Aural hematomas in small ruminants - clinical features, surgical treatment and outcome

Background: Aural or auricular hematoma is an important and prevalent surgical condition in small animals practice, and commonly reported in companion pets. The condition is characterized by blood accumulation between the pinnae's dermal surface and the underlying perichondrium. In farm animals, most cases present surgical treatment with drainage of serosanguineous fluid from acute cases with clinical evolution ranging from 1 to 5 days. Therefore, the present work reports the clinical features, surgical treatment and outcome of aural hematomas in 3 small ruminants with a chronic evolution (7 to 20 days), detailing the post-surgical complications, such as wound infection and recurrence, and final cosmetic appearance of the pinnae. Cases: Upon physical examination, all animals were alert and presenting a good body condition score. Clinical alteration was restricted to a bilateral (Case 1) or unilateral (Cases 2 & 3) painless, and fluid-filled swelling, presenting doughy consistency masses within the fluid during pinna manipulation. The fluid-filled swellings were located on the concave (Case 1 - left ear & Case 2) and convex (Case 1 - right ear & Case 3) surface of the pinna. No primary pruritic disorders of the pinna were detected, and a diagnosis of traumatic aural hematoma was proposed. Due to the chronicity of the cases, surgical approach was advisable. The small ruminants underwent general anesthesia, and a linear incision over the skin overlying the hematoma was performed (Cases 1 & 2). After removal of blood and fibrin clots, the cavity was flushed and captonated size 0 nylon mattress sutures were performed on either side of the incision, in order to obliterate the dead space. Due to recurrence after 14 days, Case 2 was submitted to a modified surgical approach using a S-shaped incision combined to multiple drainage holes (MDH) using a disposable 6 mm biopsy punch. The same approach has performed in Case 3. Then, size 0 nylon mattress sutures followed by a tight protective pressure and absorbent bandage combined with an Elizabethan collar was applied. Postoperatively, Case 1 presented surgical site infection and the antibiotic was changed after bacterial culture and antibiogram results. Hospital discharge varied from 14 to 19 days' post-surgery. All animals presented some degree of ear retraction and a linear or S-shaped scar on the affected ear, but final cosmetic appearance was satisfactory to all owners. Discussion: Aural or auricular hematomas are a frequent disorder in dogs and cats clinical practice. In sheep, the few reported cases have been associated with pruritic disorders of the pinna, such as ticks infestation and sarcoptic mange. Whilst in goats, traumatic injuries, such as ear tagging and trauma from others goats, are considered the main cause, especially in breeds with pendulous ear. In our cases with chronic evolution (> 7 days), the most important clinical feature was the presence of doughy consistency masses within the fluid, suggesting matured blood and fibrin clots. A linear incision with captonated size 0 nylon mattress sutures was associated to post-surgical complications, such as wound infection and aural hematoma recurrence. Therefore, a S-shaped incision associated to creation of MDH, in order to achieve better drainage, was the chosen approach in the second surgery (Case 2) and on the subsequent patient (Case 3). To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report using the MDH approach in farm animals, that appears to be an effective treatment for chronic aural hematomas in small ruminants.

Biliary cystadenoma in a lion (Panthera leo)

Animals in human care often exceed the life expectancy of animals in the wild when they have veterinarian follow-ups, no competition for space or food, and continuous care. Advanced age favors the development of mutations that often trigger cancer, which sometimes causes death. There are reports in the literature on neoplasms in lions in the liver, which are one of the main organs affected. A 20-year-old lion specimen was received for necropsy at the Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, Brazil. Multiple cystic dilations were observed in the liver. Histologically, they were internally covered by a simple cuboidal epithelium, similar to that observed in the bile ducts, without cellular atypia. The adjacent liver parenchyma presented with mild disorganization of the hepatocyte cords. Biliary cystadenomas are benign growths formed by a thin opaque capsule filled with a slightly yellowish translucent fluid compressing the adjacent liver parenchyma, as highlighted in this case. The epithelium of the cysts was positive for anti-cytokeratin (CK) (EIA/A3E) and anti-CK7, confirming histogenesis in the bile ducts. This study reports a case of biliary cystadenoma in a Panthera leo specimen.(AU)

Artrodese metatarsofalângica por meio da técnica do cesto de aço modificada em potro / Metatarsophalangeal arthrodesis through the modified steel basket technique in foal

Background: The metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joints are very demanded during high intensity exercises,and may be affected by osteoarthritis, fractures, luxations and rupture of the suspensory apparatus. Thus, arthrodesis maybe indicated to restore joint stability and accelerate the ankylosis process. The most commonly used surgical techniqueshave been associated with postoperative complications, including infection and failure of the implants, so it is importantto develop procedures that are less invasive procedures and promoting stable fixation. Therefore, the aim of this work isto report the use of the modified steel basket technique for metatarsophalangeal arthrodesis in a foal with hyperextensionof the joint due to rupture of the digital flexor muscles.Case: A 2-day-old male foal was admitted to clinical care, presenting multiple cutaneous wounds caused by dogs bites,located in the tarsus and thigh of the hindlimb. The animal presented in standing position and had no difficulty of movement,being initially treated through daily cleaning of the cutaneous wounds and systemic antibiotic therapy. Hyperextension ofthe metatarsophalangeal joint was evidenced after 20 days, being approached through tenotomy and tendon shortening,followed by tenorrhaphy and immobilization for 30 days. Due to the failure of the treatment, it was opted for metatarsophalangeal arthrodesis by modified steel basket technique. The procedure involved the implantation of a steel basket of25.0 mm in diameter x 25.0 mm long in a 24.0 mm hole created on the dorsal surface between the third metacarpal andthe proximal phalanx. The basket was filled with bone extracted from drilling and fixed with two cortical screws at anangle of 25° toward proximoplantar and distoplantar direction. Immobilization of the limb was performed postoperativelywith synthetic plaster cast for 45 days and, due to the persistence of lameness...

Artrodese metatarsofalângica por meio da técnica do cesto de aço modificada em potro / Metatarsophalangeal arthrodesis through the modified steel basket technique in foal

Background: The metacarpophalangeal and metatarsophalangeal joints are very demanded during high intensity exercises,and may be affected by osteoarthritis, fractures, luxations and rupture of the suspensory apparatus. Thus, arthrodesis maybe indicated to restore joint stability and accelerate the ankylosis process. The most commonly used surgical techniqueshave been associated with postoperative complications, including infection and failure of the implants, so it is importantto develop procedures that are less invasive procedures and promoting stable fixation. Therefore, the aim of this work isto report the use of the modified steel basket technique for metatarsophalangeal arthrodesis in a foal with hyperextensionof the joint due to rupture of the digital flexor muscles.Case: A 2-day-old male foal was admitted to clinical care, presenting multiple cutaneous wounds caused by dogs bites,located in the tarsus and thigh of the hindlimb. The animal presented in standing position and had no difficulty of movement,being initially treated through daily cleaning of the cutaneous wounds and systemic antibiotic therapy. Hyperextension ofthe metatarsophalangeal joint was evidenced after 20 days, being approached through tenotomy and tendon shortening,followed by tenorrhaphy and immobilization for 30 days. Due to the failure of the treatment, it was opted for metatarsophalangeal arthrodesis by modified steel basket technique. The procedure involved the implantation of a steel basket of25.0 mm in diameter x 25.0 mm long in a 24.0 mm hole created on the dorsal surface between the third metacarpal andthe proximal phalanx. The basket was filled with bone extracted from drilling and fixed with two cortical screws at anangle of 25° toward proximoplantar and distoplantar direction. Immobilization of the limb was performed postoperativelywith synthetic plaster cast for 45 days and, due to the persistence of lameness...(AU)

Corneal angiogenesis based on different protocols of alkaline cauterization in murine models

Purpose: To establish and compare protocols of alkaline cauterization for inducing corneal angiogenesis in murine models. Methods: Twenty-four adult Wistar rats were distributed into four groups (G1, G2, G3, and G4). The right eye cornea from each rat was cauterized using filter paper (3 mm), soaked in a solution of silver and potassium nitrates (3:1). Cauterization times were 10 (G1 and G4), or 20 seconds (G2 and G3). Cauterized corneas were washed with Ringers lactate solution. The filter paper was either removed before washing (G1 and G2), or kept on the corneas (G3 and G4). Corneas were photographed at multiple time points (2, 4, 6, 8, 11, 13, and 15 days after the procedure), and neovascularization parameters were assayed. Results: Neovascularization was observed in 66% of G1 corneas, and 100% of G2, G3, and G4 corneas. On day 15, G1 corneas showed smaller vascularized areas (12.63 ± 12.59%) compared to those in the G3 (41.95 ± 17.32%) and G4 (33 ± 11.74%) (P 0.05) groups. Conclusions: The silver and potassium nitrate solution effectively induced corneal angiogenesis. The G2, G3, and G4 protocols showed excellent reproducibility, and induced vascularization in 100% of corneas.(AU)

Estudo retrospectivo da casuística de curicacas (Theristicus caudatus) recebidas pelo Projeto de Atendimento a Animais Selvagens do Planalto Catarinense no período de 2003-2014 / Retrospective study of cases of Buff-necked Ibis (Theristicus caudatus) treated by the veterinary care project of wild animals of Santa Catarina plateau during the years 2003-2014

O presente trabalho descreve um estudo retrospectivo da casuística de Curicacas (Theristicus caudatus) atendidas pelo Projeto de Atendimento Médico Veterinário a Animais Selvagens do Planalto Catarinense (CAV/UDESC) nos anos de 2003-2014. Neste período foram atendidas 77 curicacas, todas de vida livre e do Planalto Catarinense. Constatou-se que 33.7% eram jovens, 16,8% adultas e 49,5% com idade indeterminada. Dessas, 22.1% eram machos, 14.3% fêmeas e os demais indefinidos. Em relação às afecções clínicas, 55.8% possuíam fr,tura óssea, 9,1% sinais neurológicos, 3,9% múltiplas lacerações na pele e músculos, 3,9% luxação em membro, 3,% hemorragia em cavidade oral, 2,6% ruptura de sacos aéreos, 2,6% dispneia, 2,6% diarreia e 1,3% peritonite. Em 20,8% dos casos apresentavam apenas sinais inespecíficos como desnutrição. Dos animais atendidos, 55,8% morreram; 28,6% foram eutanasiados; 5,2% tratados e encaminhados à sede do IBAMA ou CETAS; 2,6% realizou-se soltura e em 7,8% o destino não foi informado. Efetuou-se necropsia em 70,8%, sendo que em 82,6% dessas obteve-se o diagnóstico definitivo de traumatismo e em 2,2% o diagnóstico foi de peritonite secundária a perfuração de moela por corpo estranho metálico e 2,2% vieram a óbito por pneumonia causada por corpo estranho (projétil). A alta mortalidade das aves atendidas parece estar relacionada com a gravidade das lesões apresentadas e afecções secundárias aos traumatismos. A curicaca foi a espécie que apresentou o maior número de atendimentos pelo projeto durante o período descrito no estudo, demonstrando que o estudo da casuística dessa ave pode servir como indicador do risco a que outras espécies de aves da região estão sujeitas.(AU)

This paper describes a retrospective study of all cases of Buff-necked Ibis ( Theristicus caudatus) treated by the veterinary care project of wild animals of Santa Catarina plateau during the years 2003 to 2014. In this period 77 Buff-necked Ibis were treated, all of them were free living animals from Santa Catarina plateau. It was found that, 33.7% were young animals, 16.8% were adults and 49.5% indeterminate age. About these animals, 22.1% were males, 14.3% were females and the other ones undefined. About the clinical disorders, 55.8% had bone fracture, 9.1% demonstrated neurological disorders, 3.9% multiples lacerations in skin and muscles, 3.9% demonstrated dislocation of member 3.4% demonstrated oral bleeding. Air sac rupture was observed in 2.6% of the animals, 2.6% were dyspneic and 2.6% had diarrhea, 1.3% peritonitis. In 20.8% of the cases the animal only demonstrated unspecific signs such as malnutrition. Of the animals treated, 55.8% came to death, 28.6% were euthanized, 5.2%were treated an sent to IBAMA or to a sorting center for wild animals. 2.6% were released into the wild, and in 7.8% of the cases de destination was not informed. Necropsy was performed in 70.8% of the animals, wherein 82.6% of those birds had came to a definitive diagnosis of trauma and in 2.2% the diagnosis was peritonitis caused by a gizzard perforation by a metallic foreign body. And 2.2% came to death for pneumonia caused by a foreign body (projectile). The high mortality of birds may be related with the severity of the lesions and with disorders resulting from trauma. The buff-necked ibis was the specie that presented the highest number of treatment by this project during the period described in the study. This information demonstrated that studding the disorders of this bird can serve as an indicator of the the risk which other bird species in the region are suffering.(AU)

Granulona eosinofílico cutâneo ulcerativo em Muar: relato de caso / Cutaneos granuloma eosinophilic ulcerative in muar: case report / Granuloma eosinofílico cutáneo ulcerativo en muar: relato de caso

Granulomas eosinofílicos são lesões cutâneas comuns em equinos. Sua etiologia ainda não é totalmente compreendida, porém, acredita-se que as nodulações estão relacionadas com reações de hipersensibilidade a picadas de insetos, e também por meio de contato da pelagem dos equídeos com a sela. As lesões são caracterizadas por nódulos únicos ou múltiplos circunscritos, redondos, firmes, geralmente indolores, com ausência de prurido e ulcerações, e acometem principalmente o pescoço, membros e a região dorsal do animal, sem apresentar predileção por sexo, raça ou idade. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo relatar o caso de um Muar, 20 anos de idade, pesando 305 kg, atendido em uma propriedade próximo a Maringá, Paraná, o qual apresentava lesões nodulares com aspecto serosanguinolento em face lateral do membro torácico direito tendo sido diagnosticado através do exame histopatológico com Granuloma eosinofílico cutâneo ulcerativo ao qual instituiu-se o tratamento à base de corticosteroide sistêmico obtendo uma resposta satisfatória.

Eosinophilic granulomas are common cutaneous lesions in horses. Their etiology is not fully understood yet, it is suspected that these nodulations are related to hypersensitivity reactions to insect bites, but there are descriptions of the occurrence of the selesions by contact of the equine coat with saddle, characterized by single, multiple, circumscribed, round, firm, usually pain less nodules, with no pruritus and ulcerations, mainly affecting the neck, limbs and dorsal region of the animal, do not present preditions by sex, race or age. The present study aims to report the case of a Muar, 20 years old, weighing 305 kg, attended at a property near Maringá, Paraná, which presented nodular lesions with serosanguinolent appearance on the lateral aspect of the right thoracic limb and was diagnosed through histopathological examination with ulcerative cutaneous eosinophilic granuloma, to which a systemic corticosteroid treatment was instituted, obtaining a satisfactory answer.

Los granulomas eosinofílicos son lesiones cutáneas comunes en equinos. Su etiología todavía no es totalmente comprendida, pero se cree que las nodulaciones están relacionadas con reacciones de hipersensibilidad a picaduras de insectos, y también por media de contacto del pelaje de los équidos con la silla. Las lesiones se caracterizan por nódulos únicos o múltiples circunscritos, redondos, firmes, generalmente indolores, con ausencia de prurito y ulceraciones, y acomete principalmente el cuello, miembros y la región dorsal del animal, sin presentar predilección por sexo, raza o edad. El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo relatar el caso de un Muar, 20 anos de edad, pesando 305 kg, atendido en una propiedad cerca de Maringá, Paraná, el cual presentaba lesiones nodulares con aspecto serosanguinolento en cara lateral del miembro torácico derecho habiendo sido diagnosticado através del examen histopatológico con Granuloma eosinofílico cutáneo ulcerativo al cual se instituyó el tratamiento a base de corticoesteroides sistémico obteniendo una respuesta satisfactoria.

Granulona eosinofílico cutâneo ulcerativo em Muar: relato de caso / Cutaneos granuloma eosinophilic ulcerative in muar: case report / Granuloma eosinofílico cutáneo ulcerativo en muar: relato de caso

Granulomas eosinofílicos são lesões cutâneas comuns em equinos. Sua etiologia ainda não é totalmente compreendida, porém, acredita-se que as nodulações estão relacionadas com reações de hipersensibilidade a picadas de insetos, e também por meio de contato da pelagem dos equídeos com a sela. As lesões são caracterizadas por nódulos únicos ou múltiplos circunscritos, redondos, firmes, geralmente indolores, com ausência de prurido e ulcerações, e acometem principalmente o pescoço, membros e a região dorsal do animal, sem apresentar predileção por sexo, raça ou idade. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo relatar o caso de um Muar, 20 anos de idade, pesando 305 kg, atendido em uma propriedade próximo a Maringá, Paraná, o qual apresentava lesões nodulares com aspecto serosanguinolento em face lateral do membro torácico direito tendo sido diagnosticado através do exame histopatológico com Granuloma eosinofílico cutâneo ulcerativo ao qual instituiu-se o tratamento à base de corticosteroide sistêmico obtendo uma resposta satisfatória.(AU)

Eosinophilic granulomas are common cutaneous lesions in horses. Their etiology is not fully understood yet, it is suspected that these nodulations are related to hypersensitivity reactions to insect bites, but there are descriptions of the occurrence of the selesions by contact of the equine coat with saddle, characterized by single, multiple, circumscribed, round, firm, usually pain less nodules, with no pruritus and ulcerations, mainly affecting the neck, limbs and dorsal region of the animal, do not present preditions by sex, race or age. The present study aims to report the case of a Muar, 20 years old, weighing 305 kg, attended at a property near Maringá, Paraná, which presented nodular lesions with serosanguinolent appearance on the lateral aspect of the right thoracic limb and was diagnosed through histopathological examination with ulcerative cutaneous eosinophilic granuloma, to which a systemic corticosteroid treatment was instituted, obtaining a satisfactory answer.(AU)

Los granulomas eosinofílicos son lesiones cutáneas comunes en equinos. Su etiología todavía no es totalmente comprendida, pero se cree que las nodulaciones están relacionadas con reacciones de hipersensibilidad a picaduras de insectos, y también por media de contacto del pelaje de los équidos con la silla. Las lesiones se caracterizan por nódulos únicos o múltiples circunscritos, redondos, firmes, generalmente indolores, con ausencia de prurito y ulceraciones, y acomete principalmente el cuello, miembros y la región dorsal del animal, sin presentar predilección por sexo, raza o edad. El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo relatar el caso de un Muar, 20 anos de edad, pesando 305 kg, atendido en una propiedad cerca de Maringá, Paraná, el cual presentaba lesiones nodulares con aspecto serosanguinolento en cara lateral del miembro torácico derecho habiendo sido diagnosticado através del examen histopatológico con Granuloma eosinofílico cutáneo ulcerativo al cual se instituyó el tratamiento a base de corticoesteroides sistémico obteniendo una respuesta satisfactoria.(AU)

Evaluation of a radiographic method to detect tibial dyschondroplasia lesions in broilers

This study aimed at developing radiographic techniques for the early detection of dyschondroplastic lesions in the tibia of broilers. The experiment was carried out at the facilities of UNIFOR/MG and Formiga and UNIFENAS/ Alfenas with 420 one-day-old male Cobb broilers. At 20 days of age, all birds were radiographed and identified with an alpha-numeric metal ring in the right leg. At 40 days of age, 42 broilers previously selected as a function of bone mineral density and lesion thickness scores were again radiographed and scored, and then sacrificed. Their right tibia was removed for gross and histological examination of the growth plate. The results showed that radiographic techniques are correlated with gross and histological examination and that there was no significant differences among techniques (P>0.05). it was concluded that the use of radiographic examination to identify tibial dyschondroplasia in broilers precludes the use of bone mineral density to diagnose this condition. The non-parametric statistical Chi-square test at 5% significance level was used to analyze the results.(AU)

CAUSAS DE MORTES EM GATOS NO SUL DO BRASIL

A intensificação da criação de felinos em todo o mundo demandam uma ampliação e aprofundamento dos conhecimentos da clínica e patologia de doenças infecciosas que acometem os gatos. Entretanto, existe uma escassez de informações sobre doenças infecciosas que acometem os gatos do Brasil, especialmente da região sul. Esta tese de doutorado teve como objetivo realizar um levantamento das principais causas de morte em gatos, além da caracterização anatomopatológica e identificação de agentes infecciosos em tecidos e células de gatos através da técnica de imuno-histoquímica (IHQ) e imunocitoquímica (ICQ). O primeiro artigo teve como objetivo determinar as principais causas de morte em gatos na região Sul do Brasil, através de um estudo retrospectivo, de 2000 a 2015. Foram realizadas um total de 1753 necropsias de felinos domésticos, destas 1364 (77,8%) foram conclusivas e 389 foram inconclusivos (22,2%). As categorias mais prevalentes foram: neoplasmas (20%), doenças infecciosas/parasitárias (17,8%), doenças do sistema digestório (14,1%), traumatismos (13,4%), doenças do sistema urinário (11,4%), doenças do sistema cardiovascular (6,9%), doenças do sistema respiratório (5,8%) e outras (8,5%). As causas de morte mais frequentes incluíram: politraumatismo (13,4%), linfoma (8,8%) e peritonite infecciosa felina (7,9%). O segundo artigo teve como objetivo fazer a identificação por ICQ dos antígenos do coronavírus felino (FCoV) em macrófagos e monócitos fixados em formol e embebidos em parafina a partir de derrame e sangue como alternativa diagnóstica ante mortem da peritonite infecciosa felina. Foram selecionados para o estudo gatos com pelo menos um dos seguintes sinais clínicos: derrame em cavidades abdominal e/ou torácica e/ou pericárdica, temperatura retal acima de 40oC, icterícia, linfoadenomegalia, e sinais clínicos oftálmicos e neurológicos. Foram recebidas 25 amostras provenientes de derrames. Dessas, 16 tiveram marcação positiva no interior de macrófagos. Nove desses casos, foram confirmados pela necropsia. De 17 amostras de sangue total, 3 amostras tiveram marcação positiva no interior de monócitos; dois desses casos foram confirmadas na necropsia. O teste de ICQ anti-FCoV foi sensível e específico como método diagnóstico ante mortem da PIF. O terceiro artigo teve como objetivo descrever cinco casos de gatos apresentando cardiomiopatia hipertrófica e miocardite associadas ao vírus da imunodeficiência felina (FIV). Na necropsia, os cinco gatos apresentaram o coração acentuadamente aumentado de tamanho, por hipertrofia ventricular esquerda, e múltiplos focos brancacentos coalescentes no miocárdio e no epicárdico. Microscopicamente, no miocárdio, havia infiltrado multifocal acentuado composto por linfócitos, alguns macrófagos, neutrófilos e plasmócitos. Na IHQ para FIV houve intensa imunomarcação no citoplasma e no núcleo, principalmente de linfócitos e no citoplasma de ocasionais macrófagos no miocárdio. O infiltrado inflamatório caracterizou-se por linfócitos T e macrófagos, o que foi evidenciado por imunomarcação específica para essas células. Este trabalho demonstra a importância das doenças infecciosas/parasitárias, consideradas como causa de morte em gatos, demonstra a utilidade da técnica técnica ocorrência de infecção pelo do vírus da imunodeficiência felina em células inflamatórias no miocárdio de gatos com miocardite e cardiomiopatia hipertrófica.

The increase of cat breeding worldwide demands an expansion in qualified information on clinic clinical and pathological aspects of feline infectious diseases. There is, however, a lack of information on the infectious diseases that affect cats in Brazil, especially in the Southern region. This doctoral thesis aimed to survey of the main causes of death caused in cats, as well as the anatomopathological characterization of tissue response and identification of infectious agents in the tissues and cells through immunohistochemistry (IHC) and immunocytochemistry (ICH). Three articles were written. The first one aimed to determine the main causes of death in cats in southern Brazil, through a retrospective study, from 2000 to 2015. A total of 1,753 domestic feline necropsies were reviewed, from which 1,364 (77.8%) had a conclusive diagnosis and 389 were inconclusive (22.2%). The most prevalent categories were neoplasms (20%), infectious/parasitic diseases (17.8%), diseases of the digestive system (14.1%), traumatisms (13.4%), diseases of the urinary system (6.9%), diseases of the respiratory system (5.8%) and others (8.5%). The most frequent causes of death included multiple trauma (13.4%), lymphoma (8.8%) and feline infectious peritonitis (7.9%). lymphoma (8.8%) and feline infectious peritonitis (7.9%). The second article aimed to tests and alternative antemortem diagnostic method to identified cats with feline infectious peritonitis feline coronavirus (FCoV) antigens; the method consists of applying ICH to macrophages and monocytes sampled from effusion and blood, fixed in formalin and embedded in paraffin. Cats with at least one of the following clinical signs were selected for being tested: cavitary (abdominal and/or thoracic and/or pericardial) effusion, rectal temperature above 40 ° C, jaundice, enlargement of lymph nodes, clinical ophthalmic and neurological signs. Twenty-five samples from effusions were received, of which 16 had positive marking within macrophages, 9 of which were confirmed by necropsy examination. Seventeen samples consisted of whole blood, from these, 3 samples had positive staining within monocytes and two cases were confirmed by postmortem examination. The anti-FCoV ICQ test was sensitive and specific as a PIF antemortem diagnostic method. The second article aimed to identify by ICQ the feline coronavirus (FCoV) antigens in macrophages and monocytes fixed in formalin and embedded in paraffin from effusion and blood as a diagnostic alternative antemortem of feline infectious peritonitis. Cats with at least one of the following clinical signs were selected: cavitary (abdominal and/or thoracic and/or pericardial) effusion, rectal temperature above 40C, jaundice, enlargement of lymph nodes, clinical ophthalmic and neurological signs. Twenty-five samples from effusions were received, of which 16 had positive marking inside macrophages, 9 of which were confirmed by necropsy examination. 17 samples were also received from whole blood, these 3 samples had positive staining within monocytes and in 2 cases confirmed by postmortem examination. The anti-FCoV ICQ test was sensitive and specific as a PIF antemortem diagnostic method. The third article aimed to describe five cases of cats presenting hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and myocarditis associated with feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV). At necropsy, the five cats presented a markedly enlarged heart, marked left ventricular hypertrophy, multiple myocardial and epicardial whitening foci. Microscopically, in the myocardium, there was marked multifocal infiltrate composed of lymphocytes, macrophages, neutrophils and plasma cells. In the IHC for FIV there was intense immunostaining in the cytoplasm and nucleus, mainly of lymphocytes and occasional macrophages cytoplasm in the myocardium. The inflammatory infiltrate was predominantly composed of T lymphocytes and macrophages, evidenced by immunostaining. This work demonstrates the importance of infectious/parasitic diseases, as the cause of death in cats, demonstrate the use of the IHC technique as an alternative antemortem diagnostic tool for FIP and the occurrence of feline immunodeficiency virus infection in inflammatory cells in the myocardium of cats with myocarditis and hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.

Avaliação do uso de haste bloqueada e bloqueio transcortical no reparo de fraturas diafisárias de fêmur em felinos / Evaluation of the use of interlocking nail and transcortical blockade for the repair of diaphyseal fractures of the femur in cats

As hastes bloqueadas além de permitirem estabilização rígida de fraturas, possuem vantagens biomecânicas quando comparadas a outras técnicas de imobilização, por atuar ao longo do eixo mecânico central do osso, além de preservar os conceitos de padrões biológicos de osteossíntese . O uso limitado de hastes bloqueadas em gatos se atribui ao fato da cavidade intramedular ser pequena, limitando o tamanho e diâmetro dos pinos. Relatam-se casos de 10 felinos que apresentavam fraturas fechadas simples ou múltiplas da diáfise femoral. Os animais pesavam entre 3,5 e 5 kg, o que permitiu a utilização de hastes de 4,0mm e 4,7mm de diâmetro. Para inserção da haste, adotou-se a via retrógrada ou a normógrada e foram realizados bloqueios com quatro parafusos de titânio de 2,0 mm de diâmetro. Complicações intra-operatórias não ocorreram, entretanto um animal sofreu fratura de colo femoral e fratura transversa distal ao implante, três dias após o ato cirúrgico, devido a novo trauma. Os animais foram submetidos a exames radiográficos até quatro meses após a intervenção, evidenciando-se formação de calo ósseo secundário e consolidação óssea em período de 61-89 dias. Clinicamente, ocorreu esporadicamente alteração na marcha por leve claudicação de apoio definida por escala de claudicação, entretanto os animais iniciaram o apoio adequado entre três e oito dias após o ato operatório. Complicações pósoperatórias ocorreram referentes ao animal que sofreu novo trauma, entretanto notou-se consolidação do foco primário tratado pelo implante com 61 dias e consolidação da nova fratura num período total de 150 dias do início do tratamento conservativo por penso esparadrapado e tala. Conclui-se que o uso de haste bloqueada em felinos foi adequado uma vez que houve consolidação óssea em todos os casos, com retorno precoce da função do membro, permitindo a deambulação.(AU)

Interlocking nails allow rigid fracture stabilization and present biomechanical advantages when compared to other immobilization techniques. It acts along the central mechanical axis of the bone and preserves biological concept standards for osteosynthesis. The use of interlocking nail in cats is limited because the intramedullary space is relatively small for the available nail sizes. We reported 10 cases of cats that had simple or multiple closed fractures of the femoral diaphysis. The animals weighed 3.5 to 5 kg , which allowed using nails of 4.0mm and 4.7mm in diameter. For the nail insertion, retrograde and normograde routs were used, and four 2mm titanium screws were used to lock all the perforations. No trans-surgical complication occurred, however, due to a new trauma, one of the animals suffered femoral neck fracture and transversal distal fracture to the nail, three days after surgery. Radiographies were made up to four months after surgery, and in most cases secondary bone formation was seen, showing bone consolidation in 61-89 days, excluding the animal who suffered new trauma, who presented bone healing in 150 days. Clinically, occasional lameness occurred; however, except for the animal that had new trauma, all animals initiated adequate limb support in 3 to 8 days after surgery. In conclusion, the use of 4.0mm and 4.7mm interlocking nails in felines was adequate, with bone healing in all cases, and also return of good limb function after surgery.(AU)