Neuropathology of natural canid alphaherpesvirus 1 infection in dogs

The neuropathology of canid alphaherpesvirus 1 (CaHV-1) infection in dogs has been reported, but the importance of the cerebellar lesions in the routine diagnosis remains relatively understated in the veterinary literature. Here we characterize the neuropathology of natural CaHV-1 infection in 25 dogs. The disease affected predominantly male dogs (22 cases). Clinical signs in 15 cases varied and sudden death was reported in 10 cases. All dogs had the typical areas of necrosis and hemorrhage in multiple organs with eosinophilic intranuclear viral inclusions in epithelial and/or inflammatory cells in multiple organs in 21 cases. Cerebral swelling and reddening were reported in 3 cases. Neurohistologic changes consisted of mild lymphoplasmacytic meningoencephalitis with occasional vasculitis and widespread glial nodules. Rare intranuclear viral inclusions (4 cases) were observed in endothelial cells or inflammatory cells in glial nodules. Cerebellum was examined in 11 cases and had extensive segmental necrosis of Purkinje cell layer (8 cases) and granule neurons in the internal (9 cases) or external (2 cases) granular cell layer. Intranuclear viral inclusions were observed in 8 cases and occurred in necrotic granule neurons in the inner granular cell layer (7 cases), outer granular cell layer (2 cases), Purkinje neurons (1 case), or endothelial cells (1 case). Diagnostic confirmation in 23 cases was based on routine histology and fluorescent antibody testing for CaHV-1 on fresh or frozen tissue samples. A routine diagnosis was based solely on the visualization of intranuclear viral inclusions in 2 cases.(AU)

Age, and non-age-related cytoarchitectural changes in the brain of some Nigerian cattle

Brain is the most vulnerable organ in the body to the ageing processes which operates at variable levels between organs and species. In this study we examine brains histopathologically for architectural changes in four Nigerian cattle breeds. Brains from 246 cattle (Bunaji=80, Muturu=78, Rahaji=62 and Sokoto Gudali=26), aged 1­≥12years were examined at 8 different neuroanatomical locations. All the cattle used were obtained from Abattoir in Ibadan, Nigeria. They were examined at ante-mortem and those without clinical signs suggestive of neurological disease were sampled. Major changes observed were intracellular accumulation of substances (61.4%), neuronal and or axonal degenerations and loss (51.6%), perivascular cuffing (50.0%), extracellular accumulation of substances (29.7%), hypercellularity (19.1%) and spongy state (0.4%), malacia (0.0%), demyelination (0.0%) in 233 cattle. Intraneuronal vacuolations (35%), lipofuscin accumulation (42%), axonal spheroids (50%), inflammatory changes (50%), and brain sand (22%). Although perivascular cuffing was high, there was low incidence of lymphocytic infiltration in the pineal gland in both sexes. Intracellular accumulation of substances, neuronal and or axonal degenerations and loss, and extracellular accumulation of substances display levels of significant changes with age (p<0.0001). Changes starts at the age of 2 years in life in these breeds of cattle due probably to the adverse stress exerted by the tropical climate. The description of histological findings in the brain of symptomless cattle in the present study provides a useful background for diagnostic bovine neuropathology in the tropics.(AU)

Cerebral infarction and thrombotic meningoencephalitis in a calf due to candidiasis / Infarto cerebral e meningoencefalite trombótica em um bezerro devido a candidíase

We described a case of cerebral infarction and thrombotic meningoencephalitis due to candidiasis in a seven-month-old calf. The death occurred three days after the onset of apathy, fever, and the head's lateral deviation to the left. Macroscopic changes in the brain consisted of asymmetry of telencephalic hemispheres; the right hemisphere was enlarged, causing cerebellar herniation. A focally extensive red area was observed on the surface of the right occipital lobe. At cross-sections of the fixed brain, the lesions revealed to be extensive, red-brown, soft or cavitated areas affecting the white and grey matter from the level of the thalamus to the cerebellum and compressing subjacent structures. Histologically, there was acute, coalescent, multifocal necrosupurative meningoencephalitis, associated with vasculitis, congestion, thrombosis, edema, infarction, and intralesional fungal hyphae. The diagnosis of cerebral infarction and thrombotic meningoencephalitis due to candidiasis was made by the pathological changes, the staining and morphological characteristics of the agent, and immunohistochemistry. The cerebral infarction and thrombotic meningoencephalitis in cattle can result from vascular lesions due to infection by Candida sp.; although uncommon, this case demonstrated that candidiasis should be part of a list of differential diagnoses of severe brain injuries in cattle.

Descreve-se um caso de infarto cerebral e meningoencefalite trombótica devido a candidíase em um bezerro de sete meses de idade. A morte ocorreu três dias após o início de apatia, febre e desvio lateral da cabeça para a esquerda. As alterações macroscópicas no cérebro consistiam em assimetria dos hemisférios telencefálicos; o hemisfério direito estava aumentado, causando herniação cerebelar. Uma extensa área vermelha focal foi observada na superfície do lobo occipital direito. Nos cortes transversais do encéfalo fixado, as lesões revelaram áreas extensas, marrom-avermelhadas, moles ou cavitadas, afetando a substância branca e cinzenta desde o nível do tálamo até o cerebelo e comprimindo as estruturas subjacentes. Histologicamente, havia meningoencefalite necrossupurativa multifocal aguda, coalescente, associada a vasculite, congestão, trombose, edema, infarto e hifas fúngicas intralesionais. O diagnóstico de infarto cerebral e meningoencefalite trombótica devido a candidíase foi feito pelas alterações patológicas, coloração e características morfológicas do agente e imuno-histoquímica. O infarto cerebral e meningoencefalite trombótica em bovinos pode resultar de lesões vasculares devido à infecção por Candida sp.; embora incomum, este caso demonstra que a candidíase deve fazer parte de uma lista de diagnósticos diferenciais de lesões cerebrais graves em bovinos.

Increased frequency of pneumonia in dogs with meningioma in ventral rhombencephalon / Aumento da frequência de pneumonia em cães com meningioma em rombencéfalo ventral

Intracranial tumors occurring in specific brain regions, such as the cerebellopontine angle, may be associated with cranial nerve dysfunction and dysphagia in humans and animals. Although dysphagia is a known risk factor for pneumonia, only postoperative pneumonia has been investigated in veterinary medicine. This study aimed to describe the clinical and pathological features of dogs with untreated intracranial meningiomas and concomitant pneumonia. Data from post-mortem examination registries from 2011 to 2021 were used (n=23). The frequency of pneumonia and other characteristics were compared between dogs with meningiomas in the ventral rhombencephalon region (VR group; n=13) and those with meningiomas in other intracranial sites (OIS group; n=10). The frequency of pneumonia was higher in the VR group than in the OIS group (n=5 vs. n=0; P=0.039). Plaque-like lesions were also more common in the VR group than in the OIS group (P=0.012). Dogs with concomitant pneumonia had cerebellopontine angle (n=3) and basilar meningiomas (n=2), mainly plaque-like lesions extending to or from other brain areas. In dogs with concomitant pneumonia, meningiomas had invasive (n=5) and compressive (n=3) growth behaviors and nerve roots involved in the swallowing process were frequently affected. Microscopically, these meningiomas were classified as atypical (n=4) and meningiomas (n=1). The reported clinical signs included anorexia (n=3), adipsia (n=1), and dysphagia (n=1). Our findings suggest untreated dogs with ventral rhombencephalon meningiomas may develop cranial nerve damage and aspiration pneumonia.

Tumores intracranianos que ocorrem em regiões específicas do cérebro, como o ângulo ponto-cerebelar, podem estar associados à disfunção de nervos cranianos e disfagia em humanos e animais. Embora a disfagia seja um conhecido fator de risco para pneumonia, apenas a pneumonia pós-operatória tem sido investigada na medicina veterinária. Este estudo teve como objetivo descrever as características clínicas e patológicas de cães com meningiomas intracranianos não tratados e pneumonia concomitante. Foram utilizados dados de registros de necropsias de 2011 a 2021. A frequência de pneumonia e outras características foram comparadas entre cães com meningiomas na região do rombencéfalo ventral (grupo VR; n=13) e aqueles com meningiomas em outros sítios intracranianos (grupo OIS; n=10). A frequência de pneumonia foi maior no grupo VR do que no grupo OIS (n=5 vs. n=0; P=0,039). Lesões tipo placa também foram mais comuns no grupo VR do que no grupo OIS (P=0,012). Cães com pneumonia concomitante apresentaram meningiomas no ângulo ponto-cerebelar (n=3) e região basilar (n=2), predominantemente lesões em forma de placa que se estendem de ou para outras áreas do cérebro. Em cães com pneumonia concomitante, os meningiomas apresentaram comportamentos de crescimento invasivo (n=5) e compressivo (n=3) e as raízes nervosas envolvidas no processo de deglutição foram frequentemente afetadas. Microscopicamente, esses meningiomas foram classificados como atípicos (n=4) e papilar (n=1). Os sinais clínicos relatados incluíram anorexia (n=3), adipsia (n=1) e disfagia (n=1). Nossos achados sugerem que cães com meningiomas no rombencéfalo ventral, não tratados, podem desenvolver lesão em nervos cranianos e pneumonia aspirativa.

Canine intraventricular pneumocephalus: a case report / Pneumoencéfalo intraventricular em cão: relato de caso

Pneumocephalus is a well described disease; it is commonly diagnosed in humans, but the condition is rarely encountered in veterinary medicine. Computed tomography (CT) is the gold-standard diagnostic method for identifying this disease, and other methods (such as necropsy) are rarely described. In this report, we describe necropsy findings of a 10-month-old, mixed-breed dog with intraventricular pneumocephalus. The dog was referred to Laboratory of Animal Pathology of the Federal University of Uberlândia, Brazil, for necropsy after being diagnosed with pneumocephalus upon CT. In the examination, the brain had dilation of both lateral ventricles with empty spaces. Histopathology showed congestion and mineralization only near the lateral ventricles, leading to the diagnosis of pneumocephalus based on the macroscopic findings. The animal also showed sinusitis characterized by nasal discharge and neutrophilic infiltration of nasal sinuses. However, bacterial culture was not conclusive because of contamination of the sample. This is therefore an important report that shows necropsy findings of intraventricular pneumocephalus, which is a rare condition in dogs. By documenting the necropsy findings, we hope to help veterinary pathologists, including those with limited access to diagnostic imaging.

Pneumoencéfalo é uma condição bem descrita e comumente diagnosticada em humanos, mas raramente encontrada na medicina veterinária. A tomografia computadorizada (TC) é o método diagnóstico padrão-ouro para identificar tal alteração, e outros métodos (como a necropsia) raramente são descritos. Neste relato, são apresentados os achados de necropsia de um cão sem raça definida de 10 meses de idade com pneumoencéfalo intraventricular. O cão foi encaminhado ao Laboratório de Patologia Animal da Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, Brasil, para necropsia após ser diagnosticado com pneumoencéfalo na TC. No exame, o cérebro apresentava dilatação de ambos os ventrículos laterais com espaços vazios; à histopatologia, foram observadas congestão e mineralização próximas aos ventrículos laterais. Com isso foi estabelecido o diagnóstico de pneumoencéfalo, com base nos achados macroscópicos. O animal também apresentou sinusite caracterizada por secreção nasal e infiltração neutrofílica dos seios nasais. No entanto, a cultura bacteriana não foi conclusiva devido à contaminação da amostra. Este é, portanto, um importante relato que mostra achados de necropsia de pneumoencéfalo intraventricular, que é uma condição rara em cães. Ao documentar os achados da necropsia, esperamos ajudar os patologistas veterinários, incluindo aqueles com acesso limitado a técnicas de diagnóstico por imagem.

Behavioral and structural changes in the hippocampus of wistar epileptic rats are minimized by acupuncture associated or not with phenobarbital / Alterações comportamentais e estruturais do hipocampo de ratos Wistar epilépticos são minimizadas pela acupuntura em associação ou não com fenobarbital

The aim of this study was to analyze the behavior and histopathological changes in the hippocampus of epileptic Wistar rats treated with acupuncture associated or not with phenobarbital. The experiment used 44 male rats with 90 days of birth, induced to status epileptics with pilocarpine hydrochloride in a single dose of 350mg/kg, separated into treatment groups and submitted for 5 minutes to the elevated plus-maze test. Group 1 received 0.2mL of saline solution orally; Group 2 treated with acupuncture at the yintang, baihui, shishencong, jizhong, naohu, thianzu points; Group 3 received orally phenobarbital, daily dose of 20mg/kg; Group 4 treated with an association of acupuncture and oral phenobarbital; Group 5 random needling. The results obtained showed that Groups 2 (acupuncture) and 4 (acupuncture and phenobarbital) presented decreased anxiety, epileptic seizures, and neuronal death in the CA1, CA3 areas of the hippocampus when compared to animals in groups 1, 3 and 5. It is concluded that the association of phenobarbital and acupuncture points used in the experiment allowed for the control of epileptic seizures, reduction of anxiety and reduction of lesions in the subareas of the hippocampus.

O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar o comportamento e as alterações histopatológicas no hipocampo de ratos Wistar epilépticos tratados com acupuntura associada ou não a fenobarbital. O experimento utilizou 44 ratos machos, com 90 dias de nascimento, induzidos ao status epileticus com cloridrato de pilocarpina, em dose única de 350mg/kg, separados em grupos de tratamento e submetidos por cinco minutos ao teste de labirinto em cruz elevado. O grupo 1 recebeu, por via oral, 0,2mL de solução salina; o grupo 2 foi tratado com acupuntura nos pontos yintang, baihui, shishencong, jizhong, naohu, thianzu; o grupo 3 recebeu, por via oral, fenobarbital, dose diária de 20mg/kg; o grupo 4 foi tratado com associação acupuntura e fenobarbital por via oral; o grupo 5 recebeu agulhamento aleatório. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que os grupos 2 (acupuntura) e 4 (acupuntura e fenobarbital) apresentaram diminuição da ansiedade, das crises epilépticas e da morte neuronal nas áreas CA1, CA3 do hipocampo quando comparados aos animais dos grupos 1, 3 e 5. Conclui-se que a associação do fenobarbital e dos pontos de acupuntura utilizados no experimento permitiu o controle das crises epilépticas, a redução da ansiedade e a diminuição das lesões nas subáreas do hipocampo.

Spina bifida, diplomyelia and multiple malformations in a Texel lamb / Espinha bífida, diplomielia e múltiplas malformações em um cordeiro Texel

ABSTRACT: This report described the clinical and pathological aspects of open spina bifida and diplomyelia along with multiple congenital malformations in a Texel lamb. Clinically, paresis of the thoracic limbs, paralysis of the pelvic limbs and a cutaneous opening in the lumbosacral region were observed. At necropsy, there was a focally extensive disruption of the skin associated with an absence of the dorsal portions of the lumbosacral vertebrae. Additionally, diplomyelia of the lumbar segment, mild hydromyelia of thoracic segment, and moderate communicating hydrocephalus of the lateral and third ventricles were noted. Possible viral etiologies (bovine viral diarrhea virus, bluetongue virus, and Schmallemberg virus) were not detected by RT-PCR, and toxic plants were not identified. Therefore, a possible genetic cause may not be discarded.

RESUMO: Este trabalho descreve os aspectos clínicos e patológicos de um caso de espinha bífida aberta e diplomielia, além de múltiplas malformações, em um cordeiro Texel. Clinicamente, este apresentava paresia de membros torácicos, paralisia dos membros pélvicos e uma abertura cutânea na região lombossacral desde o nascimento. À necropsia, visualizou-se solução de continuidade na pele e ausência das porções dorsais das vértebras lombossacrais. Além disso, observou-se diplomielia em segmento lombar, hidromielia discreta de segmento torácico e hidrocefalia comunicante moderada de ventrículos laterais e terceiro ventrículo. Possíveis etiologias virais (vírus da diarreia viral bovina, vírus da língua azul e Schmallemberg virus) não foram detectadas através de RT-PCR, e possíveis plantas tóxicas não foram identificadas. Portanto, uma causa genética não pode ser descartada.

Spina bifida, diplomyelia and multiple malformations in a Texel lamb / Espinha bífida, diplomielia e múltiplas malformações em um cordeiro Texel

This report described the clinical and pathological aspects of open spina bifida and diplomyelia along with multiple congenital malformations in a Texel lamb. Clinically, paresis of the thoracic limbs, paralysis of the pelvic limbs and a cutaneous opening in the lumbosacral region were observed. At necropsy, there was a focally extensive disruption of the skin associated with an absence of the dorsal portions of the lumbosacral vertebrae. Additionally, diplomyelia of the lumbar segment, mild hydromyelia of thoracic segment, and moderate communicating hydrocephalus of the lateral and third ventricles were noted. Possible viral etiologies (bovine viral diarrhea virus, bluetongue virus, and Schmallemberg virus) were not detected by RT-PCR, and toxic plants were not identified. Therefore, a possible genetic cause may not be discarded.

Este trabalho descreve os aspectos clínicos e patológicos de um caso de espinha bífida aberta e diplomielia, além de múltiplas malformações, em um cordeiro Texel. Clinicamente, este apresentava paresia de membros torácicos, paralisia dos membros pélvicos e uma abertura cutânea na região lombossacral desde o nascimento. À necropsia, visualizou-se solução de continuidade na pele e ausência das porções dorsais das vértebras lombossacrais. Além disso, observou-se diplomielia em segmento lombar, hidromielia discreta de segmento torácico e hidrocefalia comunicante moderada de ventrículos laterais e terceiro ventrículo. Possíveis etiologias virais (vírus da diarreia viral bovina, vírus da língua azul e Schmallemberg virus) não foram detectadas através de RT-PCR, e possíveis plantas tóxicas não foram identificadas. Portanto, uma causa genética não pode ser descartada.

Linfoma intravascular canino - aspectos clínicos, patológicos e imunohistoquímicos / Intravascular lymphoma in canine - clinical, pathological and immunohistochemical aspects

Background: Intravascular lymphoma (IL) is a rare disease characterized by presence of neoplastic lymphocytes in thelumen of blood vessels. Any tissue can be affected; however, the most frequently compromised areas of the body are theskin and the central nervous system (CNS). The clinical signs and macroscopic alterations caused by IL are nonspecific andare usually secondary to a continuous proliferative disorder, which leads to occlusion of the blood vessels with consequentthrombosis, hemorrhage and infarction. The objective of this work is to report a case of IL in a dog.Case: An 8-year-old male Rottweiler dog was referred to the Veterinary Hospital of the Federal University of Paraná witha history of cerebellar ataxia that had not improved after treatment. At the neurological examination, cerebellar ataxia anddeficit of nasal reflex were detected. A complete blood count showed presence of slight anemia (4.8 million red bloodcells/mm3; normal ranges= 5.5-8.5 million/mm3) and thrombocytopenia (176.000/mm3; normal ranges= 250.000-500.000/mm3). Biochemical tests revealed a small increase in alanine aminotransferase (42 IU/L; normal ranges= 14-38 IU/L) and aslight decrease in alkaline phosphatase (49 IU/L; normal ranges= 90-170 IU/L). The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) exhibited anincreased protein concentration (147.3 mg/dL; normal ranges= 18-44 mg/dL) and pleocytosis (8 cells/µL; normal ranges=up to 5 cells/µL). No alterations were observed at radiographic and ultrasonographic exams. A clinical treatment was prescribed; however, in view of the worsening of the clinical signs, euthanasia was performed, and the body was submittedto a Laboratory of Pathology. At necropsy, moderate multifocal ulcers were observed in the oral cavity and ventral side ofthe tongue; moderately infarcted areas were detected in the spleen. Additional alterations such as fatty liver degeneration...

Spina bifida, diplomyelia and multiple malformations in a Texel lamb / Espinha bífida, diplomielia e múltiplas malformações em um cordeiro Texel

This report described the clinical and pathological aspects of open spina bifida and diplomyelia along with multiple congenital malformations in a Texel lamb. Clinically, paresis of the thoracic limbs, paralysis of the pelvic limbs and a cutaneous opening in the lumbosacral region were observed. At necropsy, there was a focally extensive disruption of the skin associated with an absence of the dorsal portions of the lumbosacral vertebrae. Additionally, diplomyelia of the lumbar segment, mild hydromyelia of thoracic segment, and moderate communicating hydrocephalus of the lateral and third ventricles were noted. Possible viral etiologies (bovine viral diarrhea virus, bluetongue virus, and Schmallemberg virus) were not detected by RT-PCR, and toxic plants were not identified. Therefore, a possible genetic cause may not be discarded.(AU)

Este trabalho descreve os aspectos clínicos e patológicos de um caso de espinha bífida aberta e diplomielia, além de múltiplas malformações, em um cordeiro Texel. Clinicamente, este apresentava paresia de membros torácicos, paralisia dos membros pélvicos e uma abertura cutânea na região lombossacral desde o nascimento. À necropsia, visualizou-se solução de continuidade na pele e ausência das porções dorsais das vértebras lombossacrais. Além disso, observou-se diplomielia em segmento lombar, hidromielia discreta de segmento torácico e hidrocefalia comunicante moderada de ventrículos laterais e terceiro ventrículo. Possíveis etiologias virais (vírus da diarreia viral bovina, vírus da língua azul e Schmallemberg virus) não foram detectadas através de RT-PCR, e possíveis plantas tóxicas não foram identificadas. Portanto, uma causa genética não pode ser descartada.(AU)

Linfoma intravascular canino - aspectos clínicos, patológicos e imunohistoquímicos / Intravascular lymphoma in canine - clinical, pathological and immunohistochemical aspects

Background: Intravascular lymphoma (IL) is a rare disease characterized by presence of neoplastic lymphocytes in thelumen of blood vessels. Any tissue can be affected; however, the most frequently compromised areas of the body are theskin and the central nervous system (CNS). The clinical signs and macroscopic alterations caused by IL are nonspecific andare usually secondary to a continuous proliferative disorder, which leads to occlusion of the blood vessels with consequentthrombosis, hemorrhage and infarction. The objective of this work is to report a case of IL in a dog.Case: An 8-year-old male Rottweiler dog was referred to the Veterinary Hospital of the Federal University of Paraná witha history of cerebellar ataxia that had not improved after treatment. At the neurological examination, cerebellar ataxia anddeficit of nasal reflex were detected. A complete blood count showed presence of slight anemia (4.8 million red bloodcells/mm3; normal ranges= 5.5-8.5 million/mm3) and thrombocytopenia (176.000/mm3; normal ranges= 250.000-500.000/mm3). Biochemical tests revealed a small increase in alanine aminotransferase (42 IU/L; normal ranges= 14-38 IU/L) and aslight decrease in alkaline phosphatase (49 IU/L; normal ranges= 90-170 IU/L). The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) exhibited anincreased protein concentration (147.3 mg/dL; normal ranges= 18-44 mg/dL) and pleocytosis (8 cells/µL; normal ranges=up to 5 cells/µL). No alterations were observed at radiographic and ultrasonographic exams. A clinical treatment was prescribed; however, in view of the worsening of the clinical signs, euthanasia was performed, and the body was submittedto a Laboratory of Pathology. At necropsy, moderate multifocal ulcers were observed in the oral cavity and ventral side ofthe tongue; moderately infarcted areas were detected in the spleen. Additional alterations such as fatty liver degeneration...(AU)

First occurrence of Arnold Chiari type II malformation and associated abnormalities in a Gir calf produced in vitro from Brazil - case report / [Primeira ocorrência de malformação de Arnold Chiari tipo II e anormalidades associadas em uma bezerra Gir de produção in vitro no Brasil - relato de caso]

This study characterized the clinical, radiological, ultrasound, and necroscopic findings of a case of Arnold-Chiari type II malformation in a Gir breed calf from Brazil. The animal was hospitalized at sixty days of age, in permanent sternal recumbency, cutaneous appendix at the 4th lumbar vertebra and kyphoscoliosis of the caudal and lumbosacral thoracic spine. Radiographic examination of the spine and skull revealed spina bifida and suspected occipital hypoplasia. Upon examination of myelography with an injection of lumbar and atlantooccipital contrast, it was possible to visualize the meningocele at the 4th lumbar vertebra region and findings at the rhombencephalon level of increased regional pressure with failure to fill the contrast in the posterior fossa, in the presence of clear demarcation of the circumvolutions of the cerebral cortex and the subarachnoid space of the cervical spinal cord. Ultrasonographic examination of the cerebellum showed an insinuation of the cerebellar worm through the foramen magnum. The animal did not show changes in complete blood count, biochemical series, and cerebrospinal fluid and was negative for Pestivirus. There was a worsening of the clinical conditions and the animal died. This malformation of unknown etiology must be studied as a differential diagnosis of the nervous system disorders.(AU)

Este estudo caracterizou os achados clínicos, radiológicos, ultrassonográficos e necroscópicos de um caso de malformação de Arnold-Chiari tipo II em uma bezerra Gir no Brasil. O animal foi hospilatizado aos 60 dias de idade, apresentando decúbito esternal permanente, apêndice cutâneo na altura da quarta vértebra lombar e cifoescoliose da coluna vertebral torácica caudal e lombossacra. Ao exame radiográfico da coluna e do crânio, foram observadas espinha bífida e suspeita de hipoplasia occipital. Ao exame de mielografia com injeção de contraste lombar e atlanto-occipital, foi possivel visualizar a meningocele na altura da quarta vértebra lombar e achados em nível rombencefálico de aumento da pressão regional com falha de preenchimento do contraste na fossa posterior, na presença de nítida demarcação das circunvoluções do córtex cerebral e do espaço subaracnoide da medula espinhal cervical. Ao exame ultrassonográfico do cerebelo, foi observada insinuação do verme cerebelar através do forame magno. O animal não apresentou alterações em hemograma completo, série bioquímica e fluido cérebro-espinhal e foi negativo para Pestivirus. Houve uma piora do quadro clínico e o animal morreu. Essa malformação de etiologia desconhecida deve ser estudada como um diagnóstico diferencial.(AU)

Spongiform leukoencephalopathy in an adult mixed breed female dog

Leukoencephalomyelopathy is a nonspecific lesion characterized by widespread vacuolation of central nervous system white matter. It is mainly of genetic basis, occurring in young pure breed dogs. This report describes a neurodegenerative disease associated to demyelination in an adult mixed breed female dog. After 20 days in a kennel with12 other dogs, the dog showed progressive nervous signs with ataxia and inability to maintain balance. No other dog was affected. After 15 days, the animal was euthanized in extremis and necropsied. No macroscopic lesions of diagnostic relevance were present. Microscopically, status espongiosus was observed in white matter throughout the length of theneuroaxis, from frontal brain lobe to lumbar spinal cord. Specific stains of Kluver Barrera and immunohistochemistry for the detection of phosphorylated and non-phosphorylated neurofilaments, microglia, astrocytosis, oligodendrocytosis and myelin proteins in brain and spinal cord sections showed demyelination, axonal fragmentation and degeneration, microgliosis and decrease of oligodendrocytes. The anatomopathological study and epidemiological data suggests a primary demyelination due to decrease in number and function of oligodendrocytes, which is probably of genetic basis with lateonset.

Spongiform leukoencephalopathy in an adult mixed breed female dog

Leukoencephalomyelopathy is a nonspecific lesion characterized by widespread vacuolation of central nervous system white matter. It is mainly of genetic basis, occurring in young pure breed dogs. This report describes a neurodegenerative disease associated to demyelination in an adult mixed breed female dog. After 20 days in a kennel with12 other dogs, the dog showed progressive nervous signs with ataxia and inability to maintain balance. No other dog was affected. After 15 days, the animal was euthanized in extremis and necropsied. No macroscopic lesions of diagnostic relevance were present. Microscopically, status espongiosus was observed in white matter throughout the length of theneuroaxis, from frontal brain lobe to lumbar spinal cord. Specific stains of Kluver Barrera and immunohistochemistry for the detection of phosphorylated and non-phosphorylated neurofilaments, microglia, astrocytosis, oligodendrocytosis and myelin proteins in brain and spinal cord sections showed demyelination, axonal fragmentation and degeneration, microgliosis and decrease of oligodendrocytes. The anatomopathological study and epidemiological data suggests a primary demyelination due to decrease in number and function of oligodendrocytes, which is probably of genetic basis with lateonset.(AU)

Necrotizing leukoencephalitis in a Yorkshire dog from Brazil / Leucoencefalite necrosante em um cão Yorkshire do Brasil

Necrotizing leukoencephalitis (NLE) is an uncommon inflammatory condition of brain of dogs, and was described in dogs from North America, Europe, and Asia. Cases of NLE from South America were not located when major data bases were examined. Consequently, this report describes the findings associated with NLE in a Brazilian 3.5-year-old female Yorkshire dog with neurological findings related to the myelencephalon; the dog died, besides medical treatment, and was submitted for autopsy exam and histopathological evaluation. Lesions were restricted to the encephalon and characterized as leukoencephalomalacia with severe non-suppurative inflammation with extensive perivascular cuffing; the non-suppurative inflammation was characterized by influx of lymphocytes and histiocytes, and occasionally plasma cells, and gitter cells. Infectious disease agents were not identified by molecular techniques or visualized with histochemical stains. This report represents the first definitive diagnose of NLE in Brazil, suggesting that this disease may be present in South America dogs suffering from neurological conditions. This knowledge may be useful for veterinarians in Brazil, taking into account that this disease should be considered as a differential diagnosis when infectious causes are excluded.

Leucoencefalite necrosante (LEN) é uma condição inflamatória encefálica incomum. A NLE foi descrita em cães da América do Norte, Europa e Ásia, mas, de acordo com o conhecimento dos autores, não há diagnóstico definitivo dessa doença na América do Sul. O objetivo do presente relato foi descrever um caso de leucoencefalite necrosante diagnosticado em um cão do Brasil. A doença é descrita em um cão Yorkshire fêmea de 3,5 anos com apresentação neurológica afetando principalmente o mielencéfalo; o animal veio a óbito, apesar do tratamento médico, e foi submetida a autopsia e avaliação histopatológica. As lesões estavam restritas ao encéfalo e foram caracterizadas por necrose da substância branca e extensa inflamação não-supurativa do neurópilo e presença de grandes manguitos perivasculares; a resposta inflamatória não-supurativa foi caracterizada principalmente por infiltração de linfócitos e histiócitos, e ocasionais plasmócitos e células gitter. Agentes infecciosos não foram detectados por técnicas moleculares e também não foram identificados por colorações histológicas. Este relato representa o primeiro caso de LEN com diagnóstico anatomopatológico no Brasil, demonstrando que esta doença está presente em cães Sul Americanos que sofrem de condições neurológicas. Esta informação é útil para os médicos veterinários no

Necrotizing leukoencephalitis in a Yorkshire dog from Brazil / Leucoencefalite necrosante em um cão Yorkshire do Brasil

Necrotizing leukoencephalitis (NLE) is an uncommon inflammatory condition of brain of dogs, and was described in dogs from North America, Europe, and Asia. Cases of NLE from South America were not located when major data bases were examined. Consequently, this report describes the findings associated with NLE in a Brazilian 3.5-year-old female Yorkshire dog with neurological findings related to the myelencephalon; the dog died, besides medical treatment, and was submitted for autopsy exam and histopathological evaluation. Lesions were restricted to the encephalon and characterized as leukoencephalomalacia with severe non-suppurative inflammation with extensive perivascular cuffing; the non-suppurative inflammation was characterized by influx of lymphocytes and histiocytes, and occasionally plasma cells, and gitter cells. Infectious disease agents were not identified by molecular techniques or visualized with histochemical stains. This report represents the first definitive diagnose of NLE in Brazil, suggesting that this disease may be present in South America dogs suffering from neurological conditions. This knowledge may be useful for veterinarians in Brazil, taking into account that this disease should be considered as a differential diagnosis when infectious causes are excluded.

Leucoencefalite necrosante (LEN) é uma condição inflamatória encefálica incomum. A NLE foi descrita em cães da América do Norte, Europa e Ásia, mas, de acordo com o conhecimento dos autores, não há diagnóstico definitivo dessa doença na América do Sul. O objetivo do presente relato foi descrever um caso de leucoencefalite necrosante diagnosticado em um cão do Brasil. A doença é descrita em um cão Yorkshire fêmea de 3,5 anos com apresentação neurológica afetando principalmente o mielencéfalo; o animal veio a óbito, apesar do tratamento médico, e foi submetida a autopsia e avaliação histopatológica. As lesões estavam restritas ao encéfalo e foram caracterizadas por necrose da substância branca e extensa inflamação não-supurativa do neurópilo e presença de grandes manguitos perivasculares; a resposta inflamatória não-supurativa foi caracterizada principalmente por infiltração de linfócitos e histiócitos, e ocasionais plasmócitos e células gitter. Agentes infecciosos não foram detectados por técnicas moleculares e também não foram identificados por colorações histológicas. Este relato representa o primeiro caso de LEN com diagnóstico anatomopatológico no Brasil, demonstrando que esta doença está presente em cães Sul Americanos que sofrem de condições neurológicas. Esta informação é útil para os médicos veterinários no Brasil, levando em consideração que esta doença deve ser considerada como um diagnóstico diferencial quando as causas infecciosas forem excluídas.

Feline lymphoma in the nervous system: pathological, immunohistochemical, and etiological aspects in 16 cats / Linfoma no sistema nervoso de felinos: aspectos patológicos, imuno-histoquímicos e etiológicos em 16 gatos

The pathological, immunohistochemical (IHC), and etiological features of lymphoma involving the nervous system (NS) in cats were analyzed through a retrospective study (2004-2017) in Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. The NS involvement was observed in 16 (12.2%) of 125 felines with lymphoma. Young cats were mainly affected, with a median of 24 months old. Most cases were secondary central NS lymphoma, whereas in three cats, the NS involvement was primary. IHC revealed 14 (87.5%) FeLV-positive, six FIV-positive, and one FeLV/FIV-negative cats. Distribution of feline lymphoma in the NS was 8/16 in the spinal cord, 7/16 in the brain, and 1/16 in the paravertebral nerves and ganglia (neurolymphomatosis). The lymphoma pattern in the spinal cord was exclusively extradural, often focal (6/8), and located in the lumbar (3/6), sacral (1/6), thoracic (1/6), and cervical segments (1/6). Brain neuroanatomical patterns were: leptomeningeal lymphomatosis (4/7), lymphomatous choroiditis (2/7), and intradural lymphoma (1/7). The feline with primary neurolymphomatosis presented a marked thickening of paravertebral nerves and ganglia from the sacral region. B-cell lymphoma (75%) was often diagnosed, and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) (11/16) was the main subtype. T-cell lymphoma (25%) was less commonly observed and was classified as peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL) (3/16) and T-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma (T-LBL) (1/16).(AU)

Os aspectos patológicos, imuno-histoquímicos (IHQ) e etiológicos do linfoma envolvendo o sistema nervoso de felinos foram analisados através de um estudo retrospectivo (período de 2004-2017) no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. O envolvimento do sistema nervoso foi observado em 16 (12,2%) dos 125 felinos com linfoma desse estudo e afetou principalmente, jovens com idade mediana de 24 meses. A grande maioria dos casos o linfoma era secundário no sistema nervoso central e somente em três gatos o linfoma foi primário do sistema nervoso. Na IHQ, 14 (87,5%) casos foram positivos para FeLV, seis (37,5%) para FIV, e um foi negativo para ambos. A distribuição do linfoma no sistema nervoso foi em 8/16 felinos na medula espinhal, 7/16 no encéfalo e em 1/16 em nervos e gânglios paravertebrais (neurolinfomatose). Na medula espinhal, o padrão do linfoma foi exclusivamente extradural e frequentemente focal (6/8), localizadas nos segmentos lombares (3/6), sacrais (1/6), torácicos (1/6) e cervicais (1/6). No encéfalo, os padrões neuroanatômicos observados foram: linfomatose leptomeningeal (4/7), coroidite linfomatosa (2/7), linfoma intradural (1/7). No felino diagnosticado com neurolinfomatose primária, foi observado acentuado espessamento dos nervos e gânglios paravertebrais da região sacral. Os linfomas de células de células B (75%) foram os mais frequentes e o principal tipo foi o linfoma difuso de grandes células B (11/16). Os linfomas de células T (25%), menos observados, foram classificados como linfomas de células T periférico inespecífico (3/16) e linfoma linfoblástico T (1/16).(AU)

Necrotizing leukoencephalitis in a Yorkshire dog from Brazil / Leucoencefalite necrosante em um cão Yorkshire do Brasil

Necrotizing leukoencephalitis (NLE) is an uncommon inflammatory condition of brain of dogs, and was described in dogs from North America, Europe, and Asia. Cases of NLE from South America were not located when major data bases were examined. Consequently, this report describes the findings associated with NLE in a Brazilian 3.5-year-old female Yorkshire dog with neurological findings related to the myelencephalon; the dog died, besides medical treatment, and was submitted for autopsy exam and histopathological evaluation. Lesions were restricted to the encephalon and characterized as leukoencephalomalacia with severe non-suppurative inflammation with extensive perivascular cuffing; the non-suppurative inflammation was characterized by influx of lymphocytes and histiocytes, and occasionally plasma cells, and gitter cells. Infectious disease agents were not identified by molecular techniques or visualized with histochemical stains. This report represents the first definitive diagnose of NLE in Brazil, suggesting that this disease may be present in South America dogs suffering from neurological conditions. This knowledge may be useful for veterinarians in Brazil, taking into account that this disease should be considered as a differential diagnosis when infectious causes are excluded.(AU)

Leucoencefalite necrosante (LEN) é uma condição inflamatória encefálica incomum. A NLE foi descrita em cães da América do Norte, Europa e Ásia, mas, de acordo com o conhecimento dos autores, não há diagnóstico definitivo dessa doença na América do Sul. O objetivo do presente relato foi descrever um caso de leucoencefalite necrosante diagnosticado em um cão do Brasil. A doença é descrita em um cão Yorkshire fêmea de 3,5 anos com apresentação neurológica afetando principalmente o mielencéfalo; o animal veio a óbito, apesar do tratamento médico, e foi submetida a autopsia e avaliação histopatológica. As lesões estavam restritas ao encéfalo e foram caracterizadas por necrose da substância branca e extensa inflamação não-supurativa do neurópilo e presença de grandes manguitos perivasculares; a resposta inflamatória não-supurativa foi caracterizada principalmente por infiltração de linfócitos e histiócitos, e ocasionais plasmócitos e células gitter. Agentes infecciosos não foram detectados por técnicas moleculares e também não foram identificados por colorações histológicas. Este relato representa o primeiro caso de LEN com diagnóstico anatomopatológico no Brasil, demonstrando que esta doença está presente em cães Sul Americanos que sofrem de condições neurológicas. Esta informação é útil para os médicos veterinários no Brasil, levando em consideração que esta doença deve ser considerada como um diagnóstico diferencial quando as causas infecciosas forem excluídas.(AU)

Feline lymphoma in the nervous system: pathological, immunohistochemical, and etiological aspects in 16 cats / Linfoma no sistema nervoso de felinos: aspectos patológicos, imuno-histoquímicos e etiológicos em 16 gatos

The pathological, immunohistochemical (IHC), and etiological features of lymphoma involving the nervous system (NS) in cats were analyzed through a retrospective study (2004-2017) in Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. The NS involvement was observed in 16 (12.2%) of 125 felines with lymphoma. Young cats were mainly affected, with a median of 24 months old. Most cases were secondary central NS lymphoma, whereas in three cats, the NS involvement was primary. IHC revealed 14 (87.5%) FeLV-positive, six FIV-positive, and one FeLV/FIV-negative cats. Distribution of feline lymphoma in the NS was 8/16 in the spinal cord, 7/16 in the brain, and 1/16 in the paravertebral nerves and ganglia (neurolymphomatosis). The lymphoma pattern in the spinal cord was exclusively extradural, often focal (6/8), and located in the lumbar (3/6), sacral (1/6), thoracic (1/6), and cervical segments (1/6). Brain neuroanatomical patterns were: leptomeningeal lymphomatosis (4/7), lymphomatous choroiditis (2/7), and intradural lymphoma (1/7). The feline with primary neurolymphomatosis presented a marked thickening of paravertebral nerves and ganglia from the sacral region. B-cell lymphoma (75%) was often diagnosed, and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) (11/16) was the main subtype. T-cell lymphoma (25%) was less commonly observed and was classified as peripheral T-cell lymphoma (PTCL) (3/16) and T-cell lymphoblastic lymphoma (T-LBL) (1/16).(AU)

Os aspectos patológicos, imuno-histoquímicos (IHQ) e etiológicos do linfoma envolvendo o sistema nervoso de felinos foram analisados através de um estudo retrospectivo (período de 2004-2017) no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. O envolvimento do sistema nervoso foi observado em 16 (12,2%) dos 125 felinos com linfoma desse estudo e afetou principalmente, jovens com idade mediana de 24 meses. A grande maioria dos casos o linfoma era secundário no sistema nervoso central e somente em três gatos o linfoma foi primário do sistema nervoso. Na IHQ, 14 (87,5%) casos foram positivos para FeLV, seis (37,5%) para FIV, e um foi negativo para ambos. A distribuição do linfoma no sistema nervoso foi em 8/16 felinos na medula espinhal, 7/16 no encéfalo e em 1/16 em nervos e gânglios paravertebrais (neurolinfomatose). Na medula espinhal, o padrão do linfoma foi exclusivamente extradural e frequentemente focal (6/8), localizadas nos segmentos lombares (3/6), sacrais (1/6), torácicos (1/6) e cervicais (1/6). No encéfalo, os padrões neuroanatômicos observados foram: linfomatose leptomeningeal (4/7), coroidite linfomatosa (2/7), linfoma intradural (1/7). No felino diagnosticado com neurolinfomatose primária, foi observado acentuado espessamento dos nervos e gânglios paravertebrais da região sacral. Os linfomas de células de células B (75%) foram os mais frequentes e o principal tipo foi o linfoma difuso de grandes células B (11/16). Os linfomas de células T (25%), menos observados, foram classificados como linfomas de células T periférico inespecífico (3/16) e linfoma linfoblástico T (1/16).(AU)

Encefalomalacia nutricional por hipovitaminose E em Gallus gallus domesticus / Nutritional encephalomalacia by hypovitaminosis E in Gallus gallus domesticus

A encefalomalácia nutricional é um distúrbio metabólico caracterizado por sinais clínicos neurológicos e sua etiologia é atribuída à hipovitaminose E. Atinge frangos jovens acarretando altos prejuízos aos criadores e agroindústrias pela sua alta morbidade e mortalidade. O objetivo do presente estudo foi relatar as alterações macroscópicas e histopatológicas de um caso de encefalomalácia nutricional. Um frango de corte com quatro semanas de vida, foi encaminhado ao Laboratório de Patologia Animal da Universidade Federal de Rondônia. Ao exame físico apresentou escore corporal 1 e sinais neurológicos como, ataxia, andar em círculos, lateralização da cabeça, prostração e hiperestesia, caracterizada por espasmos corporais iniciados após estímulos como sons altos e toque físico. Após eutanásia, realizou-se exame necroscópico e exame histopatológico. Para isto, foram coletados fragmentos de órgãos e fixados em formalina tamponada a 10%. No exame necroscópico constatou-se necrose coliquativa no encéfalo, o qual apresentou-se extremamente friável, com coloração pálida. Na análise histopatológica foram observadas alterações como vacuolização citoplasmática, degeneração de células de Purkinje e malácia focal extensa na substância cinzenta cortical e da substância branca do cerebelo. Pela história clínica e as observações necroscópicas e histopatológicas, o caso foi diagnosticado como encefalomalácia nutricional por hipovitaminose E.

Nutritional encephalomalacia is a metabolic disorder characterized by clinical neurological signs and its etiology is attributed to hypovitaminosis E. It affects young chickens causing high losses to breeders and agroindustries due to their high morbidity and mortality. The aim of the present study was to report macroscopic and histopathological changes in a case of nutritional encephalomalacia. A young chicken with four weeks of life conducted to the Animal Pathology Laboratory of Federal University of Rondônia. Physical examination showed poor body score and neurological signs, such as ataxia, circling, head lateralization, prostration and hypersensitivity, characterized by body spasms initiated after stimuli such as loud sounds and physical touch. After euthanasia, necroscopic examination was performed, organ fragments were collected and fixed in 10% buffered formalin. Necroscopic examination revealed collictive necrosis in the brain, which was extremely friable, with a pale color. In histopathological analysis, changes such as cytoplasmic vacuolization, Purkinje cell degeneration and extensive focal malacia in the cortical gray matter and white matter of the cerebellum were observed. From the clinical history and necroscopic and histopathological observations, the case was diagnosed as nutritional encephalomalacia by hypovitaminosis E.