Resumo

Among the hematopoietic neoplasms, leukemias are caused by myeloid or lymphoid cells in the bone marrow, which can either be acute with an unfavorable prognosis and mostly affect cats that tested positive for feline viral leukemia (FeLV) or chronic in older cats that have a poor prognosis. Leukemias have several classifications in which the differentiation depends on complementary tests, such as blood profile, myelogram, cytology. and flow cytometry, which help determine the best treatment for the animal.

Dentre as neoplasias hematopoiéticas, as leucemias são originadas pelas células mieloides ou linfoides na medula óssea, podendo ser de forma aguda, com um pior prognóstico, principalmente, acometendo gatos com leucemia felina (FeLV positivos) ou, de forma crônica, que apresentam um prognostico reservado, especialmente em gatos idosos. As leucemias possuem várias classificações, cujas diferenciações irão depender de exames complementares como hemograma, mielograma, citologia e citometria de fluxo, importantes para a caracterização e para o melhor tratamento do animal.

Resumo

Monoclonal gammopathy (MG) is rare in dogs and multiple myeloma (MM) is its main cause. This study reports the case of a female dog which presented MG associated with a MM and consequent blood hyperviscosity syndrome (HVS). Patient presented systemic hypertension, renal disease, chorioretinitis and secondary glaucoma due to HVS. Serological tests for leishmaniasis and for ehrlichiosis demonstrated negative and score 4 from 5, respectively. Non-regenerative anemia, thrombocytopenia, hyperproteinemia, hypoalbuminemia, hyperglobulinemia, creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) increases, hypercalcemia, hyperphosphatemia, proteinuria, decreased urinary density, and monoclonal peak of gamma globulins were observed. First myelogram identified 81% of medullary plasmacytosis which suggested MM. Plasmapheresis and chemotherapy with melphalan and prednisolone were performed with positive results. The treatment was effective with complete remission of HVS signs, medullary plasmocytosis reduction (21,8%) and malignant criteria decrease, as well as neoplastic control.

Gamopatia monoclonal (GM) é rara nos cães, e o mieloma múltiplo (MM) é a sua principal causa. Este estudo descreve o caso de uma cadela que apresentou GM associada ao MM e consequente síndrome da hiperviscosidade sanguínea (SHS). A paciente apresentou hipertensão arterial sistêmica, doença renal, coriorretinite e glaucoma secundário decorrentes da SHS. Testes sorológicos para leishmaniose e para erliquiose apresentaram baixos títulos e escore 4 e 5, respectivamente. Anemia arregenerativa, trombocitopenia, hiperproteinemia com hipoalbuminemia e hiperglobulinemia, aumentos de ureia e creatinina, hipercalcemia, hiperfosfatemia, proteinúria, diminuição da densidade urinária e pico monoclonal de gamaglobulinas foram identificados. Foi consignado um primeiro mielograma, com identificação de 81% de plasmocitose medular, sugestivo de MM. Dessa forma, foi instituída plasmaférese e quimioterapia com melfalano e prednisolona, com resultados positivos. O tratamento instituído foi efetivo, com auxílio na completa redução dos sinais da SHS, na diminuição da plasmocitose medular (21,8%) e dos critérios de malignidade, bem como no controle da neoplasia.

Resumo

A leishmaniose visceral (LV) é uma enfermidade crônica, multissistêmica e comum, que afeta os cães e pode apresentar alterações em diversos exames laboratoriais, inclusive no hemograma e mielograma. Desse modo, o objetivo deste trabalho foi descrever e avaliar as alterações no hemograma e mielograma de seis cães positivos para leishmaniose atendidos no Hospital Universitário Ivan Macedo Tabosa da Universidade Federal de Campina Grande. Os diagnósticos foram confirmados através da observação das formas amastigotas de Leishmania sp em aspirados de medula óssea. No hemograma, a maior parte dos animais apresentou anemia, trombocitopenia e leucocitose com neutrofilia. Além disso, dois animais apresentaram leucopenia. No mielograma, a maioria dos animais apresentou hiperplasia granulocítica e megacariocítica, além de hipoplasia eritroide. Conclui-se que a realização de exames laboratoriais, como hemograma e mielograma, em animais suspeitos de LV é importante para o acompanhamento do quadro clínico do paciente e para a seleção de medidas terapêuticas a serem adotadas, o que pode refletir positivamente no prognóstico.

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a chronic, multisystemic, and common disease that affects dogs and that can present changes in several laboratory tests, including blood count and myelogram. Thus, this work aimed to describe and evaluate changes in the blood count and myelogram of six dogs positive for leishmaniasis treated at the Veterinary Hospital Ivan Macedo Tabosa of the Federal University of Campina Grande. The diagnoses were confirmed by observing the amastigote forms of Leishmania sp in bone marrow aspirates. In the blood count, most animals presented anemia, thrombocytopenia, and leukocytosis with neutrophilia. Besides, two animals had leukopenia. In the myelogram, most animals presented granulocytic and megakaryocytic hyperplasia, in addition to erythroid hypoplasia. It is concluded that the performance of laboratory tests, such as blood count and myelogram, in animals suspected of VL is important for monitoring the patient's clinical condition and for selecting the therapeutic measures to be used, which can reflect positively on the prognosis.

Resumo

A Leucemia Linfoblástica Aguda (LLA) é uma neoplasia de origem linfoide, possui alto grau de malignidade e é considerada uma doença rara. Os sinais clínicos estão relacionados à falta de células hematopoiéticas regulares ou à implantação de células neoplásicas nos órgãos. O presente trabalho objetiva apresentar conhecimentos gerais sobre LLA por meio do relato de um cão macho, Poddle, de 11 anos, apresentando sintomas inespecíficos. Ao exame físico prostração, desidratação e icterícia. O hemograma detectou leucocitose por linfocitose importante, com linfócitos atípicos no esfregaço sanguíneo. O diagnóstico foi alcançado por meio do mielograma, na sequência a tutora optou por eutanásia.(AU)

Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia is a neoplasm of lymphoid origin, has a high degree of malignancy and is considered a rare disease. Clinical signs are related to the lack of regular hematopoietic cells or the implantation of neoplastic cells in the organs. This present study aims to present general knowledge about ALL and report a male dog, Poddle, of 11 years, presenting nonspecific signs. On physical examination, prostration and jaundice. The hemogram detected leukocytosis due to significant lymphocytosis, with atypical lymphocytes on the blood smear. The diagnosis was achieved through the myelogram, and then the tutor chose euthanasia.(AU)

Resumo

Background: Erythroid leukemia is a myeloproliferative hematopoietic disorder considered acute when there is a predominance of blasts in the bone marrow. It is frequently reported in cats infected with feline leukemia virus, but it is unclear whether this virus is involved in the oncogenesis. The clinical signs in cats are anorexia, apathy, weight loss, with evolution from 2 weeks to 2 months, pale mucous membranes, hemorrhages, ascites, salivation, and dyspnea due to pleural effusion. This affection responds little to chemotherapy with an unfavorable prognosis. The aim of this study is to report a case of a feline leukemia virus infected cat with the onset of severe hemolytic anemia. Case: A 8-year-old male mixed breed cat was attended with a history of anorexia, oligodipsia, apathy, progressive weight loss, and yellowish color of urine for 7 days. Laboratorial exams showed anemia (with metarubricytes, acanthocytes and ghost cells), leukocytosis and FeLV reagent test. The cat underwent treatment with methylprednisolone acetate and supportive care. One day later, the animal returned with icteric mucous membranes, and emesis. A blood count was performed that found worsening anemia, increased leukocytosis, and lymphocytosis. Abdominal ultrasound showed cholangiohepatitis and lymphadenomegaly in mesenteric lymph nodes. Treatment was started with ondansetron, metronidazole, and amoxicilin with potassium clavulanate. The cat returned after 3 days and laboratorial exams revealed worsening of blood parameters, so blood transfusion was performed. After 2 days, the patient started with dyspnea and hypothermia, that evolved to cardiorespiratory arrest. The body was sent to necropsy and histopathology, where blast cells and rubricytes were found in blood vessels of various organs. The bone marrow was markedly cellular with complete disappearance of adipose tissue. Most of the cells were blasts with abundant and eosinophilic cytoplasm, central nucleus with finely dotted chromatin and a large nucleolus. There were rubricytes, which made possible to confirm acute erythroid leukemia as a morphological diagnosis. Discussion: The clinical signs observed in acute erythroid leukemia are lethargy, inappetence, fever, splenomegaly, mild lymphadenomegaly, associated with leukocytosis, severe anemia, and thrombocytopenia. The reported animal presented signs similar to those described in the literature except that there was no change in platelet counts. The diagnosis of leukemia was reached after histopathology, and it is made when is observed more than 30% of myeloblasts and monoblasts together or when the blast cells count including rubriblasts is greater than 30%. Although chemotherapy, the prognosis is usually poor. It is essential to perform the myelogram for the diagnosis of myeloid leukemias in vivo. In this report, we only achieve final diagnosis after the cat's death, due to the aggressive behavior of the disease. Clinicians must be aware of the likely development of acute erythroid leukemia whenever a feline leukemia virus infected cat presents hemolytic anemia to get an early diagnosis, since this is an extremely aggressive disease, to propose prompt chemotherapy and give the patient a longer survival period.

Resumo

Background: Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) is a malignant neoplasia in which there is proliferation of lymphoid progenitor cells in the bone marrow, blood, and extramedullary sites. This disorder has a fast and progressive development; in dogs, cases of infiltration of ALL cells in the central nervous system (CNS) are uncommon and rare. Diagnosis can be achieved with the help of the clinical history and physical, radiographic, hematological, myelographic, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) tests in patients with or without neurological clinical signs. The present report aims to describe a case of ALL and the presence of lymphoblasts in the CSF of a dog with neurological clinical signs. Case: An 8-year-old Lhasa Apso dog was examined at the Veterinary Hospital of Universidade Federal do Paraná, Curitiba campus. At the physical examination, the animal exhibited apathy and paralysis of pelvic limbs, which progressed to tetraplegia. Abdominal palpation revealed presence of hepatosplenomegaly and absence of lymphadenomegaly. No alterations were observed in radiographs of the cervical, thoracic or lumbar spine. A complete blood count revealed presence of non-regenerative anemia (hematocrit = 22%), extreme lymphocytosis (185,229 cells/µL), lymphoblasts at a level of 72% (133,364 cells/µL), and thrombocytopenia (66,000 platelets/µL). The biochemical tests revealed increased alkaline phosphatase (859 IU/L). The levels of alanine aminotransferase, creatinine, urea, total protein, albumin, and globulin were normal. The diagnosis of ALL was achieved with the help of a myelogram. The myelogram findings included 39% of mature lymphocytes and 59% of lymphoblasts exhibiting large size, spherical shape, poorly delimited borders, with a high nucleus/cytoplasm ratio, marked cytoplasmic basophilia, and 2 to 3 evident nucleoli; metarubricytes (1%) and promyelocytes (0.6%) were also observed. The CSF contained an increased number of nucleated cells (27 cells/µL) comprising lymphocytes (43%), macrophages (33%), and segmented neutrophils (24%). Of the 11.6 lymphocytes per µL of CSF, 8.1 were lymphoblasts, which indicates infiltration of ALL cells in the CNS. The animal died one day after collection of bone barrow and CSF. Discussion: Relevant alterations observed in this case included the neurological signs caused by the infiltration of neoplastic cells in the CNS, severe leukocytosis and lymphocytosis, with large amounts of lymphoblasts in the blood and predominance of lymphoblasts in the bone marrow, which are alterations typically found in ALL. The animal also exhibited non-regenerative anemia and thrombocytopenia, which were secondary to infiltration of leukemic cells in the bone marrow. The CSF exhibited pleocytosis (27 cells/ µL), and 30% of the cells observed were lymphoblasts. Lymphoblast infiltration in the CNS of leukemic dogs is rare, and other studies have reported absence of neurological signs or neurological signs different from those observed in the present study. CSF analysis in indicated in cases of leukemia to assess leukemic cell infiltration in the CNS. In the case reported here, the plasma level of alkaline phosphatase was increased (859 IU/L) as a consequence of hepatomegaly and hepatic cholestasis. ALL is a very aggressive, proliferative neoplasia, and the resulting lymphoblasts infiltrated the CNS of the animal. In cases of ALL, performing complete blood count, myelogram, and CSF analysis is indicated whether the patients exhibit neurological signs or not.(AU)

Resumo

Background: The indiscriminate use of drugs is an issue in Veterinary Medicine, as it has serious consequences for theanimals. Many drugs are myelotoxic and cause a decrease in the production of blood cells, which may be irreversible insome cases. The present work reports a case of pancytopenia induced by the concomitant use of myelotoxic drugs (estrogen, metamizole and phenobarbital) in a dog and describes findings on myelotoxicity, hematological alterations andtreatment success.Case: A 7-year-old Lhasa Apso bitch was referred to the Veterinary Hospital of Federal University of Paraná, Curitibacampus, with hematuria and a history of treatment with phenobarbital [2 mg/kg twice a day (bis in die, BID)], metamizole[25 mg/kg 3 times a day (ter in die, TID)], and use of estrogen hormone (estradiol cypionate). At physical examination, theanimal was normohydrated and exhibited normal palpable lymph nodes, pale mucous membranes, galactorrhea, and a bodytemperature of 36°C. A complete blood count including reticulocyte count and a total plasma protein (TPP) exam wererequested. The results revealed pancytopenia (18% hematocrit, 1,400 total leucocytes/µL, and 22,000 reticulocytes/µL).An abdominal ultrasound exam did not detect any relevant alterations. In view of the results obtained, medullary aplasiawas suspected. A bone marrow aspiration was performed. A myelogram revealed a decrease in cellularity (erythrocyticand granulocytic hypoplasia), with presence of rare erythroid and granulocytic precursors. The diagnosis was medullaryaplasia. The animal was treated, and the evolution of the hematological alterations was monitored. The treatment consistedof administration of erythropoietin (100UI/kg subcutaneously every 48 h), prednisone (2 mg/kg BID), Leucogen (3 mg/kg BID), interferon (0.2 IU/kg BID) and Eritrós Dog Tabs [1 tablet once a day (semel in die, SID)]. After 5 days of treatment, the...

Resumo

A leishmaniose visceral (LV) é uma enfermidade comum que acomete múltiplos sistemas e apresenta tempo de evolução crônico. Dentre as características laboratoriais que são observadas, os achados na medula óssea podem variar de hipoplasia a hiperplasia, tanto eritróide quanto granulocítica. Diante disso, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo realizar uma análise clínica e laboratorial dos achados em um cão com hipoplasia eritroide e hiperplasia granulocitica associada à LV. Um cão da raça Setter Irlandês, macho, com 7 anos de idade foi atendido no Hospital Veterinária Ivon Macêdo Tabosa da Universidade Federal de Campina Grande (HVIMT / UFCG) apresentando epistaxe, perda de peso e hiporexia. Foi solicitado hemograma completo, análise de bioquímica sérica, urinálisen e mielograma com pesquisa de hemoparasitas. No hemograma foi evidenciado anemia normocítica normocrômica e diminuição da quantidade de plaquetas com presença de agregados plaquetários. A bioquímica sérica revelou hipoalbuminemia e hiperproteinemia. Na urinalise não foi evidenciada alterações com relevância clínica. Foi observada amastigotas de Leishmaniasp no mielograma, e hipoplasia eritróide e hiperplasia granulócitica. O animal foi tratado com associação de milteforan, alopurinol e domperidona, contudo o tutor não retornou para reavaliação do paciente. Diante do exposto, uma abordagem clínica laboratorial de um paciente com LV é importante para um tratamento mais adequado e melhorar o prognóstico. Mais estudos devem ser realizados para a melhor compreensão das respostas hematopatológicas frente a essa enfermidade.

Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a common disease that affects multiple systems and has a chronic evolution time. Among the laboratory characteristics that may occur, bone marrow changes may range from hypoplasia to both erythroid and granulocytic hyperplasia. Therefore, the present study aims to perform a clinical and laboratory analysis of the findings in a dog with erythroid hypoplasia and granulocytic hyperplasia associated with VL. A 7 - years-old male Irish Setter dog was attended at the Ivon Macêdo Tabosa Veterinary Hospital of the Federal University of Campina Grande (HVIMT / UFCG) presenting epistaxy, weight loss and hyporexia. Complete blood count, serum biochemistry analysis, urinalysis, amd a myelogram with hemoparasites were requested. The complete blood count showed normochromic normocytic anemia and a decrease in the number of platelets with platelet aggregates. Serum biochemistry revealed hypoalbuminemia and hyperproteinemia. Urinalysis showed no clinically relevant changes. Leishmaniasis amastigotes were observed in the myelogram along with erythroid hypoplasia and granulocytic hyperplasia. The animal was treated with the combination of milteforan, allopurinol and domperidone, however the tutor did not return for the patient's reassessment. In the light of the above, a clinical laboratory approach of a patient with VL is important for a better treatment and to improve the prognosis. Further studies should be performed to better understand the hematopathological responses to this disease.

Resumo

Background: Plasmacytoma is a neoplasm originating in plasma cells, derived from B lymphocytes. Extramedullary presentation is the most common form of plasmacytoma, mainly in the skin and rarely in other tissues, including the vertebral canal. Extramedullary plasmacytoma (EMP) occurs more frequently in senile dogs and rarely in cats and some dog breeds have predisposition for this type of neoplasm. The aim of this study was to report plasmacytoma in a dog located adjacent to the thoracic vertebrae. Case: An approximately 5-year-old mongrel male with sudden paraplegia resulting from upper motor neuron injury was admitted to a University Hospital. The dog presented a six-centimeter diameter mass in the dorsal region, adjacent to the thoracic vertebrae. The leucogram presented mild leukopenia by eosinopenia and lymphopenia. Myelogram associated with epidurography showed a fill failure in the contrast column between the seventh and ninth thoracic vertebrae, and there were no osteolysis points in the thoracic vertebrae, adjacent to the neoplastic mass. The evaluation of the intervertebral spaces between the fourth to ninth thoracic vertebrae presented no increase in radiopacity, nor alterations in the size of intervertebral spaces, indicating intervertebral disc extrusion. The laterolateral radiographs showed an alignment of the vertebrae and vertebral canal, without presence of bone neoformations on the ventral face of the vertebral bodies. The animal was euthanized and fragments of mass were collected for histological analysis. Macroscopic findings presented a non-encapsulated well-delimited mass, with color ranging from white to reddish. Microscopically, there was proliferation of moderately differentiated round cells in bone and muscle tissues, arranged in mantle

Resumo

Objetivou-se analisar os achados hematológicos em sangue periférico e medula óssea em cães infectados por Ehrlichia spp. e Anaplasma spp.. Avaliaram-se 44 cães com suspeita clínica de hemoparasitose, de diferentes raças, idades e de ambos os sexos, submetidos ao exame sorológico pelo SNAP Test, a análises hematológicas e mielograma. Dos 44 cães avaliados, 63,6% (28/44) foram sorologicamente reagentes, sendo 57,1% (16/28) positivos para Ehrlichia spp., 21,4% (6/28) para Anaplasma spp. e 21,4% (6/28) de coinfectados. A trombocitopenia foi a alteração hematológica mais frequente em cães positivos para Ehrlichia spp., presente em 93,7% (15/16) (p=0,015) dos animais, enquanto a anemia macrocítica e hipocrômica prevaleceu em 66,7% (4/6) (p=0,010) dos animais infectados por Anaplasma spp.. Ao mielograma, 62,5% (10/16) (p=0,005) dos animais positivos para Ehrlichia spp. apresentaram hipoplasia medular e 75,0% (12/16) (p=0,044) diminuição do índice mieloide:eritroide (M:E). Nos animais positivos para Anaplasma spp., destacou-se a hiperplasia da série eritroide em 50,0% (3/6) (p=0,022) dos cães. Não houve associação significativa em nenhuma das análises com o grupo coinfecção (p>0,05). Os resultados obtidos neste estudo permitem inferir que o somatório de métodos laboratoriais é essencial na caracterização das hemoparasitoses em cães, agregando valor e permitindo uma efetiva consolidação do diagnóstico relacionado a essas doenças.

This study aimed to analyze the hematological and cytomorphological findings in the peripheral blood and bone marrow of dogs infected with Ehrlichia spp. and Anaplasma spp. Forty-four dogs with clinically suspected hemoparasitosis, belonging to different breeds, ages, and both sexes, underwent serological examination by SNAP Assay, hematological analysis, and myelogram. Among them, 63.6% (28/44) tested serologically positive; among the serologically positive dogs, 57.1% (16/28) tested positive for Ehrlichia spp., 21.4% (6/28) for Anaplasma spp., and 21.4% (6/28) were coinfected. Thrombocytopenia was the most frequent hematologic alteration in dogs positive for Ehrlichia spp., present in 93.7% (15/16) (p=0.015) of the infected animals, while macrocytic and hypochromic anemia were observed in 66.7% (4/6) (p=0.010) of the animals infected with Anaplasma spp. In the myelogram, 62.5% (10/16, p=0.005) and 75.0% (12/16, p=0,044) of the animals positive for Ehrlichia spp. presented with bone marrow hypoplasia and decrease in the myeloid: erythroid (M:E) ratio, respectively. Hyperplasia of the erythroid series was observed in 50.0% (3/6) (p=0.022) of the animals positive for Anaplasma spp. No significant association was observed between the hematological alterations and the coinfection group (p >0.05). On the basis of these hematological observations, it can be inferred that the aforementioned laboratory examinations could be employed for the characterization and confirmative diagnosis of hemoparasitosis in dogs.

Resumo

A leucemia linfoblástica aguda (LLA) é uma enfermidade de origem linfóide e consiste na proliferação de células neoplásicas na medula óssea. O objetivo desse trabalho é relatar o caso de um cão macho, sem raça definida, de apenas um ano de idade, atendido no Hospital Universitário de Medicina Veterinária Prof. Firmino Mársico Filho (HUVET) da Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF) com queixa principal de inapetência e diarreia há três dias e que foi diagnosticado com essa neoplasia por meio da sintomatologia clínica, resultados do hemograma e do mielograma. O paciente apresentava valores exacerbados de linfócitos (553.094 células/µL), além de anemia, trombocitopenia, hipoalbuminemia e elevação da atividade das enzimas fosfatase alcalina e ALT. Foram observadas manchas de Gümprecht, linfócitos atípicos apresentando anisocitose, anisocariose, intensa basofilia citoplasmática e monócitos ativados. O mielograma apresentou também um aumento de linfócitos e contagem de linfoblastos superior a 30% na medula, confirmando o diagnóstico de leucemia linfoblástica aguda. Ademais, posteriormente, foi realizado exame de Reação em Cadeia de Polimerase (PCR) para rearranjos de receptores de antígenos e foi detectado clonalidade para linfócitos T. O animal foi submetido à quimioterapia (protocolo com ciclofosfamida, vincristina e prednisona), mas não resistiu à gravidade do quadro, vindo a óbito após a primeira sessão, pouco tempo após o diagnóstico.

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (LLA) is a disease with a lymphoid origin and consists of the proliferation of neoplastic cells in the bone marrow. The aim of this study was to report the case of only one year old mixed breed male dog, attended at the University Hospital of Veterinary Medicine Prof. Firmino Mársico Filho (HUVET) from Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), with major complaint of inappetence and diarrhea three days ago and which was diagnosed with this neoplasm through clinical symptoms, complete blood count and myelogram results. The patient had increased values of lymphocytes (553,094 cells/μL), in addition to anemia, thrombocytopenia, hypoalbuminemia and elevated alkaline phosphatase and ALT activities. Gümprecht shadows, atypical lymphocytes presenting anisocytosis, anisocariosis, and severe cytoplasmic basophilia and activated monocytes were observed. Myelogram also showed an increase in lymphocytes and a lymphoblastic count greater than 30% in the marrow, confirming the diagnosis of LLA. In addition, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for antigen receptor rearrangements was performed and clonality for T lymphocytes was detected. The animal underwent chemotherapy (protocol with cyclophosphamide, vincristine and prednisone), but did not withstand the severity of the disease, coming to death after the first session, shortly after diagnosis.

Resumo

A leucemia linfoblástica aguda (LLA) é uma enfermidade de origem linfóide e consiste na proliferação de células neoplásicas na medula óssea. O objetivo desse trabalho é relatar o caso de um cão macho, sem raça definida, de apenas um ano de idade, atendido no Hospital Universitário de Medicina Veterinária Prof. Firmino Mársico Filho (HUVET) da Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF) com queixa principal de inapetência e diarreia há três dias e que foi diagnosticado com essa neoplasia por meio da sintomatologia clínica, resultados do hemograma e do mielograma. O paciente apresentava valores exacerbados de linfócitos (553.094 células/µL), além de anemia, trombocitopenia, hipoalbuminemia e elevação da atividade das enzimas fosfatase alcalina e ALT. Foram observadas manchas de Gümprecht, linfócitos atípicos apresentando anisocitose, anisocariose, intensa basofilia citoplasmática e monócitos ativados. O mielograma apresentou também um aumento de linfócitos e contagem de linfoblastos superior a 30% na medula, confirmando o diagnóstico de leucemia linfoblástica aguda. Ademais, posteriormente, foi realizado exame de Reação em Cadeia de Polimerase (PCR) para rearranjos de receptores de antígenos e foi detectado clonalidade para linfócitos T. O animal foi submetido à quimioterapia (protocolo com ciclofosfamida, vincristina e prednisona) mas não resistiu à gravidade do quadro, vindo a óbito após a primeira sessão, pouco tempo após o diagnóstico.

Acute lymphoblastic leukemia (LLA) is a disease with a lymphoid origin and consists of the proliferation of neoplastic cells in the bone marrow. The aim of this study was to report the case of only one year old mixed breed male dog, attended at the University Hospital of Veterinary Medicine Prof. Firmino Mársico Filho (HUVET) from Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF), with major complaint of inappetence and diarrhea three days ago and which was diagnosed with this neoplasm through clinical symptoms, complete blood count and myelogram results. The patient had increased values of lymphocytes (553,094 cells/µL), in addition to anemia, thrombocytopenia, hypoalbuminemia and elevated alkaline phosphatase and ALT activities. Gümprecht shadows, atypical lymphocytes presenting anisocytosis, anisocariosis, and severe cytoplasmic basophilia and activated monocytes were observed. Myelogram also showed an increase in lymphocytes and a lymphoblastic count greater than 30% in the marrow, confirming the diagnosis of LLA. In addition, polymerase chain reaction (PCR) for antigen receptor rearrangements was performed and clonality for T lymphocytes was detected. The animal underwent chemotherapy (protocol with cyclophosphamide, vincristine and prednisone), but did not withstand the severity of the disease, coming to death after the first session, shorly after diagnosis.

Resumo

ABSTRACT: The present study aimed to evaluate the use of aqueous wheat extracts as an adjunct to antineoplastic therapy with carboplatin. In this study, 32 rats were used which were randomly distributed into 4 groups: G1 - negative control; G2 - control treated with physiological solution; G3 - animals treated with aqueous extract of wheat in the concentration of 100mg/kg; G4 - animals treated with aqueous wheat extract at the concentration of 400mg/kg; 300mg/m² of carboplatin was administered intraperitoneally at day 0 in animals from groups G2, G3, and G4, whereas 1ml of physiological solution was administered by the same route in animals from group G1. Animals were treated daily for 21 days by orogastric gavage according to their respective experimental group. Blood was collected from animals on days 3, 7 and 21 for complete blood count (CBC), biochemistry, and measurement of paraoxonase 1 (PON1) activity. On day 21, animals were euthanized and necropsied. Promising results were obtained regarding oxidative balance in groups G3 and G4. Both presented better PON1 activity in comparison with group G2 (P<0.05). Total leukocyte count of group G4 differed significantly from group G2 (P<0.05) on day 21. Myelogram values of animals from groups G3 and G4 were ​​similar to those from G1; animals from G3 had lower numbers of promyelocytes and increased numbers of erythrocytes and rubriblasts than animals from G2 (P<0.05). In the present experimental study, aqueous wheat extract was safe at the doses used in the animals, and was an effective treatment for myelosuppression and for the prevention of an excessive release of free radicals induced by carboplatin.

RESUMO: O presente estudo avaliou a utilização dos extratos aquosos de trigo como adjuvante a terapia antineoplásica com carboplatina. No estudo foram utilizadas 32 ratas, as quais foram aleatoriamente distribuídas em quatro grupos: G1 - controle negativo; G2 - controle tratado com solução fisiológica; G3 - tratado com extrato aquoso de trigo na concentração de 100mg/kg; G4 - tratado com extrato aquoso de trigo na concentração de 400mg/kg. Administrou-se 300mg/m² de carboplatina por via intraperitoneal no dia 0 nos grupos G2, G3, e G4, enquanto no G1 foi administrado 1mL de solução fisiológica pela mesma via. Os animais foram tratados diariamente durante 21 dias por gavagem orogástrica de acordo com seu respectivo grupo experimental. Foi coletado sangue dos animais nos dias três, sete e 21, para realização de hemograma, testes bioquímicos e mensuração da atividade da paraoxanase 1 (PON1). No dia 21 os animais foram eutanasiados e realizada coleta de medula óssea, rim e fígado. Foram observados resultados promissores com relação ao balanço oxidativo no G3 e G4, pois ambos apresentaram melhor atividade da PON1 em relação ao G2 (P<0,05). Além disso, foi constatado que os mesmos grupos apresentaram contagem de leucócitos totais superiores ao G2 durante todo o período experimental, com G4 diferindo significativamente do G2 (P<0,05) no dia 21. Os mielogramas dos animais do G3 e G4 apresentaram valores análogos ao G1, sendo que o G3 apresentou menor contagem de promielócitos e maior de células eritroides e rubroblastos que o G2 (P<0,05). Nas condições experimentais deste estudo os extratos aquosos de trigo mostraram-se seguros nas doses utilizadas e úteis no tratamento da mielossupressão e liberação excessiva de radicais livres induzidas pelo fármaco carboplatina.

Resumo

La Ehrlichiosis Monocítica Canina (EMC) es una enfermedad multisistémica de alta incidencia. Sin embargo, su patogénesis de la enfermedad aún no ha sido elucidada. Lãs infiltraciones plasmocitarias y linfoplasmocitarias se observan en la mayoría de los órganos de animales afectados, incluyendo la médula ósea. Estas infiltraciones sugieren que la mayoría de las lesiones patológicas identificadas en la fase crónica son uma posible consecuencia del proceso inflamatorio iniciado a comienzos de la infección. Este estudio propone destacar la importância de evaluar la médula en perros afectados por EMC. Una mejor comprension de las cambios medulares en la fase aguda podría aclarar el origen de los signos clínicos observados en la fase crónica. Esta revisión concluye la necesidad de um mayor numero de estudios para verificar si la patogénesis de EMC se relaciona únicamente con procesos autoinmunes o con ataques directos de Ehrlichia canisa las células precursoras. Uma mejor comprension de los mecanismos fisiopatológicos de E. canis podría permitir un mejoramiento tanto del enfoque terapêutico como del pronóstico de los animales gravemente afectados.

Canine Monocytic Ehrlichiosis (CME) is a multisystemic disease with high incidence among dogs. However, its pathogenesis has not been fully elucidated. Plasma cells and lymphoplasmacytic infiltrates are observed in most organs of infected animals, including bone marrow. These infiltrates suggest that most of the pathological lesions identified in the chronic phase may be a consequence of the inflammatory process initiated at the beginning of the infection. This work aims to highlight the importance of the bone marrow evaluation of dogs with CME. A better understanding of the medullary changes in the acute phase could help clarifying the origin of clinical signs observed in the chronic phase. More studies are needed to verify whether the pathogenesis of CME is related to either the immune-mediated processes or the direct aggressions of Ehrlichia canis in precursor cells. Understanding the pathophysiological mechanisms of E. canis will improvement both current therapeutic strategies as well as the prognosis of severely affected animals.

A Ehrlichiose Monocítica Canina (EMC) é uma doença multissistêmica e de alta incidência. Contudo, a patogenia da enfermidade ainda não está totalmente esclarecida. Infiltrações plasmocitárias e linfoplasmocitárias são observadas em grande parte dos órgãos de animais acometidos, inclusive na medula óssea. Esses infiltrados sugerem que a maioria das lesões patológicas identificadas na fase crônica pode ser consequência do processo inflamatório originado no início da infecção. Este trabalho tem por objetivo destacar a importância da avaliação medular de cães com EMC. A maior compreensão das alterações medulares na fase aguda poderia esclarecer a origem das alterações observadas na fase crônica. Mais estudos são necessários para verificar se a patogenia da EMC está relacionada apenas a processos imunomediados ou se também há agressões diretas de Ehrlichia canis às células precursoras. Elucidar os mecanismos fisiopatogênicos de E. canis poderia melhorar a terapêutica instituída como também o prognóstico de animais gravemente acometidos.

Resumo

As síndromes mielodisplásicas (SMD) são um grupo de desordens adquiridas da medula óssea, caracterizadas por citopenias no sangue periférico, e hipercelularidade na medula óssea com alterações displásicas em uma ou mais linhagens celulares hematopoiéticas. O objetivo do presente relato é descrever um caso de SMD uma vez que esta enfermidade é de ocorrência rara e existem poucos relatos na medicina veterinária.

The myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS) are a group of bone marrow acquired disorders, characterized by peripheral blood cytopenias, and hypercellular bone marrow with displastyc changes in one or more hematopoietic cell lines. This paper’s aim is to report a MDS case since this is a rare disease and there are just a few reports in veterinary medicine.

Resumo

Background: The malignant neoplasms, in general, constitute one of the main causes of death in dogs and cats. The multiple myeloma is a neoplasm characterized by the monoclonal proliferation of plasma cells in the bone marrow, causing several systemic symptoms and it is rare in pets, representing less than 1% of the malignant neoplasms in these animals. It usually occurs in older dogs. Thus, the purpose of this report was to describe a case of multiple myeloma in a 10-year-old poodle dog, occurred in the Veterinary Hospital Unit of the State University of Ceará. Case: A 10-year-old Poodle bitch was admitted in the Veterinary Hospital Unit of the State University of Ceará presenting lump erythematosus, alopecic, soft and ulcers in the region of the digits of the left front leg, pain and lameness. The blood count evidenced normocytic and normochromic anemia, presence of rouleaux, lymphopenia and monocytopenia, and the biochemical exams have demonstrated an elevated value of alanine aminotransferase (ALT). The cytology of the nodule indicated probable diagnosis of plasma cell neoplasm and radiographic examination showed the presence of bone lysis, and therefore the patient underwent amputation of the affected limb surgery. A biopsy of the nodule indicated neoplastic proliferation, with an arrange compatible to plasmacytoma of cleaved type. A follow-up consultation was realized 30 days after surgery, and 2 new nodules appeared in the superior lip region and close to the surgery site. A new blood count indicated anemia with presence of rouleaux, thrombocytopenia, leucopenia, lymphopenia and monocytopenia, and the biochemical results showed a discrete diminution of aspartate aminotransferase(AST) and a considerable increase on the alkaline phosphatase levels. The cytology of the new nodules indicated plasmacytoma, and was realized a myelogram, that showed dysplastic marrow plasma cells, with more than 20% of plasma cells...

Resumo

Os acidentes com animais peçonhentos são um importante problema de saúde pública nos países tropicais, incluíndo os relacionados com as aranhas do gênero Loxosceles. O veneno aranha Loxosceles intermedia é responsável por uma síndrome clínica, caracterizada por alterações locais e sistêmicas, decorrentes da ação direta e/ou indireta do veneno. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar e correlacionar as alterações hematológicas e do mielograma em coelhos envenenados experimentalmente com veneno da L. intermedia e tratados com secretoma por via intradérmica (ID) e endovenosa (EV). Foram utilizados 16 coelhos Nova Zelândia, machos e adultos, distribuídos aleatoriamente em quatro grupos (n=4). O grupo controle (GI) foi desafiado com NaCl 0,9% e tratado com 60µg de secretoma diluído em tampão fosfato-salina a 0,5% (PBS) por via ID. Os demais grupos (GII, GIII e GIV) receberam a aplicação de 10µg de veneno de L. intermedia, diluídos em NaCl 0,9% via ID. Após 30 min da inoculação do veneno, os grupos receberam os seguintes tratamentos: grupo II, NaCl 0,9% via ID; grupo III, 60µg de secretoma diluído em PBS via ID; grupo IV, 60g de secretoma diluído em PBS, via EV. Foram realizadas coletas de sangue para avaliação hematológica antes (tempo 0) e após a inoculação do veneno e tratamentos, no terceiro, nono e 15° dias. Após 15 dias os animais foram eutanasiados e em seguida foi realizada a coleta da medula óssea. O secretoma por via ID, não foi capaz de evitar o loxoscelismo cutâneo, pois houve presença de halo hemorrágico, edema, lesão dermonecrótica e formação de crosta nos coelhos. O secretoma por via EV, minimizou grandemente o loxoscelismo cutâneo, pois apesar da apresença de halo hemorrágico, esse foi menor, associado a ausência de lesão dermonecrótica e formação de crosta. O secretoma causou diminuição de variáveis do eritrograma dos animais que receberam veneno de L. intermedia, sendo essa alteração de maior intensidade quando esse tratamento foi por via EV. O veneno da L. intermedia causou alterações medulares tais como, diminuição significativa na contagem de rubriblastos e mieloblastos, e aumento significativo na contagem de eosinófilos e megacariócitos. O tratamento com secretoma, tanto por via ID como EV, foi capaz de reverter as alterações medulares causadas pelo veneno de L. intermedia, normalizando os valores de rubriblastos, mieloblastos e eosinófilos.

Accidents with venomous animals are an important public health problem in tropical countries, including those related to spiders of the genus Loxosceles. The spider venom Loxosceles intermedia is responsible for a clinical syndrome, characterized by local and systemic alterations, resulting from the direct and/or indirect action of this venom. The aim of this study was to evaluate and correlate hematological and myelogram alterations in rabbits experimentally envenomed with L. intermedia venom and treated with secretome intradermally (ID) and intravenously (EV). Sixteen male and adult New Zealand rabbits were randomly distributed into four groups (n=4). The control group (GI) was challenged with 0.9% NaCl and treated with 60µg of secretome diluted in 0.5% phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) by the ID route. The other groups (GII, GIII and GIV) received the application of 10µg of L. intermedia venom, diluted in NaCl 0.9% via ID. After 30 min of venom inoculation, the groups received the following treatments: group II, 0.9% NaCl via ID; group III, 60µg of secretome diluted in PBS via ID; group IV, 60g of secretome diluted in PBS, via IV. Blood samples were collected for hematological evaluation before (time 0) and after inoculation of the venom and treatments, on the 3 rd , 9 th and 15th days. After 15 days the animals were euthanized and then, bone marrow was collected. Secretome by ID route was not able to prevent cutaneous loxoscelism, because, there were a hemorrhagic halo, edema, dermonecrotic lesion and crust formation in rabbits. Secretome via IV route, greatly minimized cutaneous loxoscelism, because, despite the presence of a hemorrhagic halo, it was smaller, associated with the absence of dermonecrotic lesion and crust formation. The secretome caused a decrease in the erythrogram in animals that received L. intermedia venom, and this alteration was greater when this treatment was by the IV route. The L. intermedia venom caused medullary changes such as a significant decrease in the count of rubriblasts, myeloblasts, and a significant increase in the count of eosinophils and megakaryocytes. Treatment with secretome, both by ID and IV routes, was able to reverse the medullary alterations caused by the venom of L. intermedia, normalizing the values of rubriblasts, myeloblasts and eosinophils

Resumo

The pancytopenia can be associated with intra and extra medullary disorders. When the etiology is not obvious, the examination of bone marrow is necessary. The study aims to report and discuss quantitative amendments in bone marrow and their causes in dogs with pancytopenia. Bone marrow aspirate was obtained from 65 dogs with pancytopenia over a period of 13 consecutive months for preparation of smears stained by Giemsa and observed in light microscopy. Five hundred cells differential count was held; and assessed myeloid:erythroid ratio, cellularity, megakaryocytes and direct parasitological examination. The data were evaluated by the Chi-square statistical test. Blood tests of 3120 canines with several clinical changes were analyzed to identify pancytopenia, which accounted for 167 (5.4%) dogs. Interpretation of quantitative characteristics was carried out from the bone marrow smear in 65 pancytopenic dogs and the etiology was established in 40 (61.5%) of these, which included infection by E. canis and L. chagasi, idiopathic aplastic anemia, chronic renal failure and co-infections. In 17 (26.2%) animals were not observed medullary changes. The most bone marrow change was observed myeloid and erythroid hypoplasia in 17 (26.2%) dogs, followed by myeloid and erythroid hyperplasia (24.6%). The myelogram association to the blood cell count allowed the identification of medullary findings and its participation on the occurrence of pancytopenia cases. The number of cases resulting from infectious diseases was 38 (58.5%) in canine assessed: significant number due to its endemic characteristic of the study region.

A pancitopenia pode estar associada a distúrbios intra e extra medulares. Quando a etiologia não é óbvia, o exame da medula óssea é necessário. Este estudo tem como objetivo relatar e discutir alterações quantitativas na medula óssea e suas causas em cães com pancitopenia. De 65 cães pancitopêncicos atendidos durante um período de 13 meses consecutivos, foram realizados aspirados de medula óssea, corados com Giemsa, e observados em microscopia de luz. Quinhentas células foram observadas para contagem diferencial, razão mieloide: eritróide, celularidade, megacariócitos e exame parasitológico direto. Os dados foram avaliados pelo teste estatístico Qui-quadrado. Hemograma de 3120 caninos com diversas alterações clínicas foram analisadas para identificar a pancitopenia, encontrada em 167 (5,4%) cães. A interpretação das características quantitativas foi realizada a partir do esfregaço de medula óssea em 65 cães pancitotopênicos e a etiologia foi estabelecida em 40 (61,5%), incluindo infecção por E. canis e L. chagasi, anemia aplástica idiopática, insuficiência renal crônica e co-infecções. Em 17 (26,2%) cães não foram observadas alterações medulares. A alteração de medula óssea mais observada foi a hipoplasia mielóide e eritróide em 17 (26.2%) cães, seguido pela hiperplasia mielóide e eritróide (24.6%). A associação do mielograma ao hemograma permitiu a identificação de achados medulares e sua participação na ocorrência de casos de pancitopenia. O número de casos resultantes de doenças infecciosas foi de 38 (58,5%) em caninos avaliados: número significativo devido à característica endêmica da região do estudo.

Resumo

Chronic anaemia is one of the most severe complications of chronic kidney disease, contributing to morbidity and mortality caused by the disease; therefore, bone marrow cytological evaluation is needed to monitor the progression of anaemia. This study aimed to correlate the anaemia in dogs at different stages of chronic kidney disease with their serum biochemistry, myelogram results and serum erythropoietin findings. Sixty-three dogs were grouped according to International Renal Interest Society (IRIS) classification in stages 1, 2, 3 and 4. Haematologic, serum and urinary biochemistry and serum erythropoietin were performed for comparison with the findings of bone marrow cytology obtained by aspiration of the manubrium. Cytological findings for erythroid hypoplasia were described in 93.65% of dogs, and the anaemia was observed in 84.1% of them. The haematological findings were correlated with azotaemia (p<0.05). It was concluded that the erythroid hypoplasia has correlation with persistent anaemia in dogs at all stages of chronic kidney disease, with iron deficiency in dogs in the early stages and with peripheral destruction of erythrocytes caused by azotaemia.(AU)

A anemia crônica é umas das complicações mais graves da doença renal crônica, contribuindo para a morbidade e mortalidade causada pela doença; Portanto, a avaliação citológica da medula óssea é necessária para monitorar a progressão da anemia. Assim, esse estudo objetivou correlacionar a anemia em cães em diferentes estágios da doença renal crônica aos achados de bioquímica sérica, mielograma e concentração sérica de eritropoietina. Sessenta e três cães foram agrupados de acordo com a classificação da International Renal Interest Society (IRIS) em estágios 1, 2, 3 e 4. Foram realizadas análises hematológicas, bioquímicas séricas e urinárias, e dosagem sérica de eritropoetina para comparação com os achados medulares obtidos por citologia aspirativa do manúbrio. Os achados citológicos de hipoplasia eritróide foram descritos em 93,65% dos cães, e a anemia foi observada em 84,1% dos cães. Os resultados hematológicos foram correlacionados com azotemia (p<0,05). Concluiu-se que a hipoplasia eritróide teve associação com a anemia persistente em cães em todas as fases de doença renal crônica, com deficiência de ferro em cães em fases iniciais e com a destruição periférica dos eritrócitos causada pela azotemia.(AU)

Resumo

Objetivou-se com o presente trabalho relatar um caso de mieloma múltiplo (MM) em uma cadela com apresentação clínica atípica de rigidez da musculatura facial. Foram realizados hemogramas seriados, exames bioquímicos, sumário de urina, sorologia para leishmaniose, radiografias de crânio, citologia de medula óssea e eletroforese de proteínas séricas. O infiltrado plasmocitário em medula óssea >20%, a gamopatia monoclonal e as lesões compatíveis com lise óssea, observados no mielograma, eletroforese de proteínas e exame radiográfico, respectivamente, foram determinantes para conclusão diagnóstica de MM. A doença pode ter uma apresentação clínica variável em cães e representar um desafio ao diagnóstico na clínica de animais de companhia, principalmente em áreas endêmicas de doenças infecciosas que se manifestam com apresentações clínicas e laboratoriais semelhantes.(AU)

This paper reports a case of multiple myeloma (MM) in a bitch with atypical clinical presentation of rigidity of the facial muscles. Hemogram, biochemical tests, urinalysis, serology for leishmaniasis, skull radiography, bone marrow cytology and serum protein electrophoresis were performed. The plasma cell infiltration in bone marrow was >20 %, the monoclonal gammopathy and lesions compatible with bone lysis observed in the myelogram, protein electrophoresis and radiographic examination respectively, were decisive for diagnostic conclusion of MM. The disease may have a variable clinical presentation in dogs and pose a challenge for diagnosis in the pet clinic, especially in endemic areas of infectious diseases that present with similar clinical and laboratory presentations.(AU)