Resumo

This study assessed the efficacy of magnesium sulfate and ketamine hydrochloride in reducing the demand for propofol, remifentanil, and postoperative rescue analgesia in cats undergoing elective ovariohysterectomy. Thirty cats were premedicated with acepromazine (0.05 mg/kg) and morphine (0.3 mg/kg) intramuscularly and induced to unconsciousness with propofol for orotracheal intubation. The continuous infusion (CI) of propofol and remifentanil were started and animals and were randomly allocated into three groups: the magnesium sulfate group (MG) received one bolus (50 mg/kg) and CI (80 mg/kg/h) of magnesium sulfate; the ketamine group (KG) received bolus (0.5 mg/kg) and CI (1.8 mg/kg/h) of ketamine hydrochloride; the control group (CG) received bolus and CI of 0.9% saline solution. Cardiovascular and respiratory functions, extubation time, and rescue postoperative scores were assessed and data were described with a significance level of 95% (P < 0.05). The infusion period of treatments was 21.5 ± 3.4 and 21.0 ± 2.4 minutes in the KG and MG, respectively (P = 0.194). The infusion rates of remifentanil (P = 0.336) and propofol (P = 0.716) were similar between groups. Analysis of the postoperative pain scales revealed no significant intergroup differences in rescue frequency, rescue score, and time to the first rescue analgesia. In conclusion, the proposed protocols were safe and effective, yet it is noteworthy that both magnesium sulfate and ketamine failed to demonstrate significant additional postoperative analgesic or adjuvant anesthetic effects.

Objetivou-se avaliar a eficácia do sulfato de magnésio e cetamina em reduzir o requerimento de propofol, remifentanil e o resgate analgésico pós-operatório de gatas submetidas à ovariohisterectomia eletiva. Trinta gatas foram pré-medicadas com acepromazina (0,05 mg/kg) e morfina (0,3 mg/kg), intramuscular, e induzidas a inconsciência com propofol para intubação orotraqueal. As infusões contínuas (IC) de propofol e remifentanil foram iniciadas e os animais foram aleatoriamente alocados em três grupos: grupo sulfato de magnésio (MG) que recebeu bolus (50 mg/kg) e IC (80 mg/kg) de sulfato de magnésio; grupo cetamina (KG) que recebeu bolus (0,5 mg/kg) e IC (1,8 mg/kg/h) de cetamina; grupo controle (CG) que recebeu bolus e IC de solução salina 0,9%. As funções cardiovasculares e respiratórias, o tempo de extubação e a pontuação de resgate pós-operatório foram registrados e descritos com nível de significância de 95% (P < 0.05). O tempo de infusão dos tratamentos foi de 21,5 ± 3,4 e 21,0 ± 2,4 minutos no KG e MG, respectivamente (P = 0.194). As taxas de infusões de remifentanil (P = 0.336) e propofol (P = 0.716) foram similares entre grupos. Na análise de dor pós-operatória as escalas não demonstraram diferenças entre grupos quanto a número de resgates, pontuação de resgate ou tempo para o primeiro resgate. Em conclusão, os protocolos propostos foram seguros e efetivos. Contudo, o sulfato de magnésio e cetamina não demonstraram analgesia pós-operatória adicional ou efeitos adjuvantes anestésicos significativos.

Resumo

It aimed to compare the trans anesthetic clinical and perioperative analgesic effects by prolonged continuous infusion of fentanyl (GF, bolus of 5 µg/kg and continuous infusion (CI) of 15 µg/kg/h) or remifentanil (GR, CI of 18 µg/kg/h) in dogs undergoing to elective ovariohysterectomy. Twenty female healthy dogs were premedicated with acepromazine, inducted to unconsciousness with propofol and kept under anesthesia with isoflurane. The M0 (baseline) was recorded and animals were randomly allocated in GF (n = 10) or GR (n = 10), recording clinical and blood gas parameters every 15 minutes (M15…M120) for two hours and, after, during surgery, adjusting the opioid rate according to surgical requirement. The isoflurane vaporization reduced by up to 47% and 42% in GF and GR, respectively, when compared to M0. During the first two hours of CI, six animals of each group required atropine intervention and three animals of GF required ephedrine. The number of rate adjustments during intraoperative was significant higher in GR when compared to GF (P = 0.0248). By the Log-rank test, there was a higher possibility of not receiving analgesic rescue in the first 30 minutes of postoperative in GF when compared to GR (P < 0.0001) and all animals required analgesic rescue during the firsts 3 and 6 hours in GR and GF, respectively. It is concluded that, when the proposal continuous infusions were compared, fentanyl required fewer analgesic rescues during perioperative, nonetheless, it is recommended rate adjustment during intraoperative and additional analgesia for postoperative for both treatments.

Objetivou-se comparar os efeitos clínicos intraoperatórios e analgésico perioperatório ofertados pela infusão contínua prolongada de fentanil (GF, bolus de 5 µg/kg e infusão contínua (IC) de 15 µg/kg/h) ou remifentanil (GR, IC de 18 µg/kg/h) em cadelas submetidas a ovariohisterectomia eletiva. Vinte cadelas hígidas foram pré-medicadas com acepromazina e induzidas com propofol e mantidas sob anestesia com isoflurano. Registrado M0 (basal) os animais foram alocados aleatoriamente em GF (n = 10) ou GR (n = 10), registrando parâmetros clínicos e hemogasométricos a cada 15 minutos (M15...M120), totalizando 02h e, posteriormente, durante o procedimento cirúrgico, sendo a taxa do opioide alterada conforme o requerimento cirúrgico.A vaporização de isoflurano reduziu em até 47% e 42% no GF e GR, respectivamente, em relação ao M0. Durante as primeiras duas horas de IC, seis animais de cada grupo necessitaram de intervenção com atropina e três animais do GF de efedrina. O número de ajustes de taxas no intraoperatório foi significativamente maior no GR comparado ao GF (P = 0,0248). Pelo teste de Log-rank, houve maior probabilidade de não receber resgate analgésico nos primeiros 30 minutos de pós-operatório no GF comparado ao GR (P < 0,0001) e todos os animais necessitaram de resgate analgésico dentro das primeiras três e seis horas no GR e GF, respectivamente. Conclui-se que, nas taxas propostas, a utilização de fentanil necessitou de menos resgates analgésicos no intra e pós-operatório, no entanto, recomenda-se ajuste de taxa intraoperatória e analgesia suplementar pós-operatória em ambos os tratamentos.

Resumo

This study compared cardiovascular and respiratory effects of dexmedetomidine and xylazine in total intravenous anesthesia with propofol, ketamine, and lidocaine. Twenty-one female dogs were submitted to ovariohysterectomy, premedicated with acepromazine and anesthetized with propofol at a variable rate. The dogs were intubated and supplemented with 100% oxygen in a circuit without rebreathing gases in spontaneous ventilation. They were divided into three groups (n=21) after induction: control (CON) with ketamine (2 mg/kg + 0.6 mg/kg/h) and lidocaine (2 mg/kg + 3 mg/kg/h), DEX and XIL with the same drugs as CON, associated with dexmedetomidine (2 µg/kg + 1 µg/kg/h) or xylazine (0.2 mg/kg + 0.1 mg/kg/h). Propofol consumption, fentanyl analgesic rescue, and cardiorespiratory and blood gas parameters were evaluated during anesthesia. The DEX group had a lower consumption of propofol (0.16 ± 0.09 mg/kg/min) compared to CON (0.24 ± 0.09 mg/kg/min), both not differing from XIL (0.23 ± 0.09 mg/kg/min). The mean arterial pressure was higher after the initial bolus in DEX (107 ± 8 mmHg) and XIL (96 ± 11 mmHg) compared to the CON group (80 ± 10 mmHg). Higher accumulation of arterial carbon dioxide and a decrease in pH were observed in the CON group. The total number of fentanyl rescues did not differ between DEX (7) and XIL (6) and were lower than CON (16). Therefore, dexmedetomidine and xylazine reduced intraoperative fentanyl consumption compared to ketamine and lidocaine infusion alone. However, only dexmedetomidine promoted lower propofol consumption and higher blood pressure values.

Esse estudo comparou efeitos cardiovasculares e respiratórios da dexmedetomidina e xilazina na anestesia total intravenosa com propofol, cetamina e lidocaína. Foram submetidas a ovário-histerectomia 21 cadelas, pré-medicadas com acepromazina, anestesiadas com propofol em taxa variável. As cadelas foram intubadas e suplementadas com oxigênio 100% em circuito sem reinalação de gases em ventilação espontânea. Após a indução, foram distribuídas em três grupos (n=21): controle (CON) com cetamina (2 mg/kg + 0,6 mg/kg/h) e lidocaína (2 mg/kg + 3 mg/kg/h), DEX e XIL com os mesmos fármacos do CON, associados à dexmedetomidina (2 µg/kg + 1 µg/kg/h) ou xilazina (0,2 mg/kg + 0,1 mg/kg/h). Durante a anestesia, foram avaliados o consumo de propofol, resgate analgésico de fentanil, parâmetros cardiorepiratórios e hemogasométricos. O grupo DEX apresentou menor consumo de propofol (0,16 ± 0,09 mg/kg/min) comparado ao CON (0,24 ± 0,09 mg/kg/min), ambos sem diferir de XIL (0,23 ± 0,09 mg/kg/min). A pressão arterial média foi maior após o bolus inicial em DEX (107 ± 8 mmHg) e XIL (96 ± 11 mmHg) comparadas ao grupo CON (80 ± 10 mmHg). Houve maior acúmulo de gás carbônico arterial e diminuição do pH no grupo CON. O número total de resgates com fentanil não diferiram entre DEX (7) e XIL (6), e foram inferiores ao CON (16). Conclui-se que a dexmedetomidina e xilazina reduziram o consumo de fentanil transoperatório em comparação à infusão isolada de cetamina e lidocaína. Porém, nesse estudo apenas a dexmedetomidina promoveu menor consumo de propofol e maiores valores de pressão arterial.

Resumo

The regional lymphatic connections of the mammary glands in canines are poorly investigated, both in healthy animals and in those with mammary neoplasms. The objective was to establish the occurrence of metastases in the medial iliac lymph nodes (MILN) in bitches with mammary neoplasm, in addition to evaluating the effectiveness of the technique of lymphatic labeling of the MILN, administering methylene blue (MB) dye intrauterinely or intradermally. Thirty-two bitches with tumors in different mammary glands were included in the study. In 13 bitches (GU group), the MILNs were stained with intrauterine MB, followed by unilateral lymphadenectomy, ovariohysterectomy (OVH) and unilateral mastectomy. Nineteen bitches (GI group) underwent OVH, followed by MILN staining with intradermal MB, lymphadenectomy, and unilateral mastectomy. In GU, 11 bitches (84.62%) exhibited MB-stained MILNs, but staining was not observed in two (15.38%). Metastasis to MILNs was observed in three bitches (9.38%) from the GI and two (6.25%) from the GU. Intrauterine and intradermal staining of MILNs in bitches with mammary tumors was efficient, but intradermal administration of MB produced better results. Given metastatic spread to MILNs in approximately 15.63% of patients, we recommend that screening for MILNs should be considered as part of the staging of animals with malignant mammary neoplasms.

As conexões linfáticas regionais das glândulas mamárias em caninos são pouco investigadas, tanto em animais sadios quanto naqueles com neoplasmas mamários. Objetivou-se estabelecer à ocorrência de metástases nos linfonodos ilíacos mediais (MILN) em cadelas com neoplasma mamário, além de avaliar a eficácia da técnica de marcação linfática dos MILN, administrando o corante azul de metileno (MB) por via intrauterina ou intradérmica. Trinta e duas cadelas com neoplasmas malignos em diferentes glândulas mamárias foram incluídas no estudo. Em 13 cadelas (grupo GU), os MILNs foram corados com MB intrauterino, seguido de linfadenectomia unilateral, ovariohisterectomia (OVH) e mastectomia unilateral. Dezenove cães (grupo GI) foram submetidos a OVH, seguido de coloração MILN com MB intradérmico, linfadenectomia e mastectomia unilateral. No GU, 11 cães (84,62%) exibiram MILNs corados com MB, mas a coloração não foi observada em dois (15,38%). Metástases para MILNs foi observada em três cães (9,38%) do GI e em dois do GU (6,25%). A coloração intrauterina e intradérmica de MILNs em cadelas com tumores mamários foi eficiente, mas a administração intradérmica de MB produziu melhores resultados, observando a coloração de 100% dos linfonodos no GI e 84,62% no GU. Dada a disseminação metastática para MILNs em aproximadamente 15,63% dos pacientes, recomendamos que a investigação dos MILNs deve ser considerada como parte do estadiamento de animais com neoplasmas mamários malignos.

Resumo

This study aimed to report a leiomyosarcoma associated with acute abdomen and uterine torsion in an 8-year-old, nulliparous, white-collared peccary (Tayassu tajacu) kept under human care. The animal presented a two-day clinical history of abdominal bulging, vaginal discharge, and acute abdomen. Ultrasound findings indicated an intrabdominal tumor, and an exploratory laparotomy followed by an emergency ovariohysterectomy was performed to remove the tumor. Grossly, the right horn exhibited a firm, friable tumor measuring 23cm in diameter and weighing 9.3kg. On the cut surface, the tumor drained a foul-smelling fluid and bloody content. The tumor wall was 6cm thick, dark red, firm, and had a brittle, soft, yellow fibrillar material firmly adhered to its surface. Microscopically, the lesion consisted of malignant proliferation of leiomyocytes with necrosis and hemorrhage of the endometrium and myometrium. The cytoplasm of the neoplastic cells was strongly immunopositive for vimentin and smooth muscle actin but negative for cytokeratin and desmin. Leiomyosarcoma is uncommon in Tayassuidae, and its clinicopathological presentation may be concomitant with acute abdomen, uterine torsion, and pyometra. These conditions should be included in the differential diagnosis of reproductive diseases observed in female peccaries.

Este estudo teve como objetivo relatar um leiomiossarcoma associado a abdome agudo e torção uterina em uma cateta (Tayassu tajacu) de oito anos, nulípara, mantida sob cuidados humanos. O animal apresentou uma história clínica de dois dias de aumento de volume abdominal, secreção vaginal e abdome agudo. Achados de ultrassonografia indicaram um tumor intrabdominal, e uma laparotomia exploratória seguida de ovariohisterectomia de emergência foi realizada para remover o tumor. Macroscopicamente, o corno direito do útero exibia um tumor firme, friável medindo 23cm de diâmetro e pesava 9,3kg. Na superfície de corte, o tumor drenava um fluido de odor fétido e conteúdo sanguinolento. A parede do tumor tinha 6cm de espessura, era de cor vermelha escura e firme, e apresentava um material fibrilar amarelo, friável e macio aderido firmemente à sua superfície. Microscopicamente, a lesão consistia em proliferação maligna dos leiomiócitos acompanhada de necrose e hemorragia difusas de endométrio e miométrio. O citoplasma das células neoplásicas foi fortemente imunopositivo para vimentina e actina de músculo liso e negativo para citoqueratina e desmina. Leiomiossarcomas são raros em Tayassuidae e sua apresentação clinicopatológica pode ser concomitante com abdome agudo, torção uterina e piometra. Essas condições devem ser incluídas no diagnóstico diferencial de doenças reprodutivas observadas em catetas.

Resumo

Background: Captive tigers can live a long life, around 26 years. Among the diseases described some of non-infectious origin are quite common, such as chronic kidney disease, spondylosis, and biliary cysts or tumors. On the other hand, pyometra has been frequently reported in lions, who have a higher risk of developing the disease than tigers and leopards. Pyometra is a disease with few descriptions in tigers and it may be related to the physiological features of the species. The animal is listed as Endangered on the International Union for the Conservation of Nature Red List of Threatened. The present report aims to describe the diagnosis and treatment of pyometra in a captive tigress. Case: A 7-year-old entire female tiger (Panthera tigris) weighing 140 kg was presented with a 3-day history of anorexia and prostration. For clinical examinations, collection of laboratory and imaging tests, the patient initially underwent dissociative anesthesia to allow catheterization of the cephalic vein and intravenous general anesthesia for orotracheal intubation followed by anesthetic maintenance in isoflurane. On general physical examination, the animal had normal colored mucosa, vital parameters within normal limits, and a body condition score of 6 on a scale of 9. There was no presence of vulvar secretion. The blood count and the biochemical exams showed values within the normal range for the species. The chest X-ray in the right and left views did not demonstrate pulmonary abnormalities. Ultrasonographic examination of the abdomen showed distension of the uterine body and horns, which have intraluminal hyperechoic fluid content without flocculation. Based on the imaging exam, the diagnosis was suggestive of pyometra. Exploratory celiotomy was performed via ventral midline, confirming the condition, which was treated by ovariohysterectomy. The surgical technique was performed as described for therapeutic ovariohysterectomy in dogs and cats. Culture of uterine content identified Escherichia coli. The histological analysis identified diffuse endometritis associated with follicular cysts. The tiger had complete recovery without any complications. The patient was releasing 13 days after the surgical procedure and in the last contact four months after the surgery, it was in perfect health conditions. Discussion: Pyometra in large exotic felids has been occasionally reported, mainly in animals more than 10 years of age. Although the tigress in the report is estimated to be seven years old. The patient in question started with anorexia and prostration and as there was already a history of cystic endometrial hyperplasia, a possible pyometra was suspected, despite being uncommon in the species. There was not vaginal discharge. The definitive diagnosis was by means of ultrasound examination and ovariohysterectomy was performed. Abdominal surgery for these large felids is complex, due to the intra-abdominal volume the flank approach or by laparoscopic is suggested, however in this case a ventral midline incision was performed without intercurrences and complications in the post-operative period. The surgical technique like that used in small animals was effective for the treatment of pyometra in the tigress with the use of ovariohysterectomy. Culture of uterine content identified Escherichia coli, which has been the most commonly isolated pathogen in pyometra of large felids. It was concluded that, as in bitches with pyometra, early diagnosis and surgical treatment is ideal for the patient's recovery.

Resumo

Background: The nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) exert their analgesic effect through peripheral inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis and a variety of other peripheral and central mechanisms. However, NSAIDs are associated with some adverse effects, mainly related to the gastrointestinal, renal, and hepatic systems, highlighting the need for research to develop safer drugs. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of preoperative oral administration of carprofen or grapiprant in female cats submitted to elective ovariohysterectomy on the quality of perioperative analgesia and the need for hypnotic and analgesic drugs. Materials, Methods & Results: Thirty-three adult female cats were selected, without defined breed and healthy based on physical examination, routine laboratory analyses (complete blood count, total protein, Heinz body investigation and serum quantification of alanine transaminase [ALT], aspartate transaminase [AST], gamma glutamyl transpeptidase [GGT], alkaline phosphatase [ALP], urea, frutosamine, and glucose) and negative tests for feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and feline leukemia virus (FeLV). After 3 days of adaptation, they were submitted to ovariohysterectomy by celiotomy and randomly allocated into 2 groups according to the preoperative drug used: GCAR [carprofen - 4 mg/kg, VO, 2 h before surgery; n = 11] and GGRA (grapiprant - 2 mg/kg IV, 2 h before surgery; n = 21]. The cats were pre-medicated with acepromazine 0.05 mg/ kg IV and later submitted to general anesthesia with propofol intravenously. Anesthesia was maintained with isoflurane in 100% oxygen. After anesthetic induction, a continuous infusion of remifentanil at a rate of 10 µg/kg/h was initiated. During the transanesthetic period, the parameters of heart rate; respiratory rate; systolic, mean, and diastolic arterial pressure using the oscillometric method; electrocardiogram; rectal temperature; partial pressure of CO2 at the end of expiration: and partial saturation of O2 in hemoglobin were continuously monitored. The evaluation of nociception was based on the changes in the aforementioned physiological parameters. The rate of remifentanil used did not change over time with the use of carprofen. However, animals that received grapiprant required a lower remifentanil dose at 20, 25, and 30 min during the procedure. The female cats that received carprofen showed an increase in mean heart rate at 30 min compared to that at 20 and 25 min. In the Grapiprant group, the heart rate at 35 min was higher only than that observed at 25 min. Discussion: The remifentanil rate did not differ between the groups, even between the times for GCAR. However, the remifentanil rate was lower from 20 min of the procedure for GGRA. This decrease may be related to a decrease in the need for anesthetics and analgesics by decreasing temperature, which causes decreases in metabolism and surgical stimulation. The increase in systolic, mean, diastolic, and heart rate arterial pressure parameters observed in both treatments after 15 min of anesthesia is related to the nociceptive stimulus resulting from traction and ligation of the ovarian pedicles and maneuvers for exteriorization of the uterus. These are considered the moments of greater surgical stimulus during ovariohysterectomy, evidenced by the greater release of cortisol and increase in physiological parameters. The results of this study show that the administration of carprofen or grapiprant was clinically similar when used preemptively for perioperative analgesia in cats submitted to elective ovariohysterectomy.

Resumo

This study aimed to evaluate the thermal response of the eyelids and lacrimal gland of the left eye (LETG) through infrared thermography (IRT), cardiorespiratory parameters, and their association with nociception and pain in bitches undergoing elective ovariohysterectomy (OVH) anesthetized with isoflurane and epidural analgesia. Twenty-one healthy bitches of different breeds were randomized into three groups receiving epidural blocks: GL (n=7), lidocaine (2 mg Kg-1 ); GLF (n=7), lidocaine (2 mg Kg-1 ) and fentanyl (3 µg Kg-1 ); and GLM (n=7), lidocaine (2 mg Kg-1 ) with morphine (0.1 mg Kg-1 ). IRT and cardiorespiratory parameters were evaluated at baseline (Ebasal), thirty minutes before anesthetic premedication, and at different surgical events: first incision (EInc), ligature and section of the left (ELoV), and right (ERoV) ovarian pedicle, ligature, and re-section of the cervix (EUt), and skin suture (ESut). The assessment of acute pain in the immediate post-operative period was registered at E1h, E2h, and E3h using IRT, the Dynamic Interactive Visual Analogic Scale (DIVAS), and the University of Melbourne Pain Scale (UMPS) scales. The results showed a statistically significant decrease in the lower eyelid surface temperature (LELT) during EInc for GL (32.9°C ± 0.62), in comparison to GLF (34.2°C ± 0.62) and GLM (35.3°C ± 0.62) (P = 0.006). Regarding LETG, a significant increase (P = 0.03) in the IRT of Ebasal (36.8°C ± 0.63) and EInc (36.1°C ± 0.63) for GLM was observed in comparison to the thermographic values for both perioperative events and groups. The GLM showed a significant decrease in IRT values of ERoV at E3h in the upper and lower eyelids (P = 0.03 and P = 0.01, respectively). A progressive and significant reduction of the IRT values of LETG was also recorded in GLM, with differences in ERoV (35.2 °C ± 0.63) (P = 0.02) and E3h (35.3 °C ± 0.63) (P = 0.01). The cardiovascular parameters (SAP, DAP, and MAP) did not differ between treatments, but in GL, there was a significant difference (P = 0.01) during EInc and ESut, compared to Ebasal. In the body temperature, EInc and ESut gradually decreased in all treatment groups (P = 0.01). In conclusion, hemodynamic and cardiorespiratory stability was associated with IRT readings and the absence of nociception. Changes in superficial temperature in the immediate post-operative period were lessened using isoflurane and epidural analgesia of lidocaine alone or in combination with pure opioids. These findings were clinically validated to the DIVAS and UMPS acute pain assessment scales.

Resumo

Neoplasms are among the most impacting disease diagnoses in veterinary medicine and have become increasingly common due to the greater longevity of animals as living conditions improved. The Mongolian gerbil is a small rodent species that has become popular recently. In these animals, the occurrence of neoplastic processes is relatively common, mainly tumors of the ventral gland in males and ovarian tumors in females. This work aims to report an ovarian tumor in a Mongolian gerbil Meriones unguiculatus Milne-Edwards 1867 (Rodentia, Muridae). At the initial presentation, the animal had dyspnea, prostration, and increased abdominal volume in the topography of the right ovary of approximately 2 cm. The animal was submitted to exploratory laparotomy because of the emergency nature of the case and the owners' refusal of additional exams due to financial restrictions. Thus, an ovariohysterectomy was performed, followed by a histopathological examination. The histopathology revealed an ovarian papillary carcinoma affecting both ovaries and cystic endometrial hyperplasia. With surgical removal and drainage of the thoracic fluid, the animal showed good recovery, with general improvement and return to regular activity, with a life expectancy of two years. Currently, the demand for specialized veterinarians for unconventional pets is increasing. This condition allows owners to raise their animals more properly, favoring greater longevity. Knowledge about the prevalence and incidence of diseases in different species is of enormous relevance in establishing the appropriate therapy, improving life quality, and increasing life expectancy in animals' lives.(AU)

Resumo

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of music therapy on the postoperative pain of bitches undergoing elective ovariohysterectomy (OVH). Eighteen bitches were randomly distributed into two groups (Music therapy group and Control group). The animals of both groups received pre-anesthetic medication (PAM), administration of meloxicam (intravenously 0.2 mg/kg), antibiotic therapy and were anesthetized then subjected to OVH. PAM was performed intramuscularly with morphine (0.3 mg/kg), midazolam (0.2 mg/kg) and acepromazine (0.03 mg/ Kg). Anesthetic induction was performed with intravenous infusion of ketamine, lidocaine and propofol; the anesthetic maintenance was performed with inhalational anesthesia with isofluorane. Animals from the Music therapy group received ambient music of classical, reggae, soft rock, and relaxation and meditation styles, through a sound box for 7 hours, while they were at the anesthetic and surgical recovery room. The animals of the Control group did not receive any music during the postoperative period. All animals in the experiment were evaluated for pain before PAM (M0) and 3 (M3), 5 (M5), 8 (M8), 12 (M12) and 24 hours (M24) after PAM. The Music therapy group scored significantly lower than the Control group at M8, M12 and M24, although there was no statistically significant difference in the number of administrations of additional analgesics in the postoperative period of the animals. Music therapy had an analgesic effect during the postoperative period in bitches submitted to OVH.

Esse estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos da musicoterapia na dor no período pós-operatório de cadelas submetidas à ovariohisterectomia (OVH) eletiva. Foram utilizadas 18 cadelas distribuídas aleatoriamente em dois grupos (grupo Musicoterapia e grupo Controle). Os animais dos dois grupos receberam medicação pré-anestésica (MPA) administração de meloxicam (0,2 mg/Kg por via endovenosa), antibioticoterapia e foram anestesiados e submetidos à OVH. A MPA foi realizada por via intramuscular com morfina (0,3 mg/Kg), midazolam (0,2 mg/Kg) e acepromazina (0,03 mg/Kg). A indução anestésica foi feita com infusão endovenosa de cetamina, lidocaína e propofol e a manutenção anestésica foi realizada com anestesia inalatória com isofluorano. Os animais do grupo Musicoterapia receberam, na sala de recuperação anestésica e cirúrgica, música ambiente através de uma caixa de som, durante 7 horas, dos estilos musicais Clássica, Reggae, Soft Rock e Relaxamento e Meditação. Os animais do grupo Controle não receberam nenhuma música durante o período pós-operatório. Todos os animais do experimento foram avaliados quanto à dor antes da MPA (M0), 3 horas (M3), 5 horas (M5), 8 horas (M8), 12 horas (M12) e 24 horas (M24) após o procedimento cirúrgico. O grupo Musicoterapia obteve uma pontuação significativamente menor que o grupo Controle em M8, M12 e M24, embora não tenha existido diferença estatisticamente significativa na quantidade de administrações de analgésicos adicionais no período pós -operatório dos animais A Musicoterapia teve efeito analgésico no período pós-operatório de cadelas submetidas à OVH.

Resumo

Background: Thirteen mammary neoplasms types are described in Cavia porcellus in the literature. Among these, the most prevalent are the benign and spontaneous neoplasms (70%), between the malignant stand out the adenocarcinomas (majoritary), tubular and tubulopapillary, however, when it comes to mixed carcinomas, despite being rare, they present greater malignancy. The present study aims to report the case of a guinea pig cytologic and histologically diagnosed with mammary gland mixed carcinoma treated by surgical excision. Case: A 1-year-old female Abyssinian guinea pig weighing 1.1 kg was treated at the Wild and Exotic Animal Sector of the Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC)in the city of Curitibanos, SC, Brazil. The patient revealed an alert and docile temperament without considerable physiological changes in the physical examination. The patient presented a mass, measuring 1.4 x 1.6 cm with a nodular appearance, firm consistency and not adhered in the region of the left inguinal mam-mary gland. A sample was collected by fine needle aspiration biopsy technique (FNAB), which revealed to be suggestive of malignant neoplasm from epithelial tissue, due observation of presence of 3-dimensional clusters of epithelial cells, with discrete anisocytosis and anisokaryosis. In 7 days, the nodule showed gradual and progressive growth, measuring 2.0 x 1.6 cm. Radiographs were taken in order to rule out the presence of metastases in other organs and systems. The suitable treatment was surgical excision of the nodule and mammary gland, which occurred without intercurrences, and the material was sent for histopathological analysis. On the day of the surgical procedure, the nodule measured 2.4 x 1.6 cm. As a result, it was noted the rupture of tubules, isolated cells or forming nests in the middle of the stroma composed mainly of myoepithelial cells and adipocytes and presence of lymphoplasmacytic and neutrophilic infiltrate, compatible with mixed mammary gland carcinoma in a grade I. After 10 days of the procedure, the patient was released healthy and weighing 1.18 kg. Due to the absence of metastasis was not indicated post-surgical chemotherapy, however it was proposed ovariohysterectomy in order to prevent recurrence. So far, there has been no sign of recurrence or development of metastases in the patient. Discussion: In fact, guinea pig mammary neoplasms are locally invasive, large in size and highly vascularized, but they rarely metastasize, and there is no sexual predisposition. An important characteristic of the guinea pigs neoplasms is the fast growth that can be associated with the accelerated metabolism in these animals. Diagnostic methods such as FNAB are important to differentiate non-neoplastic from neoplastic processes, as mastitis or mammary hyperplasia. However, the cytologic appearance may vary greatly depending on the type of neoplasm, thus the histopathology provides the definitive diagnosis. Surgical excision is the treatment of choice, once these animals are poorly tolerant to chemotherapy. The adoption of measures, as ovariohysterectomy, can help the treatment or prevention of mammary neoplasms, although the tutor refutes the indication in this case. On the other hand, there is a still gap in the knowledge of neoplasms in guinea pig, making studies allow us to understand the pathophysiology of these diseases in this specie.

Resumo

The aim of this study was to investigate the possible occurrence of changes in renal function and tubular damage in dogs that underwent general anesthesia for elective orchiectomy or ovariohysterectomy. Thirteen dogs were selected, five males and eight females, with ages ranging from one to eight years, treated at the Polyclinic Veterinary School, Rio de Janeiro. Urine and blood samples were obtained from the animals just before and 30 minutes after the surgical procedure. Urinalysis (physical and chemical examinations and sedimentoscopy) was performed. The following biochemistries parameters were determined: plasma concentrations of urea and creatinine; urinary protein; urinary protein-to-creatinine ratio; and urinary GGT activity. A statistical difference was observed between the mean GGT activity before (0.38±0.21 U/L) and after (0.49±0.31 U/L) surgery (p<0.05). No changes in plasma creatinine and urea levels and other urinalysis parameters were observed. Thus, we conclude that the hypotensive effect of general anesthesia caused mild enzymuria, denoting possible renal tubular damage due to transient ischemia. This finding highlights the sensitivity and importance of studies of urinary GGT as an early marker of changes in renal tubular cells due to tubular injury.

O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a possível ocorrência de alterações na função renal e dano tubular em cães submetidos à anestesia geral para orquiectomia ou ovariohisterectomia eletivas. Treze cães foram selecionados, cinco machos e oito fêmeas, com idades variando entre um a oito anos, atendidos na Policlínica Veterinária Escola Rio de Janeiro. Amostras de urina e sangue foram obtidas dos animais antes e após 30 minutos do procedimento cirúrgico. Urinálise (exames fisico, químico e sedimentoscopia) foram realizados. Os seguintes parâmetros bioquímicos foram determinados: concentração plasmática de ureia e creatinina; proteína urinária; relação proteína: creatinina urinária e atividade de GGT urinária. Diferença estatística foi observada entre as médias da atividade de GGT antes (0.38±0.21 U/L) e após (0.49±0.31 U/L) a cirurgia (p<0.05). Não foram observadas alterações nos níveis de ureia e creatinina plasmáticas e outros parâmetros da urinálise. Assim, foi possível concluir que o efeito hipotensor da anestesia geral causou discreta enzimúria, denotando possível lesão tubular em função da isquemia transitória. Estes achados destacam a sensibilidade e a importância de estudos da GGT urinária como um marcador precoce de alterações nas células tubulares renais em função de uma injúria tubular.

Resumo

Although rarely reported in veterinary medicine, this article shows three cases of dogs that presented anaphylactic reactions after intravenous administration of meloxicam at therapeutic doses. Three dogs of different breeds and ages were submitted to anesthesia for surgical procedures of ovariohysterectomy and repair of patellar luxation. The animals were classified as ASA I and did not present changes in clinical and laboratory tests. All dogs were anesthetized and monitored by anesthesiologists, with careful multiparametric evaluation. Near the end of the procedures, meloxicam was administered intravenously in all dogs, and the drug used had the same commercial presentation and concentration, but with different lot numbers and with different months. For less than a minute, the animals showed significant hypotension, with pressure values close to 30 mmHg or inaudible by Doppler. The animals had no skin signs, only hypotension and a decrease in heart rate in one of them. All dogs were immediately treated with intravenous ephedrine and atropine in the bradycardic patient. After the emergency treatment, the dogs showed stabilized vital signs, with no complications or need for additional intervention. After the event, the three dogs showed no signs of clinical, behavioral or laboratory changes.

Este artigo apresenta três casos de cães que apresentaram reações anafiláticas após administração intravenosa de meloxicam em doses terapêuticas, ocorrência menos frequente na medicina veterinária. Três cães de raças e idades distintas foram submetidos à anestesia para realização de procedimentos cirúrgicos de ovário-histerectomia e reparação de luxação patelar. Os animais foram classificados como ASA I, e não manifestaram alterações nos exames clínico e laboratoriais. Todos os cães foram anestesiados e monitorados por anestesiologistas, com avaliação multiparamétrica criteriosa. Próximo ao término dos procedimentos, foi administrado meloxicam pela via intravenosa em todos os cães, sendo usado fármaco com a mesma apresentação comercial e concentração, porém com números de lotes e validade diferentes. Cerca de menos de um minuto, os animais apresentaram hipotensão significativa, com valores pressóricos próximos a 30mmHg ou inaudível pelo Doppler. Não apareceram sinais cutâneos, apenas hipotensão e queda de frequência cardíaca em um deles. Todos os cães foram tratados imediatamente com efedrina intravenosa, e o paciente bradicárdico com atropina. Após o tratamento emergencial, os cães apresentaram sinais vitais estabilizados, sem complicações ou necessidade de intervenção adicional. Após o evento, os três cães não apresentaram sinais de alterações clínicas, comportamentais ou laboratoriais.

Resumo

Logistic and economical limitations are often the causes of dog owners not accurately monitoring the estrous cycle and the optimal insemination time. The aim of this study was to evaluate in vivo early embryonic development in bitches, after the analysis of sequential vaginal cytologies associated to single progesterone measurement and single laparoscopic insemination with high quality semen (fresh and with high spermatozoa concentration) or low-quality semen (frozen/thawed and with low spermatozoa concentration) at 48 h post- ovulation time predicted on a single progesterone measurement. Ten bitches were inseminated with 250 x 106 fresh spermatozoa (80% motility), and ten with 80 x 106 frozen/thawed spermatozoa (60% motility) in the cranial part of each uterine horn. Seven days later, ovariohysterectomy was performed and the oviducts and uterine horns and body were flushed to recover embryos and unfertilized oocytes. In 80% of the bitches inseminated with fresh and 50% of bitches inseminated with frozen/thawed semen, embryos at 2 to 8 cells stage were recovered mostly from the, oviducts. This study indicates that pregnancies can be obtained with a single laparoscopic intrauterine insemination after single serum progesterone measurement, although with a low number of embryos. This result should be taken into account in case economic or logistic restrictions that affect the possibility of owners to plan an accurate monitoring of the optimal breeding time using fresh and frozen semen.(AU)

Resumo

Emergências obstétricas são comuns na rotina clínica de cães e gatos. Dentre as emergências obstétricas uma das mais importantes é a distocia. De modo geral, a distocia ocorre quando há falha no momento do parto ou na expulsão do feto, sendo que a causa mais comum de distocia nas duas espécies é a inércia uterina primária. Outra emergência obstétrica de ocorrência frequente em cadelas e gatas é a piometra. Esta doença é uma infecção que ocorre no útero, causada por alterações hormonais na fase do diestro dos animais. As duas enfermidades (distocia e piometra) podem ter o envolvimento de anticoncepcionais, tanto nas cadelas como nas gatas. Em relação ao tratamento, na maioria das vezes, as distocias em cadelas e gatas são abordadas por meio da realização de cesarianas. Em piometra, a terapêutica mais efetiva é a realização de ovariohisterectomia. Neste estudo, 43 cadelas e 20 gatas com emergências obstétricas foram monitoradas durante 90 dias. Entre as cadelas, 29 (67,44%; 29/43) apresentaram piometra e 13 (30,23%; 13/43) distocia. Além disso, uma cadela apresentou prolapso vaginal. Entre as gatas, 13 apresentaram distocia (65%; 13/20) e sete (35%; 7/20) piometra. Algumas dessas emergências obstétricas foram relacionadas ao uso de anticoncepcional. Assim, os clínicos veterinários devem desencorajar esta prática e incentivar a castração das fêmeas.

Obstetric emergencies are common in the clinical routine of dogs and cats. One of the most important obstetric emergencies is dystocia. In general, dystocia occurs when there is a failure at the parturition time or expulsion of the fetus, and the most common cause of dystocia in both species is primary uterine inertia. Another frequently occurring obstetric emergency in bitches and cats is piometra. This disease is an infection that occurs in the uterus caused by hormonal changes in the diestrus phase of animals. In both diseases (dystocia and pyometra), contraceptives can be involved in female dogs and cats. Regarding the treatment, most of the time, dystocias in bitches and cats are addressed through cesarean sections. In pyometra, the most effective therapy is to perform ovariohysterectomy. In the present study, 43 female dogs and 20 female cats with emergency obstetric were monitored during 90 days. Among bitches, 29 (67.44%; 29/43) had pyometra, and 13 (30.23%; 13/43) showed dystocia. In addition, one female dog presented vaginal prolapse. Among the cats, 13 had dystocia (65%; 13/20) and seven (35%; 7/20) pyometra. Some of these obstetric emergencies were related to contraceptive use. Thus, veterinary clinicians must discourage this practice and encourage the neutering of females.

Resumo

Background: Prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2 α) binds to the specific receptor (PTGFR) on the corpus luteum (CL) in mammals, inducing regression of the CL structure (luteolysis) and initiating a new cycle. While PGF2 α is effective only on mature CL, the immature CL structure (early luteal phase) resists PGF2 α. In this study, sildenafil citrate, which is used to increase blood flow in the genital organs for treating specific pregnancy issues in women, was administered during the early luteal phase in a rabbit model to test the hypothesis of enhancing blood flow to the CL, thereby promoting earlier maturation and enabling a response to PGF2 α. Materials, Methods & Results: The study was conducted in 2 sub-studies: clinical and molecular. A large number of rabbits were initially included in the sub-studies to ensure a sufficient number of pseudo-pregnant rabbits. Ovulation in rabbits was induced with buserelin acetate and was considered as day 0 of the study. The sub-studies were continued with rabbits whose pseudo-pregnancies were confirmed according to progesterone (P4 ) results. As a result, the studies were continued with a total of 41 pseudo-pregnant New Zealand female rabbits, 21 of which were included in the clinical sub-study and 20 in the molecular sub-study. In both sub-studies, on day 3 of the luteal period, rabbits in the treatment group received 5 mg/kg sildenafil citrate and all rabbits received a single dose of exogenous PGF2 α on day 4 to induce luteolysis. In the clinical sub-study, echotexture and intraovarian blood flow changes in the ovaries were determined by ultrasonography (USG) examination. In the molecular sub-study, the expression changes of Hypoxia Inducible Factor 1 Alpha (HIF1A) and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) related to angiogenesis, Steroidogenic Acute Regulatory Protein (StAR) related to P4 metabolism, Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthase 2 (PTGS2) related to prostaglandin (PG) mechanism and 15-Hydroxyprostaglandin Dehydrogenase (HPGD) genes at mRNA level were determined using Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) in CL tissues obtained with ovariohysterectomy (OVH) at 1 and 12 h after PGF2 α injection. In addition, blood samples were collected for determine P4 levels from all rabbits. In the clinical sub-study; there was no difference between the groups in mean gray values (MGV), whereas there was a significant decrease in both pulsatile index (PI) and resistance index (RI) values at 40 min after PGF2 α injection (P < 0.05). In the molecular sub-study, it was determined that sildenafil citrate had no significant effect (P > 0.05) on the expression levels 1 and 12 h after PGF2 α injection. According to the results of the molecular sub-study, no significant effect of sildenafil citrate on the mRNA expression levels in the investigated genes was detected (P > 0.05). However, within each group, differences were found according to OVH time after PGF2 α injection. It was observed that PTGS2 and HPGD mRNA expressions decreased at the 12th h compared to the 1st h, while HIF1A expression increased (P < 0.05). Discussion: According to the results obtained from clinical and molecular sub-studies, it was determined that a single dose of sildenafil citrate (5 mg/kg) applied on the 3rd day of the luteal period did not contribute to the maturation process of the CL, did not increase blood flow, and was insufficient to break the resistance of the CL against PGF2 α applied on the 4th day of the luteal period. However, a significant decrease in the PI value at the 40th min after PGF2 α injection suggests that sildenafil citrate has a supportive effect, and that this decrease is also seen in the RI value, suggesting that its effect is insufficient against the vasoconstrictive effect of PGF2 α.

Resumo

Fourteen female dogs diagnosed with pyometra were studied at three separate times: at diagnosis (T0) and 24 h (T1) and 10-15 days (T2) after ovariohysterectomy (OH). The means of the markers, symmetric dimethylarginine (SDMA) (17.71 to 26.54 µg/dL) and the urinary gamma-glutamyl transferase to creatinine ratio (uGGT/uCr) (1.06 to 2.62 U/mg), varied, showing an increase with time. Further, the elevation of gamma-glutamyl transferase (uGGT) (56.61 to 128.12 U/L) and the urinary protein to creatinine ratio (RPC) (0.26 to 1.24) was evident at T0 and T1. A reduction in the means of RPC, uGGT, and uGGT/uCr was observed 10-15 days after OH. Despite the elevation of these markers, the concentration of creatinine (1.11 to 1.40 mg/dL), urea (40.07 to 67.16 mg/dL), and urinary specific gravity (1.027 to 1.028) only presented slight variation. In canine pyometra, complications secondary to acute renal injury may be present that may be mild and transient in most treated animals. As elevation in SDMA and RPC preceded changes in creatinine levels for the evaluation of glomerular filtration, tubular markers could assist in the early identification of renal damage in canine pyometra.(AU)

Catorze cadelas com diagnóstico de piometra foram estudadas em três tempos distintos, sendo no momento do diagnóstico (T0), 24 horas (T1) e 10 a 15 dias (T2) após a ovário-histerectomia (OH). O objetivo foi avaliar o uso de diferentes biomarcadores renais em cadelas com piometra e estimar suas precocidades diante do agravo. As médias em dimetilarginina simétrica (SDMA) (17,71 a 26,54µg/dL) e relação gama-glutamil transferase e creatinina urinária (uGGT/uCr) (1,06 a 2,62U/mg) variara, apresentando aumento em todos os momentos. Já a elevação do gama-glutamil transferase (uGGT) (56,61 a 128,12 U/L) e da razão proteína e creatinina urinárias (RPC) (0,26 a 1,24) foram evidenciadas nos dois primeiros tempos. Uma redução na média do RPC, uGGT e uGGT/uCr foi observada 10-15 dias após a implantação do tratamento (OH). Apesar da elevação desses marcadores, a concentração de creatinina (1,11 a 1,40mg/dL), ureia (40,07 a 67,16mg/dL) e densidade urinária (1,027 a 1,028) sofreram poucas variações. Em piometra canina, as complicações renais agudas secundárias podem estar presentes, ainda que leve e transitória nos animais tratados. Os marcadores tubulares foram considerados precoces na injúria renal aguda. Além disso, a SDMA e o RPC antecederam as alterações de creatinina em todos os tempos analisados.(AU)

Resumo

The administration of contraceptives in female cats leads to problems such as pyometra, fetal maceration, mammary hyperplasia, and mammary neoplasms. Among the diseases caused by contraceptives, mammary hyperplasia has only been diagnosed in felines. However, few experimental studies have shown that contraceptive administration can cause feline mammary hyperplasia. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of the administration of a single dose of contraceptives in the mammary glands of healthy cats. Twenty cat owners who had administered contraceptives to female cats were selected. Animals were divided into two groups. Contraceptives were administered to cats in the first group, and saline solution was administered to cats in the other group (control). Before drug administration, all cats were clinically examined. Anamnesis, physical examination, blood count, biochemical tests, and abdominal ultrasonography were performed. Thirty days after the administration of contraceptives, all cats were examined, and the examinations were repeated. At 30 days, no changes were observed in the blood count or ultrasound findings. However, upon physical examination, all cats that received contraceptives showed generalized enlargement of their mammary glands. Cats in the control group were clinically normal. Ninety days after the procedure, the cats underwent an ovariohysterectomy. At that time, all cats were clinically normal and mammary enlargement regressed. It was concluded that a single contraceptive application could cause macroscopic mammary changes suggestive of hyperplasia in ten cats.(AU)

A administração de anticoncepcionais em gatas causa problemas como piometra, maceração fetal, hiperplasia mamária e neoplasias mamárias. Dentre as doenças causadas por anticoncepcionais, a hiperplasia mamária tem sido diagnosticada apenas em felinas. No entanto, poucos estudos experimentais comprovaram que a hiperplasia mamária felina pode ser causada pela administração de anticoncepcionais. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da administração de dose única de anticoncepcional nas glândulas mamárias de gatas saudáveis. Foram selecionados 20 tutores de gatos que administrariam contraceptivos em suas gatas. Os animais foram divididos em dois grupos. Anticoncepcionais foram administrados às gatas do primeiro grupo, e solução salina foi administrada às gatas do outro grupo (controle). Antes da administração do fármaco, todas as gatas foram examinadas clinicamente. Foram realizados anamnese, exame físico, hemograma, exames bioquímicos e ultrassonografia abdominal. Trinta dias após a administração dos anticoncepcionais, todas as gatas foram examinadas e os exames repetidos. Aos 30 dias, não foram observadas alterações no hemograma ou ultrassonografia. No entanto, ao exame físico, todas as gatas que receberam anticoncepcionais apresentaram aumento generalizado das glândulas mamárias. As gatas do grupo controle estavam clinicamente normais. Noventa dias após o procedimento, as gatas foram submetidas à ovariohisterectomia. Na ocasião do procedimento cirúrgico, todas as gatas apresentavam-se clinicamente normais, havendo regressão do aumento de volume mamário. Concluiu-se que uma única aplicação de anticoncepcional foi capaz de causar alterações mamárias macroscópicas sugestivas de hiperplasia em dez gatas.(AU)

Resumo

Background: Pyometra is a bacterial and hormone-induced reproductive disease that occurs in the post-estrus luteal phase in intact queens. Pyometra is more common in the diestrus period due to the high progesterone concentration (in queens that mated, spontaneously ovulated, or were induced to ovulate). However, it can also be seen due to the use of exogenous hormones such as progesterone for the suppression of estrus. More research is needed in cases of pyometra in queens, as well as in bitches. Because, considering that the pathogenesis and characteristics of feline pyometra is similar to bitches, studies on pyometra-affected bitches are taken as reference in studies and applications on queens. From this point of view, the aims of this study were to reveal the changes in complete blood count, blood gas, and serum biochemistry parameters in feline pyometra cases and to determine the correlation between the mentioned parameters. Materials, Methods & Results: In the study, a total of 25 female cats of different breeds were used, between the ages of 6 months and 7 years, 15 were diagnosed with pyometra, and 10 healthy. Anamnesis, clinical findings, and ultrasonographic examinations were used in the diagnosis of pyometra. Abdominal ultrasonography was performed on queens brought to the clinic with complaints such as anorexia, polydipsia, polyuria, abdominal tension, and fever. The control group (n =10) consisted of queens that were introduced to the clinic and were reproductively healthy. Before any treatment in queens with pyometra and the control group, 1 mL blood samples were taken from v. cephalica to evaluate complete blood count, blood gases and serum biochemistry parameters. In complete WBC, Lym, Mon, Gra, RBC, Hb, HCT, MCV, MCH and PLT parameters and, blood gas parameters such as pH, pCO2 , pO2 , sO2 , Na, K, Cl, lactate, glucose, HCO3 , and BE were also evaluated in taken blood samples. Biochemical parameters BUN, creatinine, ALT, AST, ALP, amylase, T.BIL, D.BIL, P, CHOL, TG, LDH, TP, CPK, ALP, Ca, GGT were measured in serum samples. After examination and laboratory analysis, ovariohysterectomy was performed on queens as a treatment. Granulocyte, WBC, HCT and MCH levels of the pyometra group were higher (P < 0.05) and Lym levels were lower (P < 0.05) compared to the control group. According to these results, pH, HCO3 , and BE were lower (P < 0.05) in queens with pyometra than those in the control group, while Na and lactate parameters were higher (P < 0.05). According to the results of biochemical analysis, it was determined that BUN, creatinine levels, GGT, and LDH enzyme activities were found to be higher in the pyometra group compared to the control group, while the Ca level was found to be low (P < 0.05). A positive correlation was observed between BUN and creatinine and LDH, WBC, granulocyte, HCT, and lactate, and a negative correlation between lymphocytes, pH, and BE in the correlation analysis performed on queens with pyometra and control group. However, a positive correlation was observed between creatinine and LDH and HCT, and a negative correlation between lymphocyte, pH and BE. Discussion: There is not enough information about pyometra in queens. As a result, it was determined that there were significant changes in complete blood count, blood gases and serum biochemical parameters in queens with pyometra in this study. These changes were generally thought to be related to dehydration and sepsis or endotoxemia. In addition, it was evaluated that prerenal azotemia occurring in pyometra affected queens may cause renal dysfunction. For this reason, it is thought that the results obtained in the presented study may contribute to the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of pyometra cases in queens.

Resumo

Background: Hydrodissection is a minimally invasive procedure that consists of injecting fluid into an anatomical space to facilitate dissection during surgery. Although this procedure is employed in several areas of veterinary medicine, including ophthalmology, there are no reports of the use of this maneuver in conjunctival procedures in dogs. The use of this technique can facilitate the construction of conjunctival pedicle flaps, thereby improving the results. The purpose of this work was to evaluate the use of hydrodissection in the construction of conjunctival pedicle flaps in dogs. Materials, Methods & Results: The sample consisted of 20 eyes from 10 healthy dogs that had been subjected to elective surgical procedures of ovariohysterectomy and orchiectomy. The dogs were divided into 2 groups; the 1st group of 10 eyes underwent hydrodissection and the 2nd group of 10 eyes did not. All the patients underwent a complete ophthalmic examination and assessment of their systemic conditions. The patients were then anesthetized and the procedures were performed under a surgical microscope. In the group subjected to hydrodissection, the conjunctival flap was prepared by means of a previous subconjunctival injection of 0.7 mL of 0.9% sodium chloride, followed by preparation of the flap. In the group without hydrodissection, the flap was prepared by means of conventional divulsion using iris scissors. After producing the conjunctival flaps, a conjunctival fragment was collected from both groups for histological analysis and evaluation of the presence of the Tenon capsule. The operating time, degree of hemorrhage and ease of handling the conjunctiva in the intraoperative period were evaluated. Postoperative evaluations were performed at 1, 7 and 14 days after surgery and included: blepharospasm, conjunctival hyperemia and edema, which were classified as absent, mild, moderate or severe; tear production was evaluated using the Schirmer test, and the appearance of the conjunctival scar was assessed based on photographs taken in the postoperative period, and by a visual analogue scale, with healing classified as fair, good or excellent. The 2 groups showed no statistical difference in terms of operating time, bleeding, ease of handling and conjunctival divulsion. A volume of 0.48 ± 0.12 mL of 0.9% sodium chloride was administered to the conjunctiva. Postoperative assessments of hyperemia, blepharospasm, conjunctival edema, and tear production also did not differ statistically. Conjunctival scarring was considered optimal until the 14th postoperative day, with no statistically significant difference between the 2 groups. These results demonstrate that both maneuvers are effective in creating conjunctival flaps. The Tenon capsule could not be identified in histological stains. Discussion: The literature offers numerous descriptions of the use of hydrodissection in surgical procedures in humans in order to facilitate dissection and reduce surgical duration and handling, thereby improving the clinical recovery of patients. Conversely, this technique has not been described frequently in veterinary medicine, notably with respect to conjunctival procedures. In this study, we demonstrated that conjunctival hydrodissection was perfectly feasible, contributing to the divulsion and preparation of conjunctival flaps, thus proving to be a viable option for this type of procedure. The absence of the Tenon capsule in the evaluated samples demonstrates that, in both groups, the techniques were effective in separating them from the conjunctiva. It was therefore concluded that the hydrodissection technique is a feasible maneuver in the construction of conjunctival flaps, providing a new option for surgeons, especially for novice ophthalmologists.