Hydrodissection in the construction of conjunctival flaps in dogs

Background: Hydrodissection is a minimally invasive procedure that consists of injecting fluid into an anatomical space to facilitate dissection during surgery. Although this procedure is employed in several areas of veterinary medicine, including ophthalmology, there are no reports of the use of this maneuver in conjunctival procedures in dogs. The use of this technique can facilitate the construction of conjunctival pedicle flaps, thereby improving the results. The purpose of this work was to evaluate the use of hydrodissection in the construction of conjunctival pedicle flaps in dogs. Materials, Methods & Results: The sample consisted of 20 eyes from 10 healthy dogs that had been subjected to elective surgical procedures of ovariohysterectomy and orchiectomy. The dogs were divided into 2 groups; the 1st group of 10 eyes underwent hydrodissection and the 2nd group of 10 eyes did not. All the patients underwent a complete ophthalmic examination and assessment of their systemic conditions. The patients were then anesthetized and the procedures were performed under a surgical microscope. In the group subjected to hydrodissection, the conjunctival flap was prepared by means of a previous subconjunctival injection of 0.7 mL of 0.9% sodium chloride, followed by preparation of the flap. In the group without hydrodissection, the flap was prepared by means of conventional divulsion using iris scissors. After producing the conjunctival flaps, a conjunctival fragment was collected from both groups for histological analysis and evaluation of the presence of the Tenon capsule. The operating time, degree of hemorrhage and ease of handling the conjunctiva in the intraoperative period were evaluated. Postoperative evaluations were performed at 1, 7 and 14 days after surgery and included: blepharospasm, conjunctival hyperemia and edema, which were classified as absent, mild, moderate or severe; tear production was evaluated using the Schirmer test, and the appearance of the conjunctival scar was assessed based on photographs taken in the postoperative period, and by a visual analogue scale, with healing classified as fair, good or excellent. The 2 groups showed no statistical difference in terms of operating time, bleeding, ease of handling and conjunctival divulsion. A volume of 0.48 ± 0.12 mL of 0.9% sodium chloride was administered to the conjunctiva. Postoperative assessments of hyperemia, blepharospasm, conjunctival edema, and tear production also did not differ statistically. Conjunctival scarring was considered optimal until the 14th postoperative day, with no statistically significant difference between the 2 groups. These results demonstrate that both maneuvers are effective in creating conjunctival flaps. The Tenon capsule could not be identified in histological stains. Discussion: The literature offers numerous descriptions of the use of hydrodissection in surgical procedures in humans in order to facilitate dissection and reduce surgical duration and handling, thereby improving the clinical recovery of patients. Conversely, this technique has not been described frequently in veterinary medicine, notably with respect to conjunctival procedures. In this study, we demonstrated that conjunctival hydrodissection was perfectly feasible, contributing to the divulsion and preparation of conjunctival flaps, thus proving to be a viable option for this type of procedure. The absence of the Tenon capsule in the evaluated samples demonstrates that, in both groups, the techniques were effective in separating them from the conjunctiva. It was therefore concluded that the hydrodissection technique is a feasible maneuver in the construction of conjunctival flaps, providing a new option for surgeons, especially for novice ophthalmologists.

Persistência do vítreo primário hiperplásico e catarata em cão / Persistence of hyperplastic primary vitreous and cataract in a dog

Background: Persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous is a rare ocular condition that is usually unilateral, formed when normal regression of the hyaloid vascular system does not occur. Diagnosis is possible through ultrasonography, by obtaining images that provide information and also serve as a differential diagnosis. Clinically the condition presents with signs of leukocoria, microphthalmia, and cataracts, and it can be further classified into 6 degrees according to the evolution. The objective of this work is to describe the case and treatment of a canine of the Pointer breed that presented opacity in both eyes, with diagnosis confirmed through ocular ultrasonography. Case: A 6-year-old male pointer dog, weighing 27 kg, was referred to the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital of the Federal University of Santa Maria (UFRGS), Santa Maria, RS - Brazil with a history of blindness. According to the owner, the animal's right eye has always been "white", since it was a puppy and the left eye began to present the same characteristic a short time ago. On ophthalmological examination, neither eye showed signs of ocular discomfort, the Schirmer's tear test was within the range expected for the species, fluorescein and threat tests were negative, and a positive pupillary reflex was observed in the left eye. The right eye had total corneal opacity associated with a chronic lesion and the presence of pigment cells in the medial portion of the eyeball, the opacity making it impossible to visualize the other internal structures of the eyeball. The left eye presented lens opacity. In the ultrasound of the right eye, there were several alterations, the presence of a triangular-shaped hyperechogenic structure in the vitreous chamber, a decrease in the depth of the anterior chamber, and the presence of abnormality in the development of the lens. The findings are compatible with and confirmed the diagnosis of PHPV. In the left eye, the ultrasound images indicated hyperechogenicity of the posterior and anterior poles of the lens, findings compatible with cataracts. Through the animal's history, complete ophthalmic examination, and use of ocular ultrasonography, it was possible to diagnose and differentiate the causes of the white eye in the patient. The preoperative screening was continued with an electroretinography examination, which showed a satisfactory electrical response for the retina of the left eye and an unsatisfactory electrical response for the retina of the right eye. Phacoemulsification surgery was performed to remove the cataract in the left eye with intraocular lens implantation. The positive threat reflex returned in this eye, with a return of visual acuity. Discussion: Persistent hyperplastic tunica lentis and persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous (PHTVL/PHPV) are congenital anomalies caused by a failure to regress the fetal hyaloid vasculature. These conditions are not common, but occur sporadically in dogs. The PHPV classification can be classified into degrees, based on the morphological aspect of the lesion. Following this classification scheme, the PHPV of the animal in question refers to the 6th degree of evolution. The total opacity of the cornea in the right eye was associated with the presence of a hyperplastic primary vitreous and the leukocoria in the left eye was due to the presence of a mature cataract. The conclusion of the diagnosis was only possible through ocular ultrasonography, which is very useful to differentiate the causes of ocular opacity and leukocoria, in addition to allowing complete evaluation of the intraocular structures and being considered an essential exam to confirm the diagnosis of PHPV.

Inclusão da ligadura da artéria e veia córnea com abraçadeira de naylon para descorna em bovinos / Inclusion of ligadura artery and vein cornea naylon with the clamp to dehorning in cattle / Inclusión de ligadura arteria y la vena cornea naylon con la pinza para descorne de los bovinos

A descorna cirúrgica a campo ainda e uma prática comum em animais de produção, apesar deste procedimento na maioria ainda se realizado por leigos, ou realizada em animais com menos de um ano de idade com ferro candente (avermelhado), esta conduta geralmente é efetuada na propriedade, sendo executada pelo próprio proprietário ou funcionário. O presente experimento usando anestesia geral e bloqueio local do nervo córneo e circularmente na base do corno com abraçadeira de naylon para sutura de pele, associada a ligadura da artéria e veia cornual mostrou ser eficiente reduzindo o tempo cirúrgico a campo e promovendo uma prevenção antecipada de hemorragia que é frequente para este procedimento.(AU)

The surgical dehorning the field and still a common practice in farm animals, although this procedure in most still held by lay people, or performed on animals less than one year old with red-hot iron (red), this conduct is usually done on the property, being executed by the owner himself or employee. This experiment using general anesthesia and local lock of corneal nerve and round the horn base with clamp naylon for skin suture, associated with ligature of the artery and vein cornual is efficient by reducing surgical time field and promoting an early prevention of bleeding is frequent for this procedure.(AU)

El quirúrgica descorne el campo quieto y una práctica común en los animales de granja, aunque este procedimiento en la mayoría todavía en manos de los laicos, o lleva a cabo en animales de menos de un año de edad con hierro al rojo vivo (rojo), este comportamiento se realiza generalmente en la propiedad, los trabajos realizados por el propietario o el propio empleado. Este experimento usando anestesia bloques general y local de los nervios de la córnea y alrededor de la base del cuerno con naylon pinza de sutura de la piel, asociados con la ligadura de la vena y la arteria cornual fue eficiente que reduce el tiempo quirúrgico el campo y la promoción de una prevención temprana sangrado que es común para este procedimiento.(AU)

Enucleação subconjuntival em um gavião / Subconjuntival enucleation in a Hawk

O gavião-asa-de-telha (Parabuteo unicinctus) é uma ave de rapina que possui ampla distribuição em todo o território nacional. As aves de rapina desenvolveram uma visão tão eficiente que as puseram num patamar diferenciado em relação às outras espécies. No entanto, isso as tornou extremamente sensíveis às afecções oftálmicas, como malformações, inflamações, infecções, degenerações, neoplasias, distúrbios nutricionais e lesões traumáticas. Diante disso, este trabalho apresenta um relato de caso que descreve um gavião-asa-de-telha (Parabuteo unicinctus) adulto, fêmea, pesando 0,800kg, cujo a principal queixa é o olho esquerdo buftálmico e com coloração acinzentada. Este quadro clínico suscitou na remoção do olho pela técnica de enucleação subconjuntival lateral, sendo essa manobra a única forma de interromper o estímulo doloroso e a infecção. Por conseguinte, o trabalho demonstrou a importância e a exequibilidade da técnica correta de enucleação em aves de rapina, de modo a permitir a manutenção da espécie e minimizar os riscos de extinção.

The Harris' hawk (Parabuteo unicinctus) is a bird of prey that has a wide distribution throughout the national territory. Birds of prey have developed such an efficient vision that they are on a different level compared to other species. However, it made them extremely sensitive to ophthalmic conditions, such as malformations, inflammations, infections, degenerations, neoplasms, nutritional disorders, and traumatic injuries. Thus, this work presents a case report that describes an adult female Harris' hawk (Parabuteo unicinctus), weighing 0.800kg, whose main complaint is the left eye buphthalmic and with a grayish color. This clinical condition led to the removal of the eye by the lateral subconjunctival enucleation technique, which was the only way to interrupt the painful stimulus and the infection. Therefore, the work demonstrated the importance and feasibility of the correct technique of enucleation in birds of prey to allow the maintenance of the species and minimize the risks of extinction.

Abscesso estromal em córnea de cão / Corneal stromal abscess in a dog

Background: The eye is an important sense organ responsible for sight. The cornea is the outermost of many eye layers,being predisposed to several lesions, some of them being frequent in small animal clinics meanwhile others are unusualand seldom reported in specialized literature. The stroma abscess is a common condition in horses, but atypical in dogs,it’s a condition in which a microperforation in the corneal epithelium allows microorganisms or a foreign body to penetratethe corneal stroma, and those become inside the cornea after a re-epithelialization, producing an intense inflammatoryresponse. Therefore, this case reports a case of deep stromal abscess in a Shih Tzu dog.Case: A 4-year-old female Shih Tzu, weighing 4.6 kg, was submitted to ophthalmic examination in which the left eyepresented an opaque yellowish-white protruding structure located on the right side, in the center of the cornea (3 o´clockposition), bulbar and palpebral conjunctival hyperemia and congestion, chemosis, blepharospasm, and a moderate amountof mucous discharge. The clinical diagnosis was stromal abscess with reflex uveitis. A differential diagnosis should includeconditions affecting the anterior part of the cornea, such as an epithelial inclusion cyst and a corneal ulcer. The inclusioncyst, contrarily to the corneal abscess, doesn’t cause pain, meanwhile, the corneal ulcer was ruled out by the FluoresceinStaining Test. The recommended treatment was surgical, through lamellar keratectomy, followed by overlapping pedicledconjunctival graft and third eyelid flap. In association with the surgical treatment, oral antibiotics, anti-inflammatory,and opioids, plus topical antibiotics and autologous serum eye drop. Seventy days post-surgery, the previously observedinflammatory signs were no longer present. In the conjunctival graft insertion site perpetuated a scar leucoma with few...

Abscesso estromal em córnea de cão / Corneal stromal abscess in a dog

Background: The eye is an important sense organ responsible for sight. The cornea is the outermost of many eye layers,being predisposed to several lesions, some of them being frequent in small animal clinics meanwhile others are unusualand seldom reported in specialized literature. The stroma abscess is a common condition in horses, but atypical in dogs,its a condition in which a microperforation in the corneal epithelium allows microorganisms or a foreign body to penetratethe corneal stroma, and those become inside the cornea after a re-epithelialization, producing an intense inflammatoryresponse. Therefore, this case reports a case of deep stromal abscess in a Shih Tzu dog.Case: A 4-year-old female Shih Tzu, weighing 4.6 kg, was submitted to ophthalmic examination in which the left eyepresented an opaque yellowish-white protruding structure located on the right side, in the center of the cornea (3 o´clockposition), bulbar and palpebral conjunctival hyperemia and congestion, chemosis, blepharospasm, and a moderate amountof mucous discharge. The clinical diagnosis was stromal abscess with reflex uveitis. A differential diagnosis should includeconditions affecting the anterior part of the cornea, such as an epithelial inclusion cyst and a corneal ulcer. The inclusioncyst, contrarily to the corneal abscess, doesnt cause pain, meanwhile, the corneal ulcer was ruled out by the FluoresceinStaining Test. The recommended treatment was surgical, through lamellar keratectomy, followed by overlapping pedicledconjunctival graft and third eyelid flap. In association with the surgical treatment, oral antibiotics, anti-inflammatory,and opioids, plus topical antibiotics and autologous serum eye drop. Seventy days post-surgery, the previously observedinflammatory signs were no longer present. In the conjunctival graft insertion site perpetuated a scar leucoma with few...(AU)

Ophthalmic parameters in adult Pomeranian dogs / Parâmetros oftálmicos em cães adultos da raça Lulu da Pomerânia

The objective of this study was to establish ophthalmic parameters in the Pomeranian dog breed. Schirmer tear test (STT), tear breakup time test (TBUTT), Jones test (JT), aesthesiometry, biomicroscopy, tonometry, non-contact specular microscopy (SM), ophthalmoscopy and ultrasonography (US) were carried out 48 eyes of 24 male and female Pomeranian dogs from a breeding kennel. Descriptive statistics was applied for data analysis. Means and standard errors found for STT, TBUT, JT, esthesiometry and tonometry were 24.310±0.448mm/min, 14.570±0.406s., 8.420±1.571min, 3.667±0.157cm and 17.960±0.697mmHg, respectively. For biomicroscopy, 43.75% of the eyes presented caruncle trichiasis, 25% chromodacryorrhea, 25% medial entropion and 10,42% distichiasis. SM showed endothelial cells density of 1958.285±36.760 cells/mm². For hexagonality, endothelial cells area and central corneal thickness were 62.229±2.183%, 519.231±9.853mm², 0.567±0.006mm, respectively. Ophthalmoscopy presented a pattern described in other breeds. Amelanotic fundus was reported in 8.33% of the eyes. The US means and standard errors for axial length of the eyeball, lens thickness, anterior and vitreous chamber depth were 16.859±0.148mm, 6.651±0.081mm, 2.673±0.091mm and 7.485±0.101mm. Mild changes in the lacrimal evaluation parameters were influenced by eyelid changes in STT type I. Increased corneal sensitivity was observed in the breed.

O objetivo do estudo foi estabelecer os parâmetros oftálmicos na raça Spitz Alemão anão. Realizaram-se teste lacrimal de Schirmer (TLS), tempo de ruptura do filme lacrimal (TRFL), teste de Jones (TJ), estesiometria, biomicroscopia, tonometria, microscopia especular (MS), oftalmoscopia e ultrassonografia (US) em 48 olhos de 24 cães machos e fêmeas da raça Sptiz Alemão anão, oriundos de canil de criação. Aplicou-se estatística descritiva. As médias e erros padrões encontrados para TLS, TRL, TJ, estesiometria e tonometria foram 24,310±0,448mm/min, 14,570±0,406s., 8,420±1,571min, 3,667±0,157cm e 17,960±0,697mmHg, respectivamente. À biomicroscopia, 43,75% dos olhos apresentaram triquíase de carúncula, 25% cromodacriorreia, 25% entrópio de canto medial e 10,42% distiquíases. À MS, os valores para densidade das células endoteliais, hexagonalidade, área das células endoteliais e espessura corneal central foram 1958,285±36,760 cells/mm², 62,229±2,183%, 519,231±9,853mm² e 0,567±0,006mm, respectivamente. À oftalmoscopia, padrão conforme descrito para cães. Fundo amelanótico foi reportado em 8,33% das retinas. Ao US, os valores identificados para diâmetro axial horizontal, espessura da lente, profundidade das câmaras anterior e posterior foram 16,859±0,148mm, 6,651±0,081mm, 2,673±0,091mm and 7,485±0,101mm. Leves alterações nos parâmetros lacrimais foram influenciadas por alterações palpebrais no TLS tipo I. Sensibilidade corneana aumentada foi identificada na raça.

Fluconazol intra-estromal - eficácia na cirurgia de abscesso estromal em equino / Intrastromal fluconazole - effectiveness in the surgery of stromal abscess in a horse

Background: Due to its ocular microflora, the equine species is predisposed to develop mycotic ulcers which, when notproperly treated, can lead to the formation of a stromal abscess. A stromal abscess occurs through the introduction ofmicroorganisms into the corneal stroma. During re-epithelialization, the foreign body is encapsulated, thus creating abarrier that protects bacteria or fungi from treatment with antimicrobial medication. This framework can end up resultingin blindness due to chronic iridocyclitis, putting the animal’s vision at risk. The current work aims to report a case of corrective surgery for stromal abscess in a mare with the administration of intraoperative intrastromal fluconazole, in orderto corroborate the effectiveness of the technique.Case: A 9-year-old mare was evaluated, with the complaint that her right eye was closed and “yellowish” and that she hadalready been treated with intramuscular injectable anti-inflammatory drugs based on flunexin meglumine (Banamine® -50 mg) for 15 days, referring to a possible ulcer in the right eye. Ophthalmic screening resulted in a negative direct reflexand no threat response in the right eye. Examination of the conjunctiva showed congestion and chemosis. Examination ofthe cornea of the right eye was negative for Fluorescein and Green Lissamine tests, and opacity and corneal neovascularization were noted. The final diagnosis was a corneal abscess of probable fungal origin secondary to a keratomycosis. Afterthe consultation, complementary blood and biochemical tests were performed, which showed normal results for the speciesin question, and treatment was started with eye drops based on atropine 1% (Fagra® - 20 mL), ciprofloxacin antimicrobialeye drops (Ciprovet Colirio® - 5 mL), and antifungal eye drops based on ketoconazole...

Episcleroceratite nodular granulomatosa em cães / Nodular episclerokeratitis in dogs

Background: Episcleral inflammation may be assumed to be primary immune-mediated, secondary to intra- or extraocular diseases, or systemic abnormalities. We aimed to report a confirmed and another suspect case of nodular episclerokeratites (NEK) due to its rarity in the clinical setting and the paucity of case reports in Brazilian literature. Cases: Case 1. Refers to a 7-year-old castrated male, Collie-mixed breed, presenting with epiphora and an irregular ocular surface shape in the left eye (LE). Ophthalmic evaluation of this eye revealed mucoid discharge, conjunctival hyperemia, episcleral injection, and a gelatinous mass in the temporal limbic region. Biomicroscopic evaluation of the anterior chamber, lens, and vitreous was impaired in the LE because of corneal vessels and a mild flare in the aqueous humor. Histopathology of a scleral biopsy revealed the presence of lymphocytes, histiocytes, and some plasma cells. Positive CD3-lymphocytes were observed by immunohistochemistry, confirming the diagnosis of NEK. Case 2. Refers to a 8-year-old, spayed female Border Collie with a history of exophthalmos, conjunctival hyperemia, and inability to close the eyelid of the LE. During ophthalmic examination, an irregular espicleral nodule of approximately 9 mm was also found in the temporal limbic region, along with enlargement of episcleral vessels and scleral thinning at the equatorial region. The cornea showed mild and diffuse edema, and white crystal-like deposits were distributed in a band-like fashion at the dorsal aspect. Ultrasonography revealed scleral thinning without evidence of a mass effect arising from the iris, ciliary body, or retrobulbar space. Based on these findings, NEK was suspected. In both cases, the clinical signs reduced significantly after seven days of topical treatment with corticosteroids and cyclosporine. Discussion: It is assumed that scleral disorders are primarily immune mediated. However, such conditions may develop secondary to ocular trauma (surgery and foreign bodies), Ehrlichia canis, and Onchocerca spp. Infections and situations were ruled out in both cases. In case 1, additional histological and immunohistochemical findings supported a primary and immune-mediated scleral disease. Although the definitive diagnosis was not confirmed by histology in case 2, one can assume that the episcleral inflammation may have arisen due to an immune-mediated disorder once the eye responded positively to corticosteroid therapy. Additionally, secondary glaucoma was excluded as a possible diagnosis in case 2, because the intraocular pressure of the affected eye was below the reference range for dogs, coupled with the irregular appearance of the episclera, which is not characteristic of canine glaucoma. Moreover, in case 2, because remission of the masses of neoplastic origin after corticotherapy was not expected, the tumor was discarded. NEK has a characteristic ploriferative behavior and resistance to topical immunosuppression; clinical recurrence was not observed in the LE of either patient who remained on treatment after 60 days of follow-up. Regarding prognosis, one study showed a correlation between cellular contingent and therapeutic responses. The percentage of positive CD79a cells (B-lymphocytes) was significantly higher in cases of epicleritis and NEK, in which a poor response was achieved after topical immunosuppressive treatment. As shown by the veterinary literature and the cases described here, the complete remission of NEK is more common in unilateral cases, as confirmed after a 12-month follow-up. The 2 reported cases are useful for clarifying the common findings, diagnosis, and long-term management of NEK. Scleral abnormalities, such as NEK, must be included in the list of differential diagnoses of glaucoma, neoplasia, and endophthalmitis during ophtalmic examination.

Cirurgia corretiva para coloboma palpebral em um felino através da técnica de transposição da comissura labial / Corrective surgery for palpebral coloboma in a feline using the technique of transposition of the lip commissure

Background: Eyelid coloboma is considered a disease caused by failure in eye development during the first semester of pregnancy. In felines, its prevalence occurs in the upper eyelids, temporal region, and bilaterally. Coloboma, whether to a large or small extent, can lead to keratoconjunctivitis sicca and trichiasis, situations that can give rise to secondary ulcerative keratitis. The only corrective method is blepharoplasty. The current work aims to report the case of corrective surgery for eyelid coloboma in a feline with a successful postoperative period, in order to corroborate the effectiveness of the technique. We also report a finding of persistent pupillary membrane. Case: A 7-month-old male feline, no defined breed, was analyzed with a purulent mucus secretion and signs of discomfort in the right eye. After the ophthalmic screening, the presence of a coloboma was identified, which occupied approximately 50% of the size of the upper eyelid, in the temporal-dorsal region of the right eye. The cat had already undergone an enucleation of the left eye due to a perforation arising from ulcerative keratitis. Together with coloboma, the presence of blepharospasm, trichiasis, keratoconjunctivitis sicca, and secondary ulcerative keratitis were diagnosed. The presence of persistent pupillary membrane was also observed, a rare condition in the feline species. To confirm the ulcer, the fluorescein test was applied and treatment with antibiotic eye drops and lacrimomimetics (tear film replacements) drops was administered until the day of surgery, one week later. Concomitant with the institution of treatment prior to surgery, blood was collected for complementary pre-surgical tests such as blood count and biochemistry, which demonstrated satisfactory results. Corrective surgery was then instituted by the technique of transposing the labial commissure...

Modified eye evisceration in a tropical screech owl (Megascops choliba)

Background: An adult owl was presented with an injury to the right eye that rendered it blind in that eye. The left eye was normal. Removal of the right eye was recommended and a modified eye evisceration was performed. No complications were observed during or after surgery. The objective of this paper is to describe the modified eye evisceration technique that was successfully used in a tropical screech owl (Megascops choliba). Case: An adult owl was presented with an injury to the right eye that rendered it blind in that eye. Two previous surgical treatments have been carried out but have not been successful. Using a portable slit-lamp (Kowa SL-15®), both eyes were examined. The left eye was normal. Upon ophthalmic examination of the right eye, the owl demonstrated blepharospasm and large central corneal ulcer. Removal of the right eye was recommended. The bird received midazolam hydrochloride [Dormire® - 1 mg/kg, IM] and ketamine hydrochloride [Ketamina® - 5 mg/kg IM] as pre-anesthetic medications. Subsequently, the bird was anesthetized with isoflurane (Isoforine®) by facemask for induction, and then maintained with isoflurane vaporized in 100% oxygen through an endotracheal tube. With the aid of a surgical microscope and microsurgery materials, a modified eye evisceration was performed. Post-operatively, the owl received meloxicam [Maxicam® - 0.5 mg/kg, IM] and tramadol hydrochloride [Cronidor® - 15 mg/kg, orally for 4 days]. The day after surgery, the owl was comfortable and its usual appetite was regained. The patient remained hospitalized for 3 weeks and was evaluated daily. The skin sutures were removed 10 days after the surgical procedure and the surgical wound had healed normally. The patient was reintroduced into the wild after 2 months. During the 6 months post-release, the bird was evaluated once a month, and no complications were observed. Discussion: Severe eye trauma and complicated corneal ulcers are common causes of eyeball removal in birds. In birds, there is a high risk of complications during enucleation. The fragility of the orbital bones makes them susceptible to trauma during the surgery. Evisceration involves the removal of the inner contents of the eye while leaving the cornea and the sclera intact. In the current case, evisceration was chosen because the eye was blind, and maintaining a blind eye would be a source of pain and infection. In the modified evisceration technique, the risk of complications is minimal compared to enucleation, mainly because surgical manipulation is minimal. In our case, the total surgery time was 20 min. Another complication reported after enucleation in birds is the possibility of disfiguring the bird because the removal of the globe disturbs the natural head balance. To avoid these complications, the use of an intraocular prosthesis after evisceration in birds has been performed. However, owls have a tubular-shaped globe with scleral ossicles. These factors could hinder or even prevent the accommodation of a cylindrical silicone prosthesis. In the present case, an intraocular prosthesis implant was never considered due to the unavailability of the prosthesis and to avoid the risk of postoperative complications that have been reported from the literature in dogs. In this case, the owl recovered well from anesthesia without complications, and no postoperative hemorrhage was observed. No signs of pain were observed during the postoperative period and the owl had already shown an appetite and fed on the first postoperative day. The previously published reports using the modified evisceration technique also demonstrated an absence of pain signs during the postoperative period.(AU)

Peripheral nerve sheath tumor in the upper eyelid in a dog

Background: Peripheral nerve sheath tumors are most commonly found on the head and neck regions of both dogs and people. Schwannomas are rarely observed in ophthalmic areas. When they occur, ocular Schwannomas are usually located in the orbit, uveal tract and conjunctiva. The occurrence of uveal schwannoma, a subset of PNST has been well documented in the veterinary literature. PNST has never been observed in the eyelids of dogs. Therefore, the present report aimed to describe the surgical treatment and outcome of a PNST located in the upper eyelid of a dog. Case: A 9-year-old, spayed female mixed-breed dog was referred for evaluation of a large mass involving the right upper eyelid for a duration of approximately one month. The inspection revealed sero-sanguinolent discharge and an oval-shaped mass occupying more than 70% of the right upper eyelid. A presumptive diagnosis of eyelid neoplasia was considered most likely. Excision of the entire mass with a 2 cm margin was performed. The third eyelid and dorso-medial bulbar conjunctiva were also removed. Upper eyelid reconstruction was performed based on a similar technique previously described in cats (lip-to-lid flap). As a result, neoplastic spindle cells exhibited immunoreactivity for S100 and intense cytoplasmic staining for vimentin, supporting the diagnosis of schwannoma. Fifteen days later, the margins of the subdermal pattern flap were healed and skin sutures were removed. On the last follow-up, 9 months post-surgery, the dog was visual, and the flap was well incorporated and covered the ocular surface. Ten months later, another large mass arising from the right inferior palpebral conjunctiva was observed. Once ultrasound revealed orbital invasion exenteration combined with orbitectomy were performed, and the defect was covered with an auricular axial pattern flap. The second tumor had the same histological and immunohistochemical characteristics of the first mass. Both tumors expressed Ki67; however, the PI in the second mass was higher (7.9%) than the first (3.4%). Discussion: Reported eyelid neoplasms in dogs include adenomas and adenocarcinomas of the meibomian glands, melanomas, fibroma, fibrosarcoma, histiocytoma, mastocytoma, lipomas, papillomas, and squamous cell carcinomas. To the author's knowledge, however, this is the first case description of a PNST affecting the eyelid in a dog. The histologic distinction between PNSTs and other spindle cell tumors, including myxosarcoma, fibrosarcoma, leiomyosarcoma, hemangiopericytoma, and melanoma can be challenging and requires immunohistochemical stainin. S100 is an acidic protein that identifies various nervous tissue cells, including Schwann cells, and the majority of canine PNSTs diffusely express this molecule. As in the case presented here, neoplastic cells of different ocular and adnexal structures were also positive for S100 and vimentin in all PNSTs previously reported in the veterinary literature. This is the first report of PNST affecting the eyelid in a dog. The lip-to-lid flap is a feasible technique to reconstruct the upper eyelid following wide surgical removal of a tumor in dogs. However, the authors suggest radical surgery combining orbitectomy, exenteration and a miocutaneous flap if PNST is diagnosed in the eyelids of dogs. They also caution once recurrence is possible and can be more aggressive.(AU)

Ophthalmological and neurological manifestations of a dog with intracranial anaplastic ependymoma. Case report / Manifestações oftalmológicas e neurológicas em um cão com ependimoma anaplásico intracranial: relato de caso

The objective is to report ependymoma associated with uveitis in a four-month-old male boxer crossbreed. The dog initially presented in both eyes conjunctival hyperemia, blepharospasm, projection of the nictitating membrane, and photophobia, characteristic of uveitis.Traumatic uveitis was rejected. Six days after onset of ophthalmic symptoms, vomiting, incoordination, and behavior changes occurred. Neurological symptoms and eyebrow contraction suggesting head pain and brain injury were investigated by computed tomography (CT) nine days after, when the dog showed spasms of the limbs and neck followed by respiratory arrest with reversal and stabilization. The scans revealed extensive amorphic neoformation in the diencephalon, midbrain, and within the right lateral ventricle, along with sinistral displacement of the cerebral sickle. The animal was euthanized, and necropsy of the head revealed hydrocephalus and an intracerebral tumor mass consistent with the CT imaging. Histopathological evaluation by hematoxylin and eosin staining revealed tissue alterations in several CNS segments, showing several pseudorosettes in the neuropil, mitosis, and a high degree of cell atypia, indicating ependymoma. Inflammatory, hemorrhagic, and necrotic tissue lesions were observed in the brainstem and cerebellum due to compression by tumor tissue and hydrocephalus. The neoplasia was phenotyped by Immunohistochemistry (IHC), and tested positive for the tumoral markers vimentin and glial fibrillary acid protein, confirming intracranial anaplastic ependymoma. Behavior changes and neurological signs resulted from vascular, inflammatory, and degenerative processes in the neuropil caused by neoplasm compression and invasion of brain tissue. Although dogs with ependymoma often present with neurological disease, in the present case, blepharospasm was the first symptom noticed by the owner, and it persisted until euthanasia. According to the literature, and confirmed in the evolution of the current case, the symptoms are related to tumor location and extent and to secondary lesions due to tumor expansion. Clinical symptomatology and complementary laboratory testing, CT, necropsy, histology, and IHC characterized ependymoma, a rare condition in young dogs.

Objetiva-se relatar um caso de ependimoma anaplásico associado a uveíte em cão macho de quatro meses de idade, mestiço Boxer. O cão apresentou, inicialmente, hiperemia conjuntival, blefaroespasmo, projeção da membrana nictitante e fotofobia bilaterais, sinais característicos de uveíte. Uveíte por causa traumática foi descartada. Seis dias após o início dos sintomas oftálmicos ocorreram vômito, incoordenação motora e alterações de comportamento. Sinais neurológicos e contração das sobrancelhas sugeriram algia na região cefálica. Injúria cerebral foi investigada por tomografia computadorizada (TC) nove dias após o início dos sintomas, quando o cão demonstrou espasmos dos membros e pescoço, seguido por parada respiratória com reversão e estabilização. A TC revelou extensa e amórfica neoformação no diencéfalo, mesencéfalo, e dentro do ventrículo lateral direito, com deslocamento à esquerda da foice cerebral. O animal foi eutanasiado e a necropsia revelou hidrocefalia e uma massa tumoral intracerebral condizente com a imagem da TC. A avaliação histopatológica por coloração hematoxilina e eosina, revelou alterações teciduais em várias áreas do Sistema Nervoso Central (SNC), mostrando várias pseudorosetas no neurópilo, mitose, e um elevado grau de atipia celular, indicando ependimoma.Lesões teciduais inflamatórias, hemorrágicas e necróticas foram observadas no tronco encefálico e cerebelo, devido à compressão do tumor e à hidrocefalia. Amostras da neoplasia foram submetidas à análise imuno-histoquímica (IHQ), sendo positiva a expressão dos marcadores tumorais vimentina e proteína glial fibrilar ácida, confirmando ependimoma anaplásico intracranial. As mudanças comportamentais e sinais neurológicos resultaram do processo vascular, inflamatório e degenerativo no neurópilo, causados pela compressão e invasão do tecido cerebral pela neoplasia. Embora cães com ependimoma frequentemente apresentem manifestações neurológicas, no presente caso, blefaroespasmo foi o primeiro sinal clínico observado pelo proprietário, e persistiu até a eutanásia do paciente. Os sinais neurológicos estão relacionados à localização do tumor e extensão das lesões secundárias devidas à sua expansão. Sintomatologia clínica e testes laboratoriais complementares, TC, necropsia, histologia e IHQ caracterizaram ependimoma, que é raro em animais jovens.

Ophthalmological and neurological manifestations of a dog with intracranial anaplastic ependymoma. Case report / Manifestações oftalmológicas e neurológicas em um cão com ependimoma anaplásico intracranial: relato de caso

The objective is to report ependymoma associated with uveitis in a four-month-old male boxer crossbreed. The dog initially presented in both eyes conjunctival hyperemia, blepharospasm, projection of the nictitating membrane, and photophobia, characteristic of uveitis.Traumatic uveitis was rejected. Six days after onset of ophthalmic symptoms, vomiting, incoordination, and behavior changes occurred. Neurological symptoms and eyebrow contraction suggesting head pain and brain injury were investigated by computed tomography (CT) nine days after, when the dog showed spasms of the limbs and neck followed by respiratory arrest with reversal and stabilization. The scans revealed extensive amorphic neoformation in the diencephalon, midbrain, and within the right lateral ventricle, along with sinistral displacement of the cerebral sickle. The animal was euthanized, and necropsy of the head revealed hydrocephalus and an intracerebral tumor mass consistent with the CT imaging. Histopathological evaluation by hematoxylin and eosin staining revealed tissue alterations in several CNS segments, showing several pseudorosettes in the neuropil, mitosis, and a high degree of cell atypia, indicating ependymoma. Inflammatory, hemorrhagic, and necrotic tissue lesions were observed in the brainstem and cerebellum due to compression by tumor tissue and hydrocephalus. The neoplasia was phenotyped by Immunohistochemistry (IHC), and tested positive for the tumoral markers vimentin and glial fibrillary acid protein, confirming intracranial anaplastic ependymoma. Behavior changes and neurological signs resulted from vascular, inflammatory, and degenerative processes in the neuropil caused by neoplasm compression and invasion of brain tissue. Although dogs with ependymoma often present with neurological disease, in the present case, blepharospasm was the first symptom noticed by the owner, and it persisted until euthanasia. According to the literature, and confirmed in the evolution of the current case, the symptoms are related to tumor location and extent and to secondary lesions due to tumor expansion. Clinical symptomatology and complementary laboratory testing, CT, necropsy, histology, and IHC characterized ependymoma, a rare condition in young dogs.(AU)

Objetiva-se relatar um caso de ependimoma anaplásico associado a uveíte em cão macho de quatro meses de idade, mestiço Boxer. O cão apresentou, inicialmente, hiperemia conjuntival, blefaroespasmo, projeção da membrana nictitante e fotofobia bilaterais, sinais característicos de uveíte. Uveíte por causa traumática foi descartada. Seis dias após o início dos sintomas oftálmicos ocorreram vômito, incoordenação motora e alterações de comportamento. Sinais neurológicos e contração das sobrancelhas sugeriram algia na região cefálica. Injúria cerebral foi investigada por tomografia computadorizada (TC) nove dias após o início dos sintomas, quando o cão demonstrou espasmos dos membros e pescoço, seguido por parada respiratória com reversão e estabilização. A TC revelou extensa e amórfica neoformação no diencéfalo, mesencéfalo, e dentro do ventrículo lateral direito, com deslocamento à esquerda da foice cerebral. O animal foi eutanasiado e a necropsia revelou hidrocefalia e uma massa tumoral intracerebral condizente com a imagem da TC. A avaliação histopatológica por coloração hematoxilina e eosina, revelou alterações teciduais em várias áreas do Sistema Nervoso Central (SNC), mostrando várias pseudorosetas no neurópilo, mitose, e um elevado grau de atipia celular, indicando ependimoma.Lesões teciduais inflamatórias, hemorrágicas e necróticas foram observadas no tronco encefálico e cerebelo, devido à compressão do tumor e à hidrocefalia. Amostras da neoplasia foram submetidas à análise imuno-histoquímica (IHQ), sendo positiva a expressão dos marcadores tumorais vimentina e proteína glial fibrilar ácida, confirmando ependimoma anaplásico intracranial. As mudanças comportamentais e sinais neurológicos resultaram do processo vascular, inflamatório e degenerativo no neurópilo, causados pela compressão e invasão do tecido cerebral pela neoplasia. Embora cães com ependimoma frequentemente apresentem manifestações neurológicas, no presente caso, blefaroespasmo foi o primeiro sinal clínico observado pelo proprietário, e persistiu até a eutanásia do paciente. Os sinais neurológicos estão relacionados à localização do tumor e extensão das lesões secundárias devidas à sua expansão. Sintomatologia clínica e testes laboratoriais complementares, TC, necropsia, histologia e IHQ caracterizaram ependimoma, que é raro em animais jovens.(AU)

Diagnóstico ultrassonográfico de corpo estranho ocular em cão / Ultrasonographic diagnosis of strange eye body in dog

Traumatismos causados com espinho de porco espinho são comuns em cães. Entretanto, estes espinhos não são inertes podendo carrear bactérias e outros micro-organismos. A indicação frente à essa situação é a remoção de todo o material sempre que possível. Ultrassonografia, tomografia computadorizada e ressonância magnética possuem valor significativo no diagnóstico e localização de corpos estranhos não visíveis no exame físico. O objetivo deste relato de caso é descrever a presença de um corpo estranho linear na região intraocular de um cão macho, três anos de idade, sem raça definida. O animal deu entrada no serviço clínico de um Hospital Veterinário com apatia e histórico de contato com porco espinho há trinta dias. Observou-se secreção ocular e olhos recobertos pela terceira pálpebra. Nesta ocasião, foram retirados espinhos de ouriço na cavidade oral e o animal foi liberado. Entretanto, o paciente retornou 40 dias com piora do quadro oftalmológico. Foi realizado exame ultrassonográfico transpalpebral que detectou uma estrutura linear hiperecoica medindo aproximadamente 1,47cm com sobra acústica evidente e conteúdo anormal de ecogenicidade mista na câmara vítrea. Encaminhado para enucleação transpalpebral que possibilitou confirmar o diagnóstico e identificar o objeto. Após a remoção cirúrgica o paciente apresentou melhora clínica significativa e recebeu alta médica em 14 dias.

Trauma caused by porcupine thorns is common in dogs. However, these spines are not inert and can carry bacteria and other microorganisms. The advice given this situation is the removal of all material whenever possible. Ultrasonography, computed tomography and magnetic resonance have significant value in the diagnosis and localization of foreign bodies not visible on physical examination. The purpose of this case report is to describe the presence of a linear foreign body in the intraocular region of a three year old, male dog, of mixed breed. The animal was admitted to the clinical service of a Veterinary Hospital with apathy and a history of contact with a porcupine within thirty days. Eye discharge and eyes covered by the third eyelid were observed. On this occasion, hedgehog spines were removed in the oral cavity and the animal was released. However, the patient returned 40 days later with worsening of the ophthalmic condition. A transpalpebral ultrasound examination was performed, which detected a hyperechoic linear structure measuring approximately 1.47cm with evident acoustic leftovers and abnormal mixed echogenicity content in the vitreous chamber. The dog was referred for transpalpebral enucleation, which made it possible to confirm the diagnosis and identify the object. After surgical removal, the patient showed significant clinical improvement and was discharged within 14 days.

Eversão da cartilagem da terceira pálpebra em um gato / Eversion of the third eyelid cartilage in a cat

Background: Eversion of the cartilage of the third eyelid is a rare congenital disease in cats. It is caused by the anterioreversion of the cartilage edge of the third eyelid. Clinical signs may be associated with secondary keratoconjunctivitis,third eyelid gland protrusion, and ocular surface irritation. The diagnosis is made by ophthalmic examination, and treatment consists of surgical resection of the everted cartilage portion. The goal of the present study was to report a case ofeversion of third eyelid cartilage in a cat, given that it is an unusual abnormality in this animal species, and an importantdifferential diagnosis to be considered in the disorders of the third eyelid.Case: A 6-year-old neutered female Persian cat was presented with a presumptive diagnosis of protrusion of the thirdeyelid gland, history of ocular irritation, and epiphora in the left eye. The disorder had been intermittently present sincethe animal was 1-year-old, with spontaneous disappearance after approximately 15 days. The owner related the reappearance of the disorder to stressful situations, with no previous history of trauma or other ocular alteration. During theophthalmic examination, suspended solute was observed through biomiscroscopic examination in both eyes, as well asan increase in volume of the third eyelid in the left eye, without other changes. A thorough examination, under generalanesthesia, indicated the protruding volume of the cartilage of the everted third eyelid. The third eyelid was pleated inits upper portion, demonstrating that the cartilage of the third eyelid was folded instead of following the curvature of theocular surface. Under general anesthesia, the cartilage was partially removed through two parallel incisions on the bulbarconjunctival surface, divulsioning 5 mm in length in the vertical portion of the cartilage in a ‘T’ shape, and separating the...

Diagnóstico ultrassonográfico de corpo estranho ocular em cão / Ultrasonographic diagnosis of strange eye body in dog

Traumatismos causados com espinho de porco espinho são comuns em cães. Entretanto, estes espinhos não são inertes podendo carrear bactérias e outros micro-organismos. A indicação frente à essa situação é a remoção de todo o material sempre que possível. Ultrassonografia, tomografia computadorizada e ressonância magnética possuem valor significativo no diagnóstico e localização de corpos estranhos não visíveis no exame físico. O objetivo deste relato de caso é descrever a presença de um corpo estranho linear na região intraocular de um cão macho, três anos de idade, sem raça definida. O animal deu entrada no serviço clínico de um Hospital Veterinário com apatia e histórico de contato com porco espinho há trinta dias. Observou-se secreção ocular e olhos recobertos pela terceira pálpebra. Nesta ocasião, foram retirados espinhos de ouriço na cavidade oral e o animal foi liberado. Entretanto, o paciente retornou 40 dias com piora do quadro oftalmológico. Foi realizado exame ultrassonográfico transpalpebral que detectou uma estrutura linear hiperecoica medindo aproximadamente 1,47cm com sobra acústica evidente e conteúdo anormal de ecogenicidade mista na câmara vítrea. Encaminhado para enucleação transpalpebral que possibilitou confirmar o diagnóstico e identificar o objeto. Após a remoção cirúrgica o paciente apresentou melhora clínica significativa e recebeu alta médica em 14 dias.(AU)

Trauma caused by porcupine thorns is common in dogs. However, these spines are not inert and can carry bacteria and other microorganisms. The advice given this situation is the removal of all material whenever possible. Ultrasonography, computed tomography and magnetic resonance have significant value in the diagnosis and localization of foreign bodies not visible on physical examination. The purpose of this case report is to describe the presence of a linear foreign body in the intraocular region of a three year old, male dog, of mixed breed. The animal was admitted to the clinical service of a Veterinary Hospital with apathy and a history of contact with a porcupine within thirty days. Eye discharge and eyes covered by the third eyelid were observed. On this occasion, hedgehog spines were removed in the oral cavity and the animal was released. However, the patient returned 40 days later with worsening of the ophthalmic condition. A transpalpebral ultrasound examination was performed, which detected a hyperechoic linear structure measuring approximately 1.47cm with evident acoustic leftovers and abnormal mixed echogenicity content in the vitreous chamber. The dog was referred for transpalpebral enucleation, which made it possible to confirm the diagnosis and identify the object. After surgical removal, the patient showed significant clinical improvement and was discharged within 14 days.(AU)

Eversão da cartilagem da terceira pálpebra em um gato / Eversion of the third eyelid cartilage in a cat

Background: Eversion of the cartilage of the third eyelid is a rare congenital disease in cats. It is caused by the anterioreversion of the cartilage edge of the third eyelid. Clinical signs may be associated with secondary keratoconjunctivitis,third eyelid gland protrusion, and ocular surface irritation. The diagnosis is made by ophthalmic examination, and treatment consists of surgical resection of the everted cartilage portion. The goal of the present study was to report a case ofeversion of third eyelid cartilage in a cat, given that it is an unusual abnormality in this animal species, and an importantdifferential diagnosis to be considered in the disorders of the third eyelid.Case: A 6-year-old neutered female Persian cat was presented with a presumptive diagnosis of protrusion of the thirdeyelid gland, history of ocular irritation, and epiphora in the left eye. The disorder had been intermittently present sincethe animal was 1-year-old, with spontaneous disappearance after approximately 15 days. The owner related the reappearance of the disorder to stressful situations, with no previous history of trauma or other ocular alteration. During theophthalmic examination, suspended solute was observed through biomiscroscopic examination in both eyes, as well asan increase in volume of the third eyelid in the left eye, without other changes. A thorough examination, under generalanesthesia, indicated the protruding volume of the cartilage of the everted third eyelid. The third eyelid was pleated inits upper portion, demonstrating that the cartilage of the third eyelid was folded instead of following the curvature of theocular surface. Under general anesthesia, the cartilage was partially removed through two parallel incisions on the bulbarconjunctival surface, divulsioning 5 mm in length in the vertical portion of the cartilage in a ‘T shape, and separating the...(AU)

Edema de córnea severo em cão naturalmente infectado por Leishmania spp / Severe corneal edema in a dog naturally infected by Leishmania spp

Background: Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is an infectious disease caused by the protozoan Leishmania infantum that istransmitted to dogs and humans by sandflies. The incidence of eye injuries in VL is high. They occur in 20 to 81% ofinfected dogs and include blepharitis, granulomatous conjunctivitis, scleritis, keratitis, anterior uveitis, keratoconjunctivitissicca, and secondary glaucoma. However, some dogs present only the clinical signs of eye damage. The main objective ofthis manuscript is to report a case of anterior uveitis with severe corneal edema in a dog with VL that underwent clinicaland surgical ophthalmic treatments after miltefosine therapy.Case: An 8-month-old, intact male Labrador Retriever with brown fur presented with pruritus, diffuse desquamation,and conjunctival hyperemia on physical evaluation. On the basis of an ophthalmic examination, nodular conjunctivitisand uveitis were diagnosed in both eyes. Moreover, laboratory examination results showed hyperproteinemia, increasedserum alkaline phosphatase activity, and positive reactions to immunochromatographic tests for VL. Clinical treatmentwas instituted from the moment of diagnosis, when miltefosine and allopurinol were prescribed. at the end of treatment,based on laboratory examination results, only clinical support treatment based on remaining clinical-pathological changeswas prescribed. Topical medications (prednisolone eye drops and sodium hyaluronate) were recommended for the ophthalmic changes. One week after the start of topical treatment, the dog showed...

Edema de córnea severo em cão naturalmente infectado por Leishmania spp / Severe corneal edema in a dog naturally infected by Leishmania spp

Background: Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is an infectious disease caused by the protozoan Leishmania infantum that istransmitted to dogs and humans by sandflies. The incidence of eye injuries in VL is high. They occur in 20 to 81% ofinfected dogs and include blepharitis, granulomatous conjunctivitis, scleritis, keratitis, anterior uveitis, keratoconjunctivitissicca, and secondary glaucoma. However, some dogs present only the clinical signs of eye damage. The main objective ofthis manuscript is to report a case of anterior uveitis with severe corneal edema in a dog with VL that underwent clinicaland surgical ophthalmic treatments after miltefosine therapy.Case: An 8-month-old, intact male Labrador Retriever with brown fur presented with pruritus, diffuse desquamation,and conjunctival hyperemia on physical evaluation. On the basis of an ophthalmic examination, nodular conjunctivitisand uveitis were diagnosed in both eyes. Moreover, laboratory examination results showed hyperproteinemia, increasedserum alkaline phosphatase activity, and positive reactions to immunochromatographic tests for VL. Clinical treatmentwas instituted from the moment of diagnosis, when miltefosine and allopurinol were prescribed. at the end of treatment,based on laboratory examination results, only clinical support treatment based on remaining clinical-pathological changeswas prescribed. Topical medications (prednisolone eye drops and sodium hyaluronate) were recommended for the ophthalmic changes. One week after the start of topical treatment, the dog showed...(AU)