Tumor Venéreo Transmissível (TVT) nasal com metástase óssea em um cão / Nasal transmissible venereal tumor (TVT) with bone metastasis in a dog

Background: Transmissible venereal tumor (TVT) is a highly contagious round cell neoplasm that affects dogs, and itis usually transmitted through coitus. The tumor is mainly located in the genital area; however, the neoplasm can also beextragenital, affecting the nose, mouth, and eyes, as well as the skin and superficial lymph nodes. Cytological examinationis the most commonly used method for definitive diagnosis due to its low cost and fast execution. Chemotherapy, radiotherapy, surgical resection, and other procedures such as cryosurgery are the possible treatment options. The objective ofthis report was to describe a case of extragenital TVT with nasal primary site and metastasis in the bone tissue in a dogtreated at a private veterinary hospital in the city of Belém, Pará, Brazil.Case: A 6-year-old male domiciliary Labrador Retriever dog, weighing 24.2 kg, received oncologic treatment in a privateveterinary hospital in the city of Belém, Pará, Brazil. The animal had a history of neoplastic disease, and he had undergoneTVT resection associated with chemotherapy treatment more than 3 years ago. The clinical examination revealed a volumeincrease in the periorbital region, left lateral ocular displacement, left nostril excessive epistaxis, recurrent sneezing, cough,and pain signs, and tumor metastasis was suspected. Complementary exams of oncological cytology, computed tomography(CT), hemogram, and serum biochemistry were requested for diagnosis and staging of the condition, and supportive therapywas prescribed. The cytological report showed a dense population of neoplastic round cells with characteristics of TVT. CTindicated the presence of a heterogeneous hypodense mass with irregular contours and partially defined limits, with slightuptake of the intravenously injected contrast medium that obliterated the nasal cavity, maxillary recess, nasopharyngealmeatus, frontal sinus, and sphenoid sinus on the left side...

Tumor Venéreo Transmissível (TVT) nasal com metástase óssea em um cão / Nasal transmissible venereal tumor (TVT) with bone metastasis in a dog

Background: Transmissible venereal tumor (TVT) is a highly contagious round cell neoplasm that affects dogs, and itis usually transmitted through coitus. The tumor is mainly located in the genital area; however, the neoplasm can also beextragenital, affecting the nose, mouth, and eyes, as well as the skin and superficial lymph nodes. Cytological examinationis the most commonly used method for definitive diagnosis due to its low cost and fast execution. Chemotherapy, radiotherapy, surgical resection, and other procedures such as cryosurgery are the possible treatment options. The objective ofthis report was to describe a case of extragenital TVT with nasal primary site and metastasis in the bone tissue in a dogtreated at a private veterinary hospital in the city of Belém, Pará, Brazil.Case: A 6-year-old male domiciliary Labrador Retriever dog, weighing 24.2 kg, received oncologic treatment in a privateveterinary hospital in the city of Belém, Pará, Brazil. The animal had a history of neoplastic disease, and he had undergoneTVT resection associated with chemotherapy treatment more than 3 years ago. The clinical examination revealed a volumeincrease in the periorbital region, left lateral ocular displacement, left nostril excessive epistaxis, recurrent sneezing, cough,and pain signs, and tumor metastasis was suspected. Complementary exams of oncological cytology, computed tomography(CT), hemogram, and serum biochemistry were requested for diagnosis and staging of the condition, and supportive therapywas prescribed. The cytological report showed a dense population of neoplastic round cells with characteristics of TVT. CTindicated the presence of a heterogeneous hypodense mass with irregular contours and partially defined limits, with slightuptake of the intravenously injected contrast medium that obliterated the nasal cavity, maxillary recess, nasopharyngealmeatus, frontal sinus, and sphenoid sinus on the left side...(AU)

Three cases of exclusively extragenital canine transmissible Venereal Tumor (cTVT)

Background: Canine Transmissible Venereal Tumor (cTVT) is a neoplasia that affects mainly the genital organs of dogs, but can rich extragenital sites as well. It´s a tumor characterized microscopically by the presence of vacuolized round cells. Transmission occurs by implantation of these cells in non-affected tissues and the treatment is based on vincristine chemotherapy.Cases: Case 1. A 5-year-old intact male Poodle, presenting an increase volume of nasal plane came for veterinary care at a private veterinary clinic. The animal had bilateral bloody nasal secretion and dyspnea. The external genitalia had no alterations. The cytological evaluation confirmed cTVT. Treatment with vincristine sulfate weekly showed a rapid response with improvement of the respiratory condition, total remission of the mass and absence of neoplastic cells in cytology. Case 2. A 5-year-old mixed-breed canine bitch, weighing 6.7 kg, was brought to the State University of Santa Cruz Veterinary Hospital (UESC-VH), showing an increase volume in the nasal plan region, with complaints about sneezing, nasal bleeding, respiratory distress with approximately 4 months of evolution. The owner informed that the mother of these female dog, that lived in the same environment, died a month before the beginning of clinical signs of the bitch of this case, and showed a reddish vaginal mass with intense bleeding. Intranasal exfoliative cytology showed moderately cellular sample compatible with cTVT. The treatment with vincristine sulphate for 6 weeks, showed completely remission of all clinical signs. Case 3. A 3-year-old mixed-breed male dog was brought to the UESC-VH with a reddish, friable mass located in the left eye. The citology confirmed the clinical suspicion of cTVT. After six weekly sessions of chemotherapy with vincristine sulfate, the tumor regressed and a new cytological evaluation was performed, without visible of tumor cells.[...]

Three cases of exclusively extragenital canine transmissible Venereal Tumor (cTVT)

Background: Canine Transmissible Venereal Tumor (cTVT) is a neoplasia that affects mainly the genital organs of dogs, but can rich extragenital sites as well. It´s a tumor characterized microscopically by the presence of vacuolized round cells. Transmission occurs by implantation of these cells in non-affected tissues and the treatment is based on vincristine chemotherapy.Cases: Case 1. A 5-year-old intact male Poodle, presenting an increase volume of nasal plane came for veterinary care at a private veterinary clinic. The animal had bilateral bloody nasal secretion and dyspnea. The external genitalia had no alterations. The cytological evaluation confirmed cTVT. Treatment with vincristine sulfate weekly showed a rapid response with improvement of the respiratory condition, total remission of the mass and absence of neoplastic cells in cytology. Case 2. A 5-year-old mixed-breed canine bitch, weighing 6.7 kg, was brought to the State University of Santa Cruz Veterinary Hospital (UESC-VH), showing an increase volume in the nasal plan region, with complaints about sneezing, nasal bleeding, respiratory distress with approximately 4 months of evolution. The owner informed that the mother of these female dog, that lived in the same environment, died a month before the beginning of clinical signs of the bitch of this case, and showed a reddish vaginal mass with intense bleeding. Intranasal exfoliative cytology showed moderately cellular sample compatible with cTVT. The treatment with vincristine sulphate for 6 weeks, showed completely remission of all clinical signs. Case 3. A 3-year-old mixed-breed male dog was brought to the UESC-VH with a reddish, friable mass located in the left eye. The citology confirmed the clinical suspicion of cTVT. After six weekly sessions of chemotherapy with vincristine sulfate, the tumor regressed and a new cytological evaluation was performed, without visible of tumor cells.[...](AU)

Topical treatment of experimental cutaneous leishmaniasis in golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) with formulations containing pentamidine / Tratamento tópico da leishmaniose cutânea experimental em golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) com fórmulas contendo pentamidina

Current treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) relies mainly on pentavalent antimonials salts and second-line drugs include pentamidine and amphotericin B, but these therapies have side effects and require parenteral administration. The aim of this work was to evaluate the topical formulations containing pentamidine isethionate (PI) in the experimental treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL). Golden hamsters (Mesocricetus auratus) were infected in the nose with Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis. Six treatment groups received different topical treatments of anhydrous or hydrating emulsions, for a maximum of 10 days, with an application of 50 mg day-1. After treatment tissue samples of lesions were evaluated by histology, transmission electron microscopy and biopsy cultivation. Compared with untreated group, topical treatment with hydrating emulsion with 10% PI and usnic acid (ACE5AU) showed significantly decrease in volume lesion (P= 0.028) on 20th day after the end of the treatment with reduction of 27.37%. Topical treatment with anhydrous emulsion with 10% PI and usnic acid (ACPU) reduces parasite burden in Golden hamsters. This study demonstrated the potential of topical treatment to reduce the number of parasites that could be combined with others drugs and to have a faster and more effective treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis.(AU)

O tratamento atual para Leishmaniose Tegumentar Americana é realizado com antimoniais pentavalentes como tratamento padrão, e as drogas de segunda escolha incluem pentamidina e anfotericina B, mas essas terapias apresentam efeitos colaterais e requerem administração parenteral. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar formulações tópicas contendo isetionato de pentamidina comercial (IP) no tratamento da leishmaniose cutânea experimental (LC). Hamsters dourados foram infectados no focinho com Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis. Grupos de seis animais receberam tratamento tópico com cremes anidro ou emulsões hidratantes, num máximo de 10 dias, com aplicação de 50 mg dia-1. Amostras de tecido de lesões tratadas foram avaliadas por histologia, microscopia eletrônica de transmissão (MET) e cultivo de biópsia. Comparado ao grupo sem tratamento, o tratamento tópico com emulsão hidratante com 10% de IP e ácido úsnico (ACE5AU) mostrou diminuição significativa (P=0,028) nas medidas de lesões, 20 dias após o final do tratamento e 27,37% de redução. O tratamento tópico com emulsão anidra com 10% de IP e ácido úsnico (ACPU) mostrou redução da carga parasitária em Golden hamsters. Este estudo demonstrou a possibilidade de utilizar o tratamento tópico para reduzir o número de parasitas e que este poderia ser associado a outras drogas para tratamento mais rápido e eficaz da leishmaniose cutânea.(AU)

AVALIAÇÃO CLÍNICA E HISTOPATOLÓGICA DE FELINOS COM ESPOROTRICOSE REFRATÁRIA AO TRATAMENTO CONVENCIONAL E TRATADOS COM MILTEFOSINA

rothrix spp, que afeta homens e animais. Os gatos são os principais vetores da transmissão de S. brasiliensis, que é a espécie de fungo mais virulenta e está associada às manifestações clínicas mais graves. O aumento dos casos de esporotricose felina resistentes às terapias convencionais evidencia a necessidade de novos estudos em busca de tratamentos alternativos. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar as lesões de esporotricose felina refratárias aos medicamentos convencionais, assim como, avaliar a resposta clínica desses felinos ao tratamento com miltefosina oral. Neste estudo, 10 animais da espécie felina portadores de esporotricose nasal, que foram tratados por mais de um ano com antifúngicos sem obter cura clínica ou com recidiva da doença, foram tratados com a miltefosina oral. Cultura fúngica, citopatologia e histopatologia foram realizadas em todos os gatos antes do tratamento com miltefosina. Amostras de sangue foram coletadas para exames laboratoriais, como hemograma, uréia, creatinina sérica, ALT e fosfatase alcalina antes e durante o estudo, bem como sorologia para imunodeficiência felina (FIV) e leucemia felina (FeLV). O protocolo de tratamento foi a administração da miltefosina na dosagem de 2 mg/kg, por via oral, a cada 24 horas. Os animais foram monitorados por telefone durante todo o processo e reavaliados nos dias 0, 15, 30 e 45 do tratamento. Gatos machos, adultos e sem raça definida foram predominantemente afetados. As lesões estavam presentes no nariz (90%), orelhas (40%), áreas perioculares (10%) e membros (40%). As lesões macroscópicas mais frequentes foram nódulos e ulceras cutâneas. No estudo citopatológico, houve maior ocorrência do tipo de infiltrado inflamatório piogranulomatoso e linfocitário. Histologicamente, as dez (100%) lesões estudadas apresentaram processo inflamatório granulomatoso supurativo. Um (10%) gato recebeu tratamento por 45 dias, seis (60%) por 30 dias, um (10%) por 21 dias, um (10%) por 15 dias e um (10%) por 3 dias. Um gato não apresentou resposta ao tratamento e nove gatos apresentaram progressão da doença. A hiporexia e a perda de peso foram os sinais clínicos mais frequentes relacionados ao tratamento com miltefosina, seguidos por sialorréia, vômitos e diarreia. Poucos efeitos adversos na hematologia e bioquímica (principalmente parâmetros renais e hepáticos) foram observados durante o estudo. A miltefosina não levou à remissão clínica das lesões em gatos com esporotricose refratária.

Sporotrichosis is a fungal infection caused by species of the genus Sporothrix spp that affects both humans and animals. Cats are the main vectors of S. brasiliensis transmission, which is the most virulent fungus species and is associated with the most severe clinical manifestations. The increase in cases of resistant sporotrichosis to conventional therapies evidences the need for research on new therapies for the treatment of these cases.This study aimed to investigate the response of feline sporotrichosis lesions refractory to conventional drugs and submitted to treatment with oral miltefosine, through clinical and histopathological analysis. In this study, 10 cats with nasal sporotrichosis, which were previously treated for more than one year with conventional antifungals with incomplete clinical remision or worsening of the disease, were treated with oral miltefosine. Fungal culture, cytopathological and histopathology were performed in all cats before miltefosin treatment. Blood samples were collected for laboratory tests, such as blood count, BUN, serum creatinine, ALT and alkaline phosphatase before and during the study, as well as serology for Feline Immunodeficiency (FIV) and Feline Leukemia (FeLV). The treatment protocol was administration of miltefosine at a dosage of 2 mg / kg orally every 24 hours. The animals were monitored by telephone during the whole process and reassessed on days 0, 15, 30 and 45 of the treatment. Adult male, mongrel, and unneutered cats were predominantly affected. Lesions were present on the nose (90%), ears (40%), periocular areas (10%) and limbs (40%). Nodules and ulcers are the most common types of lesions. Cytopathological examination showed a greater occurence of the type of inflammatory piogranulomatous and lymphocytic infiltrate. Histologically, ten (100%) lesions showed suppurative granulomatous inflammation. One (10%) cat received treatment for 45 days, six (60%) for 30 days, one (10%) for 21 days, one (10%) for 15 days and one (10%) for 3 days. One cat showed no response to treatment and nine cats showed disease progression. Hyporexia and weight loss were the most frequent clinical signs related to miltefosin treatment, followed by sialorrhea, vomiting and diarrhea. Few adverse effects on hematology and biochemistry (mainly renal and hepatic parameters) were observed during the study. Miltefosine did not lead to clinical remission of lesions in cats with refractory sporotrichosis.

DOENÇAS INFLAMATÓRIAS BACTERIANAS QUE AFETAM O SISTEMA NERVOSO DE RUMINANTES NO RIO GRANDE DO SUL

Distúrbios do sistema nervoso central (SNC) em ruminantes abrangem um importante grupo de enfermidades responsáveis por grandes perdas econômicas em todo o mundo. As principais doenças neurológicas causadas por bactérias em ruminantes e que envolvem processos inflamatórios incluem listeriose, leptomeningites e meningoencefalites supurativas, abscessos cerebrais e medulares, empiema basilar e neurotuberculose. Esta dissertação teve por objetivo a caracterização epidemiológica, patológica, microbiológica e imuno-histoquímica das doenças inflamatórias de origem bacteriana que afetam o SNC de ruminantes no Rio Grande do Sul. Foi realizado um estudo retrospectivo no período compreendido entre janeiro de 1996 a dezembro de 2015, onde um total de 3.274 bovinos, 596 ovinos e 391 caprinos foram avaliados. Destes, 219 bovinos, 21 ovinos e sete caprinos foram diagnosticados com doenças inflamatórias no SNC. As doenças neurológicas inflamatórias de origem bacteriana totalizaram 60 casos divididos em 34 bovinos, 19 ovinos e sete caprinos, os quais foram subdivididas em: meningoencefalite por L. monocytogenes (oito ovinos, cinco caprinos e quatro bovinos), leptomeningite e meningoencefalite supurativa (14 bovinos, dois caprinos e um ovino), abscessos cerebrais (seis bovinos e dois ovinos) e medulares (sete ovinos), empiema basilar (quatro bovinos e um ovino) e neurotuberculose (seis bovinos). O exame imuno-histoquímica foi realizado em todos os casos diagnosticados com listeriose (anticorpo anti-L. monocytogenes), meningite e meningoencefalite supurativa (anticorpo anti-Escherichia coli) e neurotuberculose (anticorpo anti-Mycobacterium tuberculosis). A meningoencefalite por L. monocytogenes representou a principal enfermidade neurológica em ovinos e caprinos, seguido dos abscessos medulares em ovinos. Nos bovinos, a leptomeningite e meningoencefalite supurativa foi a doença neurológica mais prevalente para a espécie, frequentemente relacionada com a falha na transmissão da imunidade passiva. O empiema basilar, frequentemente diagnosticado em bezerros, está diretamente relacionado com o manejo do desmame interrompido através da utilização de tabuletas nasais. A neurotuberculose causada por Mycobacterium spp. é uma importante doença neurológica em bovinos jovens e deve ser considerada como diagnóstico diferencial de doenças neurológicas. Dos dados analisados neste período, as doenças neurológicas inflamatórias bacterianas representaram um total de 24,3% entre as doenças neurológicas inflamatórias diagnosticadas neste período e, com isso, conclui-se que representam importantes causas de mortalidade para os ruminantes domésticos.

Central nervous system (CNS) diseases are worldwide economically important conditions in ruminants. The main neurological bacterial diseases which involve inflammation in ruminants are listeriosis, suppurative leptomeningitis and meningoencephalitis, brain and spinal cord abscesses, basilar empyema and neurotuberculosis. This study aim to describe the epidemiological, pathological, microbiological and immunohistochemical findings of the bacterial inflammatory diseases that affect the CNS of ruminants in Rio Grande do Sul state. A retrospective study was performed from January 1996 to December 2015, during which samples of 3.274 cattle, 596 sheep and 391 goats were evaluated. Of these, 219 cattle, 21 sheep and seven goats were diagnosed with inflammatory diseases affecting the CNS. The neurological inflammatory bacterial diseases accounted for 60 cases, which corresponded to 34 cases in cattle, 19 in sheep and seven in goats. These were further subdivided in: meningoencephali tis by L. monocytogenes (eigth sheep, five goats and four cattle), suppurative leptomeningitis and meningoencephalitis (14 cattle, two goats and one sheep), brain abscesses (six cattle and two sheep) and spinal cord (seven sheep), basilar empyema (four cattle and one sheep) and neurotuberculosis (six cattle). Immunohistochemical exam was performed in all cases diagnosed as listeriosis (antibody anti-L. monocytogenes), as suppurative leptomeningitis and meningoencephalitis (antibody anti-E. coli), and as neurotuberculosis (antibody anti-Mycobacterium tuberculosis). L. monocytogenes meningoencephalitis was the main neurological disease in sheep and goats, followed by spinal cord abscesses in sheep. In cattle, suppurative leptomeningitis and meningoencephalitis was the most frequent neurological disease, and its ocorrunce is related to the failure in passive immunity transmission. Basilar empyema is frequently diagnosed in calves and is directly related to early weaning handling through the use of nose-flaps. Neurotuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium spp. is an important neurological disease in young cattle and should be consired as a differential diagnosis of granulomatous meningoencephalitis. During the described period, neurological inflammatory bacterial diseases accounted for 24.3% of the neurological inflammatory diseases, and, thus, these are important causes of death in domestic ruminants.

Infecção experimental por Salmonella enterica subespécie enterica sorotipo Panama e tentativa de transmissão nasonasal em leitões desmamados / Experimental infection by Salmonella enterica ssp. enterica serovar Panama and tentative of nose-to-nose transmission in weaned pigs

O objetivo deste experimento foi produzir uma infecção experimental de Salmonella enterica subespécie. enterica sorotipo Panama e verificar a importância da via nasonasal na transmissão entre leitões desmamados. Foram utilizados seis leitões recém-desmamados, adquiridos de granja livre de Salmonella spp. Utilizaram-se baias isoladoras, que proporcionavam o contato nasonasal e eliminavam a possibilidade de outras vias de transmissão e de contaminação externa. Três grupos foram formados: controle, sentinela e infectado. Não foram encontradas amostras positivas para Salmonella spp. em leitões do grupo-controle e sentinelas, e nos animais infectados foi isolada Salmonella Panama em suabes retais e tecidos necropsiados. Os resultados revelaram não haver a transmissão pela via nasonasal entre leitões desmamados, pois, em nenhum momento, o agente foi isolado dos animais sentinelas.(AU)

Experimental infection of Salmonella enterica ssp. enterica serovars Panama was proceeded to establish the importance of nose-to-nose contact in the transmission among weaned pigs. Six recently-weaned pigs were acquired from a farm previously selected, free from Salmonella spp. Isolation stalls allowing nose-to-nose contact and eliminating other transmission routes as well outside contamination were used. Three groups were formed: control, sentinel, and infected. Piglets of control and sentinel groups were not positive for Salmonella spp., however, Salmonella Panama was isolated in infected animals in rectal swabs and necropsied tissues. It was concluded that there was not transmission by nose-to-nose contact among weaned pigs, since Samonella Panama was not isolated in the sentinel group at any moment.(AU)

Prototecose: uma doença emergente / Protothecosis: an emergent disease

Prototecose, causada por Prototheca zopfii ou P. wickerhamii, é uma doença emergente em animais e humanos. Em bovinos, P. zopfii é uma importante causa de mastite ambiental. Em cães e gatos, a prototecose é causada principalmente por P. zopfii. Em cães, causa infecção cutânea ou uma forma sistêmica envolvendo diversos órgãos. Em gatos, predominam as lesões tegumentares na região da face e plano nasal. No homem, a prototecose, causada principalmente por P. wickerhamii, manifesta-se sob três formas: cutânea, articular com bursite do olécrano e sistêmica. Pode ocorrer em indivíduos imunocompetentes, os quais podem apresentar bursite e/ou infecções cutâneas localizadas, ou em indivíduos imunossuprimidos, nos quais a enfermidade pode ser disseminada e/ou com envolvimento visceral. A prototecose causada por P. wickerhamii foi descrita recentemente em caprinos como causa de rinite afetando o vestíbulo nasal, união mucocutânea, pele da face e orelha. Nesta revisão são abordadas as características microbiologias e susceptibilidade a antimicrobianos do agente, e a epidemiologia, sinais clínicos, patologia, diagnóstico, tratamento e controle da prototecose em animais domésticos e no homem.(AU)

Protothecosis, caused by Prototheca zopfii or P. wickerhamii, is an emergent disease of human and animals. In cattle, P. zopfii is an important cause of environmental mastitis. In dogs and cats protothecosis is caused mainly by P. zopfii, causing cutaneous infections or a systemic form affecting many organs in dogs, and cutaneous infection affecting mainly the skin of the face and nose in cats. In humans, protothecosis, caused mainly by P. wickerhamii, occurs in three forms: cutaneous; olecran bursitis; and disseminated. The lesion is usually localized in the site of inoculation in immunocompetent individuals; however, in immunocompromised patients, it can become widespread. Protothecosis caused by P. wickerhamii was recently reported in goats causing rhinitis and dermatitis of the face and pinna. This paper reviews microbiologic characteristics and susceptibility to antimicrobials of Prototheca spp., and the epidemiology, clinical signs, pathology, diagnosis, treatment and control of protothecosis.(AU)

Infecção experimental por Salmonella enterica subspécie enterica sorotipo Panama e tentativa de transmissão naso-nasal em leitões desmamados

A transmissão pela via fecal-oral é considerada o mais importante meio de disseminação de Salmonella sp. entre os suínos. Foi comprovada que a transmissão de Salmonella sp. através do contato naso-nasal entre suínos pode ser viável. Porém, alguns experimentos não conseguiram demonstrar tal transmissão em determinados sorotipos de Salmonella enterica. Este ensaio teve como objetivo produzir infecção experimental de Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica sorotipo Panama e verificar a importância da via nasonasal na transmissão entre leitões desmamados. Seis leitões recém-desmamados foram adquiridos de granja previamente selecionada, livre de Salmonella sp. Análises bacteriológicas confirmaram que todos os animais estavam livres de contaminação por Salmonella sp. Utilizaram-se baias isoladoras que proporcionavam o contato naso-nasal e eliminavam a possibilidade de outras vias de transmissão e de contaminação externa. Três grupos foram formados: controle, sentinela e infectados. Os leitões do grupo controle e do grupo sentinela receberam, individualmente, por via oral, solução estéril, enquanto que leitões do grupo infectado receberam inóculo contendo 2,16 X 1010 UFC de Salmonella Panama. Foram alojados nos isoladores respectivos e retirados depois de 14 dias, período no qual amostras de fezes eram colhidas e avaliadas diariamente. Os animais foram necropsiados e amostras de tecidos colhidas. Realizaram-se testes bacteriológicos, ELISA e sorotipificação. Houve infecção sistêmica por Salmonella Panama nos animais do grupo infectado, porém os resultados revelaram não haver a transmissão pela via naso-nasal entre leitões desmamados, pois em nenhum momento o agente foi isolado dos animais sentinelas

The faecal-oral transmission is considering the most important route for transmission of Salmonella sp. between pigs. It has been proven that the Salmonella sp. transmission through the nose-to-nose contact among pigs can be viable. However, current data could not demonstrate such transmission in certain serovars of Salmonella enterica. This study aimed to produce experimental infection of Salmonella enterica serovars Panama and verifies the importance of the nose-to-nose contact in the transmission among weaned pigs. Six recently-weaned pigs were acquired from farm previously selected; free from Salmonella sp. Bacteriological analysis ruled out previous Salmonella sp contamination in all selected subjects. Isolations cabinets were used that provided the nose-to-nose contact and to eliminated the presence of other transmission routes and of outside contamination. Three groups were formed: control, sentinel and infected. The pigs of the control group and of the sentinel group, received, individually, orally sterile solution, while pigs of the infected group received solution containing 2,16 X 1010 CFU of Salmonella Panama. They were housed in the respective isolations cabinets and removed from it after 14 days, period in which samples of faeces were collected and submitted to daily analysis. The animals were necropsied and samples of tissues were collected. They were tested by bacteriological analysis, ELISA and serovars typification. There was systemic infection for Salmonella Panama in the animals of the infected group; however there was non transmission by nose-to-nose contact among weaned pigs, justifying the non isolation of the agent in the sentinel group at any moment

Investigação experimental sobre a transmissão aerógena e naso-nasal de Salmonella enterica subespécie enterica sorotipo Derby em suínos

Os suínos e seus produtos são considerados importantes fontes de salmonelose humana. Desta forma, o controle das infecções nas granjas é considerado essencial para a prevenção de Salmonella na cadeia produtiva de suínos. No entanto, o maior entrave na profilaxia da infecção é, principalmente, a falta de conhecimentos sobre sua epidemiologia em sistemas de produção intensivos de criação de suínos, principalmente em relação às possíveis vias de transmissão desse agente. Este estudo testou a hipótese da transmissão nasonasal (E1) e aerógena (E2) de Salmonella Derby na espécie suína. Os experimentos foram realizados em isoladores construídos em aço inoxidável e vidro e totalmente controlados. No E1, os isoladores dos suínos inoculados e dos suínos sentinela estavam conectados por pequena fenda que permitia apenas o contato naso-nasal. Em E2 os isoladores estavam conectados por condutores de ar que permitiam o fluxo de ar unidirecional do isolador 1 (suínos controle) ao isolador 3 (suínos sentinela), passando pelo isolador 2 (suínos inoculados). A duração de ambos experimentos foi de 15 dias. Nesse período, amostras dos sacos de dejetos, dos suabes retais, das fezes do piso e do ar foram colhidas diariamente e avaliadas quanto a presença de Salmonella. A hipótese de transmissão naso-nasal e aerógena de S. Derby não foi corroborada pelo isolamento e detecção do agente nos animais sentinela

Pork and pork products are recognized as one of the major sources for human salmonellosis. Howeveri the infection control in the farms is considered essential for the Salmonella prevention in the productive swine chain. However, the most impediment in the infection prophylaxis is, mainly, the lack of knowledge on its epidemiology in intensives production systems, mainly related to the transmission possible ways of this agent. This study has tested the hypothesis of nose-to-nose and airborne transmission of Salmonella Derby in the swine species. The trials were performed using stainlesssteel and glass isolation cabinets and totally controlled. In the trial 1, inoculated pigs and sentinel pigs isolation cabinets were connected by small crack that allowed only the nose-to-nose contact. In the trial 2 isolation cabinets were connected by air ducts that allowed an unidirectional airflow from cabinet 1 (control pigs) to cabinet 3 (sentinel pigs), passing through cabinet 2 (inoculated pigs). The duration of both trials were 15 days. At this period, slurry bags, rectal swabs, pooled faecal from the floor and air samples were collected daily and assessed by culture and PCR. The nose-to-nose and airborne transmission hypothesis of S. Derby was not corroborated by the agent isolation and detection in the sentinel pigs

Aspectos clínicos, epidemiológicos e laboratoriais de cães sororreagentes para leishmaniose visceral, em foco de transmissão no Distrito Federal-DF, Brasil

A leishmaniose visceral canina (LVC) é uma antropozoonose de distribuição cosmopolita. No Brasil, é causada pela Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi, que tem flebotomíneos da espécie Lutzomyia longipalpis como vetores e grande variedade de mamíferos, inclusive pessoas, como hospedeiros. As infecções mais comuns ocorrem em mamíferos silvestres; em áreas urbanas e periurbanas, o cão é o hospedeiro de maior importância epidemiológica. Assim, o objetivo do estudo foi verificar aspectos clínicos e epidemiológicos, e avaliar a bioquímica sérica, inclusive proteínas de fase aguda, em proteinograma em gel de poliacrilamida contendo dodecil sulfato de sódio (SDS-PAGE), de 120 cães de região periurbana com foco de transmissão no Distrito Federal. Sessenta cães eram sororreagentes e sessenta animais não eram reagentes à reação de imunofluorescência indireta (RIFI) para LVC. A soroprevalência observada foi de 24,5%, sendo animais assintomáticos a maioria entre os cães sororreagentes ou não-reagentes à RIFI para LVC. Nos animais sororreagentes oligossintomáticos, os sinais clínicos mais evidentes foram lesões cutâneas (primárias e secundárias), inclusive alopecia de nariz e/ou orelhas. As médias das concentrações séricas de uréia, creatinina, colesterol, cálcio, fósforo, magnésio e das atividades de AST, ALT, ALP e GGT situaram-se na faixa de normalidade para a espécie canina. Os teores séricos de colesterol e de HDL foram inferiores e as concentrações séricas de proteínas totais e imunoglobulinas foram mais elevadas em cães sororreagentes à RIFI. Notou-se uma proteína de peso molecular 33 kDa em cães sororreagentes à RIFI, não constatada em cães soronegativos. Ainda, em animais sororreagentes, evidenciaram-se teores séricos superiores embora não significativos, mas com provável importância biológica das proteínas de fase aguda ceruloplasmina, transferrina, haptoglobina e glicoproteína ácida

Canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) is an anthropozoonotic infection of cosmopolitan distribution. In Brazil, it is caused by Leishmania (Leishmania) chagasi and transmitted by vector Lutzomyia longipalpis (sandfly), having a great variety of hosts (including humans). The most common infections take place in wild mammals; in urban and periurban areas, dogs are the most important epidemiological host. The aim of this study was to verify clinical and epidemiological aspects of 120 dogs from the periurban area of transmission at Distrito Federal. Serum biochemical evaluation (including acute phase proteins) was performed using SDS-PAGE method. Sixty dogs were seroreagents and sixty were not reactive to the indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA) for CLV. Seroprevalence rate was of 24.5%; asymptomatic dogs were the majority of seroreagent or non-reagent to IFA for CLV. In the seroreagent oligosymptomatic animals the most evident clinical signs were skin lesions (primary and secondary) including alopecy of nose and/or ears. Mean concentration of urea, creatinine, cholesterol, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium and the activities of AST, ALT, ALP and GGT were within normal limits for canine specie. Serum cholesterol and HDL were inferior and total serum protein concentration and immunoglobulins were more elevated in dogs seroreagent to IFA. In the dogs seroreagent to IFA, it was noticed a protein with molecular weight of 33 kDa, not noticed in seronegative animals. In the seroreagent animals, it was noticed increased serum levels of acute phase proteins (ceruloplasmine, transferrin, haptoglobin and acid glycoprotein), although not significative but with a probable biological importance

Infecção por rangelia vitalli (Nambiuvú, Peste de Sangue) em caninos: revisão / Infection by rangelia vitalli (“Nambiuvú”, “Peste de Sangue”) in dogs: a review

Rangelia vitalli é um protozoário transmitido por carrapatos que provoca uma doença em caninos, conhecida popularmente como “peste de sangue”, “nambiuvú” ou “febre amarela dos cães”. Afeta principalmente cães jovens das zonas rurais e periurbanas, cães caçadores e cães militares. A doença usualmente é observada nas épocas mais quentes do ano, quando a quantidade de carrapatos no ambiente é grande, mas também pode ser vista ao longo do ano, inclusive em cães adultos. Causa anemia, icterícia, febre, espleno e linfadenomegalia, hemorragias no trato gastrintestinal (“nambiuvú das tripas”) e sangramento persistente pelas bordas e face externa das orelhas, narinas e cavidade oral. O hemograma dos animais afetados é consistente com o de uma anemia hemolítica extravascular auto-imune. Esterocitose e eritrofagocitose são achados típicos dessa anemia imunomediada. Histologicamente, R. vitalli tem sido observado no interior de vacúolos parasitóforos no citoplasma das células endoteliais de capilares sanguíneos. Estudos em microscopia eletrônica revelam que esse parasito pode ser encontrado não apenas no endotélio, mas também livre no sangue circulante. A ultra-estrutura de R. vitalli e de seu vacúolo parasitóforo é semelhante à de outros protozoários do filo Apicomplexa, ordem Piroplasmorida. O diagnóstico presuntivo dessa enfermidade é feito com base no histórico, quadro clínico, hemograma e resposta favorável à terapia. O diagnóstico definitivo dessa protozoose tem sido feito através do exame microscópico de esfregaços de tecidos confeccionados durante a necropsia ou em cortes histológicos. Sugere-se que os carrapatos ixodídeos Rhipicephalus sanguineus e Amblyomma aureolatum sejam os vetores de R. vitalli nas zonas periurbanas e rurais, respectivamente. Tem sido especulada a participação de um reservatório silvestre no ciclo biológico de R. vitalli, que manteria esse protozoário no meio rural(AU)

Rangelia vitalli is a protozoan parasite of the phylum Apicomplexa, order Piroplasmorida, that causes a tick-borne disease referred to as “nambiuvú” (blood dribbling down from the ear margins), “peste de sangue” (bleeding plague) or “febre amarela dos cães” (yellow fever of dogs). The disease occurs specially during the hot season, when the tick population in the environment is increased, but it can happen throughout the years as well. It usually affects young dogs from rural and periurban areas, hunting dogs, but can also affect adult dogs. This protozoosis characterized by anemia, jaundice, fever, splenomegaly, generalized lymph node enlargement, hemorrhage along the gastrointestinal tract (“nambiuvú das tripas”), and persistent bleeding through the tips of the pinnae or through the external surface of the ears, nose and oral cavity. Hematologic findings suggest that R. vitalli causes an autoimmune hemolytic anemia. Spherocytosis and erythrogragocytosis are the hallmarks of this immune-mediated anemia. Microscopically, R. vitalli has been found inside parasitophorous vacuoles in the cytoplasm of endothelial cells from blood capillaries. Studies in transmission electron microscopy show that this protozoan can be found not only inside the endothelial cells but also free in the blood. Both the parasite and its parasitophorous vacuole have ultrastructural features, similar to other Apicomplexan protozoan parasites. Tentative clinical diagnosis of the parasitism by R. vitalli is based on the history, clinical picture, hemogram and favorable response to therapy. Definitive diagnosis has been accomplished through the microscopical examination of smears from tissue samples collected during necropsies or of histological sections. It is suggested that Ambyomma aureolatum and Rhipicephalus sanguineus serve as the main vectors for R. vitalli. It has been speculated that a wild animal could play a role as a reservoir of R. vitalli in rural areas(AU)

Infecção por rangelia vitalli (Nambiuvú, Peste de Sangue) em caninos: revisão / Infection by rangelia vitalli (“Nambiuvú”, “Peste de Sangue”) in dogs: a review

Rangelia vitalli é um protozoário transmitido por carrapatos que provoca uma doença em caninos, conhecida popularmente como “peste de sangue”, “nambiuvú” ou “febre amarela dos cães”. Afeta principalmente cães jovens das zonas rurais e periurbanas, cães caçadores e cães militares. A doença usualmente é observada nas épocas mais quentes do ano, quando a quantidade de carrapatos no ambiente é grande, mas também pode ser vista ao longo do ano, inclusive em cães adultos. Causa anemia, icterícia, febre, espleno e linfadenomegalia, hemorragias no trato gastrintestinal (“nambiuvú das tripas”) e sangramento persistente pelas bordas e face externa das orelhas, narinas e cavidade oral. O hemograma dos animais afetados é consistente com o de uma anemia hemolítica extravascular auto-imune. Esterocitose e eritrofagocitose são achados típicos dessa anemia imunomediada. Histologicamente, R. vitalli tem sido observado no interior de vacúolos parasitóforos no citoplasma das células endoteliais de capilares sanguíneos. Estudos em microscopia eletrônica revelam que esse parasito pode ser encontrado não apenas no endotélio, mas também livre no sangue circulante. A ultra-estrutura de R. vitalli e de seu vacúolo parasitóforo é semelhante à de outros protozoários do filo Apicomplexa, ordem Piroplasmorida. O diagnóstico presuntivo dessa enfermidade é feito com base no histórico, quadro clínico, hemograma e resposta favorável à terapia. O diagnóstico definitivo dessa protozoose tem sido feito através do exame microscópico de esfregaços de tecidos confeccionados durante a necropsia ou em cortes histológicos. Sugere-se que os carrapatos ixodídeos Rhipicephalus sanguineus e Amblyomma aureolatum sejam os vetores de R. vitalli nas zonas periurbanas e rurais, respectivamente. Tem sido especulada a participação de um reservatório silvestre no ciclo biológico de R. vitalli, que manteria esse protozoário no meio rural

Rangelia vitalli is a protozoan parasite of the phylum Apicomplexa, order Piroplasmorida, that causes a tick-borne disease referred to as “nambiuvú” (blood dribbling down from the ear margins), “peste de sangue” (bleeding plague) or “febre amarela dos cães” (yellow fever of dogs). The disease occurs specially during the hot season, when the tick population in the environment is increased, but it can happen throughout the years as well. It usually affects young dogs from rural and periurban areas, hunting dogs, but can also affect adult dogs. This protozoosis characterized by anemia, jaundice, fever, splenomegaly, generalized lymph node enlargement, hemorrhage along the gastrointestinal tract (“nambiuvú das tripas”), and persistent bleeding through the tips of the pinnae or through the external surface of the ears, nose and oral cavity. Hematologic findings suggest that R. vitalli causes an autoimmune hemolytic anemia. Spherocytosis and erythrogragocytosis are the hallmarks of this immune-mediated anemia. Microscopically, R. vitalli has been found inside parasitophorous vacuoles in the cytoplasm of endothelial cells from blood capillaries. Studies in transmission electron microscopy show that this protozoan can be found not only inside the endothelial cells but also free in the blood. Both the parasite and its parasitophorous vacuole have ultrastructural features, similar to other Apicomplexan protozoan parasites. Tentative clinical diagnosis of the parasitism by R. vitalli is based on the history, clinical picture, hemogram and favorable response to therapy. Definitive diagnosis has been accomplished through the microscopical examination of smears from tissue samples collected during necropsies or of histological sections. It is suggested that Ambyomma aureolatum and Rhipicephalus sanguineus serve as the main vectors for R. vitalli. It has been speculated that a wild animal could play a role as a reservoir of R. vitalli in rural areas