (10 M, a phospholipase C inhibitor), eliminated the AmV-induced contractile effects. Conclusions : In conclusion, AmV caused contractile effect in aorta rings probably through the involvement of voltage-operated calcium channels, AT1 and -adrenergic receptors via the downstream activation of phospholipase C. The protein complex, PLA2 + melittin, was also able to induce vasoconstriction, whereas the isolated proteins were not.
Resumo
Background : Apis mellifera stings are a problem for public health worldwide, particularly in Latin America due to the aggressiveness of its Africanized honeybees. Massive poisoning by A. mellifera venom (AmV) affects mainly the cardiovascular system, and several works have described its actions on heart muscle. Nevertheless, no work on the pharmacological action mechanisms of the AmV in isolated aorta has been reported. Thus, the present work aimed to investigate the actions of AmV and its main fractions, phospholipase A2 (PLA2) and melittin, on isolated aorta rings and a probable action mechanism. Results : AmV and the complex PLA2 + melittin (0.1-50 μg/mL) caused contraction in endothelium-containing aorta rings, but neither isolated PLA2 nor melittin were able to reproduce the effect. Endothelium removal did not change the maximum vasoconstrictor effect elicited by AmV. Ca2+-free medium, as well as treatment with phentolamine (5 μM), verapamil (10 μM), losartan (100 μM), and U-73122 (10 μM, a phospholipase C inhibitor), eliminated the AmV-induced contractile effects. Conclusions : In conclusion, AmV caused contractile effect in aorta rings probably through the involvement of voltage-operated calcium channels, AT1 and α-adrenergic receptors via the downstream activation of phospholipase C. The protein complex, PLA2 + melittin, was also able to induce vasoconstriction, whereas the isolated proteins were not.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Ratos , Vasoconstritores , Abelhas , Sistema Cardiovascular , Fosfolipases A2 , Mordeduras e PicadasResumo
A busca por novos fármacos têm levado as pesquisas ao encontro dos produtos naturais que oferecem uma quantidade inimaginável de princípios ativos ainda desconhecidos. A apicultura moderna é um segmento da agropecuária que fornece alguns produtos naturais como a própolis, o mel, a cera, a geleia real e a apitoxina, que vêm sendo alvo de pesquisas devido às diversas atividades biológicas já apresentadas. A apitoxina (veneno de abelhas) é uma complexa mistura de substâncias bioativas, entre elas os peptídeos apamina e melitina. O primeiro trata se da menor neurotoxina conhecida e com apenas 18 aminoácidos em sua composição representa 2% do peso seco do veneno. Já melitina, composta de 26 aminoácidos, corresponde a 50% do peso seco do veneno e é um conhecido peptídeo tóxico capaz de causar lise em diversos tipos celulares. Neste sentido, este estudo objetivou caracterizar estes dois peptídeos quanto à sua citotoxicidade e seu poder antimicrobiano. Através do ensaio de redução do MTT (3-(4,5 dimetiltiazol- 2yl)-2-5-difenil-2H tetrazolato de bromo) foi possível determinar as concentrações citotóxicas de melitina para 50% dos cultivos celulares (CC50), que variou de 2,3 a 4,1 µg/mL e a CC90, que variou de 2,7 a 4,7 µg/mL para diferentes linhagens celulares e, ao expor estas células frente à melitina por diferentes períodos pôde-se observar que com apenas 5 minutos de exposição, houve queda nas viabilidades celulares. Já os ensaios de toxicidade realizados em citometria de fluxo demonstram que, com concentrações de melitina abaixo das consideradas tóxicas pelo ensaio de redução do MTT, as células já apresentavam sinais de toxicidade da melitina, alterando os padrões de apoptose e necrose, aumentando a peroxidação das membranas lipídicas (LPO), assim como a produção intracelular de espécies reativas ao oxigênio (ROS) e da fragmentação de seu DNA. Por microscopia confocal foi possível a observação de focos de apoptose e necrose e do aumento da fluidez das membranas das células proporcional ao aumento da concentração de melitina em que essas foram expostas. Houve correlação positiva entre LPO e ROS (r=0,3158, p<0,05), taxa de apoptose (r= 0,4978, p<0,05) e com a funcionalidade das mitocôndrias (r= 0,3149, p<0,05). LPO parece iniciar os demais eventos de toxicidade celular avaliados e aumentar a funcionalidade mitocondrial em resposta ao estresse sofrido pelas células. Sendo assim, a citometria de fluxo e a microscopia confocal demonstraram eficiência em auxiliar a desvendar os mecanismos de toxicidade de melitina e se portam como técnicas complementares ao ensaio MTT, que avalia a viabilidade celular apenas através da funcionalidade mitocondrial. Quanto à atividade antiviral da melitina, houve a inativação de herpesvírus bovino tipo 1 (BoHV-1), especialmente na concentração 2µg/ml. Apamina atuandoisoladamente não apresentou poder antiviral, porém quando aliada à melitina, apresentou efeito antiviral contra o vírus da diarreia viaral bovina (BVDV). Resultados com padrões semelhantes ocorreram ao analisar o poder virucida das substâncias, quando melitina inativou BoHV-1 em 2 horas de incubação com este vírus mas não apresentou ação contra o BVDV, assim como a apamina, mas a associação potencializou o efeito virucida contra BVDV. Já quanto à atividade antibacteriana, a concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) e bactericida mínima (CBM) de melitina foram, respectivamente (em µg/ml), frente a Staphylococcus aureus (6-7 e 32-64), Escherichia coli (40-42,5 e 64-128) e Pseudomonas aeruginosa (65-70 e 64-128). Biofilmes de S. aureus foram mais sensíveis à ação da melitina quanto comparados aos biofilmes produzidos pelas Gram negativas. Melitina foi capaz de destruir biofilmes pré-formados pelas três espécies bacterianas estudadas além de inibir a formação dos biofilmes por estas espécies quando foram previamente incubadas com melitina em concentrações abaixo da CIM. Os resultados são promissores quanto à capacidade antimicrobiana das substâncias apresentando potencial para o desenvolvimento de novos fármacos e/ou sanitizantes e, os mecanismos de toxicidade avaliados podem auxiliar nesse desenvolvimento.
The search for new drugs leads the researchs to meeting the natural products that offers an unimaginable amount of still unknown active principles. The modern apiculture is a segment of agriculture that provides some natural products such as propolis, honey, wax, royal jelly and apitoxin, which have been the subject of research due to the various biological activities already presented. Apitoxin (bee venom) is a complex mixture of bioactive substances, and between them the peptides apamin and melittin. The first is the smaller known neurotoxin and, with only 18 amino acids in its composition, represent 2% of the dry weight of the venom. Melitin, composed of 26 amino acids, corresponds to 50% of the dry weight of the venom and is a known toxic peptide capable of causing lysis in several cell types. In this sense, this study aims to characterize these two peptides as to their cytotoxicity and their antimicrobial power. By the reduction of MTT (3- (4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl) - 2-5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolate bromide) test, it was possible to determine the cytotoxic concentrations of melittin to 50% of the cell cultures (CC50) which ranged from 2.3 to 4.1 g / mL and CC90, ranging from 2.7 to 4.7 g / mL for different cell lines, and by expose these cells to melina for different periods it was observed that only 5 minutes of exposure, there was decrease in cellular viability. The toxicity tests performed in flow cytometry shows that, with melittin concentrations below the toxic concentration considerated by the MTT reduction test, the cells showed signs of melittin toxicity, altering the patterns of apoptosis and necrosis, increasing the peroxidation of membranes (LPO), as well as an intracellular production of oxygen reactive species (ROS) and the fragmentation of their DNA. By confocal microscopy it was possible to observe foci of apoptosis, necrosis and the increase of cell membranes fluidity proportional to the increase in the concentration of melittin in which they were exposed. There was a positive correlation between LPO and ROS (r = 0.3158, p <0.05), apoptosis rate (r = 0.4978, p <0.05) and mitochondrial functionality (r = 0.3149, P0.05). LPO seems to initiate the other evaluated events of cellular toxicity and increase mitochondrial functionality in response to the stress undergone by the cells. Therefore, the flow cytometry and confocal microscopy have demonstrated efficiency in helping to unravel the mechanisms of melittin toxicity and behave as complementary techniques to the MTT assay, which evaluates the cellular viability by mitochondrial functionality. As for the antiviral activity of melittin, there was inactivation of bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BoHV-1), especially at 2g / ml concentration. Apamin acting alone did not present antiviral power, but when allied to melittin, presented antiviral effect against bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV). Results with similar patterns ocurred when analyzing the virucidal power of the substances,when melittin inactivated BoHV-1 with 2 hours of incubation with this virus but showed no action against BVDV, as well as apamine, but the association potentiated their virucidal effect against BVDV. As for antibacterial activity, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and minimal bactericidal concentration (MBC) of melittin were, respectively (in g / mL), against Staphylococcus aureus (6-7 and 32- 64), Escherichia coli (40- 42,5 and 64-128) and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (65-70 and 64-128). Biofilms of S. aureus were more sensitive to the action of melitin compared to biofilms produced by Gram negative bacteria. Melittin was able to destroy preformed biofilms by the three bacterial species studied and inhibited the formation of biofilms by these species when they were previously incubated with melittin at concentrations below MIC. The results are promising as to the antimicrobial capacity of the substances presenting potential for the development of new drugs and / or sanitizers and the mechanisms of toxicity can aid in the development
Resumo
Os produtos oriundos da colmeia têm oferecido importantes contribuições para a civilização humana e para economia, e dentre os produtos apícolas o veneno da abelha, também chamado de apitoxina, talvez seja o mais intrigante devido à suas propriedades curativas. Ele consiste em uma mistura bastante complexa, e dentre os seus componentes os que mais se destacam são a melitina e a fosfolipase A2, que representam juntas cerca de 75% do seu peso seco. A melitina apresenta potencial terapêutico significativo no tratamento de várias doenças, além de atualmente ser muito utilizada em cosméticos como auxiliar no retardo do envelhecimento. Nesse estudo, as amostras de apitoxina da abelha Apis mellifera obtidas no semiárido do Rio Grande do Norte, foram quantificada quanto ao teor de fenóis totais e suas atividades biológicas in vitro foram investigadas, a saber: atividade antioxidante através da capacidade sequestrante do radical livre (DPPH); atividade antibacteriana, através do método de difusão em ágar e atividade antitumoral, através do método colorimétrico MTT. O teor de fenóis totais obtidos da amostra foram de 3,79 ± 0,3 mg/g (0,37± 0,33 %), apresentando alta capacidade antioxidante com percentual de 92,59 ± 0,48 % . Em relação à atividade antibacteriana, a apitoxina da abelha Apis mellifera apresentou efeito positivo contra as três estirpes testadas, sendo mais ativa contra a bactéria Klebisiella pneumoniae que foi a mais sensível, e Staphylococcus aureus a mais resistente. Em relação ao seu potencial antitumoral, a apitoxina apresentou relevante atividade citotóxica contra as células de linhagens tumorais HCT-116 (Carcinoma de coloretal humano), HL-60 (Leucemia promielocítica humana) e MDA-MB435 (Melanoma), possuindo uma maior seletividade para as linhagens de HCT-116 e HL-60. Por fim, foi possível concluir que a apitoxina da abelha Apis mellifera obtida na região do semiárido pode ser utilizada na medicina não convencional como agente antioxidante, antibacteriano e citotóxico.
Those from bee products have offered important contributions to human civilization and economy, and among the bee products bee venom is perhaps the most intriguing because of its healing properties. It consists of a complex mixture, and among its components the ones that stand out are melittin and phospholipase A2, which together represent about 75% of its dry weight. Melittin has significant therapeutic potential in the treatment of various diseases, in addition to being currently widely used in cosmetics as an aid in the retardation of aging. In this study, the bee venom samples of Apis mellifera bees obtained from the Rio Grande do Norte semiarid, were quantified as the total phenols and their biological activities in vitro were investigated, namely: antioxidant activity by the ability of the free radical scavenger (DPPH); antibacterial activity by diffusion in agar and antitumor activity by colorimetric MTT method. The content of total phenols obtained sample were 3.79 ± 0.3 mg / g and 0.37%, with high antioxidant capacity with a percentage of 92.59 ± 0.48%.. In relation to the antibacterial activity of bee venom Apis mellifera had a positive effect against the three strains tested being more active against Klebisiella pneumoniae bacterium, which was the most sensitive, and Staphylococcus aureus the most resistant. In relation to antitumor potential, bee venom showed significant cytotoxic activity against tumor cell lines HCT-116 (human colorectal carcinoma), HL-60 (human promyelocytic leukemia) and MDA-MB435 (Melanoma), having a higher selectivity for the lines HCT-116 and HL-60. Finally, it was concluded that the bee Apis mellifera bee venom obtained in the semi-arid region may be used in non-conventional medicine as an antioxidant, antibacterial and cytotoxic agent.
Resumo
A síntese de prostaglandina F2± (PGF2±) endometrial, resulta de uma complexa cascata de eventos intracelulares que ocorrem de maneira altamente coordenada. A síntese de PGF2± pode ser estimulada na presença da melitina e do forbol 12,13 dibutirato (PDBu). O objetivo do presente estudo foi verificar se a produção basal e a estimulação aguda de PGF2± são dependentes da síntese de proteínas. No experimento 1, explantes obtidos de fêmeas bovinas (n=2), cíclicas, não lactantes, no dia 15 do ciclo estral foram incubados em quadruplicata, com meio de cultivo (KHB) ou KHB suplementado com PDBu 10-6M, melitina 10-6M ou melitina 10-5M. Amostras do meio foram coletadas 0 e 60 minutos após os tratamentos e as concentrações de PGF2± foram mensuradas por radioimunoensaio. Com 60 minutos após os tratamentos houve aumento das concentrações médias de PGF2± (P<0,06) em resposta ao tratamento com PDBu comparado ao grupo KHB e melitina. No experimento 2, explantes endometriais de fêmeas bovinas (n=4), não gestantes, no 17° dia do ciclo estral, pesando de 80 a 100mg foram incubados em KHB suplementado com 0, 50, 100 ou 200mg/mL de CHX e 0 ou 100ng/mL de PDBu em um arranjo fatorial 2 x 4, em quadruplicata. Amostras do meio foram coletadas 0 e 60 minutos após os tratamentos e as concentrações de PGF2± foram mensuradas por radioimunoensaio. A integridade dos explantes endometriais tratados com CHX foi avaliada por cortes histológicos. Foi observado aumento na produção de PGF2± em resposta ao tratamento com PDBu (P<0,01), entretanto, não houve diferenças na produção de PGF2± pelos tecidos tratados com diferentes concentrações de CHX, associadas ou não ao PDBu. A integridade histológica dos explantes foi preservada. Conclui-se que a produção basal e a estimulação aguda da síntese de PGF2± não são dependentes da síntese de novas proteínas. (AU)
Synthesis of endometrial prostaglandin F2a (PGF2a) results from acomplex cascade of highly coordinated intracellular events. Productionof PGF2a can be stimulated by mellitin and 12, 13 phorbol dibutyrate(PDBu). Objective of the present study was to verify whether basalor stimulated synthesis of PGF2a was dependent on de novo proteinsynthesis. In Experiment 1, endometrial explants from cyclic, nonlactating cross-bred beef cows (n=2) on day 15 of the estrous cyclewere incubated in quadruplicate in culture KHB culture medium ormedium supplemented with 10-6M PDBu, 10-6M melittin or 10-5Mmelittin. Medium samples were collected immediately and 60 minutesafter treatment administration and concentration of PGF2a in mediumwere measured by radioimmunoassay. Concentrations of PGF2a inmedium were higher (P<0.06) after treatment with PDBu incomparison with control and melittin. In Experiment 2, endometrialexplants from cyclic, non-lactating cross-bred beef cows (n=4) on day17 of the estrous cycle were incubated in quadruplicate in mediumsupplemented with 0, 50, 100 or 200mg cyclohexamide (CHX) and 0or 100ng/ml PDBu, in a 4 x 2 factorial arrangement. Medium sampleswere collected immediately and 60 minutes after administration oftreatments and concentrations of PGF2a measured byradioimmunoassay. Endometrial integrity was was evaluated byhistology. Treatment with PDBu stimulated production of PGF2a(P<0.01), regardless of concentration of CHX used. The CHX didnot affect production of PGF2a, either in the presence or absence ofPDBu. Histological integrity of explants was preserved. It wasconcluded that both basal and PDBu-stimulated PGF2a productionare not dependent on new protein sythesis. (AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Feminino , Bovinos , Prostaglandinas F/efeitos adversos , Estradiol/efeitos adversos , Endométrio/metabolismo , BovinosResumo
Hymenoptera venoms are complex mixtures containing simple organic molecules, proteins, peptides, and other bioactive elements. Several of these components have been isolated and characterized, and their primary structures determined by biochemical techniques. These compounds are responsible for many toxic or allergic reactions in different organisms, such as local pain, inflammation, itching, irritation, and moderate or severe allergic reactions. The most extensively characterized Hymenoptera venoms are bee venoms, mainly from the Apis genus and also from social wasps and ant species. However, there is little information about other Hymenoptera groups. The Apis venom presents high molecular weight molecules - enzymes with a molecular weight higher than 10.0 kDa - and peptides. The best studied enzymes are phospholipase A2, responsible for cleaving the membrane phospholipids, hyaluronidase, which degrades the matrix component hyaluronic acid into non-viscous segments and acid phosphatase acting on organic phosphates. The main peptide compounds of bee venom are lytic peptide melittin, apamin (neurotoxic), and mastocyte degranulating peptide (MCD).