Use of new recombinant proteins for ovarian stimulation in ruminants

Currently, gonadotropin products (follicle stimulating hormone, FSH, and luteinizing hormone, LH) used in animal reproduction are produced by extraction and purification from abattoir-derived pituitary glands. This method, relying on animal-derived materials, carries the potential risk of hormone contamination and pathogen transmission. Additionally, chorionic gonadotropins are extracted from the blood of pregnant mares (equine chorionic gonadotropin; eCG) or the urine of pregnant women (human chorionic gonadotropin; hCG). However, recent advancements have introduced recombinant gonadotropins for assisted animal reproduction therapies. The traditional use of FSH for superovulation has limitations, including labor requirements and variability in superovulation response, affecting the success of in vivo (SOV) and in vitro (OPU/IVEP) embryo production. FSH treatment for superstimulation before OPU can promote the growth of a homogenous follicular population and the recovery of competent oocytes suitable for IVEP procedures. At present, a single injection of a preparation of long-acting bovine recombinant FSH (rFSH) produced similar superovulation responses resulting in the production of good-quality in vivo and in vitro embryos. Furthermore, the treatment with eCG at FTAI protocol has demonstrated its efficacy in promoting follicular growth, ovulation, and P/AI, mainly in heifers and anestrous cows. Currently, treatment with recombinant glycoproteins with eCG-like activity (r-eCG) have shown promising results in increasing follicular growth, ovulation, and P/AI in cows submitted to P4/E2 -based protocols. Bovine somatotropin (bST) is a naturally occurring hormone found in cows. Recombinant bovine somatotropin (rbST), produced through genetic engineering techniques, has shown potential in enhancing reproductive outcomes in ruminants. Treatment with rbST has been found to improve P/IA, increase donor embryo production, and enhance P/ET in recipients. The use of recombinant hormones allows to produce non-animal-derived products, offering several advantages in assisted reproductive technologies for ruminants. This advancement opens up new possibilities for improving reproductive efficiency and success rates in the field of animal reproduction.(AU)

Low versus high antral follicle count on the fertility of timed AI Nelore heifers / Baixa versus alta contagem de folículos antrais na fertilidade de novilhas Nelore inseminadas em tempo-fixo

This study aimed to determine the effect of antral follicle count (AFC), and pubertal status on the fertility of beef heifers. In this study, 230 Nelore heifers, 20±2 months of age, were subjected to an estradiol progesterone-based timed artificial insemination (TAI) program. On Day 0 of the TAI protocol, the heifers were examined by transrectal ultrasound to record videos of the ovaries. Later, in the darkroom of the laboratory of images, the videos were analyzed for AFC (≥ 3 mm) of each ovary. Females who failed the first TAI were resynchronized with the same hormonal protocol. The pregnancy status was evaluated by ultrasonography 30 days after each FTAI. The general mean of the AFC was 22.0 follicles. Thus, the heifers were divided into 2 groups according to AFC: Low AFC (˂ 22 follicles, n = 114), and High AFC (≥ 22 follicles, n = 116). No differences (P > 0.05) in the pregnancy per AI (P/AI) were observed between the Low and High AFC groups, and between pubertal and prepubertal categories. The P/AI was not different between heifers that displayed or did not estrus (P = 0.2). However, considering the estrus response of each AFC group, High AFC heifers that displayed estrus had greater P/AI (P = 0.01) than High AFC heifers that did not display estrus. In summary, AFC and pubertal status did not affect the fertility of Nelore heifers. In contrast, the P/AI of heifers that did not display estrus was lower than heifers observed in estrus only in the High AFC group.(AU)

Esse estudo teve como objetivo determinar o efeito da contagem de folículos antrais (CFA) e da maturidade sexual na fertilidade de novilhas de corte. Neste estudo, 230 novilhas Nelore, com 20 ± 2 meses de idade, foram submetidas a um protocolo de inseminação em tempo-fixo (IATF) a base de estradiol e progesterona. No Dia 0 do protocolo de IATF as novilhas foram examinadas por ultrassonografia transretal e vídeos dos ovários foram gravados para posterior CFA (≥ 3 mm) realizada na sala escura do laboratório de imagens. Trinta dias após a ultrassonografia, as fêmeas que falharam na primeira IATF foram ressincronizadas com o mesmo protocolo hormonal. A prenhez foi avaliada por ultrassonografia 30 dias após cada IATF. A média geral da CFA foi de 22 folículos; assim, as novilhas foram divididas em 2 grupos de acordo com a CFA: CFA baixa (˂ 22 folículos, n=114) e CFA alta (≥ 22 folículos, n=116). A prenhez por IA (P/IA) foi semelhante (P > 0,05) entre os grupos CFA baixa e alta e entre novilhas púberes e pré-púberes. A P/IA não foi diferente entre as novilhas que apresentaram ou não cio (P = 0,2). No entanto, novilhas com CFA alta que apresentaram cio tiveram maior P/IA (P = 0,01) do que novilhas com CFA alta que não apresentaram cio. Em conclusão, a CFA e a maturidade sexual não afetaram a fertilidade de novilhas. Por outro lado, a P/IA das novilhas que apresentaram cio foi maior do que das novilhas não observadas em cio apenas no grupo CFA alta.(AU)

Intra-abdominal hypertension secondary to chronic diaphragmatic rupture in a dog / Hipertensão intra-abdominal secundária à ruptura diafragmática crônica em um cão

ABSTRACT: Intra-abdominal hypertension (IAH) is the persistent increase of intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) that could be caused by several pathologies. It is capable of promoting organ dysfunction, thereby increasing the mortality rate of human patients. As for cats and dogs, there are still few reports on how this pressure can be monitored and treated as a routine for admitted and hospitalized animals and on its relationship with the mortality of the patients. Therefore, the objective of this paper was to report a case of IAH secondary to chronic diaphragmatic rupture in a dog, which was treated with a temporary abdominal closure (TAC). A bitch was admitted to the veterinary hospital to undergo an elective ovariohysterectomy when it was diagnosed with a diaphragmatic rupture and displacement of the liver and intestinal loops in the chest. After repositioning these structures in the abdominal cavity, tension was observed in the abdomen. A temporary abdominal closure was then performed with a Bogota bag. Immediately after the surgery, the IAP was measured, presenting a value of 15 mmHg, indicating that there was an increase in intra-abdominal pressure. The animal was hospitalized, and IAP was monitored. After 24 hours, IAP was 5.8 mmHg when the Bogota bag was removed, and definitive celiorraphy was performed. The patient showed satisfactory clinical progress and was discharged 72 hours after the surgical procedure. The treatment used for IAH proved to be effective and contributed to the quick and satisfactory recovery of the patient.

RESUMO: A hipertensão intra-abdominal (HIA) é o aumento persistente da pressão intra-abdominal (PIA), podendo ser causada por diversas afecções e caraterizada por promover disfunções orgânicas, aumentando a taxa de mortalidade no homem. Em cães e gatos, ainda há poucos relatos da monitoração dessa pressão e do seu tratamento na rotina dos animais admitidos e internados, e sua relação com a mortalidade dos pacientes. Assim, objetivou-se relatar um caso de HIA secundária à ruptura diafragmática crônica em cão, a qual foi tratada com o fechamento abdominal temporário (FAT). Uma cadela foi admitida no hospital veterinário para realização de uma cirurgia de ovário-histerectomia eletiva, quando foi diagnosticada com ruptura diafragmática com fígado e alças intestinais deslocadas para o interior do tórax. Após reposicionamento dessas estruturas na cavidade abdominal, observou-se tensão no abdômen. Realizou-se então o fechamento abdominal temporário com bolsa de Bogotá. Imediatamente após o término da cirurgia, a PIA foi aferida e seu valor era de 15 mmHg, indicando aumento da mesma. O animal foi mantido internado e sua PIA monitorada. Após 24 horas seu valor era de 5,8 mmHg, quando a bolsa de Bogotá foi removida e realizada a celiorrafia definitiva. O paciente teve evolução clínica satisfatória e 72h após a cirurgia recebeu alta hospitalar. O tratamento utilizado para a HIA se mostrou eficaz, contribuindo para a rápida e satisfatória recuperação da paciente.

Intra-abdominal hypertension secondary to chronic diaphragmatic rupture in a dog / Hipertensão intra-abdominal secundária à ruptura diafragmática crônica em um cão

Intra-abdominal hypertension (IAH) is the persistent increase of intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) that could be caused by several pathologies. It is capable of promoting organ dysfunction, thereby increasing the mortality rate of human patients. As for cats and dogs, there are still few reports on how this pressure can be monitored and treated as a routine for admitted and hospitalized animals and on its relationship with the mortality of the patients. Therefore, the objective of this paper was to report a case of IAH secondary to chronic diaphragmatic rupture in a dog, which was treated with a temporary abdominal closure (TAC). A bitch was admitted to the veterinary hospital to undergo an elective ovariohysterectomy when it was diagnosed with a diaphragmatic rupture and displacement of the liver and intestinal loops in the chest. After repositioning these structures in the abdominal cavity, tension was observed in the abdomen. A temporary abdominal closure was then performed with a Bogota bag. Immediately after the surgery, the IAP was measured, presenting a value of 15 mmHg, indicating that there was an increase in intra-abdominal pressure. The animal was hospitalized, and IAP was monitored. After 24 hours, IAP was 5.8 mmHg when the Bogota bag was removed, and definitive celiorraphy was performed. The patient showed satisfactory clinical progress and was discharged 72 hours after the surgical procedure. The treatment used for IAH proved to be effective and contributed to the quick and satisfactory recovery of the patient.

A hipertensão intra-abdominal (HIA) é o aumento persistente da pressão intra-abdominal (PIA), podendo ser causada por diversas afecções e caraterizada por promover disfunções orgânicas, aumentando a taxa de mortalidade no homem. Em cães e gatos, ainda há poucos relatos da monitoração dessa pressão e do seu tratamento na rotina dos animais admitidos e internados, e sua relação com a mortalidade dos pacientes. Assim, objetivou-se relatar um caso de HIA secundária à ruptura diafragmática crônica em cão, a qual foi tratada com o fechamento abdominal temporário (FAT). Uma cadela foi admitida no hospital veterinário para realização de uma cirurgia de ovário-histerectomia eletiva, quando foi diagnosticada com ruptura diafragmática com fígado e alças intestinais deslocadas para o interior do tórax. Após reposicionamento dessas estruturas na cavidade abdominal, observou-se tensão no abdômen. Realizou-se então o fechamento abdominal temporário com bolsa de Bogotá. Imediatamente após o término da cirurgia, a PIA foi aferida e seu valor era de 15 mmHg, indicando aumento da mesma. O animal foi mantido internado e sua PIA monitorada. Após 24 horas seu valor era de 5,8 mmHg, quando a bolsa de Bogotá foi removida e realizada a celiorrafia definitiva. O paciente teve evolução clínica satisfatória e 72h após a cirurgia recebeu alta hospitalar. O tratamento utilizado para a HIA se mostrou eficaz, contribuindo para a rápida e satisfatória recuperação da paciente.

Intra-abdominal hypertension secondary to chronic diaphragmatic rupture in a dog / Hipertensão intra-abdominal secundária à ruptura diafragmática crônica em um cão

Intra-abdominal hypertension (IAH) is the persistent increase of intra-abdominal pressure (IAP) that could be caused by several pathologies. It is capable of promoting organ dysfunction, thereby increasing the mortality rate of human patients. As for cats and dogs, there are still few reports on how this pressure can be monitored and treated as a routine for admitted and hospitalized animals and on its relationship with the mortality of the patients. Therefore, the objective of this paper was to report a case of IAH secondary to chronic diaphragmatic rupture in a dog, which was treated with a temporary abdominal closure (TAC). A bitch was admitted to the veterinary hospital to undergo an elective ovariohysterectomy when it was diagnosed with a diaphragmatic rupture and displacement of the liver and intestinal loops in the chest. After repositioning these structures in the abdominal cavity, tension was observed in the abdomen. A temporary abdominal closure was then performed with a Bogota bag. Immediately after the surgery, the IAP was measured, presenting a value of 15 mmHg, indicating that there was an increase in intra-abdominal pressure. The animal was hospitalized, and IAP was monitored. After 24 hours, IAP was 5.8 mmHg when the Bogota bag was removed, and definitive celiorraphy was performed. The patient showed satisfactory clinical progress and was discharged 72 hours after the surgical procedure. The treatment used for IAH proved to be effective and contributed to the quick and satisfactory recovery of the patient.(AU)

A hipertensão intra-abdominal (HIA) é o aumento persistente da pressão intra-abdominal (PIA), podendo ser causada por diversas afecções e caraterizada por promover disfunções orgânicas, aumentando a taxa de mortalidade no homem. Em cães e gatos, ainda há poucos relatos da monitoração dessa pressão e do seu tratamento na rotina dos animais admitidos e internados, e sua relação com a mortalidade dos pacientes. Assim, objetivou-se relatar um caso de HIA secundária à ruptura diafragmática crônica em cão, a qual foi tratada com o fechamento abdominal temporário (FAT). Uma cadela foi admitida no hospital veterinário para realização de uma cirurgia de ovário-histerectomia eletiva, quando foi diagnosticada com ruptura diafragmática com fígado e alças intestinais deslocadas para o interior do tórax. Após reposicionamento dessas estruturas na cavidade abdominal, observou-se tensão no abdômen. Realizou-se então o fechamento abdominal temporário com bolsa de Bogotá. Imediatamente após o término da cirurgia, a PIA foi aferida e seu valor era de 15 mmHg, indicando aumento da mesma. O animal foi mantido internado e sua PIA monitorada. Após 24 horas seu valor era de 5,8 mmHg, quando a bolsa de Bogotá foi removida e realizada a celiorrafia definitiva. O paciente teve evolução clínica satisfatória e 72h após a cirurgia recebeu alta hospitalar. O tratamento utilizado para a HIA se mostrou eficaz, contribuindo para a rápida e satisfatória recuperação da paciente.(AU)

Imunomarcação de TGF-β em próstatas caninas normais e com lesões proliferativas / Immunoexpression of TGF-β in normal canine prostates and with proliferative lesions

O fator de crescimento transformador-β (TGF-β), um mediador do crescimento prostático, induz a angiogênese e inibe a proliferação celular. Neste estudo, esse marcador foi utilizado com o objetivo de avaliar sua imunomarcação no tecido normal e com lesões proliferativas benignas, pré-neoplásicas e neoplásicas da próstata canina. Para isso, foram selecionadas 54 glândulas com histomorfologia normal, hiperplasia prostática benigna (HPB) epitelial, HPB estromal, atrofia inflamatória proliferativa (PIA), neoplasia intraepitelial prostática (PIN) e carcinoma, utilizadas para a confecção de um bloco de microarranjo tecidual (Tissue Microarray - TMA). As lâminas de TMA foram submetidas à técnica de imunoistoquímica com o anticorpo anti-TGF-β, sendo avaliada a intensidade de imunomarcação nas células epiteliais e estromais. Houve imunomarcação de TGF-β no tecido normal e naqueles com lesões proliferativas. Maior imunomarcação de TGF-β foi constatada nas células do tecido prostático normal e com HPB, enquanto as células prostáticas com PIA, PIN e carcinoma exibiram menor imunomarcação dessa citocina, o que sugere a ação do TGF-β na manutenção da homeostase do tecido normal e com lesão proliferativa benigna e na progressão das lesões proliferativas pré-malignas e malignas da próstata canina.(AU)

The transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), a mediator of prostatic growth induces angiogenesis and inhibits cell proliferation. It was used in this study in order to evaluate its expression in normal prostatic tissue and those with benign proliferative lesions, pre-malignant and malignant prostatic diseases. A total of 54 glands with normal histomorphology, epithelial benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), stromal BPH, prostatic inflammatory atrophy (PIA), prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN), and adenocarcinoma were selected and used in the tissue microarray block (TMA). The TMA slides were subjected to the immunohistochemistry with anti-TGF-β and its staining intensity in epithelial and stromal cells was evaluated. There was TGF-β immunostaining by both normal tissues and those with proliferative lesions. Higher TGF-β immunostaining was observed in cells from normal prostatic tissues and with HPB, whereas prostatic cells with PIA, PIN and carcinoma exhibited lower immunostaining of this cytokine, suggesting the action of TGF-β in the maintenance of normal tissue homeostasis and with benign proliferative lesion and in the progression of pre-malignant and malignant proliferative lesions of the canine prostate.(AU)

Imunomarcação de TGF-β em próstatas caninas normais e com lesões proliferativas / Immunoexpression of TGF-β in normal canine prostates and with proliferative lesions

O fator de crescimento transformador-β (TGF-β), um mediador do crescimento prostático, induz a angiogênese e inibe a proliferação celular. Neste estudo, esse marcador foi utilizado com o objetivo de avaliar sua imunomarcação no tecido normal e com lesões proliferativas benignas, pré-neoplásicas e neoplásicas da próstata canina. Para isso, foram selecionadas 54 glândulas com histomorfologia normal, hiperplasia prostática benigna (HPB) epitelial, HPB estromal, atrofia inflamatória proliferativa (PIA), neoplasia intraepitelial prostática (PIN) e carcinoma, utilizadas para a confecção de um bloco de microarranjo tecidual (Tissue Microarray - TMA). As lâminas de TMA foram submetidas à técnica de imunoistoquímica com o anticorpo anti-TGF-β, sendo avaliada a intensidade de imunomarcação nas células epiteliais e estromais. Houve imunomarcação de TGF-β no tecido normal e naqueles com lesões proliferativas. Maior imunomarcação de TGF-β foi constatada nas células do tecido prostático normal e com HPB, enquanto as células prostáticas com PIA, PIN e carcinoma exibiram menor imunomarcação dessa citocina, o que sugere a ação do TGF-β na manutenção da homeostase do tecido normal e com lesão proliferativa benigna e na progressão das lesões proliferativas pré-malignas e malignas da próstata canina.

The transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β), a mediator of prostatic growth induces angiogenesis and inhibits cell proliferation. It was used in this study in order to evaluate its expression in normal prostatic tissue and those with benign proliferative lesions, pre-malignant and malignant prostatic diseases. A total of 54 glands with normal histomorphology, epithelial benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), stromal BPH, prostatic inflammatory atrophy (PIA), prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN), and adenocarcinoma were selected and used in the tissue microarray block (TMA). The TMA slides were subjected to the immunohistochemistry with anti-TGF-β and its staining intensity in epithelial and stromal cells was evaluated. There was TGF-β immunostaining by both normal tissues and those with proliferative lesions. Higher TGF-β immunostaining was observed in cells from normal prostatic tissues and with HPB, whereas prostatic cells with PIA, PIN and carcinoma exhibited lower immunostaining of this cytokine, suggesting the action of TGF-β in the maintenance of normal tissue homeostasis and with benign proliferative lesion and in the progression of pre-malignant and malignant proliferative lesions of the canine prostate.

Evidence of seawater drinking in fasting subadult hooded seals (Cystophora cristata)ˆien

The purpose of this study was to investigate the total water turnover rate of fasting subadult hooded seals in order to elucidate to what extent these animals rely in seawater drinking/mariposia at this life stage. Considering mariposia is important for later accurate estimations of food consumption using water turnover rate as a proxy. Five subadult hooded seals were kept fasting for 4 days in a seawater pool. Total body water (39.6 ± 2.5 % of total body mass) decreased by 3.1 ± 0.4 % of initial body water over the experimental period. Turnover rates were 16.7 ± 3.9 (influx) and 24.6 ± 4.6 (efflux) ml · dayˉ¹ · kgˉ¹ with a net water loss of 710 ± 51 ml · day-1. It was estimated that the seals drank approximately 947 ml of seawater per day, which corresponds to 61 % of total daily water influx. Initial body water was relatively low as a result of the high body fat (46.9 ± 3.2 % of initial body mass) shown in the animals. It is concluded that subadult fasting hooded seals drink significant amounts of seawater during fasting. Although mariposia stands out as the major source of free water in fasting hooded seals, the amount of seawater ingested is unlikely to provide a net gain of free water as it is provided by metabolic water. However, it may contribute to excrete the excess of urea produced during early phase I of fasting.(AU)

Evidence of seawater drinking in fasting subadult hooded seals (Cystophora cristata)ˆien

The purpose of this study was to investigate the total water turnover rate of fasting subadult hooded seals in order to elucidate to what extent these animals rely in seawater drinking/mariposia at this life stage. Considering mariposia is important for later accurate estimations of food consumption using water turnover rate as a proxy. Five subadult hooded seals were kept fasting for 4 days in a seawater pool. Total body water (39.6 ± 2.5 % of total body mass) decreased by 3.1 ± 0.4 % of initial body water over the experimental period. Turnover rates were 16.7 ± 3.9 (influx) and 24.6 ± 4.6 (efflux) ml · dayˉ¹ · kgˉ¹ with a net water loss of 710 ± 51 ml · day-1. It was estimated that the seals drank approximately 947 ml of seawater per day, which corresponds to 61 % of total daily water influx. Initial body water was relatively low as a result of the high body fat (46.9 ± 3.2 % of initial body mass) shown in the animals. It is concluded that subadult fasting hooded seals drink significant amounts of seawater during fasting. Although mariposia stands out as the major source of free water in fasting hooded seals, the amount of seawater ingested is unlikely to provide a net gain of free water as it is provided by metabolic water. However, it may contribute to excrete the excess of urea produced during early phase I of fasting.

Expression of cell cycle inhibitors in canine prostate with proliferative inflammatory atrophy and carcinoma / Expressão de inibidores do ciclo celular na próstata canina com atrofia inflamatória proliferativa e carcinoma

Gene expression of CDKN1A, CDKN1B, and TP53, and immunostaining of p21, p27 and p53 were evaluated to verify the role of these cell cycle inhibitors in canine prostates with proliferative inflammatory atrophy-PIA and prostatic carcinoma-PC. Seventy samples, 15 normal, 30PIA and 25PC. Regarding number of p27 and p53 labeled cells, difference between normal and PIA and PC was observed, as well as between PIA and PC for p53. Immunostaining intensities of p21, p27 and p53 were different when comparing normal tissues to PIA and PC. Sixteen cDNA of canine prostatic FFPE tissue were subjected to RT-PCR and RT-qPCR, four normal, three PIA, and nine PC. CDKN1A mRNA was detected in four PC by RT-PCR, and it was overexpressed when compared to normal by RT-qPCR, in one PIA and six PC. CDKN1B mRNA was detected in three PC by RT-PCR and it was overexpressed in three PC and decreased in one PC. TP53 mRNA was overexpressed in one PIA and three PC. In conclusion, when overexpressed in canine prostate with premalignant and malignant, p21 and p27 play a role controlling cell proliferation, working as a protective factor in the evolution of PIA to PC, and in the PC development, even in the presence of altered p53.(AU)

A expressão gênica de CDKN1A, CDKN1B e TP53, assim como imunomarcação de p21, p27 e p53 foram realizadas a fim de verificar o papel desses inibidores do ciclo celular na próstata canina com atrofia inflamatória proliferativa (PIA) e carcinoma prostático (PC). Foram obtidas70 amostras de próstata canina, sendo 15 de tecido normal, 30 de PIA e 25 de PC. Quanto ao número de células imunomarcadas foi observada diferença entre amostras normais, com PIA e PC para p27 e p53, assim como entre PIA e PC para p53. Para a intensidade de imunomarcação houve diferença entre os tecidos normais e com PIA e PC para p21, p27 e p53. Foram obtidas dezesseis amostras de cDNA a partir de amostras de próstatas caninas embebidas em parafina para a realização da RT-PCR e RT-qPCR, sendo quatro normais, três com PIA, e nove com o PC. O gene CDKN1A foi detectado em quatro das amostras com PC por RT-PCR, e pela RT-qPCR este estava superexpresso em uma PIA e em seis PC quando da comparação com o tecido prostático normal. O CDKN1B foi detectado em três PC por RT-PCR e pela RT-qPCR estava superexpresso em três PC e reduzido em um PC. O TP53 foi detectado em todas as próstatas caninas com PIA e PC por RT-PCR, sendo também superexpresso em uma glândula com PIA e em três com PC. Concluiu-se que p21 e p27 quando superexpressas na próstata canina com lesões pré-malignas (PIA) e malignas (PC) desempenham ação no controle da proliferação celular, possivelmente atuando como fator de proteção na evolução da PIA para PC, e no desenvolvimento do PC, mesmo na presença de p53 alterada. Assim, o próximo passo é avaliar essas proteínas do ciclo celular em casos de PC canino com metástase.(AU)

Expression of cell cycle inhibitors in canine prostate with proliferative inflammatory atrophy and carcinoma / Expressão de inibidores do ciclo celular na próstata canina com atrofia inflamatória proliferativa e carcinoma

Gene expression of CDKN1A, CDKN1B, and TP53, and immunostaining of p21, p27 and p53 were evaluated to verify the role of these cell cycle inhibitors in canine prostates with proliferative inflammatory atrophy-PIA and prostatic carcinoma-PC. Seventy samples, 15 normal, 30PIA and 25PC. Regarding number of p27 and p53 labeled cells, difference between normal and PIA and PC was observed, as well as between PIA and PC for p53. Immunostaining intensities of p21, p27 and p53 were different when comparing normal tissues to PIA and PC. Sixteen cDNA of canine prostatic FFPE tissue were subjected to RT-PCR and RT-qPCR, four normal, three PIA, and nine PC. CDKN1A mRNA was detected in four PC by RT-PCR, and it was overexpressed when compared to normal by RT-qPCR, in one PIA and six PC. CDKN1B mRNA was detected in three PC by RT-PCR and it was overexpressed in three PC and decreased in one PC. TP53 mRNA was overexpressed in one PIA and three PC. In conclusion, when overexpressed in canine prostate with premalignant and malignant, p21 and p27 play a role controlling cell proliferation, working as a protective factor in the evolution of PIA to PC, and in the PC development, even in the presence of altered p53.(AU)

A expressão gênica de CDKN1A, CDKN1B e TP53, assim como imunomarcação de p21, p27 e p53 foram realizadas a fim de verificar o papel desses inibidores do ciclo celular na próstata canina com atrofia inflamatória proliferativa (PIA) e carcinoma prostático (PC). Foram obtidas70 amostras de próstata canina, sendo 15 de tecido normal, 30 de PIA e 25 de PC. Quanto ao número de células imunomarcadas foi observada diferença entre amostras normais, com PIA e PC para p27 e p53, assim como entre PIA e PC para p53. Para a intensidade de imunomarcação houve diferença entre os tecidos normais e com PIA e PC para p21, p27 e p53. Foram obtidas dezesseis amostras de cDNA a partir de amostras de próstatas caninas embebidas em parafina para a realização da RT-PCR e RT-qPCR, sendo quatro normais, três com PIA, e nove com o PC. O gene CDKN1A foi detectado em quatro das amostras com PC por RT-PCR, e pela RT-qPCR este estava superexpresso em uma PIA e em seis PC quando da comparação com o tecido prostático normal. O CDKN1B foi detectado em três PC por RT-PCR e pela RT-qPCR estava superexpresso em três PC e reduzido em um PC. O TP53 foi detectado em todas as próstatas caninas com PIA e PC por RT-PCR, sendo também superexpresso em uma glândula com PIA e em três com PC. Concluiu-se que p21 e p27 quando superexpressas na próstata canina com lesões pré-malignas (PIA) e malignas (PC) desempenham ação no controle da proliferação celular, possivelmente atuando como fator de proteção na evolução da PIA para PC, e no desenvolvimento do PC, mesmo na presença de p53 alterada. Assim, o próximo passo é avaliar essas proteínas do ciclo celular em casos de PC canino com metástase.(AU)

Immunoexpression of cell cycle regulators in canine prostate with proliferative lesions / Imunoexpressão de reguladores do ciclo celular em próstatas caninas com alterações proliferativas

Immunostaining of p21, p27, p53, cyclin D1, c-myc was evaluated in normal canine prostate and prostate with proliferative disorders to verify the interaction between these regulators of cell cycle progression. From 106 samples of canine prostate obtained from a TMA block, 15 were considered normal, 16 diagnosed as benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), 30 as proliferative inflammatory atrophy (PIA), 20 as prostatic intraepithelial neoplasia (PIN), and 25 as prostatic carcinoma (PC). There was positive correlation between p21 and p27 for number of stained cells and staining intensity in all conditions and between c-myc and p53 in prostates with PIN. Considering the number of labeled cells, there was positive correlation between p21 and p53 in the normal prostate. Relative to the intensity of staining, there was positive correlation between p21 and p53 in prostate tissue with PIN and between p27 and c-myc in prostates with PIA. A negative correlation between c-myc and cyclin D1 was also identified in the glands with PIN, considering the number of labeled cells, and between p27 and c-myc in the prostates with PC for staining intensity. In conclusion, the expression of p21, p27, p53, cyclin D1 and c-myc varies according to type of proliferative lesion in canine prostate. Taken together, the results indicate low growth potential of the canine PC in the presence of p21 and p27 overexpression, cyclin D1 low expression and regular expression of c-myc, even with the expression of p53 mutant type. Further, it was possible reaffirm the premalignant potential of PIA and PIN in canine prostate.(AU)

A imunomarcação de p21, p27, p53, ciclina D1 e c-myc foi avaliada na próstata canina normal e com desordens proliferativas para verificar quanto a interação desses reguladores na progressão do ciclo celular. Um total de 106 amostras de próstata canina foi obtido a partir de um bloco de TMA, sendo 15 normais, 16 hiperplasia prostática benigna (HPB), 30 atrofia inflamatória proliferativa (PIA), 20 neoplasia intraepitelial prostática (PIN), e 25 carcinoma prostático (PC). Foi encontrada diferença na imunomarcação de p21, p27, ciclina D1 e p53 no epitélio acinar em relação aos diagnósticos. Houve correlação positiva entre p21 e p27 para as variáveis número de células marcadas e intensidade de imunomarcação em todos os diagnósticos (normal, HPB, PIA, PIN e PC), e entre c-myc e p53 nas próstatas com PIN. De acordo com o número de células marcadas, houve correlação positiva entre p21 e p53 na próstata normal. De acordo com a intensidade de imunomarcação houve correlação positiva entre p21 e p53 no tecido prostático com PIN e entre p27 e c-myc em próstatas com PIA. Foi observada correlação negativa entre c-myc e ciclina D1 nas glândulas com PIN, considerando o número de células marcadas, e entre p27 e c-myc na próstata com PC, para a variável intensidade de imunomarcação. Conclui-se que a expressão de p21, p27, p53, ciclina D1 e c-myc varia na próstata canina de acordo com o tipo de lesão proliferativa. Em conjunto, os resultados indicam baixo potencial de crescimento dos carcinomas da próstata canina quando há superexpressão de p21 e de p27, baixa expressão de ciclina D1 e expressão normal de c-myc, mesmo com expressão de p53 tipo mutante. Ainda, considerando o imunofenótipo semelhante nas glândulas com PIA, PIN e PC no que se refere aos reguladores da progressão do ciclo celular, reitera-se o potencial pré-maligno da PIA e PIN na próstata canina.(AU)

Aspectos uterinos, foliculares e seminais que afetam a IATF em vacas de corte no período pós-parto / Uterine, follicular and seminal aspects that affect timed AI

O objetivo desse artigo é apresentar os resultados de pesquisas realizadas pelo laboratório de Biotecnologia da Embrapa Rondônia acerca de alguns dos eventos uterinos, foliculares e seminais que afetam a fertilidade de vacas submetidas a protocolos de inseminação artificial em tempo-fixo (IATF). Em avaliação retrospectiva dos resultados de IATF de 1152 vacas de corte no período pós-parto submetidas à IATF em diferentes dias pós-parto (DPP), observou-se que vacas submetidas à IATF antes de 35 DPP tem menor (P ≤ 0,05) prenhez por IA (P/IA). Além disso, no intuito de esclarecer a relação entre DPP e fertilidade dos protocolos de IATF, realizou-se um estudo prospectivo que avaliou a condição uterina de 244 vacas Nelore em diferentes DPP por meio da proporção de células polimorfonucleares (PMN) no tecido endometrial. Observou-se que as vacas submetidas à IATF antes dos 30 DPP apresentaram maior proporção de células PMN (9,0%; P < 0.001) no útero e maior descarga vaginal purulenta quando comparadas às vacas submetidas à IATF entre 31 e 45 DPP e entre 46 e 60 DPP (3,8 e 2,2 %, respectivamente; P < 0.001). Em relação à P/IA, vacas submetidas à IATF entre 31 e 35 DPP e entre 46 e 60 DPP apresentaram uma maior (P < 0.001) P/IA (45.2%, 52/115 e 52.3%, 34/65, respectivamente) quando comparado à vacas submetidas antes dos 30 DPP (29.7%, 19/64). Experimentos avaliando a resposta ovariana de vacas submetidas à IATF também foram realizados. Em estudos retrospectivos pode-se observar que a resposta ovariana de vacas apresenta-se, de acordo com a distribuição do diâmetro do folículo pré-ovulatório (FPO), de forma gaussiana. Assim, sugeriu-se atrasar a inseminação de vacas que desenvolveram menor FPO e verificou-se que vacas multíparas submetidas à protocolos de 3 manejos que desenvolvem FPOs menores podem ser inseminadas mais tarde em relação à vacas que desenvolvem FPOs maiores. Dessa forma, pode-se observar melhora na P/IA em comparação à protocolos tradicionais. Por fim, baseado no fato de que diferentes partidas de sêmen podem apresentar diferença na cinética espermática, realizou-se um experimento em que vacas com ovulação precoce e tardia foram inseminadas com sêmen hiperativado (H+) e não-hiperativado (H-). Nesse estudo observou-se que vacas com FPOs menores tem uma menor probabilidade de emprenhar quando inseminadas com sêmen H+. Em contrapartida, as vacas com ovulação tardia e precoce, quando inseminadas com sêmen H- podem alcançar boa P/IA. Conclui-se que é importante considerar um adequado período voluntário de espera para submeter vacas de corte à programas de IATF. Além disso, notou-se que é possível realizar algumas mudanças no momento da inseminação, de acordo com a resposta ovariana, que podem melhorar a fertilidade, sendo que resposta ovariana ainda pode servir como ferramenta para ser associada às características cinéticas do sêmen no intuito de aumentar a fertilidade de vacas pós-parto submetidas à IATF.(AU)

The objective of this study was to demonstrate the research data collected by the laboratory of biotechnology from Embrapa Rondonia on some uterine, follicular and seminal events that affect the fertility of timed insemination artificial (TAI). A retrospective analyses of the data from 1,152 cows subjected to TAI in different days postpartum (DPP), it was observed that cows that entered into the TAI protocol before 35 DPP had lower (P ≤ 0.05) pregnancy per AI (P/AI). Furthermore, aiming to study the relationship between DPP, uterine health and the fertility of TAI protocols, a prospective study that evaluated 244 Nelore cows in different DPP was performed. Endometrial samples were collected on Day 0 of the TAI protocol to analyse the proportion of polymorphonuclear cells. It was observed that cows subjected to TAI before 30 DPP had less (P < 0.05) pregnancies per AI (P/AI) than cows from Middle and Late groups; 29.7% (19/64), 45.2% (52/115), and 52.31% (34/65), respectively. Accordingly, cows subjected to TAI before 30 DPP had a greater (P < 0.05) proportion of PMN cells in the uterus than cows with 30 to 45 and cows with 46 to 60 DPP (9.0%, 3.8%, and 2.2%, respectively). Studies aiming evaluate the ovarian response from cows subjected to TAI protocols were also performed. It was observed that the proportion of cows developing preovulatory follicles (POF) presented a gaussian curve. Thus, it was suggested that cows with smaller POFs can be inseminated later than cows with larger POFs. Therefore, it was observed that this methodology increases P/AI in comparison to conventional protocols. Finally, since different semen batches can demonstrate different kinematics characteristics, an experiment in wich cows with Early and Late ovulation (EO and LO, respectively) were inseminated with semen considered as Hyperactivated (H+), and Non-Hyperactivated (H-) was performed. Pregnancy per AI (P/AI) was higher (P < 0.05) for EOH+, EOH-, and LOH- groups than for LOH+ group. Based on these considerations, it was observed that is important to consider an adequate waiting voluntary period to subject beef cows to TAI programs. Moreover, it was infered that some changes in the time of AI, according to the POF diameter, can increase fertility. Therefore, the the ovarian response can be an important tool to associate to the kinematics characteristics of semen aiming to increase fertility of postpartum cows subjected to TAI.(AU)

Aspectos uterinos, foliculares e seminais que afetam a IATF em vacas de corte no período pós-parto / Uterine, follicular and seminal aspects that affect timed AI

O objetivo desse artigo é apresentar os resultados de pesquisas realizadas pelo laboratório de Biotecnologia da Embrapa Rondônia acerca de alguns dos eventos uterinos, foliculares e seminais que afetam a fertilidade de vacas submetidas a protocolos de inseminação artificial em tempo-fixo (IATF). Em avaliação retrospectiva dos resultados de IATF de 1152 vacas de corte no período pós-parto submetidas à IATF em diferentes dias pós-parto (DPP), observou-se que vacas submetidas à IATF antes de 35 DPP tem menor (P ≤ 0,05) prenhez por IA (P/IA). Além disso, no intuito de esclarecer a relação entre DPP e fertilidade dos protocolos de IATF, realizou-se um estudo prospectivo que avaliou a condição uterina de 244 vacas Nelore em diferentes DPP por meio da proporção de células polimorfonucleares (PMN) no tecido endometrial. Observou-se que as vacas submetidas à IATF antes dos 30 DPP apresentaram maior proporção de células PMN (9,0%; P < 0.001) no útero e maior descarga vaginal purulenta quando comparadas às vacas submetidas à IATF entre 31 e 45 DPP e entre 46 e 60 DPP (3,8 e 2,2 %, respectivamente; P < 0.001). Em relação à P/IA, vacas submetidas à IATF entre 31 e 35 DPP e entre 46 e 60 DPP apresentaram uma maior (P < 0.001) P/IA (45.2%, 52/115 e 52.3%, 34/65, respectivamente) quando comparado à vacas submetidas antes dos 30 DPP (29.7%, 19/64). Experimentos avaliando a resposta ovariana de vacas submetidas à IATF também foram realizados. Em estudos retrospectivos pode-se observar que a resposta ovariana de vacas apresenta-se, de acordo com a distribuição do diâmetro do folículo pré-ovulatório (FPO), de forma gaussiana. Assim, sugeriu-se atrasar a inseminação de vacas que desenvolveram menor FPO e verificou-se que vacas multíparas submetidas à protocolos de 3 manejos que desenvolvem FPOs menores podem ser inseminadas mais tarde em relação à vacas que desenvolvem FPOs maiores. Dessa forma, pode-se observar melhora na P/IA em comparação à protocolos tradicionais. Por fim, baseado no fato de que diferentes partidas de sêmen podem apresentar diferença na cinética espermática, realizou-se um experimento em que vacas com ovulação precoce e tardia foram inseminadas com sêmen hiperativado (H+) e não-hiperativado (H-). Nesse estudo observou-se que vacas com FPOs menores tem uma menor probabilidade de emprenhar quando inseminadas com sêmen H+. Em contrapartida, as vacas com ovulação tardia e precoce, quando inseminadas com sêmen H- podem alcançar boa P/IA. Conclui-se que é importante considerar um adequado período voluntário de espera para submeter vacas de corte à programas de IATF. Além disso, notou-se que é possível realizar algumas mudanças no momento da inseminação, de acordo com a resposta ovariana, que podem melhorar a fertilidade, sendo que resposta ovariana ainda pode servir como ferramenta para ser associada às características cinéticas do sêmen no intuito de aumentar a fertilidade de vacas pós-parto submetidas à IATF.

The objective of this study was to demonstrate the research data collected by the laboratory of biotechnology from Embrapa Rondonia on some uterine, follicular and seminal events that affect the fertility of timed insemination artificial (TAI). A retrospective analyses of the data from 1,152 cows subjected to TAI in different days postpartum (DPP), it was observed that cows that entered into the TAI protocol before 35 DPP had lower (P ≤ 0.05) pregnancy per AI (P/AI). Furthermore, aiming to study the relationship between DPP, uterine health and the fertility of TAI protocols, a prospective study that evaluated 244 Nelore cows in different DPP was performed. Endometrial samples were collected on Day 0 of the TAI protocol to analyse the proportion of polymorphonuclear cells. It was observed that cows subjected to TAI before 30 DPP had less (P < 0.05) pregnancies per AI (P/AI) than cows from Middle and Late groups; 29.7% (19/64), 45.2% (52/115), and 52.31% (34/65), respectively. Accordingly, cows subjected to TAI before 30 DPP had a greater (P < 0.05) proportion of PMN cells in the uterus than cows with 30 to 45 and cows with 46 to 60 DPP (9.0%, 3.8%, and 2.2%, respectively). Studies aiming evaluate the ovarian response from cows subjected to TAI protocols were also performed. It was observed that the proportion of cows developing preovulatory follicles (POF) presented a gaussian curve. Thus, it was suggested that cows with smaller POFs can be inseminated later than cows with larger POFs. Therefore, it was observed that this methodology increases P/AI in comparison to conventional protocols. Finally, since different semen batches can demonstrate different kinematics characteristics, an experiment in wich cows with Early and Late ovulation (EO and LO, respectively) were inseminated with semen considered as Hyperactivated (H+), and Non-Hyperactivated (H-) was performed. Pregnancy per AI (P/AI) was higher (P < 0.05) for EOH+, EOH-, and LOH- groups than for LOH+ group. Based on these considerations, it was observed that is important to consider an adequate waiting voluntary period to subject beef cows to TAI programs. Moreover, it was infered that some changes in the time of AI, according to the POF diameter, can increase fertility. Therefore, the the ovarian response can be an important tool to associate to the kinematics characteristics of semen aiming to increase fertility of postpartum cows subjected to TAI.

Anatomia macroscópica e vascularização do encéfalo de emas (Rhea americana americana) / Macroscopic anatomy and brain vascularization in the greater rhea (Rhea americana americana)

Background: The Rhea americana americana is a wild bird belonging to the group of Ratites, and is important from the scientific point of view given their adaptability to captivity. Considering that information about its morphology is important for the viability of domesticating the species, the aim of this study was to macroscopically identify the brain regions, as well as the cerebral arteries and the cerebral arterial circuit in order to establish the cerebral vascular pattern and systematization.Materials, Methods & Results: Twenty one brains from young and adult Greater Rheas of both sexes were used from animals that had died due to natural causes and were then kept in a freezer. The specimens were thawed and incised in the cervical region to allow exposure of the left common carotid artery, which was cannulated. The vascular system was rinsed with 0.9% saline solution, then perfused with latex Neoprene 650 stained with red pigment. The animals were subsequently fixed in 3.7% aqueous formaldehyde solution for 72 h, and then they were dissected by removing the bones from the skull cap. The brains were analyzed, and the structures were identified, photographed, schematized and denominated. Morphometric measurements were performed on the basilar and cerebellar ventral caudal arteries, recording the values of length and width in millimeters with the aid of a digital caliper. The brain was divided into: telencephalon, diencephalon, brainstem and cerebellum; while externally, the observed structures are: olfactory bulbs, optical lobes, optic nerves, optic chiasm, pituitary and pineal glands. Vascularization was performed by the following arteries: ventral spinal artery, basilar artery, ventricular cerebellar arteries, medium ventricular cerebellar arteries, caudal branches of the carotid arteries of the brain, ventral mesencephalic artery, cerebral caudal arteries, rostral branches of the carotid arteries of the brain, middle cerebral arteries,[...]

Anatomia macroscópica e vascularização do encéfalo de emas (Rhea americana americana) / Macroscopic anatomy and brain vascularization in the greater rhea (Rhea americana americana)

Background: The Rhea americana americana is a wild bird belonging to the group of Ratites, and is important from the scientific point of view given their adaptability to captivity. Considering that information about its morphology is important for the viability of domesticating the species, the aim of this study was to macroscopically identify the brain regions, as well as the cerebral arteries and the cerebral arterial circuit in order to establish the cerebral vascular pattern and systematization.Materials, Methods & Results: Twenty one brains from young and adult Greater Rheas of both sexes were used from animals that had died due to natural causes and were then kept in a freezer. The specimens were thawed and incised in the cervical region to allow exposure of the left common carotid artery, which was cannulated. The vascular system was rinsed with 0.9% saline solution, then perfused with latex Neoprene 650 stained with red pigment. The animals were subsequently fixed in 3.7% aqueous formaldehyde solution for 72 h, and then they were dissected by removing the bones from the skull cap. The brains were analyzed, and the structures were identified, photographed, schematized and denominated. Morphometric measurements were performed on the basilar and cerebellar ventral caudal arteries, recording the values of length and width in millimeters with the aid of a digital caliper. The brain was divided into: telencephalon, diencephalon, brainstem and cerebellum; while externally, the observed structures are: olfactory bulbs, optical lobes, optic nerves, optic chiasm, pituitary and pineal glands. Vascularization was performed by the following arteries: ventral spinal artery, basilar artery, ventricular cerebellar arteries, medium ventricular cerebellar arteries, caudal branches of the carotid arteries of the brain, ventral mesencephalic artery, cerebral caudal arteries, rostral branches of the carotid arteries of the brain, middle cerebral arteries,[...](AU)

Desempenho reprodutivo de novilhas acasaladas aos 14 e 27 meses de idade submetidas a diferentes protocolos para a inseminação artificial / Reproductive performance of beef cattle heifers mated to 14 or 27 months of age subject to different protocols for artificial insemination

Avaliaram-se os efeitos de diferentes protocolos de inseminação sobre o desempenho reprodutivo em 249 novilhas Britânicas e cruzas, acasaladas aos 14 e 27 meses de idade. Sessenta e duas novilhas de 27 meses foram submetidas à IATF após o tratamento OvSynch; 61 novilhas de 27 meses e 32 novilhas de 14 meses foram submetidas à IATF após o tratamento Crestar; 62 novilhas de 27 meses e 32 novilhas de 14 meses foram submetidas à inseminação artificial (IA) após detecção de estros por 7 dias, no 7º dia foi aplicado PGF2a nos animais não observados em estro postergando-se IA por mais 5 dias (grupo PGF2a). Foram avaliados o peso vivo (PIA), o escore de condição corporal (ECC), o escore de trato reprodutivo (ETR) ao início da estação reprodutiva, a taxa de concepção e a taxa de prenhez à IATF, a taxa de prenhez ao término da estação. Os tratamentos OvSynch e Crestar tiveram 100% dos animais inseminados (IATF), enquanto os grupos PGF2a-14 meses e PGF2a-27 meses tiveram, respectivamente apenas 21,9% e 43,5% dos animais inseminados, devido à ausência ou falhas na identificação de cio. Não houve diferença nas taxas de concepção entre tratamentos hormonais e idades (P>0,05), com valores respectivos de 46,5%, 56,3%, 64,7% para os tratamentos Crestar, OvSynch, PGF2a e de 44,4% e 57,1%, para as idades 14 e 27 meses. A taxa de prenhez à IA (TF) foi de 46,5%, 56,3%, 23,4% para os tratamentos Crestar, OvSynch, PGF2a, com superioridade significativa (P<0,05) a favor dos grupos Crestar e OvSynch. A taxa de prenhez à IA (TF) foi de 18,6% e 41,3% (P<0,01) para as idades 14 e 27 meses. A taxa de prenhez final, após o repasse com touros foi respectivamente de 93,0%, 96,9%, 90,4% para os tratamentos Crestar, OvSynch, PGF2a e de 97,7% e 90,5%, para as idades 14 e 27 meses, sem diferença significativa. O ETR influenciou a taxa de prenhez após a inseminação, respectivamente de 0%, 25,6% e 48,8% para os ETR 1, 2 e 3. Os tratamentos hormonais para a IATF resultaram em maior taxa de prenhez...(AU)

The effects of three insemination protocols were evaluated on the reproductive performance in 249 British and crosses beef heifers, mated to the 14 or 27 months of age. Sixty two heifers with 27 months were submitted to FTAI after the treatment OvSynch; 61 heifers with 27 months and 32 heifers with 14 months were submitted to FTAI after the treatment to Crestar; 62 heifers with 27 months and 32 heifers with 14 months were submitted to the artificial insemination (AI) after oestrus detection for 7 days, in the 7th day PGF2a was applied in the animals without oestrus observed being postponed AI during more 5 days (PGF2a group). The live weight and body condition score (BCS), the reproductive tract score (RTS) to the beginning of mating season, the conception and the pregnancy to FTAI and the pregnancy to the end of the mating season were evaluated. The treatments OvSynch and Crestar had 100% of the inseminated animals (FTAI), while the groups PGF2a-14 months and PGF2a-27 months had respectively, only 21.9% and 43.5% of the inseminated animals, due to the absence or fails in the oestrus identification. There was no difference in the conception rates between hormonal treatments and ages (P>0.05), with respective values of 46.5%, 56.3%, 64.7% for the treatments Crestar, OvSynch, PGF2a and of 44.4% and 57.1%, for the ages 14 and 27 months. The pregnancy rate to FTAI/AI it was of 46.5%, 56.3%, 23.4% for the treatments to Crestar, OvSynch, PGF2a, with significant superiority (P<0.05) in favor of the groups Crestar and OvSynch. The pregnancy rate to AI (FTAI) it was of 18.6% and 41.3% (P <0,01) for the ages 14 and 27 months. The final pregnancy rate, after clean-up bulls was respectively of 93.0%, 96.9%, 90.4% for the treatments to Crestar, OvSynch, PGF2a and of 97.7% and 90.5%, for the ages 14 and 27 months, without significant difference. RTS influenced the pregnancy rate after the insemination, respectively of 0%, 25,6% and 48,8% for RTS 1, 2 and 3. The hormonal...(AU)

Desempenho reprodutivo de novilhas acasaladas aos 14 e 27 meses de idade submetidas a diferentes protocolos para a inseminação artificial / Reproductive performance of beef cattle heifers mated to 14 or 27 months of age subject to different protocols for artificial insemination

Avaliaram-se os efeitos de diferentes protocolos de inseminação sobre o desempenho reprodutivo em 249 novilhas Britânicas e cruzas, acasaladas aos 14 e 27 meses de idade. Sessenta e duas novilhas de 27 meses foram submetidas à IATF após o tratamento OvSynch; 61 novilhas de 27 meses e 32 novilhas de 14 meses foram submetidas à IATF após o tratamento Crestar; 62 novilhas de 27 meses e 32 novilhas de 14 meses foram submetidas à inseminação artificial (IA) após detecção de estros por 7 dias, no 7º dia foi aplicado PGF2a nos animais não observados em estro postergando-se IA por mais 5 dias (grupo PGF2a). Foram avaliados o peso vivo (PIA), o escore de condição corporal (ECC), o escore de trato reprodutivo (ETR) ao início da estação reprodutiva, a taxa de concepção e a taxa de prenhez à IATF, a taxa de prenhez ao término da estação. Os tratamentos OvSynch e Crestar tiveram 100% dos animais inseminados (IATF), enquanto os grupos PGF2a-14 meses e PGF2a-27 meses tiveram, respectivamente apenas 21,9% e 43,5% dos animais inseminados, devido à ausência ou falhas na identificação de cio. Não houve diferença nas taxas de concepção entre tratamentos hormonais e idades (P>0,05), com valores respectivos de 46,5%, 56,3%, 64,7% para os tratamentos Crestar, OvSynch, PGF2a e de 44,4% e 57,1%, para as idades 14 e 27 meses. A taxa de prenhez à IA (TF) foi de 46,5%, 56,3%, 23,4% para os tratamentos Crestar, OvSynch, PGF2a, com superioridade significativa (P<0,05) a favor dos grupos Crestar e OvSynch. A taxa de prenhez à IA (TF) foi de 18,6% e 41,3% (P<0,01) para as idades 14 e 27 meses. A taxa de prenhez final, após o repasse com touros foi respectivamente de 93,0%, 96,9%, 90,4% para os tratamentos Crestar, OvSynch, PGF2a e de 97,7% e 90,5%, para as idades 14 e 27 meses, sem diferença significativa. O ETR influenciou a taxa de prenhez após a inseminação, respectivamente de 0%, 25,6% e 48,8% para os ETR 1, 2 e 3. Os tratamentos hormonais para a IATF resultaram em maior taxa de prenhez...

The effects of three insemination protocols were evaluated on the reproductive performance in 249 British and crosses beef heifers, mated to the 14 or 27 months of age. Sixty two heifers with 27 months were submitted to FTAI after the treatment OvSynch; 61 heifers with 27 months and 32 heifers with 14 months were submitted to FTAI after the treatment to Crestar; 62 heifers with 27 months and 32 heifers with 14 months were submitted to the artificial insemination (AI) after oestrus detection for 7 days, in the 7th day PGF2a was applied in the animals without oestrus observed being postponed AI during more 5 days (PGF2a group). The live weight and body condition score (BCS), the reproductive tract score (RTS) to the beginning of mating season, the conception and the pregnancy to FTAI and the pregnancy to the end of the mating season were evaluated. The treatments OvSynch and Crestar had 100% of the inseminated animals (FTAI), while the groups PGF2a-14 months and PGF2a-27 months had respectively, only 21.9% and 43.5% of the inseminated animals, due to the absence or fails in the oestrus identification. There was no difference in the conception rates between hormonal treatments and ages (P>0.05), with respective values of 46.5%, 56.3%, 64.7% for the treatments Crestar, OvSynch, PGF2a and of 44.4% and 57.1%, for the ages 14 and 27 months. The pregnancy rate to FTAI/AI it was of 46.5%, 56.3%, 23.4% for the treatments to Crestar, OvSynch, PGF2a, with significant superiority (P<0.05) in favor of the groups Crestar and OvSynch. The pregnancy rate to AI (FTAI) it was of 18.6% and 41.3% (P <0,01) for the ages 14 and 27 months. The final pregnancy rate, after clean-up bulls was respectively of 93.0%, 96.9%, 90.4% for the treatments to Crestar, OvSynch, PGF2a and of 97.7% and 90.5%, for the ages 14 and 27 months, without significant difference. RTS influenced the pregnancy rate after the insemination, respectively of 0%, 25,6% and 48,8% for RTS 1, 2 and 3. The hormonal...

Expression of EGF receptors in canine prostate with proliferative inflammatory atrophy and carcinoma / Expressão de receptores EGF na próstata canina com atrofia inflamatória proliferativa e carcinoma

Gene expression of ErbB1 and ErbB2, and immunostaining of EGFR (Her1) and Her2 (c-erbB-2) were evaluated in this study to ascertain whether these receptors are involved in the evolution of canine premalignant and malignant prostatic lesions, as proliferative inflammatory atrophy (PIA) and prostatic carcinoma (PC). With regards to the intensity of EGFR immunostaining, there was no difference between normal prostatic tissue and tissues with PIA or PC. In relation to Her2 immunostaining, there were differences between normal prostatic tissue and those with PIA and PC, as also differences between prostates with PIA and PC. There was no correlation between EGFR and Her2 immunostaining. ErbB1 gene product was detected in two normal tissue samples, in one with PIA, and in all samples with PC. ErbB2 mRNA was recorded in two canine samples with PIA, in all with PC, but was not detected in normal prostatic tissue. It was concluded that EGFR and Her2 play roles in canine PIA and PC, suggesting that those receptors may be involved in canine prostatic carcinogenesis.

A expressão gênica de ErbB1 e ErbB2 e a imunomarcação de EGFR (Her1) e Her2 (c-erbB-2) foram avaliadas para verificar o envolvimento desses receptores em lesões pré-malignas e malignas da próstata canina, como a atrofia proliferativa inflamatória (PIA) e o carcinoma prostático (PC). Em relação à intensidade de imunomarcação para EGFR, não houve diferença entre o tecido prostático normal e com PIA e PC. Em relação a Her2, observou-se diferença de imunomarcação entre o tecido prostático normal e aqueles com PIA e PC e entre os com PIA e PC. Não houve correlação entre EGFR e Her2. O gene ErbB1 foi detectado em duas amostras normais, uma de PIA e em todas as amostras de PC. O gene ErbB2 foi detectado em duas amostras de PIA e em todas as amostras de PC, não sendo detectado no tecido prostático normal. Conclui-se que EGFR e Her2 atuam nas lesões de PIA e PC, sugerindo o envolvimento destes na carcinogênese da próstata canina.

Expression of EGF receptors in canine prostate with proliferative inflammatory atrophy and carcinoma / Expressão de receptores EGF na próstata canina com atrofia inflamatória proliferativa e carcinoma

Gene expression of ErbB1 and ErbB2, and immunostaining of EGFR (Her1) and Her2 (c-erbB-2) were evaluated in this study to ascertain whether these receptors are involved in the evolution of canine premalignant and malignant prostatic lesions, as proliferative inflammatory atrophy (PIA) and prostatic carcinoma (PC). With regards to the intensity of EGFR immunostaining, there was no difference between normal prostatic tissue and tissues with PIA or PC. In relation to Her2 immunostaining, there were differences between normal prostatic tissue and those with PIA and PC, as also differences between prostates with PIA and PC. There was no correlation between EGFR and Her2 immunostaining. ErbB1 gene product was detected in two normal tissue samples, in one with PIA, and in all samples with PC. ErbB2 mRNA was recorded in two canine samples with PIA, in all with PC, but was not detected in normal prostatic tissue. It was concluded that EGFR and Her2 play roles in canine PIA and PC, suggesting that those receptors may be involved in canine prostatic carcinogenesis.(AU)

A expressão gênica de ErbB1 e ErbB2 e a imunomarcação de EGFR (Her1) e Her2 (c-erbB-2) foram avaliadas para verificar o envolvimento desses receptores em lesões pré-malignas e malignas da próstata canina, como a atrofia proliferativa inflamatória (PIA) e o carcinoma prostático (PC). Em relação à intensidade de imunomarcação para EGFR, não houve diferença entre o tecido prostático normal e com PIA e PC. Em relação a Her2, observou-se diferença de imunomarcação entre o tecido prostático normal e aqueles com PIA e PC e entre os com PIA e PC. Não houve correlação entre EGFR e Her2. O gene ErbB1 foi detectado em duas amostras normais, uma de PIA e em todas as amostras de PC. O gene ErbB2 foi detectado em duas amostras de PIA e em todas as amostras de PC, não sendo detectado no tecido prostático normal. Conclui-se que EGFR e Her2 atuam nas lesões de PIA e PC, sugerindo o envolvimento destes na carcinogênese da próstata canina.(AU)