Searching bovine papillomavirus presence in lesions seen on teats of cows

The samples were taken from 106 cows with various-looking lesions on their teats and ranged in age from 2 to 8 years. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) antigen (Ag) positive for the bovine papillomavirus (BPV) was found in 59 (55.7%) blood serum samples. PCR using FAP59/64 primers was positive for 24 (22.6%) samples. BPV-2 (40, 37.7%), BPV-6 (28, 26.4%), BPV-8 (30, 28.3%), BPV-9 (36, 34%), BPV-10 (32, 30.3%), and BPV-12 (22, 20.8%) were found in a PCR type-specific analysis of single and mixed type teat warts. The highest positivity was observed in BPV-2, BPV-9 and BPV-10 in flat and round forms, BPV-6, BPV-10, BPV-12, and mixed types in rice grain-cauliflower forms, BPV-9 and mixed types in filiform in the distribution of types based on the macroscopic appearance of teat lesions. As for the distribution of BPV types according to age, the most BPV-2 types were found in the age group of two years, the most BPV-10 types in the age group of three years, the most BPV-9 types in the age group of four years, the most BPV-8+BPV-12 types in the age group of five years, and the most mixed types between the ages of six and eight years. The existence of the virus was then checked using electron microscopy on the chosen samples (at least one investigation was conducted), and it was positively identified using BPV type-specific primers. The authors concluded that BPV detection using an ELISA (Ag) test from blood serum samples was shown to be less sensitive than BPV type-specific PCR from wart samples.

Presence of HPV in prostate tissue from patients submitted to prostate biopsy

Purpose: Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second most frequent cancer among men in the Western population. Infections, such as the one caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV), have been shown to promote inflammation that can lead to the appearance of neoplasms. This study aimed to verify the presence of HPV in neoplastic and non-neoplastic prostate tissue in patients undergoing prostate biopsy and its possible relationship with PCa. Methods: Prostate tissue fragments were collected by prostate biopsy and subjected to polymerase chain reaction with primers for the HPV L1 gene to identify the presence of the virus. Results: Among 162 patients, 10 (6.2%) had HPV and in 152 (93.8%) HPV was not identified in prostate biopsies. HPV was detected in 7/95 (7.4%) of patients with PCa, in 2/55 (3.6%) of patients without PCa, and in no patient with an inconclusive diagnosis of PCa. There was no significant difference (p = 0.487) of HPV presence in the tissue of patients with PCa. Conclusions: There were no significant levels of HPV L1 protein in prostate tissue. The findings suggest the absence of HPV oncogenic activity in the prostate tissue of patients with PCa.

Ocurrence enzootic hematuria in buffaloes in Brazil: epidemiological, clinical, and pathological aspects

ABSTRACT: It is reported the occurrence of enzootic hematuria (EH) in buffaloes in Brazil after performing an epidemiological survey and clinicopathological analises. To date, EH caused by ingestion of Pteridium esculentum subsp. arachnoideum, a radiomimetic plant popularly known as bracken fern, has not been described in this species in Brazil. Bovine EH is responsible for high economic losses in Brazils Southeast Region not only because of the deaths it causes, but also owing to its negative effect on productivity. In São José do Barreiro County, São Paulo, some farmers in areas with a high incidence of bovine EH have been replacing cattle with buffaloes, based on the premise that the latter would be more resistant to poisoning by ingestion of Pteridium spp. However, even though initial observations indicated that buffaloes are indeed less sensitive than cattle to the toxic principle of Pteridium spp., cases of hematuria in this species have been reported. According to preliminary date, EH only occurs in buffaloes over six years of age. Macroscopic examination revealed a thickened urinary vesicle mucosa, along with multiple foci of ulcerated, exophytic, verrucous, and pedunculated lesions. In one of the buffaloes studied, the bladder wall was ruptured and exhibited marked secondary inflammation. Histologically, neoplastic and non-neoplastic changes similar to those described in cattle poisoned by Pteridium spp. were observed. The neoplasms found included papilloma, carcinoma in situ, urothelial carcinoma (low and high grade), inverted, microcystic, and trabecular variants, urothelial carcinoma with divergent differentiation (squamous and glandular), squamous cell carcinoma, lymphangioma, hemangioma, and hemangiosarcoma. There was also coexistence of epithelial and mesenchymal neoplasms. Bovine papillomavirus particles were not detected by polymerase chain reaction in the bladder samples analyzed.

RESUMO: Descreve-se, através de levantamento epidemiológico e avaliação clínico-patológica, a ocorrência de hematúria enzoótica (HE) em búfalos no Brasil. Essa condição, causada pela ingestão da planta radiomimética Pteridium esculentum subsp. arachnoideum, conhecida popularmente como samambaia ou samambaia do campo, até então não havia sido descrita nessa espécie no Brasil. Na Região Sudeste, a HE bovina é responsável por elevadas perdas econômicas, devidas não apenas aos óbitos, mas também em função da queda de produtividade. No município de São José do Barreiro/SP, alguns produtores de áreas com alta incidência de HE bovina, vêm substituindo os bovinos por búfalos, com base na premissa de que estes seriam mais resistentes à intoxicação. Embora, de acordo com observações iniciais, os búfalos realmente sejam menos sensíveis que os bovinos ao princípio tóxico de Pteridium spp., ainda assim, tem-se verificado a ocorrência de casos de hematúria nessa espécie. De acordo com o levantamento inicial, a HE só ocorre em búfalos com idade a partir de seis anos. Ao exame macroscópico, verificou-se a mucosa da bexiga espessa, com múltiplos focos de lesões ulceradas, exofíticas, papiliformes, verrucosas, pedunculadas. Histologicamente, foram observadas alterações neoplásicas e não neoplásicas semelhantes às descritas nos bovinos com HE. Entre as neoplasias foram encontrados papiloma, carcinoma in situ, carcinoma urotelial (baixo e alto grau), variantes invertida, microcística e trabecular, carcinoma urotelial com diferenciação divergente (escamosa e glandular), carcinoma de células escamosas, linfangioma, hemangioma e hemangiossarcoma. Ocorreu também coexistência entre neoplasias epiteliais e mesenquimais. Não foram detectadas partículas de papilomavírus bovino pelo teste PCR nas amostras de bexiga analisadas.

Ocurrence enzootic hematuria in buffaloes in Brazil: epidemiological, clinical, and pathological aspects / Ocorrência de hematúria enzoótica em búfalos no Brasil: aspectos epidemiológicos, clínicos e patológicos

It is reported the occurrence of enzootic hematuria (EH) in buffaloes in Brazil after performing an epidemiological survey and clinicopathological analises. To date, EH caused by ingestion of Pteridium esculentum subsp. arachnoideum, a radiomimetic plant popularly known as "bracken fern", has not been described in this species in Brazil. Bovine EH is responsible for high economic losses in Brazil's Southeast Region not only because of the deaths it causes, but also owing to its negative effect on productivity. In São José do Barreiro County, São Paulo, some farmers in areas with a high incidence of bovine EH have been replacing cattle with buffaloes, based on the premise that the latter would be more resistant to poisoning by ingestion of Pteridium spp. However, even though initial observations indicated that buffaloes are indeed less sensitive than cattle to the toxic principle of Pteridium spp., cases of hematuria in this species have been reported. According to preliminary date, EH only occurs in buffaloes over six years of age. Macroscopic examination revealed a thickened urinary vesicle mucosa, along with multiple foci of ulcerated, exophytic, verrucous, and pedunculated lesions. In one of the buffaloes studied, the bladder wall was ruptured and exhibited marked secondary inflammation. Histologically, neoplastic and non-neoplastic changes similar to those described in cattle poisoned by Pteridium spp. were observed. The neoplasms found included papilloma, carcinoma in situ, urothelial carcinoma (low and high grade), inverted, microcystic, and trabecular variants, urothelial carcinoma with divergent differentiation (squamous and glandular), squamous cell carcinoma, lymphangioma, hemangioma, and hemangiosarcoma. There was also coexistence of epithelial and mesenchymal neoplasms. Bovine papillomavirus particles were not detected by polymerase chain reaction in the bladder samples analyzed.

Descreve-se, através de levantamento epidemiológico e avaliação clínico-patológica, a ocorrência de hematúria enzoótica (HE) em búfalos no Brasil. Essa condição, causada pela ingestão da planta radiomimética Pteridium esculentum subsp. arachnoideum, conhecida popularmente como "samambaia" ou "samambaia do campo", até então não havia sido descrita nessa espécie no Brasil. Na Região Sudeste, a HE bovina é responsável por elevadas perdas econômicas, devidas não apenas aos óbitos, mas também em função da queda de produtividade. No município de São José do Barreiro/SP, alguns produtores de áreas com alta incidência de HE bovina, vêm substituindo os bovinos por búfalos, com base na premissa de que estes seriam mais resistentes à intoxicação. Embora, de acordo com observações iniciais, os búfalos realmente sejam menos sensíveis que os bovinos ao princípio tóxico de Pteridium spp., ainda assim, tem-se verificado a ocorrência de casos de hematúria nessa espécie. De acordo com o levantamento inicial, a HE só ocorre em búfalos com idade a partir de seis anos. Ao exame macroscópico, verificou-se a mucosa da bexiga espessa, com múltiplos focos de lesões ulceradas, exofíticas, papiliformes, verrucosas, pedunculadas. Histologicamente, foram observadas alterações neoplásicas e não neoplásicas semelhantes às descritas nos bovinos com HE. Entre as neoplasias foram encontrados papiloma, carcinoma in situ, carcinoma urotelial (baixo e alto grau), variantes invertida, microcística e trabecular, carcinoma urotelial com diferenciação divergente (escamosa e glandular), carcinoma de células escamosas, linfangioma, hemangioma e hemangiossarcoma. Ocorreu também coexistência entre neoplasias epiteliais e mesenquimais. Não foram detectadas partículas de papilomavírus bovino pelo teste PCR nas amostras de bexiga analisadas.

Fibroma cutâneo atípico em uma vaca / Atypical cutaneous fibroma in a cow

Background: Cutaneous fibroma is a benign neoplasm affecting the fibroblasts and collagen matrix that develops in the dermis or subcutaneous tissue. This neoplasm is uncommon in cattle, and few reports have described the treatment and resolution of this neoplasm. Despite its benign character, a veterinarian should consider cutaneous fibroma in the differential diagnosis of skin tumors. This report aims to describe a rare case of large fibroma in the scapular region in a cow, with emphasis on the clinical-surgical and anatomopathological aspects of the condition. Case: A 3-year-old Girolando 3/4 cow was attended to at a rural property in Lagamar-MG, Brazil. According to the owner, the animal presented with a small mass in the right scapular region that grew progressively over 1 year and 6 months. Clinical examination revealed an exuberant and painless increase in volume on palpation in the proximal region of the right thoracic limb, which, in its vertical axis, extended from the proximal end of the scapula to near the olecranon tuberosity, and, in its horizontal axis, extended from the 6th intercostal space to the scapulohumeral joint, reaching the dimensions 66 cm and 62 cm, respectively. It presented with multiple nodules that were firm in consistency with extensive areas of ulceration. Neoplasia was suspected, and surgical excision was decided upon. The cow was sedated and restrained in the left lateral decubitus position. Trichotomy and antisepsis of the operative field were performed followed by an infiltrative anesthetic block around the tumor. The tumor was excised maintaining a safety margin of 1 cm. Dermorrhaphy was not possible, and healing by secondary intention was awaited. In the postoperative period, antibiotic therapy with benzathine penicillin, analgesia with meloxicamand dipyrone and daily dressing of the wound were performed. There were no postoperative complications and complete healing occurred approximately 100 days after surgery. One year after the surgical procedure, the owner reported that the cow did not present with recurrence of the neoplasm. The resected tumor weighed 11.2 kg, and, when cut, presented with solid conformation and whitish coloration. Tumor fragments were harvested, fixed in 10% formalin, and sent for histopathological examination, which revealed neoproliferation of remarkable cellular density composed of dense, well vascularized fibrocollagenous connective tissue arranged in multidirectional bundles and undulating pattern. Mild cellular pleomorphism was identified, and no mitosis figures were observed. Alcian blue staining was negative for mucopolysaccharides, differing from Masson's trichrome staining, which widely stained the fibrocollagenous tissue blue. In view of these findings, the diagnosis of cutaneous fibroma was confirmed. Discussion: Cutaneous fibromas are benign neoplasms of fibrous tissue, and they are uncommon in cattle and may be associated with bovine papillomavirus and/or trauma. Although the origin of cutaneous fibroma is not clear, the present report stands out due to the large size of the tumor mass. The complete healing of the surgical wound, the absence of recurrence one year after surgery and the return of the animal to dairy production demonstrate that the surgical treatment was adequate. The macro- and microscopic characteristics of the cutaneous fibroma in this case corroborate with other cases reported in the literature. Large cutaneous fibroma is uncommon in bovines, and may hinder surgical excision and prolong healing time, as well as the complete recovery of the animal. Moreover, the differential diagnosis with other neoplasms of fibroblastic origin is relevant, especially for those with malignant biological behavior, such as fibrosarcoma and myxosarcoma.

Papiloma peniano associado a parafimose persistente em um equino / Penile papillomatosis associated with persistent paraphimosis in a horse

Background: Papillomas are cutaneous neoplasms, also known as warts. They are usually benign and are caused by apapillomavirus. The development of papillomas in certain locations on the body may cause irreparable consequences.Paraphimosis is a urological emergency characterized by the inability of the penis to retract or the impossibility of retentioninside the foreskin, causing local circulatory disorders and severe pain. However, the association between genital papillomas and the development of paraphimosis in horses has not been previously documented. The objective here is to describethe clinical and histopathological aspects of a case of penile papilloma associated with persistent paraphimosis in a horse.Case: A 15-year-old mixed-breed, 350 kg, horse presented nodular and crusted lesions, similar to warts, on the penis andforeskin, which progressed over at least 6 months. An incisional biopsy of one of the nodular lesions of the horses peniswas performed. Tissue fragments were collected, packed in 10% buffered formaldehyde, and sent for histopathologicalevaluation to the Animal Pathology Laboratory of the University Veterinary Hospital of the Federal University of CampinaGrande (UFCG), Campus de Patos, Paraíba. The biopsy resulted in a histopathological diagnosis of papilloma, and thehorse was reevaluated. Due to the severity of the clinical case, it was referred to the HVU/UFCG Large Animal Medicaland Surgical Clinic for surgical removal of the penis. The penectomy product was sent to the Animal Pathology Laboratory. Macroscopically, the penis fragment measured 18.0×10.5×6.0 cm in size, had an irregular surface, and presented withnumerous multilobulated, reddish nodules on a sessile base, which were exophytic with projections having the appearanceof a “cauliflower.” The nodules extended from the foreskin and compromised from...(AU)

Papiloma peniano associado a parafimose persistente em um equino / Penile papillomatosis associated with persistent paraphimosis in a horse

Background: Papillomas are cutaneous neoplasms, also known as warts. They are usually benign and are caused by apapillomavirus. The development of papillomas in certain locations on the body may cause irreparable consequences.Paraphimosis is a urological emergency characterized by the inability of the penis to retract or the impossibility of retentioninside the foreskin, causing local circulatory disorders and severe pain. However, the association between genital papillomas and the development of paraphimosis in horses has not been previously documented. The objective here is to describethe clinical and histopathological aspects of a case of penile papilloma associated with persistent paraphimosis in a horse.Case: A 15-year-old mixed-breed, 350 kg, horse presented nodular and crusted lesions, similar to warts, on the penis andforeskin, which progressed over at least 6 months. An incisional biopsy of one of the nodular lesions of the horse’s peniswas performed. Tissue fragments were collected, packed in 10% buffered formaldehyde, and sent for histopathologicalevaluation to the Animal Pathology Laboratory of the University Veterinary Hospital of the Federal University of CampinaGrande (UFCG), Campus de Patos, Paraíba. The biopsy resulted in a histopathological diagnosis of papilloma, and thehorse was reevaluated. Due to the severity of the clinical case, it was referred to the HVU/UFCG Large Animal Medicaland Surgical Clinic for surgical removal of the penis. The penectomy product was sent to the Animal Pathology Laboratory. Macroscopically, the penis fragment measured 18.0×10.5×6.0 cm in size, had an irregular surface, and presented withnumerous multilobulated, reddish nodules on a sessile base, which were exophytic with projections having the appearanceof a “cauliflower.” The nodules extended from the foreskin and compromised from...

Feline sarcoid: case report / Sarcóide Felino: relato de caso

It was aimed to describe the clinical and histopathological characteristics of a case of sarcoid tumor in an adult, mixed-breed female cat, with a history of a small increase of volume on the ear. At physical examination, no alteration was found with the exception of the presence of a rounded dermal nodule of 3.0 x 1.5 x 0.5 cm, ulcerated, well-circumscribed, pedunculated, pinkish, solid-elastic, mobile and painless, located on the skin of the border of the auricular pavilion. In the cytological examination of the nodule, the involvement of a benign mesenchymal neoplasia was found. Furthermore, alterations in the hematological examinations were not observed, nor in the imaging tests, and the serological analyses for infection by the leukemia and immunodeficiency were negative. The surgical excision of the nodule was performed, and then the nodule was submitted to histopathologic examination. Microscopically, was verified superficial and deep dermis distended by a non-encapsulated nodule, covered by intact skin, constituted by fibroblasts disposed in random beams predominantly spaced, at times, interspersed by collagen fibers; epidermis with focally extensive acanthosis, projecting papillae in the direction of the superficial dermis. Furthermore, was observed accentuated orthokeratotic hyperkeratosis and, in occasional vessels, the presence of a discreet lymphoplasmocitary

Objetivou-se descrever as características clínicas e histopatológicas de um caso de sarcoide em uma gata, adulta, sem raça definida, com histórico de pequeno aumento de volume na orelha. Ao exame físico, não constatou-se nenhuma alteração à exceção da presença de um nódulo dérmico arredondado de 3,0 x 1,5 x 0,5 cm, ulcerado, de circunferência circunscrita, pedunculado, rosado, firme-elástico, móvel e indolor, localizado na pele da borda do pavilhão auricular. Ao exame citológico do nódulo, constatou-se o envolvimento de uma neoplasia mesenquimal benigna. Ademais, não foram observadas alterações nos exames hematológicos, nem de imagem e as análises sorológicas para infecção pelo vírus da leucemia e imunodeficiência foram negativas. Procedeu-se com a excisão cirúrgica do nódulo, o qual foi submetido a exame histopatológico. Microscopicamente, verificou-se derme superficial e profunda distendida por nódulo não encapsulado, revestido por pele íntegra, constituído por fibroblastos dispostos em feixes aleatórios predominantemente espaçados e, por vezes, entremeados por fibras colágenas; epiderme com acantose focalmente extensa, projetando papilas em direção à derme superficial. Ademais, observou-se hiperqueratose ortoqueratótica acentuada e, em ocasionais vasos, presença de discreto infiltrado linfoplasmocitário e área focal de hemorragia, compatível com sarcoide felino. Decorridos 11 meses após a conchectomia, não constatou-se recidivas. Este relato alerta a necessidade de incluir esta neoplasia nos diagnósticos diferenciais de neoformações cutâneas em gatos com as características supracitadas.

Abordagem de tratamento de múltiplos sarcóides em equino da raça Crioulo / Approach to treatment of multiple sarcoids in Crioulo horses

Background: The equine sarcoid corresponds to one third of equine tumors, and may present as single or multiple and insix different shapes. The etiology is still unknown, but it brings with it some predisposing factors. Confirmatory diagnosisis made based on histopathology evaluation. There are several treatments described in the literature, therefore, it variesaccording to the choice of the veterinarian, the conditions and interests of the owner and the characteristics of the sarcoidtumor. The present case report describe of a Crioulo horse that presented of a multiple sarcoids in different shapes of thebody and, testing the efficacy and response to the chosen treatment.Case: The Crioulo gateado coat stallion, aged six years and seven months, weigh 360 kg. In the physical evaluation observed alert behavior, body score (ECC) three (1-5), 36 bpm and 20 mpm. The pelvic right limb (PRL) presented a mobilefibroblastic nodule was found on the proximal dorsal face of the third metatarsal bone (MTIII), pendular and broad-based,ulcerated, with a diameter of approximately 10 cm x 7 cm associated of a dark pink color. Likewise, on the caudal surface ofthe ear observed verrucous sessile flat lesion with a diameter of 5 cm and, in the right corner of the mouth, a non-ulcerated,pendular, mobile dark red color nodule evidenced with a diameter approximately 3 cm. Similarly, there were multipleulcerated pendulous dark pink color mobiles nodules in the region of the left and right groin, as well in the pectoral region.Histopathological evaluation of the 0,5 cm specimen tumor observed a proliferation of connective tissue and thickening ofthe epidermis with pseudocarcinomatous projections suggestive of sarcoid lesion tumor...

Feline sarcoid: case report / Sarcóide Felino: relato de caso

It was aimed to describe the clinical and histopathological characteristics of a case of sarcoid tumor in an adult, mixed-breed female cat, with a history of a small increase of volume on the ear. At physical examination, no alteration was found with the exception of the presence of a rounded dermal nodule of 3.0 x 1.5 x 0.5 cm, ulcerated, well-circumscribed, pedunculated, pinkish, solid-elastic, mobile and painless, located on the skin of the border of the auricular pavilion. In the cytological examination of the nodule, the involvement of a benign mesenchymal neoplasia was found. Furthermore, alterations in the hematological examinations were not observed, nor in the imaging tests, and the serological analyses for infection by the leukemia and immunodeficiency were negative. The surgical excision of the nodule was performed, and then the nodule was submitted to histopathologic examination. Microscopically, was verified superficial and deep dermis distended by a non-encapsulated nodule, covered by intact skin, constituted by fibroblasts disposed in random beams predominantly spaced, at times, interspersed by collagen fibers; epidermis with focally extensive acanthosis, projecting papillae in the direction of the superficial dermis. Furthermore, was observed accentuated orthokeratotic hyperkeratosis and, in occasional vessels, the presence of a discreet lymphoplasmocitary(AU)i

Objetivou-se descrever as características clínicas e histopatológicas de um caso de sarcoide em uma gata, adulta, sem raça definida, com histórico de pequeno aumento de volume na orelha. Ao exame físico, não constatou-se nenhuma alteração à exceção da presença de um nódulo dérmico arredondado de 3,0 x 1,5 x 0,5 cm, ulcerado, de circunferência circunscrita, pedunculado, rosado, firme-elástico, móvel e indolor, localizado na pele da borda do pavilhão auricular. Ao exame citológico do nódulo, constatou-se o envolvimento de uma neoplasia mesenquimal benigna. Ademais, não foram observadas alterações nos exames hematológicos, nem de imagem e as análises sorológicas para infecção pelo vírus da leucemia e imunodeficiência foram negativas. Procedeu-se com a excisão cirúrgica do nódulo, o qual foi submetido a exame histopatológico. Microscopicamente, verificou-se derme superficial e profunda distendida por nódulo não encapsulado, revestido por pele íntegra, constituído por fibroblastos dispostos em feixes aleatórios predominantemente espaçados e, por vezes, entremeados por fibras colágenas; epiderme com acantose focalmente extensa, projetando papilas em direção à derme superficial. Ademais, observou-se hiperqueratose ortoqueratótica acentuada e, em ocasionais vasos, presença de discreto infiltrado linfoplasmocitário e área focal de hemorragia, compatível com sarcoide felino. Decorridos 11 meses após a conchectomia, não constatou-se recidivas. Este relato alerta a necessidade de incluir esta neoplasia nos diagnósticos diferenciais de neoformações cutâneas em gatos com as características supracitadas.(AU)

Abordagem de tratamento de múltiplos sarcóides em equino da raça Crioulo / Approach to treatment of multiple sarcoids in Crioulo horses

Background: The equine sarcoid corresponds to one third of equine tumors, and may present as single or multiple and insix different shapes. The etiology is still unknown, but it brings with it some predisposing factors. Confirmatory diagnosisis made based on histopathology evaluation. There are several treatments described in the literature, therefore, it variesaccording to the choice of the veterinarian, the conditions and interests of the owner and the characteristics of the sarcoidtumor. The present case report describe of a Crioulo horse that presented of a multiple sarcoids in different shapes of thebody and, testing the efficacy and response to the chosen treatment.Case: The Crioulo gateado coat stallion, aged six years and seven months, weigh 360 kg. In the physical evaluation observed alert behavior, body score (ECC) three (1-5), 36 bpm and 20 mpm. The pelvic right limb (PRL) presented a mobilefibroblastic nodule was found on the proximal dorsal face of the third metatarsal bone (MTIII), pendular and broad-based,ulcerated, with a diameter of approximately 10 cm x 7 cm associated of a dark pink color. Likewise, on the caudal surface ofthe ear observed verrucous sessile flat lesion with a diameter of 5 cm and, in the right corner of the mouth, a non-ulcerated,pendular, mobile dark red color nodule evidenced with a diameter approximately 3 cm. Similarly, there were multipleulcerated pendulous dark pink color mobiles nodules in the region of the left and right groin, as well in the pectoral region.Histopathological evaluation of the 0,5 cm specimen tumor observed a proliferation of connective tissue and thickening ofthe epidermis with pseudocarcinomatous projections suggestive of sarcoid lesion tumor...(AU)

Equine papillomavirus detection in aural plaques by qPCR

Papillomatosis occupy a prominent position both in human and veterinary medicine, since it is a viral skin disease with potential to develop malignancy. Equus caballus papillomavirus (EcPV) are associated with several diseases in horses, i.e. classical papillomatosis associated with EcPV 1; squamous cell carcinoma associated with EcPV 2; tumors in mucous membranes on the genital area (EcPV 2 and EcPV 7); aural plaque associated with EcPV 1, 3, 4, 5 and 6; and equine sarcoid, associated with bovine papillomavirus (BPV 1 and 2). The aural plaque is characterized by small papules (1-2 cm), hypochromic and keratinized on the internal surface of the pinnae and can evolve and coalesce into larger lesions. To obtain a specific diagnostic test, both sensitive and fast to identify these viruses, a quantitative real time PCR (qPCR) was standardized for EcPV 3, 4, 5 and 6. Applying the qPCR technique in the 103 equine aural plaque samples resulted in 90.29% of at least one viral type prevalence, which was distributed as following: EcPV3, 36.89%; EcPV4, 82.52%; EcPV5, 0.97%; and EcPV6, 10.68%. This study represents an evolution in the area related to aural plaque and equine papillomatosis and raises new questions for future research.

Equine papillomavirus detection in aural plaques by qPCR

Papillomatosis occupy a prominent position both in human and veterinary medicine, since it is a viral skin disease with potential to develop malignancy. Equus caballus papillomavirus (EcPV) are associated with several diseases in horses, i.e. classical papillomatosis associated with EcPV 1; squamous cell carcinoma associated with EcPV 2; tumors in mucous membranes on the genital area (EcPV 2 and EcPV 7); aural plaque associated with EcPV 1, 3, 4, 5 and 6; and equine sarcoid, associated with bovine papillomavirus (BPV 1 and 2). The aural plaque is characterized by small papules (1-2 cm), hypochromic and keratinized on the internal surface of the pinnae and can evolve and coalesce into larger lesions. To obtain a specific diagnostic test, both sensitive and fast to identify these viruses, a quantitative real time PCR (qPCR) was standardized for EcPV 3, 4, 5 and 6. Applying the qPCR technique in the 103 equine aural plaque samples resulted in 90.29% of at least one viral type prevalence, which was distributed as following: EcPV3, 36.89%; EcPV4, 82.52%; EcPV5, 0.97%; and EcPV6, 10.68%. This study represents an evolution in the area related to aural plaque and equine papillomatosis and raises new questions for future research.(AU)

Falha no uso de vacina autógena associada à Propionibacterim acnes notratamento de papilomatose canina: relato de caso / Failed use of autologous vaccine associated with Propionibacterium acnes in the treatment of canine papillomatosis: case report

Papilomatose canina é uma patologia infectocontagiosa causada pelo papilomavírus e caracterizada por neoformações benignas cutâneas na cavidade oral, lábios, faringe, esôfago e trato geni-tal. Esta enfermidade é espécie-específica, de caráter autolimitante, com regressão entre quatro e oito semanas após o surgimento das lesões; em alguns casos, porém, pode se tornar crônica, causando disfagia e até obstrução faringeana. Sua transmissão se dá por meio de contato direto ou indireto com secreções ou sangue advindo de animais contaminados. O diagnóstico é obtido com a associação de aspectos clínicos e exame histopatológico. Devido ao potencial autolimitante, diferentes protocolos de tratamento são descritos, dentre eles, imunoestimulantes, autovacinas, ressecção cirúrgica, fármacos antivirais e auto-hemoterapia. Este trabalho descreve um caso de papilomatose com enfoque na falha na utilização da vacina autógena associada à Propionibacterium acnes.(AU)

Canine papillomatosis is an infectious disease caused by papillomavirus and characterized by benign cutaneous neoformations in the oral cavity, lips, pharynx, esophagus and genital tract. This disease is species-specific, self-limiting, and usually can regress between four and eight weeks after lesions appearance, but in some cases, it may become chronic causing dysphagia and even pharyngeal obstruction. Its transmission occurs through direct or indirect contact with secretions or blood from contaminated animals. The diagnosis is obtained by the association of clinical aspects and histopathological examination. Due to its self-limiting potential, different treatment protocols are described, among them, immunostimulants, auto-vaccines, surgical resection, antiviral drugs and autohemotherapy. This study describes a case of papillomatosis focusing on the failed use of the autogenous vaccine associated with Propionibacterium acnes.(AU)

Falha no uso de vacina autógena associada à Propionibacterim acnes notratamento de papilomatose canina: relato de caso / Failed use of autologous vaccine associated with Propionibacterium acnes in the treatment of canine papillomatosis: case report

Papilomatose canina é uma patologia infectocontagiosa causada pelo papilomavírus e caracterizada por neoformações benignas cutâneas na cavidade oral, lábios, faringe, esôfago e trato geni-tal. Esta enfermidade é espécie-específica, de caráter autolimitante, com regressão entre quatro e oito semanas após o surgimento das lesões; em alguns casos, porém, pode se tornar crônica, causando disfagia e até obstrução faringeana. Sua transmissão se dá por meio de contato direto ou indireto com secreções ou sangue advindo de animais contaminados. O diagnóstico é obtido com a associação de aspectos clínicos e exame histopatológico. Devido ao potencial autolimitante, diferentes protocolos de tratamento são descritos, dentre eles, imunoestimulantes, autovacinas, ressecção cirúrgica, fármacos antivirais e auto-hemoterapia. Este trabalho descreve um caso de papilomatose com enfoque na falha na utilização da vacina autógena associada à Propionibacterium acnes.

Canine papillomatosis is an infectious disease caused by papillomavirus and characterized by benign cutaneous neoformations in the oral cavity, lips, pharynx, esophagus and genital tract. This disease is species-specific, self-limiting, and usually can regress between four and eight weeks after lesions appearance, but in some cases, it may become chronic causing dysphagia and even pharyngeal obstruction. Its transmission occurs through direct or indirect contact with secretions or blood from contaminated animals. The diagnosis is obtained by the association of clinical aspects and histopathological examination. Due to its self-limiting potential, different treatment protocols are described, among them, immunostimulants, auto-vaccines, surgical resection, antiviral drugs and autohemotherapy. This study describes a case of papillomatosis focusing on the failed use of the autogenous vaccine associated with Propionibacterium acnes.

A high prevalence of human papillomavirus 16 and 18 co-infections in cervical biopsies from southern Brazil

ABSTRACT HPV types 16 and 18 were studied in paraffin-fixed cervical biopsy collected in southern Brazil. HPV 16, HPV 18 and co-infection HPV 16/18 were identified in 10/57 (17.5%), 4/57 (7%) and in 43/57 (75.4%) samples, respectively. Southern Brazil has one of the highest prevalence rates of HPV 16/18 reported.

A high prevalence of human papillomavirus 16 and 18 co-infections in cervical biopsies from southern Brazil

HPV types 16 and 18 were studied in paraffin-fixed cervical biopsy collected in southern Brazil. HPV 16, HPV 18 and co-infection HPV 16/18 were identified in 10/57 (17.5%), 4/57 (7%) and in 43/57 (75.4%) samples, respectively. Southern Brazil has one of the highest prevalence rates of HPV 16/18 reported.(AU)

Implications of bovine viral diseases for udder health / As implicações das doenças virais para a saúde da glândula mamária bovina

Several factors can affect bovine mammary gland health and although bacterial mastitis is the most studied and reported cause, viral infections may also have negative effects on bovine udder health. Viral infections can indirectly damage the papillary duct of the teat, and induce or exacerbate signs of bovine mastitis due to viral-induced immunosuppressive effects that may lead to a greater susceptibility to bacterial mastitis and even intensify the severity of established bacterial infections. Some viruses (Bovine alphaherpesvirus 2, cowpox, pseudocowpox, foot-and-mouth disease, vesicular stomatitis and papillomavirus) affect the integrity of the udder skin, leading to teat lesions, favoring the entry of mastitis-causing pathogens. It is therefore possible that the association between mastitis and viruses is underestimated and may, for example, be associated with negative bacterial culture results. Few milk samples are tested for the presence of viruses, mainly because of the more laborious and expensive procedures required. Furthermore, samples for virus testing would require specific procedures in terms of collection, handling and storage. Thus, there is a knowledge gap in regard to the actual impact of viruses on bovine udder health. Despite the fact that serum anti-virus antibodies can be detected, there is not enough evidence to confirm or exclude the effect of viruses on

Diversos fatores podem afetar a saúde da glândula mamária bovina e embora a mastite bacteriana seja a causa mais estudada e relatada, as infecções virais também podem ter efeitos negativos sobre a saúde da glândula mamária bovina. De forma indireta as infecções virais podem danificar o ducto papilar do teto ou ainda, induzir ou agravar a mastite bovina, devido aos seus efeitos imunossupressores que podem levar a uma maior susceptibilidade para casos de mastite bacteriana e até mesmo intensificar a severidade das infecções bacterianas já estabelecidas. Alguns vírus (Alphaherpesvirus bovino 2, cowpox, pseudocowpox, febre aftosa, estomatite vesicular e papilomavírus) afetam a integridade da pele do úbere, levando a lesões no teto, favorecendo a entrada de patógenos causadores de mastite. Portanto é possível que a associação entre mastites e viroses seja subestimada e podem, por exemplo, estar associada às amostras de diagnóstico de mastite bacteriana com resultados de cultura bacteriana negativa. Além disso, as amostras de leite de vacas com mastite não são coletadas, tratadas e armazenadas adequadamente para pesquisa de vírus que requer cuidados específicos, além de um diagnóstico mais trabalhoso e caro. Desse modo, há lacunas aserem preenchidas quanto ao real impacto das viroses sobre a saúde da glândula mamária bovina. Apesar da possibilidade de detecção de anticorpos séricos c

Implications of bovine viral diseases for udder health / As implicações das doenças virais para a saúde da glândula mamária bovina

Several factors can affect bovine mammary gland health and although bacterial mastitis is the most studied and reported cause, viral infections may also have negative effects on bovine udder health. Viral infections can indirectly damage the papillary duct of the teat, and induce or exacerbate signs of bovine mastitis due to viral-induced immunosuppressive effects that may lead to a greater susceptibility to bacterial mastitis and even intensify the severity of established bacterial infections. Some viruses (Bovine alphaherpesvirus2, cowpox, pseudocowpox, foot-and-mouth disease, vesicular stomatitis and papillomavirus) affect the integrity of the udder skin, leading to teat lesions, favoring the entry of mastitis-causing pathogens. It is therefore possible that the association between mastitis and viruses is underestimated and may, for example, be associated with negative bacterial culture results. Few milk samples are tested for the presence of viruses, mainly because of the more laborious and expensive procedures required. Furthermore, samples for virus testing would require specific procedures in terms of collection, handling and storage. Thus, there is a knowledge gap in regard to the actual impact of viruses on bovine udder health. Despite the fact that serum anti-virus antibodies can be detected, there is not enough evidence to confirm or exclude the effect of viruses on udder health. However, any expectation of milk production from healthy animals should consider the possible impact of viral infections in mastitis development and not underestimate the importance of actions to diagnose and control the disease. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to describe the association of diagnosis and control of viral diseases and their effect on bovine udder health.(AU)

Diversos fatores podem afetar a saúde da glândula mamária bovina e embora a mastite bacteriana seja a causa mais estudada e relatada, as infecções virais também podem ter efeitos negativos sobre a saúde da glândula mamária bovina. De forma indireta as infecções virais podem danificar o ducto papilar do teto ou ainda, induzir ou agravar a mastite bovina, devido aos seus efeitos imunossupressores que podem levar a uma maior susceptibilidade para casos de mastite bacteriana e até mesmo intensificar a severidade das infecções bacterianas já estabelecidas. Alguns vírus (Alphaherpesvirus bovino 2, cowpox, pseudocowpox, febre aftosa, estomatite vesicular e papilomavírus) afetam a integridade da pele do úbere, levando a lesões no teto, favorecendo a entrada de patógenos causadores de mastite. Portanto é possível que a associação entre mastites e viroses seja subestimada e podem, por exemplo, estar associada às amostras de diagnóstico de mastite bacteriana com resultados de cultura bacteriana negativa. Além disso, as amostras de leite de vacas com mastite não são coletadas, tratadas e armazenadas adequadamente para pesquisa de vírus que requer cuidados específicos, além de um diagnóstico mais trabalhoso e caro. Desse modo, há lacunas a serem preenchidas quanto ao real impacto das viroses sobre a saúde da glândula mamária bovina. Apesar da possibilidade de detecção de anticorpos séricos contra os vírus, não existem evidências suficientes para incluir ou excluir os efeitos das viroses a saúde da glândula mamária bovina. Porém, a expectativa de produção de leite por meio de animais saudáveis deve considerar os possíveis impactos das infecções virais no desenvolvimento de mastites, não se pode, portanto, subestimar a importância de ações para o diagnóstico e controle das mesmas. Sendo assim, o propósito desta revisão é descrever as relações entre o diagnóstico de controle das doenças virais e seus potenciais impactos sobre a saúde da glândula mamária bovina.(AU)

Implications of bovine viral diseases for udder health / As implicações das doenças virais para a saúde da glândula mamária bovina

Several factors can affect bovine mammary gland health and although bacterial mastitis is the most studied and reported cause, viral infections may also have negative effects on bovine udder health. Viral infections can indirectly damage the papillary duct of the teat, and induce or exacerbate signs of bovine mastitis due to viral-induced immunosuppressive effects that may lead to a greater susceptibility to bacterial mastitis and even intensify the severity of established bacterial infections. Some viruses (Bovine alphaherpesvirus2, cowpox, pseudocowpox, foot-and-mouth disease, vesicular stomatitis and papillomavirus) affect the integrity of the udder skin, leading to teat lesions, favoring the entry of mastitis-causing pathogens. It is therefore possible that the association between mastitis and viruses is underestimated and may, for example, be associated with negative bacterial culture results. Few milk samples are tested for the presence of viruses, mainly because of the more laborious and expensive procedures required. Furthermore, samples for virus testing would require specific procedures in terms of collection, handling and storage. Thus, there is a knowledge gap in regard to the actual impact of viruses on bovine udder health. Despite the fact that serum anti-virus antibodies can be detected, there is not enough evidence to confirm or exclude the effect of viruses on udder health. However, any expectation of milk production from healthy animals should consider the possible impact of viral infections in mastitis development and not underestimate the importance of actions to diagnose and control the disease. Therefore, the purpose of this review is to describe the association of diagnosis and control of viral diseases and their effect on bovine udder health.(AU)

Diversos fatores podem afetar a saúde da glândula mamária bovina e embora a mastite bacteriana seja a causa mais estudada e relatada, as infecções virais também podem ter efeitos negativos sobre a saúde da glândula mamária bovina. De forma indireta as infecções virais podem danificar o ducto papilar do teto ou ainda, induzir ou agravar a mastite bovina, devido aos seus efeitos imunossupressores que podem levar a uma maior susceptibilidade para casos de mastite bacteriana e até mesmo intensificar a severidade das infecções bacterianas já estabelecidas. Alguns vírus (Alphaherpesvirus bovino 2, cowpox, pseudocowpox, febre aftosa, estomatite vesicular e papilomavírus) afetam a integridade da pele do úbere, levando a lesões no teto, favorecendo a entrada de patógenos causadores de mastite. Portanto é possível que a associação entre mastites e viroses seja subestimada e podem, por exemplo, estar associada às amostras de diagnóstico de mastite bacteriana com resultados de cultura bacteriana negativa. Além disso, as amostras de leite de vacas com mastite não são coletadas, tratadas e armazenadas adequadamente para pesquisa de vírus que requer cuidados específicos, além de um diagnóstico mais trabalhoso e caro. Desse modo, há lacunas a serem preenchidas quanto ao real impacto das viroses sobre a saúde da glândula mamária bovina. Apesar da possibilidade de detecção de anticorpos séricos contra os vírus, não existem evidências suficientes para incluir ou excluir os efeitos das viroses a saúde da glândula mamária bovina. Porém, a expectativa de produção de leite por meio de animais saudáveis deve considerar os possíveis impactos das infecções virais no desenvolvimento de mastites, não se pode, portanto, subestimar a importância de ações para o diagnóstico e controle das mesmas. Sendo assim, o propósito desta revisão é descrever as relações entre o diagnóstico de controle das doenças virais e seus potenciais impactos sobre a saúde da glândula mamária bovina.(AU)