The in vitro effects of n-3 fatty acids on immune response regulation of bovine ex vivo endometrial explants / Os efeitos in vitro dos ácidos graxos n-3 na regulação da resposta imune de explantes endometriais bovinos ex vivo

Fatty acids are considered metabolic intermediaries, although new facts indicate they also work as signaling molecules with different roles in the immune response. Based on that, in this study, we investigated the anti-inflammatory effects of n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) as eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and α-linolenic acid (LNA) in ex vivo bovine endometrial explants. For this, two groups were formed: (1) LPS-challenged and (2) control, both to evaluate the accumulation of proinflammatory cytokines as interleukin 1ß (IL1B) and interleukin 6 (IL6). To develop the study, bovine female reproductive tracts from non-pregnant Angus heifers without evidence of reproductive diseases were selected. Endometrial explants were processed and treated for 24 h with EPA, DHA, and LNA in five different concentrations (0µM, 50µM, 100 µM, 200µM and 400 µM) and then, challenged with LPS for 24 h. Supernatants were collected to evaluate the concentration of IL1B and IL6 by ELISA. Explants treated with EPA from control groups reduced the concentrations of ILB (200µM) and IL6 (400 µM), and IL6 (50 µM; 100 µM) from the LPS-challenged group. DHA decreased the accumulation of IL1B and IL6 at 200 µM on explants from the LPS-challenged group, and 200 µM reduced IL6 from the control group. In contrast, explants treated with LNA only reduced the accumulation of IL1B to 400µM (from both groups). In conclusion, the EPA acid is the best anti-inflammatory option to decrease the concentration of both pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL1B and IL6) from LPS-challenged and control groups in bovine endometrial explants; while LNA evidence to be the last option to promote an anti-inflammatory response.(AU)

Os ácidos graxos são considerados intermediários metabólicos, embora novos fatos indiquem que eles também atuem como moléculas sinalizadoras com diferentes papéis na resposta imune. Dessa forma, este estudo investigou os efeitos anti-inflamatórios de ácidos graxos poliinsaturados n-3 (PUFAs) como ácido eicosapentaenóico (EPA), ácido docosahexaenóico (DHA) e ácido α-linolênico (LNA) em explantes endometriais ex vivo de bovinos. Para tal, o experimento foi divido em dois grupos: (1) Desafiado-LPS e (2) Controle, para que então pudesse avaliar o acúmulo de citocinas pró-inflamatórias como interleucina 1ß (IL1B) e interleucina 6 (IL6). Foram selecionados tratos reprodutivos de fêmeas bovinas de novilhas Angus não prenhes sem evidência de doenças reprodutivas. Explantes endometriais foram processados e tratados por 24h com EPA, DHA e LNA em cinco concentrações diferentes (0µM, 50µM, 100 µM, 200µM e 400 µM) e, em seguida, desafiados com LPS por mais 24h. Os sobrenadantes foram colhidos para avaliar a concentração de IL1B e IL6 pelo teste de ELISA. Os explantes tratados com EPA dos grupos de controle reduziram as concentrações de ILB (200 µM) e IL6 (400 µM) e no grupo desafiado com LPS houve redução das concentrações de IL6 (50 µM; 100 µM). Nos explantes do grupo desafiado com LPS, o DHA diminuiu o acúmulo de IL1B e IL6 nas concentrações de 200 µM, e no grupo controle reduziu IL6 nas concentrações de 200 µM, enquanto os explantes tratados com LNA reduziram apenas o acúmulo de IL1B a 400 µM (de ambos os grupos). Em conclusão, o ácido EPA provou ser a melhor opção anti-inflamatória para diminuir a concentração de ambas as citocinas pró-inflamatórias (IL1B e IL6) de grupos desafiados com LPS e controle em explantes endometriais bovinos; enquanto o LNA evidencia ser a opção menos viável para promover uma resposta anti-inflamatória.(AU)

Fatty acid profile of slow-growing broilers supplemented with biocomplexed minerals / Perfil de ácidos graxos de frangos de corte de crescimento lento suplementados com minerais biocomplexados

ABSTRACT: This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation with biocomplexed selenium and chromium on the fatty acid profile of the breast and thigh of males and females broilers of the Label Rouge lineage. The experimental design was completely randomized arranged in a 3 x 2 factorial scheme corresponding to three diets (control; 0.40 ppm of chromium; 0.50 ppm of selenium) and two sexes. Each treatment consisted of three plots of five broilers. The fatty acid profile was evaluated in the breast and thigh samples. The addition of biocomplexed selenium in the broilers diets increased the content of long chain fatty acid of the omega 3 and 6 series (docosahexaenoic - DHA and arachidonic acids, respectively), the total of omega 6 and the stearic acid content on the breast (pectoralis major muscle). In addition, selenium supplementation caused a reduction in oleic acid content and in total of monounsaturated in the same muscle. Males had higher contents of linoleic and linolenic acids, and total of polyunsaturated; and lower content of oleic acid, total of monounsaturated and saturated in the thigh. The broilers supplemented with biocomplexed selenium and males presented better lipid quality in the muscle by breast and thigh, respectively.

RESUMO: Este estudo foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos da suplementação dietética com selênio e cromo biocomplexados sobre o perfil de ácidos graxos do peito e da coxa de frangos de corte machos e fêmeas da linhagem Label Rouge. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 3 x 2 correspondendo a três dietas (controle; 0,40 ppm de cromo; 0,50 ppm de selênio) e dois sexos. Cada tratamento foi composto por três parcelas de cinco frangos de corte. O perfil de ácidos graxos foi avaliado nas amostras de peito e coxa. A adição de selênio biocomplexado na dieta de frangos de corte aumentou o teor de ácidos graxos de cadeia longa das séries ômega 3 e 6 (ácido docosahexaenóico - DHA e araquidônico, respectivamente), o total de ômega 6 e o conteúdo de ácido esteárico no peito (músculo pectoralis major). Além disso, a suplementação com selênio causou redução no teor de ácido oleico e no total de monoinsaturados no mesmo músculo. Os machos apresentaram maiores teores dos ácidos linoléico e linolênico e total de poliinsaturados; e menor conteúdo de ácido oleico, total de monoinsaturados e saturados na coxa. Os frangos suplementados com selênio biocomplexado e os machos apresentaram melhor qualidade lipídica no músculo do peito e coxa, respectivamente.

Dietary lipid sources on the fatty acid profile of swine fat: a review / Fontes lipídicas da dieta no perfil de ácidos graxos da gordura suína: revisão

ABSTRACT: Swine production has focused its efforts to reduce the amount and improve the quality of fat deposited on carcass. Due to the association of the lipid profile with cardiovascular diseases, researches have been developed to understand how the deposition occurs and to improve the fatty acid profile of swine fat. Among the factors that affect the fat composition, race, sex, and diet, the third one has the greatest impact. Lipid inclusion seems to be a promising way to modulate the lipid profile of fat in pig carcass, with an effect on saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids. The effect is greater in that fatty acid with the highest concentration in the source used. Soybean oil can double the value of linoleic acid, a by-product of olive oil increases oleic acid by 4%, and flaxseed oil has the ability to increase α-linolenic acid from less than 1% to over 18% in total fatty acids. In addition to the source, the duration and concentration influence the modulation of the fatty acid profile.

RESUMO: A cadeia produtiva de suínos tem concentrado esforços para reduzir a quantidade e melhorar a qualidade da gordura depositada na carcaça. Devido a associação do perfil lipídico com doenças cardiovasculares, pesquisas têm sido desenvolvidas para entender como ocorre a deposição e para melhorar o perfil de ácidos graxos na carcaça. Dentre os fatores que afetam a composição dessa gordura estão a raça, o sexo e a dieta dos suínos, sendo que este último é o de maior impacto. A inclusão de ingredientes lipídicos parece uma promissora forma de modular o perfil lipídico da gordura na carcaça dos suínos, sendo observado efeito nos ácidos graxos saturados, monoinsaturados e poli-insaturados. O efeito é maior naquele ácido graxo de maior concentração na fonte utilizada. O óleo de soja pode dobrar o valor do ácido linoleico. Um subproduto do óleo de oliva incrementa em 4% o ácido oleico. E o óleo de linhaça tem a capacidade de aumentar o α-linolênico de menos de 1% para mais de 18% no total de ácidos graxos. Além da fonte, o período e a concentração influenciam na modulação do perfil de ácidos graxos.

Dietary lipid sources on the fatty acid profile of swine fat: a review / Fontes lipídicas da dieta no perfil de ácidos graxos da gordura suína: revisão

Swine production has focused its efforts to reduce the amount and improve the quality of fat deposited on carcass. Due to the association of the lipid profile with cardiovascular diseases, researches have been developed to understand how the deposition occurs and to improve the fatty acid profile of swine fat. Among the factors that affect the fat composition, race, sex, and diet, the third one has the greatest impact. Lipid inclusion seems to be a promising way to modulate the lipid profile of fat in pig carcass, with an effect on saturated, monounsaturated and polyunsaturated fatty acids. The effect is greater in that fatty acid with the highest concentration in the source used. Soybean oil can double the value of linoleic acid, a by-product of olive oil increases oleic acid by 4%, and flaxseed oil has the ability to increase α-linolenic acid from less than 1% to over 18% in total fatty acids. In addition to the source, the duration and concentration influence the modulation of the fatty acid profile.

A cadeia produtiva de suínos tem concentrado esforços para reduzir a quantidade e melhorar a qualidade da gordura depositada na carcaça. Devido a associação do perfil lipídico com doenças cardiovasculares, pesquisas têm sido desenvolvidas para entender como ocorre a deposição e para melhorar o perfil de ácidos graxos na carcaça. Dentre os fatores que afetam a composição dessa gordura estão a raça, o sexo e a dieta dos suínos, sendo que este último é o de maior impacto. A inclusão de ingredientes lipídicos parece uma promissora forma de modular o perfil lipídico da gordura na carcaça dos suínos, sendo observado efeito nos ácidos graxos saturados, monoinsaturados e poli-insaturados. O efeito é maior naquele ácido graxo de maior concentração na fonte utilizada. O óleo de soja pode dobrar o valor do ácido linoleico. Um subproduto do óleo de oliva incrementa em 4% o ácido oleico. E o óleo de linhaça tem a capacidade de aumentar o α-linolênico de menos de 1% para mais de 18% no total de ácidos graxos. Além da fonte, o período e a concentração influenciam na modulação do perfil de ácidos graxos.

Relationship of Linoleic and Alpha-Linolenic Acids on the Productive Performance and Serum Biochemical Profile of Japanese Quail Breeders

Linoleic (LA, 18:2) and alpha-linolenic (ALA, 18:3) acids are omega-6 and omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids considered essential to human and animal health. The optimum LA/ALA ratio for the production of fertile eggs in Japanese quail breeders has been little investigated. Thus, this study aimed to assess the effects of LA/ALA ratio on productive performance, egg quality, serum biochemical profile, body composition, and organ weight in Japanese quail. A completely randomized design was used. Birds were distributed into five treatments consisting of different LA/ALA ratios (1.48:1, 4.57:1, 7.63:1, 10.69:1, and 13.75:1), obtained by adding soybean (LA) and flaxseed (ALA) oils to the feed. Productive performance and egg quality were assessed in three cycles of 28 days each. At the end of the experiment, the birds were slaughtered and evaluated for biochemical profile, genital organ weights, and body composition. Data were subjected to analysis of variance and regression (p<0.05). LA/ALA ratio had no effect on productive performance or egg quality. Blood cholesterol in females and males and total triglycerides in females showed a quadratic response. Breeders fed the highest level of flaxseed oil (1.48:1) had the best serum levels of cholesterol and total triglycerides. Live weight and relative organ weights were not influenced by LA/ALA ratio. Differences in ash and crude protein levels were observed between groups, with LA increasing the deposition of these nutrients. It was concluded that LA/ALA ratio didn't affect productive performance or egg quality. However, based on the results of body composition, serum triglycerides, and cholesterol, it is recommended to use an LA/ALA ratio of 1.48:1 in diets.(AU)

Fatty acid profile of slow-growing broilers supplemented with biocomplexed minerals / Perfil de ácidos graxos de frangos de corte de crescimento lento suplementados com minerais biocomplexados

This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation with biocomplexed selenium and chromium on the fatty acid profile of the breast and thigh of males and females broilers of the Label Rouge lineage. The experimental design was completely randomized arranged in a 3 x 2 factorial scheme corresponding to three diets (control; 0.40 ppm of chromium; 0.50 ppm of selenium) and two sexes. Each treatment consisted of three plots of five broilers. The fatty acid profile was evaluated in the breast and thigh samples. The addition of biocomplexed selenium in the broilers diets increased the content of long chain fatty acid of the omega 3 and 6 series (docosahexaenoic - DHA and arachidonic acids, respectively), the total of omega 6 and the stearic acid content on the breast (pectoralis major muscle). In addition, selenium supplementation caused a reduction in oleic acid content and in total of monounsaturated in the same muscle. Males had higher contents of linoleic and linolenic acids, and total of polyunsaturated; and lower content of oleic acid, total of monounsaturated and saturated in the thigh. The broilers supplemented with biocomplexed selenium and males presented better lipid quality in the muscle by breast and thigh, respectively.

Este estudo foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos da suplementação dietética com selênio e cromo biocomplexados sobre o perfil de ácidos graxos do peito e da coxa de frangos de corte machos e fêmeas da linhagem Label Rouge. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 3 x 2 correspondendo a três dietas (controle; 0,40 ppm de cromo; 0,50 ppm de selênio) e dois sexos. Cada tratamento foi composto por três parcelas de cinco frangos de corte. O perfil de ácidos graxos foi avaliado nas amostras de peito e coxa. A adição de selênio biocomplexado na dieta de frangos de corte aumentou o teor de ácidos graxos de cadeia longa das séries ômega 3 e 6 (ácido docosahexaenóico - DHA e araquidônico, respectivamente), o total de ômega 6 e o conteúdo de ácido esteárico no peito (músculo pectoralis major). Além disso, a suplementação com selênio causou redução no teor de ácido oleico e no total de monoinsaturados no mesmo músculo. Os machos apresentaram maiores teores dos ácidos linoléico e linolênico e total de poliinsaturados; e menor conteúdo de ácido oleico, total de monoinsaturados e saturados na coxa. Os frangos suplementados com selênio biocomplexado e os machos apresentaram melhor qualidade lipídica no músculo do peito e coxa, respectivamente.

Nutracêuticos no desempenho reprodutivo de garanhões / Nutraceuticals on the stallion breeding performance

O termo nutracêutico vem se tornando comum na reprodução animal e descreve produtos derivados dos alimentos, que podem fornecer benefícios adicionais a saúde, além dos valores básicos encontrados na dieta. Entre os vários nutracêuticos utilizados na reprodução, temos o ômega-3, ômega-6, vitaminas do complexo B, L-carnitina, ß-caroteno e antioxidantes. Portanto, objetivou-se apresentar as principais substâncias utilizadas como nutracêuticos e antioxidantes, seja utilizado de forma oral ou incorporado a diluentes de sêmen, com a finalidade de melhorar a qualidade seminal de garanhões, e consequentemente incrementar taxas de prenhez.(AU)

Nutraceuticals have become remarkably popular in animal reproduction and describe products derived from foods, which may provide additional health benefits, beyond the basic value found in diets. Among the main nutraceuticals used in male reproduction, there are omega-3 and 6, B-complex vitamins, L-carnitine, ß-carotene, and antioxidants. The aim of this review is to present the main substances used as nutraceuticals and antioxidants, either used orally or in combination with semen extenders, focusing on the improvement of seminal quality, and pregnancy rates.(AU)

Different N6: N3 Ratios on Performance, Egg Quality, and Health of 81-Week-Old Laying Hens

This study aimed to evaluate different n6:n3ratios on performance, serum biochemical variables, and egg quality in 81-week-old laying hens. A total of 224 laying hens, 81-week-old Hysex White, were utilized and distributed in a completely randomized design consisting of seven treatments and eight replications of four birds per cage, totaling 56 cages. The experimental treatments consisted of seven different n6:n3fatty acid ratios: 1.0:1.0, 2.0:1.0, 4.0:1.0, 8.0:1.0, 16.0:1.0, 32.0:1.0, and 64.0:1.0. For diet formulation, sunflower oil, rich in omega-6, and linseed oil, rich in omega-3, were used. Productive performance, egg quality and serum biochemical variables of laying hens were evaluated at the end of the cycle at 26, 27, and 28 days. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) was conducted and orthogonal contrasts were used to obtain the sum of squares of the treatment of the analysis of variance in polynomial regression effects. Egg quality variables did not vary significantly between the diets. Therefore, diet supplementation with polyunsaturated fatty acids at different ratios was possible without altering egg quality. The only exception was Haugh unit, which displayed a quadratic effect indicating that the best value was the n6:n3ratio of 32, according to data significance. It was concluded that an increase in n6:n3ratios decreases laying hens' feed intake. The n6:n3 ratio of 34.64 provides greater eggs' Haugh units, decreasing from that value on. The ratios of n6:n3 did not influence the hens' serum biochemical variables.(AU)

Possibilities of Using Chia Oil As an Omega-3 Source in Laying Quail Diets Chia Oil Supplementation on Quails

This study aims to investigate the effects of different levels of chia (Salvia Hispanica L.) seed oil supplementation as omega-3 source to the diets of laying quails on yield performance, egg quality, and egg yolk fatty acid profiles. The study was conducted including 4 treatment groups as follows: C0 (0 g/kg diet), C1 (1 g/kg diet), C2 (2 g/kg diet), and C3 (3 g/kg diet). In the study, 96 female quails at the age of 18 weeks were used and the trial was carried out for 4 weeks. As a result, it was determined that chia seed oil supplementation to the diet was not effective on feed consumption, feed conversion ratio, egg yield, or egg weight of quails, but it was effective on the yolk index of egg quality characteristics (p<0.05). The most important effect of chia seed oil supplementation to the diet was determined to be on the omega-3/omega-6 ratio of egg yolk. Dietary chia seed oil increased the omega-3/omega-6 ratio (p<0.01). It can be stated that increasing the level of omega-3 in the diets, positively affects the polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA)/saturated fatty acid (SFA) ratio.(AU)

Fatty acid profile, omegas, and lipid quality in commercial cuts of tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum Cuvier, 1818) cultivated in ponds / Perfil de ácidos graxos, ômegas e qualidade lipídica em cortes comerciais de tambaqui (Colossoma macropomumCuvier, 1818) cultivado em tanques escavados

This study aimed to determine the fatty acid profile, omegas, and lipid quality indices in commercial cuts of tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum). Samples were collected from two fish processing industries located in Rondônia state, Brazil. The experimental design was completely randomized, with processing performed in triplicate. Data were submitted for analysis of variance (ANOVA) to assess differences between commercial cuts. If ANOVA was statistically significant (α = 0.05), the averages were compared using Tukey's test. In the composition of fatty acids, there was a difference (p < 0.05) between commercial cuts. The commercial cuts with the highest percentages of saturated fatty acids (SFAs) steak at 47.050%, monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) fillet at 45.120%, and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) band at 19.050%. In addition, the band expresses the highest values of omegas 3, 6, 7, and n-9. The indices prescribed ∑PUFAs/∑SFAs, ∑PUFAs (n-6/∑n-3), atherogenicity index, thrombogenicity index, and ratio between hypocholesterolemic and hypercholesterolemic fatty acids, indicating that commercial cuts have lipid quality. Nutritional information is important for conservation and processing processes, the development of new products on the market, and guidance on the form of preparation, thus providing commercial security for different market niches.

O objetivo do estudo foi determinar o perfil de ácidos graxos, ômegas e índices de qualidade lipídica em cortes comerciais de tambaqui (Colossoma macropomum). As coletas de amostras foram realizadas em duas indústrias de processamento de pescado localizadas no estado de Rondônia, Brasil. O delineamen-to experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com processamento realizado em triplicata. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância (ANOVA) para avaliar diferenças entre cortes comerciais. Quando a ANOVA foi estatisticamente significativa (α = 0,05), as médias foram comparadas pelo teste de Tukey. Na composição dos ácidos graxos, houve diferença (p < 0,05) entre os cortes comerciais. O corte comercial com maiores percentagens de ácido graxo saturado (AGSs) foi a posta 47,050%, de ácido graxo monossaturado (AGMs) foi o filé 45,120% e de ácido graxo poli-insaturado (AGPs) foi a banda 19,050%. Esta também expressou os maiores valores de ômegas 3, 6, 7 e n-9. Os índices prescritos ∑AGPs/∑AGSs, ∑AGPs (n-6/∑n-3); índice de aterogenicidade; índice de trombogenicidade; razão entre ácidos graxos hipocolesterolêmicos e hipercolesterolêmicos mostram que os cortes comerciais possuem qualidade lipídica. As informações nutricionais são importantes para os processos de conservação e processamento e para o desenvolvimento de novos produtos no mercado, bem como orientam a forma de preparo, proporcionando assim segurança comercial para diferentes nichos de mercado.

Biochemical composition of some Echinodermata (Holothuroidea, Echinoidea) from the Red Sea, Egypt

Abstract In the present study, the biochemical composition of some Echinodermata (Holothuroidea, Echinoidea) from the Red Sea, Egypt was investigated. The results showed that the highest percentage of saturated fatty acids (SFA) was in Holothuria nobilis and the lowest percentage was recorded in Holothuria scabra. The highest percentage of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) was recorded in Pearsonothuria graeffei while the lowest percentage was recorded in Holothuria atra. The highest percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) was recorded in Holothuria nobilis and the lowest percentage was recorded in Holothuria atra. The highest percentage of omega-3 fatty acids was recorded in Stichopus hermanni however, the lowest percentage was recorded in Diadema setosum. The highest percentage of omega-6 fatty acids was recorded in Bohadschia vitiensis where, the lowest percentage was recorded in Holothuria atra. In addition, nonessential amino acid (NEAA) glycine were the highest in all species and serine was the lowest while Essential amino acid (EAA) arginine was the highest and cysteine was the lowest. All of the NEAA recorded highest concentrations in S. hermanni except proline. The recorded essential amino acids were histidine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, and leucine. The latter was high in Pearsonothuria graeffei. Tyrosine, valine, threonine, and arginine were high in Stichopus hermanni. The present study proved that sea cucumbers has great nutritional value.

Resumo No presente estudo, investigou-se a composição bioquímica de algumas espécies Echinodermata (Holothuroidea, Echinoidea) do Mar Vermelho no Egito. Os resultados mostraram que a maior porcentagem de ácidos graxos saturados (SFA) foi na espécie Holothuria nobilis e a menor porcentagem foi registrada em Holothuria scabra. A maior porcentagem de ácidos graxos monoinsaturados (MUFA) foi registrada na espécie Pearsonothuria graeffei, enquanto a menor porcentagem foi registrada em Holothuria atra. O maior percentual de ácidos graxos poli-insaturados (PUFA) foi registrado em Holothuria nobilis e o menor percentual foi registrado em Holothuria atra. A maior porcentagem de ácidos graxos ômega-3 foi registrada na espécie Stichopus hermanni, entretanto, a menor porcentagem foi registrada em Diadema setosum. A maior porcentagem de ácidos graxos ômega-6 foi registrada em Bohadschia vitiensis e a menor porcentagem foi registrada em Holothuria atra. Além disso, o nível de aminoácido não-essencial (NEAA) glicina foi o mais alto em todas as espécies e o de serina foi o mais baixo, enquanto o nível de aminoácido essencial (EAA) arginina foi o mais alto e a cisteína foi o mais baixo. Todos os NEAA registraram concentrações mais altas em S. hermanni, exceto prolina. Os aminoácidos essenciais registrados foram histidina, isoleucina, fenilalanina e leucina. A leucina apresentou alto nível na espécie Pearsonothuria graeffei. Tirosina, valina, treonina e arginina apresentaram níveis elevados em Stichopus hermanni. Assim, o presente estudo comprovou que o pepino-do-mar possui grande valor nutricional.

Biochemical composition of some Echinodermata (Holothuroidea, Echinoidea) from the Red Sea, Egypt / Composição bioquímica de alguns Echinodermata (Holothuroidea, Echinoidea) do Mar Vermelho, Egito

In the present study, the biochemical composition of some Echinodermata (Holothuroidea, Echinoidea) from the Red Sea, Egypt was investigated. The results showed that the highest percentage of saturated fatty acids (SFA) was in Holothuria nobilis and the lowest percentage was recorded in Holothuria scabra. The highest percentage of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) was recorded in Pearsonothuria graeffei while the lowest percentage was recorded in Holothuria atra. The highest percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) was recorded in Holothuria nobilis and the lowest percentage was recorded in Holothuria atra. The highest percentage of omega-3 fatty acids was recorded in Stichopus hermanni however, the lowest percentage was recorded in Diadema setosum. The highest percentage of omega-6 fatty acids was recorded in Bohadschia vitiensis where, the lowest percentage was recorded in Holothuria atra. In addition, nonessential amino acid (NEAA) glycine were the highest in all species and serine was the lowest while Essential amino acid (EAA) arginine was the highest and cysteine was the lowest. All of the NEAA recorded highest concentrations in S. hermanni except proline. The recorded essential amino acids were histidine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, and leucine. The latter was high in Pearsonothuria graeffei. Tyrosine, valine, threonine, and arginine were high in Stichopus hermanni. The present study proved that sea cucumbers has great nutritional value.

No presente estudo, investigou-se a composição bioquímica de algumas espécies Echinodermata (Holothuroidea, Echinoidea) do Mar Vermelho no Egito. Os resultados mostraram que a maior porcentagem de ácidos graxos saturados (SFA) foi na espécie Holothuria nobilis e a menor porcentagem foi registrada em Holothuria scabra. A maior porcentagem de ácidos graxos monoinsaturados (MUFA) foi registrada na espécie Pearsonothuria graeffei, enquanto a menor porcentagem foi registrada em Holothuria atra. O maior percentual de ácidos graxos poliinsaturados (PUFA) foi registrado em Holothuria nobilis e o menor percentual foi registrado em Holothuria atra. A maior porcentagem de ácidos graxos ômega-3 foi registrada na espécie Stichopus hermanni, entretanto, a menor porcentagem foi registrada em Diadema setosum. A maior porcentagem de ácidos graxos ômega-6 foi registrada em Bohadschia vitiensis e a menor porcentagem foi registrada em Holothuria atra. Além disso, o nível de aminoácido não-essencial (NEAA) glicina foi o mais alto em todas as espécies e o de serina foi o mais baixo, enquanto o nível de aminoácido essencial (EAA) arginina foi o mais alto e a cisteína foi o mais baixo. Todos os NEAA registraram concentrações mais altas em S. hermanni, exceto prolina. Os aminoácidos essenciais registrados foram histidina, isoleucina, fenilalanina e leucina. A leucina apresentou alto nível na espécie Pearsonothuria graeffei. Tirosina, valina, treonina e arginina apresentaram níveis elevados em Stichopus hermanni. Assim, o presente estudo comprovou que o pepino-do-mar possui grande valor nutricional.

Biochemical composition of some Echinodermata (Holothuroidea, Echinoidea) from the Red Sea, Egypt / Composição bioquímica de alguns Echinodermata (Holothuroidea, Echinoidea) do Mar Vermelho, Egito

In the present study, the biochemical composition of some Echinodermata (Holothuroidea, Echinoidea) from the Red Sea, Egypt was investigated. The results showed that the highest percentage of saturated fatty acids (SFA) was in Holothuria nobilis and the lowest percentage was recorded in Holothuria scabra. The highest percentage of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) was recorded in Pearsonothuria graeffei while the lowest percentage was recorded in Holothuria atra. The highest percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) was recorded in Holothuria nobilis and the lowest percentage was recorded in Holothuria atra. The highest percentage of omega-3 fatty acids was recorded in Stichopus hermanni however, the lowest percentage was recorded in Diadema setosum. The highest percentage of omega-6 fatty acids was recorded in Bohadschia vitiensis where, the lowest percentage was recorded in Holothuria atra. In addition, nonessential amino acid (NEAA) glycine were the highest in all species and serine was the lowest while Essential amino acid (EAA) arginine was the highest and cysteine was the lowest. All of the NEAA recorded highest concentrations in S. hermanni except proline. The recorded essential amino acids were histidine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, and leucine. The latter was high in Pearsonothuria graeffei. Tyrosine, valine, threonine, and arginine were high in Stichopus hermanni. The present study proved that sea cucumbers has great nutritional value.

No presente estudo, investigou-se a composição bioquímica de algumas espécies Echinodermata (Holothuroidea, Echinoidea) do Mar Vermelho no Egito. Os resultados mostraram que a maior porcentagem de ácidos graxos saturados (SFA) foi na espécie Holothuria nobilis e a menor porcentagem foi registrada em Holothuria scabra. A maior porcentagem de ácidos graxos monoinsaturados (MUFA) foi registrada na espécie Pearsonothuria graeffei, enquanto a menor porcentagem foi registrada em Holothuria atra. O maior percentual de ácidos graxos poli insaturados (PUFA) foi registrado em Holothuria nobilis e o menor percentual foi registrado em Holothuria atra. A maior porcentagem de ácidos graxos ômega-3 foi registrada na espécie Stichopus hermanni, entretanto, a menor porcentagem foi registrada em Diadema setosum. A maior porcentagem de ácidos graxos ômega-6 foi registrada em Bohadschia vitiensis e a menor porcentagem foi registrada em Holothuria atra. Além disso, o nível de aminoácido não-essencial (NEAA) glicina foi o mais alto em todas as espécies e o de serina foi o mais baixo, enquanto o nível de aminoácido essencial (EAA) arginina foi o mais alto e a cisteína foi o mais baixo. Todos os NEAA registraram concentrações mais altas em S. hermanni, exceto prolina. Os aminoácidos essenciais registrados foram histidina, isoleucina, fenilalanina e leucina. A leucina apresentou alto nível na espécie Pearsonothuria graeffei. Tirosina, valina, treonina e arginina apresentaram níveis elevados em Stichopus hermanni. Assim, o presente estudo comprovou que o pepino-do-mar possui grande valor nutricional.

Biochemical composition of some Echinodermata (Holothuroidea, Echinoidea) from the Red Sea, Egypt / Composição bioquímica de alguns Echinodermata (Holothuroidea, Echinoidea) do Mar Vermelho, Egito

In the present study, the biochemical composition of some Echinodermata (Holothuroidea, Echinoidea) from the Red Sea, Egypt was investigated. The results showed that the highest percentage of saturated fatty acids (SFA) was in Holothuria nobilis and the lowest percentage was recorded in Holothuria scabra. The highest percentage of monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) was recorded in Pearsonothuria graeffei while the lowest percentage was recorded in Holothuria atra. The highest percentage of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) was recorded in Holothuria nobilis and the lowest percentage was recorded in Holothuria atra. The highest percentage of omega-3 fatty acids was recorded in Stichopus hermanni however, the lowest percentage was recorded in Diadema setosum. The highest percentage of omega-6 fatty acids was recorded in Bohadschia vitiensis where, the lowest percentage was recorded in Holothuria atra. In addition, nonessential amino acid (NEAA) glycine were the highest in all species and serine was the lowest while Essential amino acid (EAA) arginine was the highest and cysteine was the lowest. All of the NEAA recorded highest concentrations in S. hermanni except proline. The recorded essential amino acids were histidine, isoleucine, phenylalanine, and leucine. The latter was high in Pearsonothuria graeffei. Tyrosine, valine, threonine, and arginine were high in Stichopus hermanni. The present study proved that sea cucumbers has great nutritional value.(AU)

No presente estudo, investigou-se a composição bioquímica de algumas espécies Echinodermata (Holothuroidea, Echinoidea) do Mar Vermelho no Egito. Os resultados mostraram que a maior porcentagem de ácidos graxos saturados (SFA) foi na espécie Holothuria nobilis e a menor porcentagem foi registrada em Holothuria scabra. A maior porcentagem de ácidos graxos monoinsaturados (MUFA) foi registrada na espécie Pearsonothuria graeffei, enquanto a menor porcentagem foi registrada em Holothuria atra. O maior percentual de ácidos graxos poli insaturados (PUFA) foi registrado em Holothuria nobilis e o menor percentual foi registrado em Holothuria atra. A maior porcentagem de ácidos graxos ômega-3 foi registrada na espécie Stichopus hermanni, entretanto, a menor porcentagem foi registrada em Diadema setosum. A maior porcentagem de ácidos graxos ômega-6 foi registrada em Bohadschia vitiensis e a menor porcentagem foi registrada em Holothuria atra. Além disso, o nível de aminoácido não-essencial (NEAA) glicina foi o mais alto em todas as espécies e o de serina foi o mais baixo, enquanto o nível de aminoácido essencial (EAA) arginina foi o mais alto e a cisteína foi o mais baixo. Todos os NEAA registraram concentrações mais altas em S. hermanni, exceto prolina. Os aminoácidos essenciais registrados foram histidina, isoleucina, fenilalanina e leucina. A leucina apresentou alto nível na espécie Pearsonothuria graeffei. Tirosina, valina, treonina e arginina apresentaram níveis elevados em Stichopus hermanni. Assim, o presente estudo comprovou que o pepino-do-mar possui grande valor nutricional.(AU)

The effect of n- 3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation on immune and reproductive parameters in dairy cows: a review / O efeito da suplementação de ácidos graxos poliinsaturados n-3 sobre os parâmetros imunológicos e reprodutivos em vacas leiteiras: revisão de literatura

In dairy cattle, supplementation with polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) is considered to be an important tool to decrease the negative energy balance of periparturient dairy cows and improve the reproductive and immune systems. The most common PUFAs added to ruminant diets are omega 3 (n-3 PUFA) as linolenic acid and omega 6 (n-6 PUFA) as linoleic acid. This paper aims to review the potential effects of n-3 PUFA. We consider the effects of n-3 PUFA on the bovine immune system, especially on immune cells, and on in vivo and in vitro reproductive parameters, emphasizing how n-3 PUFAs act as modulators through one or more molecular mechanisms. The incorporation of n-3 PUFA in the dairy cow diet has positive effects on animal fertility and immunity. Future research on n-3 PUFA should be more explored concerning reproduction and immune function, starting from the investigation of basic biology to their potential for application in the clinical and preventive medicine fields.(AU)

Em rebanhos leiteiros, a suplementação com ácidos graxos poliinsaturados (PUFAs) é considerada uma ferramenta importante para diminuir o balanço energético negativo de vacas leiteiras durante o periparto e contribuir para a reprodução e sistema imunológico. Os efeitos da suplementação com PUFA sobre estes sistemas têm sido pouco explorados na literatura. Os PUFAs mais comuns na dieta dos ruminantes são Ômega-3 (n-3 PUFA) como ácido linolênico e Ômega-6 (n-6 PUFA) como ácido linoleico. Esta revisão abordará os aspectos gerais do n-3 PUFA, seus efeitos mais relevantes no sistema imune, principalmente seus efeitos nas células imunes, bem como seus efeitos na parte reprodutiva, tanto in vivo como in vitro, enfatizando a ação do n-3 PUFA através de mecanismos moleculares. A incorporação de n-3 PUFAs na dieta de vacas leiteiras exerce efeitos positivos na fertilidade e imunidade. Mais estudos a fim de explorar a função do n-3 PUFA na modulação do sistema imune e parâmetros reprodutivos, desde a investigação da biologia básica até a aplicação a campo de modo clínico e preventivo, devem ser requeridos.(AU)

The effect of n- 3 polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation on immune and reproductive parameters in dairy cows: a review / O efeito da suplementação de ácidos graxos poliinsaturados n-3 sobre os parâmetros imunológicos e reprodutivos em vacas leiteiras: revisão de literatura

In dairy cattle, supplementation with polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) is considered to be an important tool to decrease the negative energy balance of periparturient dairy cows and improve the reproductive and immune systems. The most common PUFAs added to ruminant diets are omega 3 (n-3 PUFA) as linolenic acid and omega 6 (n-6 PUFA) as linoleic acid. This paper aims to review the potential effects of n-3 PUFA. We consider the effects of n-3 PUFA on the bovine immune system, especially on immune cells, and on in vivo and in vitro reproductive parameters, emphasizing how n-3 PUFAs act as modulators through one or more molecular mechanisms. The incorporation of n-3 PUFA in the dairy cow diet has positive effects on animal fertility and immunity. Future research on n-3 PUFA should be more explored concerning reproduction and immune function, starting from the investigation of basic biology to their potential for application in the clinical and preventive medicine fields.(AU)

Em rebanhos leiteiros, a suplementação com ácidos graxos poliinsaturados (PUFAs) é considerada uma ferramenta importante para diminuir o balanço energético negativo de vacas leiteiras durante o periparto e contribuir para a reprodução e sistema imunológico. Os efeitos da suplementação com PUFA sobre estes sistemas têm sido pouco explorados na literatura. Os PUFAs mais comuns na dieta dos ruminantes são Ômega-3 (n-3 PUFA) como ácido linolênico e Ômega-6 (n-6 PUFA) como ácido linoleico. Esta revisão abordará os aspectos gerais do n-3 PUFA, seus efeitos mais relevantes no sistema imune, principalmente seus efeitos nas células imunes, bem como seus efeitos na parte reprodutiva, tanto in vivo como in vitro, enfatizando a ação do n-3 PUFA através de mecanismos moleculares. A incorporação de n-3 PUFAs na dieta de vacas leiteiras exerce efeitos positivos na fertilidade e imunidade. Mais estudos a fim de explorar a função do n-3 PUFA na modulação do sistema imune e parâmetros reprodutivos, desde a investigação da biologia básica até a aplicação a campo de modo clínico e preventivo, devem ser requeridos.(AU)

Performance and egg quality of Japanese quail fed diets containing microalgae Schizochytrium sp

A trial was carried out to evaluate the effects of different levels of microalgae Schizochytrium sp. on performance, yolk lipid profile, and egg quality of Japanese quail. A flock of 210 quail was distributed in a completely randomized design, with five treatments (0, 10, 20, 30, and 40 g of Schizochytrium sp./kg of feed) and six replications with seven birds per cage. Performance and egg quality were not affected, except for a quadratic effect on yolk color, which reached the maximum value with the inclusion of 40 g of Schizochytrium sp./kg. There was linear reduction in the content of saturated fatty acids and a linear increase of polyunsaturated:saturated and polyunsaturated:monounsaturated ratios and n-6. The content of n-3 showed a minimum value with the inclusion of 6.5 g of Schizochytrium sp./kg, and the n-6:n-3 ratio was maximized with the addition of 10.5 g of microalgae/kg. As for the sensory attributes color, aroma, and overall impression, there was linear increase with the addition of increasing levels of microalgae. The inclusion of up to 40 g of microalgae Schizochytrium sp./kg in the diet of Japanese quail did not present changes in the performance nor in the egg quality but accentuated the yolk color, promoted the fortification of n-3 in the eggs, and still provided excellent sensorial acceptance. The egg fortification can add value to the product, increasing the producer remuneration and improving the nutritional quality of the diet for humans.

Docosahexaenoic acid associated vitamin E in the diluent for cryopreservation of goat semen / Ácido docosahexaenoico associado à vitamina E no meio diluidor para criopreservação de sêmen caprino

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of and determine the optimum level of inclusion of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in the diluent for goat semen cryopreservation. Five Boer males underwent semen collection, totaling 10 viable collections per animal. After evaluation, the ejaculates were pooled and fractionated in Tris-yolk medium with the addition of 0; 30; 45; or 60ng mL-1 of DHA and 0.4 mmol of alpha-tocopherol (Vitamin E). The semen was cryopreserved in a freezing machine (TK 3000TM) and placed in a cryogenic cylinder for subsequent analysis. Data were evaluated by regression analysis at 5% significance. There were no differences (P > 0.05) in sperm kinetic parameters evaluated by computer assisted sperm analysis: total motility (79.17 ± 17.31%), progressive motility (14.04 ± 5.73%), curvilinear speed (58.82 ± 6.35µm/s), progressive linear speed (22.49 ± 3.63µm/s), mean path speed (35.17 ± 4.52µm/s), linearity (38.69 ± 5.79%), rectilinearity (63.99 ± 6.64%), and oscillation index (59.68 ± 2.99%). There were no differences (P > 0.05) found from the membrane functional integrity test for reactive spermatozoa (69.66 ± 9.76%), plasma and acrosomal membrane integrity of intact spermatozoa (29.86 ± 7.57%), mitochondrial potential of Class I cryopreserved goat semen (72.75 ± 9.81%), and chromatin compaction of intact chromatin (96.87 ± 4.37%).(AU)

O estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito e determinar o melhor nível de inclusão de ácido docosahexaenoico (DHA) no diluidor para criopreservação de sêmen caprino. Cinco machos Boer foram submetidos a coletas de sêmen, totalizando 10 coletas viáveis por animal. Após avaliação, os ejaculados foram agrupados (pool) e fracionados em meio Tris gema, acrescido de 0; 30; 45 e 60ng mL-1 de DHA e 0,4mmol de alfa-tocoferol. O sêmen foi criopreservado em máquina de congelamento TK 3000® e acondicionado em botijão criogênico para posterior análise. Os dados foram avaliados por análise de regressão a 5% de significância. Não houve diferença (P > 0,05) nos parâmetros cinéticos espermáticos avaliados pela análise assistida por computador: motilidade total (79,17 ± 17,31%), motilidade progressiva (14,04 ± 5,73%), velocidade curvilínea (58,82 ± 6,35µm/s), velocidade linear progressiva (22,49 ± 3,63µm/s), velocidade média do caminho (35,17 ± 4,52µm/s), linearidade (38,69 ± 5,79%), retilinearidade (63,99 ± 6,64%) e índice de oscilação (59,68 ± 2,99%). Não foram encontradas diferenças (P> 0,05) no teste de integridade funcional da membrana para espermatozoides reativos (69,66 ± 9,76%), integridade plasmática e membrana acrossomal dos espermatozoides intactos (29,86 ± 7,57%), potencial mitocondrial do sêmen caprino de classe I (72,75 ± 9,81%) e compactação da cromatina intacta (96,87 ± 4,37%). A inclusão de até 60ng mL-1 de DHA não promoveu melhora nos parâmetros de qualidade seminal de caprinos pós-descongelamento.(AU)

Performance, carcass traits, and meat fatty acid profile and quality of Anglo-Nubian kids fed diets supplemented with vegetable oils

The objective of this study was to evaluate the inclusion of vegetable oils in goat kid diets on performance, carcass traits, and meat composition, quality, and fatty acid profile. Forty-eight Anglo Nubian kids were evaluated in a completely randomized experimental design with four treatments, namely, control diet and diets including 2.5% canola, sunflower, or soybean oils. The animals were slaughtered at 30 kg live weight and performance, carcass and meat quality, centesimal composition, and fatty acid profile were evaluated. The treatments did not influence carcass yield or meat color. Among the saturated fatty acids, only caprylic, palmitic, and heptadecanoic acids differed among the treatments, whereas total saturated fatty acids decreased in the sunflower oil treatment. Monounsaturated fatty acids were not influenced by lipid supplementation. Among the polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), linoleic acid was highest in the sunflower oil-treated group. Total PUFA were higher for the soybean oil-supplemented group, but similar to that achieved with sunflower oil. The highest omega-6 content was obtained with dietary inclusion of sunflower oil, whereas conjugated linoleic acid, atherogenicity index, and hypocholesterolemic:hypocholesterolemic ratio improved with the inclusion of sunflower and soybean oils. Supplementation with vegetable oils improves the fatty acid profile of kid meat without affecting animal performance. Better results are obtained with sunflower and soybean oils; therefore, it is up to the producer to choose the diet according to its cost.

Eritema multiforme e suas características clínico-patológicas em um equino no Brasil / Erythema multiforme and its clinicopathological features in a horse in Brazil

Background: Erythema multiforme (EM) is an immune-mediated skin disease which may manifest as cutaneous or mucocutaneous lesions. It is uncommon in horses. EM lesions have a symmetrical bilateral distribution; they are usually urticarial, necrotizing, and, less commonly, ulcerative. In equines, the trigger is usually unknown, and cases are often classified as idiopathic. Diagnosis is based on a thorough history and physical and histopathological examination of lesions. According to the clinical presentation and histopathological characteristics of the cutaneous lesions, this case is the first report to describe diagnosis and treatment of a horse with EM in Brazil. Case: A Quarter Horse filly was followed clinically for 12 months after sudden onset of skin lesions at 18 months of age. The initial lesions were non-alopecic papules with a symmetrical bilateral distribution. Six months after onset, the skin lesions maintained the original distribution pattern; however, they had progressed to papules and plaques with varying annular, arciform, serpiginous, targetoid, or alopecic appearance. At 8 months, the same distribution pattern and appearance remained, but the lesions had become more severe and extensive, with involvement of the labial commissures and perineal region, without any erosions/ulcerations, scaling/crusting, pain, or pruritus. At 12 months, new nodular lesions were found on the medial and lateral surfaces of the hind limbs, neck, bilateral trunk, and root of the tail. The lesions were firm, non-pruritic, and non-tender on palpation. Swabs were obtained from the papular lesions. Skin specimens were also obtained with a 6-mm punch and via incisional biopsy and histological sections were made. Bacterial and fungal cultures were negative. Appropriate stains did not identify fungal structures, were negative for acid-fast bacilli, and did not reveal any metachromatic granules in the sampled cell population. The histopathological findings were characteristic of immune-mediated disease, with a vacuolar interface dermatitis affecting the hair follicles more than the epidermis, necrotic keratinocytes, lymphocyte satellitosis, leukocytoclastic mixed vasculitis of the mid-dermis and deep dermis, and variable granulation tissue, consistent with erythema multiforme and leukocytoclastic vasculitis. Immunosuppressive therapy with corticosteroids and oral supplementation with omega-3 and omega-6 fatty acids and vitamin E were prescribed. After institution of therapy, no new lesions developed, the existing lesions remained stable (though permanent), and hair regrew in the previously alopecic areas. All physiological parameters remained normal throughout the follow-up period. Discussion: Erythema multiforme is rarely reported in horses. According to our literature review, this is the first description of EM in horses in Brazil. EM should be included in the differential diagnosis of horses that present with plaques in a diverse, geographic distribution and a negative initial dermatological screening examination. Further clinical investigation is warranted, with special attention to potential antigenic triggers. A thorough drug and dietary history and close attention to comorbidities are essential, as the suppression of potential culprit factors has important prognostic value and contributes to the elucidation of EM triggers.(AU)