Condenações de carcaça suínas devido a doenças respiratórias revisão bibliográfica / Pork carcass condemnation due to respiratory diseases bibliographic review / Condena de canales de cerdo por enfermedades respiratorias revisión bibliográfica

As doenças respiratórias são um problema significativo na produção suína e podem levar à condenação de carcaças no abate. Entre os agentes causadores dessas doenças destacam-se o Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae e a Pasteurella multocida. O Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae é um patógeno altamente contagioso, que ocasiona hemorragia, pleuropneumonia purulenta e fibrosa. A Pleuropneumonia é amplamente distribuída e gera graves prejuízos para a suinocultura. O Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae ocasionador da pneumonia por micoplasma, doença respiratória crônica. As infecções originadas podem regular negativamente o sistema imunológico do hospedeiro e aumentar a infecção e assim a replicação de outros patógenos. A Pasteurella multocida é o agente causador de uma ampla gama de infecções levando a alto impacto econômico. Patógeno comensal e oportunista da boca, nasofaringe e trato respiratório superior. A identificação precoce e o manejo adequado desses agentes causadores de doenças respiratórias são fundamentais para minimizar a incidência de carcaças suínas. A adoção de medidas preventivas, como a vacinação e práticas de manejo adequadas, pode ajudar a prevenir a propagação dessas doenças e garantir a produção de carne suína segura e de alta qualidade para o consumo humano.(AU)

Respiratory diseases are a significant problem in pork production and can lead to condemnation of carcasses at slaughter. Among the causative agents of these diseases are Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and Pasteurella multocida. Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae is a highly contagious pathogen that causes hemorrhage, purulent and fibrous pleuropneumonia. Pleuropneumonia is widely distributed and causes serious damage to pig farming. Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae causes mycoplasma pneumonia, a chronic respiratory disease. Originating infections can down-regulate the host's immune system and increase infection and thus replication of other pathogens. Pasteurella multocida is the causative agent of a wide range of infections leading to high economic impact. Commensal and opportunistic pathogen of the mouth, nasopharynx and upper respiratory tract. Early identification and proper management of these agents that cause respiratory diseases are essential to minimize the incidence of swine carcasses. Adopting preventive measures, such as vaccination and proper management practices, can help prevent the spread of these diseases and ensure the production of safe, high-quality pork for human consumption.(AU)

Las enfermedades respiratorias son un problema importante en la producción porcina y pueden provocar el decomiso de las canales en el matadero. Entre los agentes causantes de estas enfermedades se encuentran Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae, Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae y Pasteurella multocida. Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae es un patógeno altamente contagioso que causa hemorragia, pleuroneumonía purulenta y fibrosa. La pleuroneumonía está ampliamente distribuida y causa graves daños a la cría de cerdos. Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae causa neumonía por micoplasma, una enfermedad respiratoria crónica. Las infecciones que se originan pueden regular a la baja el sistema inmunitario del huésped y aumentar la infección y, por lo tanto, la replicación de otros patógenos. Pasteurella multocida es el agente causal de una amplia gama de infecciones que tienen un alto impacto económico. Patógeno comensal y oportunista de la boca, nasofaringe y tracto respiratorio superior. La identificación temprana y el manejo adecuado de estos agentes causantes de enfermedades respiratorias son fundamentales para minimizar la incidencia de las canales porcinas. La adopción de medidas preventivas, como la vacunación y prácticas de manejo adecuadas, puede ayudar a prevenir la propagación de estas enfermedades y garantizar la producción de carne de cerdo segura y de alta calidad para el consumo humano.(AU)

A oxigenoterapia hiperbárica veterinária integrada ao tratamento da necrose tecidual e osteomielite em cão: relato de caso / Veterinary hyperbaric oxygen therapy integrated to the treatment of tissue necrosis and osteomyelitis in a dog: case report

Na rotina veterinária, as lesões nas extremidades dos membros são constantes e representam um desafio especial pelas características anatômicas, susceptibilidade de exposição óssea e limitações de reparos e reconstruções quando comparado a outras regiões do corpo. A osteomielite, decorrente de mordeduras, tem alta prevalência e sua rápida evolução pode levar a medidas drásticas, como a amputação. Neste trabalho, é relatada a utilização da oxigenoterapia hiperbárica como terapia integrativa ao tratamento convencional e a avaliação de seus efeitos durante as 12 sessões realizadas em uma cadela vítima de mordedura, que apresentava necrose e exposição óssea com colonização por Staphylococcus sp e Pasteurella multocida. A avaliação evolutiva do quadro foi elaborada a partir de registro fotográfico da lesão, com escala, a cada três sessões e submetido à análise morfométrica por software analítico. A velocidade da marcha cicatricial revelou que a utilização desta terapia propiciou precocidade e efetiva atuação na cicatrização e no combate à osteomielite, evitando a amputação do restabelecendo as liberdades da paciente, contribuindo ao aprofundamento do emprego da oxigenoterapia hiperbárica na Medicina Veterinária.(AU)

In the veterinary routine, injuries in the extremities of the limbs are constant and represent a special challenge due to the anatomical characteristics, susceptibility of bone exposure and limitations of repairs and reconstructions when compared to other regions of the body. Osteomyelitis resulting from bites is highly prevalent and its rapid evolution can lead to drastic measures such as amputation. This work describes the use of hyperbaric oxygen therapy as an integrative therapy to conventional treatment and the evaluation of its effects during the 12 treatments performed in a female dog victim of a bite, that presented evolution to necrosis and bone exposure with colonization by Staphylococcus sp e Pasteurella multocida. The evolutionary assessment of the condition was elaborated from a photographic record of the lesion, with scale, every three treatments and submitted to morphometric analysis by analytical software. The speed of the healing gait demonstrated, that the use of this therapy proved precocity and effective action in healing and in the fight against osteomyelitis, avoiding the amputation of the limb, restoring the patient's freedoms. Thus contributing to the deepening on the use of hyperbaric oxygen therapy in veterinary medicine.(AU)

Histopathologic patterns and etiologic diagnosis of porcine respiratory disease complex in Brazil / Padrões histopatológicos e diagnóstico etiológico do complexo de doenças respiratórias dos suínos no Brasil

Porcine respiratory disease complex is a major health concern for the porcine industry, causing significant economic loss. In this study, a total of 156 samples from pigs referred to a diagnostic laboratory in Brazil for 15 months were analyzed by histopathology, bacterial isolation, PCR, and immunohistochemistry. Multiple infections were common, so 42.3% of the pigs had more than one pathogen detected in the lungs. Swine influenza virus was detected in 25.0% of the cases. Porcine circovirus type 2 was detected in 7.1% of the pigs, which was often associated with Pasteurella multocida. In addition, one case of porcine circovirus type 3 infection associated with granulomatous pneumonia was diagnosed. Bacteria were isolated in 125 cases, namely Pasteurella multocida (34.0%), Glaesserella (Haemophilus) parasuis (35.2%), Streptococcus suis (13.5%), and Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (7.7%). Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae was identified in 7.0% of the cases, and 18.6% of pigs carried Salmonella sp. The most common patterns of pulmonary inflammation were broncopneumonia, bronchointerstitial pneumonia, and pleuritis, in that order. This study demonstrated that histopathology is an efficient tool along with other laboratorial diagnostic tests for establishing an etiologic diagnosis in cases of porcine respiratory disease complex.

O complexo de doenças respiratórias de suínos é um dos principais problemas sanitários na suinocultura, causando perdas econômicas significativas. O presente estudo incluiu amostras de 156 suínos, que foram encaminhados a um laboratório de diagnóstico no Brasil, durante um período de 15 meses, sendo realizados histopatologia, isolamento bacteriano, PCR e imuno-histoquímica. Coinfecções por múltiplos patógenos foram comuns, correspondendo a 42,3% dos animais, que tiveram mais de um agente identificado nos pulmões. O vírus da influenza suína foi detectado em 25,0%. O circovírus suíno tipo 2 foi detectado em 7,1% dos animais, frequentemente associado à Pasteurella multocida. Além disso, foi diagnosticado um caso de circovírus suíno tipo 3 associado à pneumonia granulomatosa. Foram isoladas bactérias em 125 casos, a saber: Pasteurella multocida (34,0%), Glaesserella (Haemophilus) parasuis (35,2%), Streptococcus suis (13,5%) e Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae (7,7%). Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae foi identificado em 7,0%, e 18,6% dos animais tiveram isolamento de Salmonella sp. Os padrões mais frequentes de inflamação pulmonar foram: broncopneumonia, pneumonia broncointersticial e pleurite, nesta ordem. Este estudo demonstrou que a histopatologia é uma ferramenta eficiente, juntamente a outras técnicas laboratoriais de diagnóstico, para o estabelecimento de diagnóstico etiológico em casos do complexo de doenças respiratórias de suínos.

Thoracic spinal epidural empyema in a cat

A 2-month-old male domestic shorthair cat was referred to a private veterinary clinic with a history of dyspnea and inappetence. At the clinical examination, the cat was in poor body condition, with hyperthermia and abdominal distension. No major abnormalities were observed in the thoracic radiographs or abdominal ultrasound. A complete blood count revealed leukocytosis with neutrophilia. Although no clinical diagnosis was made, the cat received support therapy, but went into cardiac arrest and died. The cat was submitted for necropsy and the main gross finding was two white nodules on the ventral surface of the thoracic vertebrae (from T1 to T4). At the cut surface, the nodules were friable and filled with yellow exudate. The epidural space of the thoracic region was filled with yellowish viscous material. Histologically, the vertebrae were partially replaced by abscess formation characterized by a necrotic center with degenerate neutrophils, surrounded by fibrous connective tissue. The epidural space was filled with degenerate neutrophils, necrotic debris, fibrin, and intralesional colonies of gram-negative short rod-shaped to coccobacillary bacteria. Bacteriologic culture yielded Pasteurella multocida. This paper describes the gross, histological, and bacteriological features of a rare case of spinal epidural empyema caused by Pasteurella multocida in a cat.(AU)

Economic impact of chronic pleural lesions and consequent disqualification of carcasses for export during inspection in swine slaughterhouses / Impacto econômico de lesões pleurais crônicas e consequente desqualificação de carcaças para exportação durante inspeção em frigoríficos de suínos

Chronic pleuritis is the main reason for sending pig carcasses to the Department of Final Inspection (DIF), condemnation and led to economic losses to industries and producers. Most pleura lesions detected after slaughter are sequelae from bacterial infections by agents that do not pose risks to pork consumers. The objective of the present study was to generate science-based information for decision making in the evaluation and destination of chronic pleuritis by the Federal Inspection Service (SIF). Therefore, 200 carcasses, with and without pleurisy, from a swine slaughterhouse with SIF were assessed following the visual classification of the inspection agent. The study was carried out in two stages. In stage 1, 50 carcasses with pneumonic lesions adjacent to chronic pleuritis and 50 carcasses with only chronic pleuritis lesions were evaluated, through macroscopy, histopathology, and bacterial culture. In stage 2, 50 swine carcasses with chronic pleuritis and 50 without this lesion were sampled in the parietal pleura region to bacterial culture and PCR. The economic impact of not exporting these carcasses with chronic pleuritis was also assessed. Considering the stages of evolution of the lesions, the macroscopic examination showed high correlation with the histological examination. There was no bacterial isolation through pleural swabs, regardless of the presence or not of adjacent pulmonary lesions. Isolation was restricted to the adjacent pulmonary lesions of 70% samples, with Pasteurella multocida type A found in 48% of them, followed by P. multocida type D and Streptococcus suis in 12%, and Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae in 3%. Only Streptococcus suis DNA was detected in 5/100 samples, with no correspondence to the isolation of viable bacteria. The reliability demonstrated in the macroscopic evaluation carried out during inspection, the absence of viable bacteria in the chronic pleural lesions, and the negative economic impact suggest that carcasses with chronic pleuritis can be submitted to pleura removal, with no need of sending to DIF.

Pleurite crônica é a principal causa do desvio de carcaças de suínos para o Departamento de Inspeção Final (DIF), podendo causar condenação e prejuízos econômicos às indústrias e produtores. A maioria das lesões de pleura detectadas após o abate são sequelas de infecções bacterianas por agentes que não oferecem riscos aos consumidores de carne suína. O objetivo do presente estudo foi gerar informações científicas para a tomada de decisão na avaliação e destino da pleurite crônica pelo Serviço de Inspeção Federal (SIF). Para tanto, 200 carcaças, com e sem pleurisia, provenientes de um frigorífico de suínos com SIF foram avaliadas seguindo a classificação visual do agente fiscalizador. O estudo foi realizado em duas etapas. No estágio 1, 50 carcaças com lesões pneumônicas adjacentes à pleurite crônica e 50 carcaças apresentando somente lesões de pleurite crônica foram avaliadas macroscopicamente, por histopatologia e cultura bacteriana. No estágio 2, 50 carcaças suínas com pleurite crônica e 50 sem esta lesão foram amostradas na região da pleura parietal para cultura bacteriana e PCR. O impacto econômico de não exportar essas carcaças com pleurite crônica também foi avaliado. Considerando os estágios de evolução das lesões, o exame macroscópico apresentou alta correlação com o exame histológico. Não houve isolamento bacteriano por meio de swabs pleurais, independentemente da presença ou não de lesões pulmonares adjacentes. O isolamento foi restrito às lesões pulmonares adjacentes de 70% das amostras, sendo Pasteurella multocida tipo A encontrado em 48% delas, seguido por P. multocida tipo D e Streptococcus suis em 12%, e Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae em 3%. Apenas DNA de Streptococcus suis foi detectado em 5/100 amostras, sem correspondência com o isolamento de bactérias viáveis. A confiabilidade demonstrada na avaliação macroscópica realizada durante a inspeção, a ausência de bactérias viáveis nas lesões pleurais crônicas e o impacto econômico negativo sugerem que carcaças com pleurite crônica podem ser submetidas à remoção da pleura, sem necessidade de envio para DIF.

Investigation of Genetic Diversity of Pasteurella multocida Isolated from Diseased Poultry in Korea

ABSTRACT Pasteurella multocida causes fowl cholera which is an economically important disease in poultry industries around the world. In this study, we analyzed the capsular genotype, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) genotype, virulence-associated genes (VAGs) patterns, antimicrobial resistance and genetic diversity in a total of 9 P. multocida isolates from poultry with fowl cholera between 2014 and 2019 in Korea. When combining the capsular types with the LPS genotypes, two isolates of the 9 isolates were A:L3, and the others were non-typeable (NT): L3. Of the 23 VAGs, all the isolates harbored ptfA, fimA, hsf-1, hsf-2, pfhA, exbB, exbD, tonB, hgbA, hgbB, fur, sodA, sodC, pmHAS, ompA, ompH, oma87, plpB, psl, and nanH, whereas toxA gene was not detected in any of the 9 isolates. In addition, among the 11 antimicrobials, most of the isolates except for one isolate resistant to florfenicol, exhibited susceptibility to all the antimicrobials. Multi-locus sequence typing (MLST) analysis revealed 5 different sequence types (ST): ST8, ST351, ST352, ST353, and ST368. The ST351, ST352, ST353, and ST368 were identified for the first time in this study, and ST352 and ST353 isolates were largely prevalent nationwide. These STs isolates should be monitored continuously because in some cases, ST352 and ST353 isolates demonstrated high mortality rates. Although only limited numbers of isolates have been analyzed, our findings provide overall characteristics and epidemiological information of the P. multocida strains recently prevalent in Korea.

Melhoria da eficácia do florfenicol no tratamento de pneumonia caprina causada por Pasteurella multocida e Mannheimia haemolytica / Improving the effectiveness of florfenicol in the treatment of caprine pneumonia by Pasteurella multocida and Mannheimia haemolytica

O objetivo do presente trabalho é avaliar a eficácia do tratamento do florfenicol na dose tradicional de 20mg/kg, administrado por via intramuscular e intravenosa, no tratamento de pneumonia por Pasteurella multocida e Mannheimia haemolytica, utilizando o modelamento farmacocinético/farmacodinâmico (PK/PD). Para isso, foi realizada uma simulação de Monte Carlo dos parâmetros farmacocinéticos e farmacodinâmicos, em seguida, efetuou-se o modelamento PK/PD para determinar as taxas de eficácia no tratamento dessa infecção bacteriana, segundo o valor da concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) das bactérias, considerando o intervalo de 0,125 - 4µg/mL. Pela via intramuscular, a probabilidade de se atingir o índice de erradicação bacteriológica foi de 100%, com a CIM de até 0,25µg/mL, efeito bactericida de 100% com CIM até 0,5µg/mL e efeito bacteriostático de 100% com CIM até 1µg/mL. Já pela via intravenosa, a probabilidade de erradicação bacteriológica foi de 100% com CIM até 0,5µg/mL e efeito bacteriostático com probabilidades de 100% e 83% com CIMs de 2 e 4µg/mL, respectivamente. O tratamento com florfenicol na dose de 20mg/kg, via intramuscular, diminuiu de forma significativa para infecções causadas por microrganismos com CIM superior a 0,5µg/mL, porém, pela via intravenosa, os efeitos antibacterianos foram eficientes para CIMs maiores, como as de 2 e 4µg/mL (p < 0.01). Este estudo evidencia a necessidade de se incorporar no protocolo terapêutico o isolamento bacteriológico e levar em consideração a via de administração para que haja a otimização da dose tradicional, a fim de evitar falhas na terapia antimicrobiana, potencializando uma resistência microbiana.

The objective of the present work is to evaluate the efficacy of the treatment of florfenicol in the traditional dose of 20mg/kg administered intramuscularly and intravenously, in the treatment of pneumonia by Pasteurella multocida and Mannheimia haemolytica, using pharmacokinetic / pharmacodynamic modeling (PK/PD). A Monte Carlo simulation of the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic parameters was carried out, and then the PK / PD modeling was performed to determine the efficacy rates in the treatment of this bacterial infection, according to the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) value of the bacteria, considering the range of 0.125 - 4µg/mL. Through the intramuscular route, the probability of reaching the bacteriological eradication rate was 100%, with the MIC up to 0.25µg/mL; bactericidal effect of 100% with MIC up to 0.5µg/mL and bacteriostatic effect of 100% with MIC up to 1µg/mL. Intravenously, the probability of bacteriological eradication was 100% with MIC up to 0.5µg/mL and bacteriostatic effect with probabilities of 100% and 83% with MICs of 2 and 4µg/mL, respectively. Treatment with florfenicol at a dose of 20mg/kg, intramuscularly, decreased significantly for infections caused by microorganisms with MIC greater than 0.5µg/mL, however, intravenously the antibacterial effects were efficient for MICs larger than those of 2 and 4µg/mL (p < 0.01). This study highlights the need to incorporate bacteriological isolation into the therapeutic protocol and take into account the route of administration in order to optimize the traditional dose in order to avoid flaws in antimicrobial therapy, enhancing microbial resistance.

Agents of pneumonia in slaughtered pigs in southern Brazil

ABSTRACT: A high prevalence of pneumonic lesions has been reported to affect slaughtered pigs in southern Brazil. In order to identify which microorganisms have been causing those lesions, 30 pig lungs presenting pneumonic gross lesions were collected from five different slaughterhouses, totaling 150 lungs. Samples for bacterial isolation, molecular, histopathologic and immunohistochemistry (IHC) evaluation were taken from each lung. The pneumonic lesion scoring ranged from 1.53 to 2.83. The most frequent histopathological lesions found was the concomitant Influenza A virus (IAV) and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae infection, corresponding to 55.3% (83/150), and Pasteurella multocida type A was isolated in 54.2% (45/83) of these cases. In 102 samples (68%), there was histopathologic suggestion of involvement of more than one infectious agent. M. hyopneumoniae was the most frequent agent associated with pneumonic lesions, being present in 92.1% (94/102) of the lungs with coinfections, followed by IAV in 89.2% (91/102). Besides the coinfections, IAV lesions were observed also in six samples without another pathogenic microorganism detected. A total of 46 samples with acute and subacute IAV suspected lesions in histopathological examination were assessed for IHC and real time RT-PCR for IAV. A total of 35% (16/46) of them were positive by IHC and 13% (6/46) by real time RT-PCR. Regarding M. hyopneumoniae, 79.3% (119/150) of samples were positive by qPCR and 84.9% (101/119) of them also presented M. hyopneumoniae suspected lesions in the histopathological examination. The results of this study suggest the importance of IAV in respiratory diseases in finishing pigs, even though this virus is more frequently reported in the nursery phase. In addition, our results emphasize the importance of lung coinfections in finishing pigs.

RESUMO: Lesões sugestivas de pneumonia são frequentemente encontradas em altas prevalências em suínos abatidos no sul do Brasil. Para identificar quais microrganismos causam essas lesões, foram coletados 30 pulmões de suínos com lesão macroscópica sugestiva de pneumonia em cinco frigoríficos diferentes, totalizando 150 pulmões. Amostras para isolamento bacteriano, avaliação molecular, histopatológica e imuno-histoquímica (IHC) foram coletadas de cada pulmão. O escore de lesão pulmonar variou entre 1,53 a 2,83. O achado histopatológico mais observado foi a lesão sugestiva de infecção concomitante pelo vírus Influenza A (IAV) e Mycoplasma (M.) hyopneumoniae, correspondendo a 55,3% (83/150), e em 54,2% (45/83) desses casos Pasteurella (P.) multocida tipo A foi isolado. Em 102 amostras (68%), houve lesão histopatológica sugestiva do envolvimento de mais de um agente infeccioso. M. hyopneumoniae foi o microrganismo mais frequente associado a lesões de pneumonia, estando presente em 92,1% (94/102) dos pulmões com coinfecções, seguido de IAV, que foi encontrado em 89,2% (91/102). Além das coinfecções, lesões de IAV foram observadas em mais seis amostras que não aparentavam envolvimento de outro agente infeccioso. Um total de 46 amostras com suspeita de lesão aguda e subaguda de IAV no exame histopatológico foram avaliadas para IHC e RT-PCR em tempo real para IAV e 35% (16/46) delas foram positivas por IHC e 13% (6/46) foram positivas por RT-PCR em tempo real. Com relação a M. hyopneumoniae, 79,3% (119/150) das amostras foram positivas por qPCR e 84,9% (101/119) delas também apresentaram lesões suspeitas de M. hyopneumoniae no exame histopatológico. Os resultados deste trabalho sugerem a importância do IAV como agente causador de pneumonias em suínos de terminação, embora esse vírus seja mais frequentemente relatado na fase de creche. Além disso, os achados deste trabalho demonstram a presença frequente de coinfecções pulmonares em suínos de terminação.

Agents of pneumonia in slaughtered pigs in southern Brazil / Agentes patogênicos de pneumonia em suínos abatidos no sul do Brasil

A high prevalence of pneumonic lesions has been reported to affect slaughtered pigs in southern Brazil. In order to identify which microorganisms have been causing those lesions, 30 pig lungs presenting pneumonic gross lesions were collected from five different slaughterhouses, totaling 150 lungs. Samples for bacterial isolation, molecular, histopathologic and immunohistochemistry (IHC) evaluation were taken from each lung. The pneumonic lesion scoring ranged from 1.53 to 2.83. The most frequent histopathological lesions found was the concomitant Influenza A virus (IAV) and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae infection, corresponding to 55.3% (83/150), and Pasteurella multocida type A was isolated in 54.2% (45/83) of these cases. In 102 samples (68%), there was histopathologic suggestion of involvement of more than one infectious agent. M. hyopneumoniae was the most frequent agent associated with pneumonic lesions, being present in 92.1% (94/102) of the lungs with coinfections, followed by IAV in 89.2% (91/102). Besides the coinfections, IAV lesions were observed also in six samples without another pathogenic microorganism detected. A total of 46 samples with acute and subacute IAV suspected lesions in histopathological examination were assessed for IHC and real time RT-PCR for IAV. A total of 35% (16/46) of them were positive by IHC and 13% (6/46) by real time RT-PCR. Regarding M. hyopneumoniae, 79.3% (119/150) of samples were positive by qPCR and 84.9% (101/119) of them also presented M. hyopneumoniae suspected lesions in the histopathological examination. The results of this study suggest the importance of IAV in respiratory diseases in finishing pigs, even though this virus is more frequently reported in the nursery phase. In addition, our results emphasize the importance of lung coinfections in finishing pigs.(AU)

Lesões sugestivas de pneumonia são frequentemente encontradas em altas prevalências em suínos abatidos no sul do Brasil. Para identificar quais microrganismos causam essas lesões, foram coletados 30 pulmões de suínos com lesão macroscópica sugestiva de pneumonia em cinco frigoríficos diferentes, totalizando 150 pulmões. Amostras para isolamento bacteriano, avaliação molecular, histopatológica e imuno-histoquímica (IHC) foram coletadas de cada pulmão. O escore de lesão pulmonar variou entre 1,53 a 2,83. O achado histopatológico mais observado foi a lesão sugestiva de infecção concomitante pelo vírus Influenza A (IAV) e Mycoplasma (M.) hyopneumoniae, correspondendo a 55,3% (83/150), e em 54,2% (45/83) desses casos Pasteurella (P.) multocida tipo A foi isolado. Em 102 amostras (68%), houve lesão histopatológica sugestiva do envolvimento de mais de um agente infeccioso. M. hyopneumoniae foi o microrganismo mais frequente associado a lesões de pneumonia, estando presente em 92,1% (94/102) dos pulmões com coinfecções, seguido de IAV, que foi encontrado em 89,2% (91/102). Além das coinfecções, lesões de IAV foram observadas em mais seis amostras que não aparentavam envolvimento de outro agente infeccioso. Um total de 46 amostras com suspeita de lesão aguda e subaguda de IAV no exame histopatológico foram avaliadas para IHC e RT-PCR em tempo real para IAV e 35% (16/46) delas foram positivas por IHC e 13% (6/46) foram positivas por RT-PCR em tempo real. Com relação a M. hyopneumoniae, 79,3% (119/150) das amostras foram positivas por qPCR e 84,9% (101/119) delas também apresentaram lesões suspeitas de M. hyopneumoniae no exame histopatológico. Os resultados deste trabalho sugerem a importância do IAV como agente causador de pneumonias em suínos de terminação, embora esse vírus seja mais frequentemente relatado na fase de creche. Além disso, os achados deste trabalho demonstram a presença frequente de coinfecções pulmonares em suínos de terminação.(AU)

Agents of pneumonia in slaughtered pigs in southern Brazil / Agentes patogênicos de pneumonia em suínos abatidos no sul do Brasil

A high prevalence of pneumonic lesions has been reported to affect slaughtered pigs in southern Brazil. In order to identify which microorganisms have been causing those lesions, 30 pig lungs presenting pneumonic gross lesions were collected from five different slaughterhouses, totaling 150 lungs. Samples for bacterial isolation, molecular, histopathologic and immunohistochemistry (IHC) evaluation were taken from each lung. The pneumonic lesion scoring ranged from 1.53 to 2.83. The most frequent histopathological lesions found was the concomitant Influenza A virus (IAV) and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae infection, corresponding to 55.3% (83/150), and Pasteurella multocida type A was isolated in 54.2% (45/83) of these cases. In 102 samples (68%), there was histopathologic suggestion of involvement of more than one infectious agent. M. hyopneumoniae was the most frequent agent associated with pneumonic lesions, being present in 92.1% (94/102) of the lungs with coinfections, followed by IAV in 89.2% (91/102). Besides the coinfections, IAV lesions were observed also in six samples without another pathogenic microorganism detected. A total of 46 samples with acute and subacute IAV suspected lesions in histopathological examination were assessed for IHC and real time RT-PCR for IAV. A total of 35% (16/46) of them were positive by IHC and 13% (6/46) by real time RT-PCR. Regarding M. hyopneumoniae, 79.3% (119/150) of samples were positive by qPCR and 84.9% (101/119) of them also presented M. hyopneumoniae suspected lesions in the histopathological examination. The results of this study suggest the importance of IAV in respiratory diseases in finishing pigs, even though this virus is more frequently reported in the nursery phase. In addition, our results emphasize the importance of lung coinfections in finishing pigs.(AU)

Lesões sugestivas de pneumonia são frequentemente encontradas em altas prevalências em suínos abatidos no sul do Brasil. Para identificar quais microrganismos causam essas lesões, foram coletados 30 pulmões de suínos com lesão macroscópica sugestiva de pneumonia em cinco frigoríficos diferentes, totalizando 150 pulmões. Amostras para isolamento bacteriano, avaliação molecular, histopatológica e imuno-histoquímica (IHC) foram coletadas de cada pulmão. O escore de lesão pulmonar variou entre 1,53 a 2,83. O achado histopatológico mais observado foi a lesão sugestiva de infecção concomitante pelo vírus Influenza A (IAV) e Mycoplasma (M.) hyopneumoniae, correspondendo a 55,3% (83/150), e em 54,2% (45/83) desses casos Pasteurella (P.) multocida tipo A foi isolado. Em 102 amostras (68%), houve lesão histopatológica sugestiva do envolvimento de mais de um agente infeccioso. M. hyopneumoniae foi o microrganismo mais frequente associado a lesões de pneumonia, estando presente em 92,1% (94/102) dos pulmões com coinfecções, seguido de IAV, que foi encontrado em 89,2% (91/102). Além das coinfecções, lesões de IAV foram observadas em mais seis amostras que não aparentavam envolvimento de outro agente infeccioso. Um total de 46 amostras com suspeita de lesão aguda e subaguda de IAV no exame histopatológico foram avaliadas para IHC e RT-PCR em tempo real para IAV e 35% (16/46) delas foram positivas por IHC e 13% (6/46) foram positivas por RT-PCR em tempo real. Com relação a M. hyopneumoniae, 79,3% (119/150) das amostras foram positivas por qPCR e 84,9% (101/119) delas também apresentaram lesões suspeitas de M. hyopneumoniae no exame histopatológico. Os resultados deste trabalho sugerem a importância do IAV como agente causador de pneumonias em suínos de terminação, embora esse vírus seja mais frequentemente relatado na fase de creche. Além disso, os achados deste trabalho demonstram a presença frequente de coinfecções pulmonares em suínos de terminação.(AU)

Detection of Mycoplasma Synoviae and Other Pathogens in Laying Hens with Respiratory Signs in the Rearing and Production Phases

The present study aimed to investigate the occurrence of Mycoplasma synoviae (MS), M. gallisepticum (MG), Ornitobacterium rhinotracheale (OR), Avibacterium paragallinarum (AP), Pasteurella multocida (PM) and Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) in laying hens with respiratory clinical signs in two phases of production. 140 tracheal swabs and 140 blood samples were collected from laying hens in the rearing and production phases, the chickens belonged to six farms (A-F) located in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. The samples were analyzed by PCR for MG, MS, OR, AP, PM and IBV and by ELISA for MG and MS. The highest frequencies observed by PCR were for MS at farms B and C with 95 and 100% positivity, followed by MG at farms D and E with 35% and 65%, IBV with 35% at farm F and ORT with 15% at farm A. All flocks were positive for MG and MS in serology. Although MG and IBV have been detected, this can be explained by the vaccination protocols, since live attenuated vaccines are widely used for immunization against these pathogens. It was also possible to detect OR and AP thorugh PCR in some flocks. The occurrence of several etiological agents that cause respiratory diseases in laying hens was confirmed by PCR and serology, with MS being the most prevalent and being present in all farms studied.(AU)

Detection of Mycoplasma Synoviae and Other Pathogens in Laying Hens with Respiratory Signs in the Rearing and Production Phases

The present study aimed to investigate the occurrence of Mycoplasma synoviae (MS), M. gallisepticum (MG), Ornitobacterium rhinotracheale (OR), Avibacterium paragallinarum (AP), Pasteurella multocida (PM) and Infectious Bronchitis Virus (IBV) in laying hens with respiratory clinical signs in two phases of production. 140 tracheal swabs and 140 blood samples were collected from laying hens in the rearing and production phases, the chickens belonged to six farms (A-F) located in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. The samples were analyzed by PCR for MG, MS, OR, AP, PM and IBV and by ELISA for MG and MS. The highest frequencies observed by PCR were for MS at farms B and C with 95 and 100% positivity, followed by MG at farms D and E with 35% and 65%, IBV with 35% at farm F and ORT with 15% at farm A. All flocks were positive for MG and MS in serology. Although MG and IBV have been detected, this can be explained by the vaccination protocols, since live attenuated vaccines are widely used for immunization against these pathogens. It was also possible to detect OR and AP thorugh PCR in some flocks. The occurrence of several etiological agents that cause respiratory diseases in laying hens was confirmed by PCR and serology, with MS being the most prevalent and being present in all farms studied.

Bacterial pneumonia in captive wild boars in southern Brazil: etiological and pathological causes

Respiratory diseases are one of the major health issues described in intensive pig production, causing important economic losses. However, there is little information on the prevalence, etiology and clinical-pathological presentation of these diseases in wild boars. For this reason, this work investigated the presence in captive wild boars of pneumonic lesions and bacterial pathogens commonly detected and associated with respiratory diseases in domestic pigs. A total of 226 captive wild boar lungs from two farms were examined in a slaughterhouse in Southern Brazil. The pneumonic lesions were classified as cranioventral, dorsocaudal, and disseminated, and the quantification of lesions was calculated. From the total of 226 lungs, 121 were collected for laboratory examination. Lungs with macroscopic lesions suggestive of pneumonia were collected for histological, bacteriological and molecular analysis. The molecular analysis was performed to detect the presence of Actinobacillus (A.) pleuropneumoniae, Glaesserella (G.) parasuis, Mycoplasma (M.) hyopneumoniae, Mycoplasma (M.) hyorhinis and Streptococcus (S.) suis serotype 2. The percentages of histological lesions and bacterial agents and their association were calculated. Cranioventral consolidation (75.2%) was the most prevalent macroscopic lung lesion, followed by disseminated (21.5%) and dorsocaudal (3.3%) distribution. Microscopically, chronic lesions were the most prevalent, representing 70.2% of the lungs. Moreover, BALT hyperplasia was present in 86.5% of the lungs, suppurative bronchopneumonia in 65.7%, and alveoli infiltrate in 46.8%. Six bacterial pathogens commonly described as agents of pig pneumonia were identified by bacterial or molecular methods: Pasteurella (P.) multocida, S. suis, M. hyopneumoniae, A. pleuropneumoniae, G. parasuis and M. hyorhinis. Twenty-eight different combinations of pathogens were identified in 84 samples (69.4%). The most common combinations were: M. hyopneumoniae and A. pleuropneumoniae (13.1%), M. hyopneumoniae, G. parasuis and M. hyorhinis (10.7%), and M. hyopneumoniae, A. pleuropneumoniae and G. parasuis (8.3%). Additionally, M. hyopneumoniae was the most frequent pathogen detected in this study, representing 58.7% of the samples. The detection of M. hyopneumoniae and M. hyorhinis by PCR was associated with the presence of BALT hyperplasia (P < 0.05) and there was also an association between the detection of M. hyopneumoniae by PCR and suppurative bronchopneumonia (P < 0.05). In addition, a significant association (P < 0.05) between the detection of M. hyopneumoniae and A. pleuropneumoniae by PCR and the histological classification (acute, subacute or chronic lesions) was observed. The results of this study were similar to those observed in slaughtered domestic pigs, although, the detection of opportunist pathogens was less frequent than that usually described in pig pneumonia. The high prevalence of pneumonia in captive wild boars at slaughter and the similar characteristics of pneumonia in captive wild boars and domestic pigs suggest that the close phylogenetic relationship between pigs and wild boars could influence the susceptibility of both species to the colonization of the same pathogens, indicating that captive wild boars raised in confined conditions could be predisposed to respiratory diseases, similar to domestic pigs.(AU)

Antimicrobial resistance in bacteria isolated from pigs with respiratory clinical signs in Brazil / Resistência a antimicrobianos em bactérias isoladas de suínos com sinais clínicos respiratórios no Brasil

Antimicrobial resistance is a current and important issue to public health, and it is usually associated with the indiscriminate use of antimicrobials in animal production. This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial susceptibility profile in bacterial isolates from pigs with clinical respiratory signs in Brazil. One hundred sixty bacterial strains isolated from pigs from 51 pig farms in Brazil were studied. In vitro disk-diffusion method was employed using 14 antimicrobial agents: amoxicillin, penicillin, ceftiofur, ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, chlortetracycline, doxycycline, oxytetracycline, tetracycline, erythromycin, tilmicosin, florfenicol, lincomycin, and sulfadiazine/trimethoprim. The majority of isolates were resistant to at least one antimicrobial agent (98.75%; 158/160), while 31.25% (50/160) of the strains were multidrug resistant. Streptococcus suis and Bordetella bronchiseptica were the pathogens that showed higher resistance levels. Haemophilus parasuis showed high resistance levels to sulfadiazine/trimethoprim (9/18=50%). We observed that isolates from the midwestern and southern regions exhibited four times greater chance of being multidrug resistant than the isolates from the southeastern region studied. Overall, the results of the present study showed a great level of resistance to lincomycin, erythromycin, sulfadiazine/trimethoprim, and tetracycline among bacterial respiratory pathogens isolated from pigs in Brazil. The high levels of antimicrobial resistance in swine respiratory bacterial pathogens highlight the need for the proper use of antimicrobials in Brazilian pig farms.(AU)

A resistência antimicrobiana é uma questão atual e muito importante para a saúde pública, geralmente associada ao uso indiscriminado de antimicrobianos na produção animal. Diante disso, foi investigado o perfil de sensibilidade-antimicrobiana em isolados bacterianos de suínos com sinais clínicos respiratórios no Brasil. Foram estudadas 96 isolados provenientes de 51 granjas de suínos do Brasil. O método de disco-difusão foi empregado usando 14 antimicrobianos: amoxicilina, penicilina, ceftiofur, ciprofloxacina, enrofloxacina, clortetraciclina, doxiciclina, oxitetraciclina, tetraciclina, eritromicina, tilmicosina, florfenicol, lincomicina e sulfadiazina/trimetoprim. Streptococcus suis e Bordetella bronchiseptica foram os patógenos que apresentaram maiores níveis de resistência. Haemophilus parasuis apresentou altos níveis de resistência à sulfadiazina/trimetoprim (9/18=50%). Observou-se que isolados das regiões Centro-Oeste e Sul apresentaram quatro vezes mais chance de serem multirresistentes do que os isolados da região Sudeste. A maioria foi resistente a pelo menos um agente antimicrobiano (98,75%; 158/160) e 31,25% (50/160) das estirpes isoladas eram multirresistentes. No geral, os resultados do presente estudo mostraram grande nível de resistência à lincomicina, eritromicina, sulfadiazina/trimetoprim e tetraciclina entre patógenos respiratórios bacterianos isolados de suínos no Brasil. Os altos níveis de resistência antimicrobiana em patógenos bacterianos respiratórios em suínos reforçam a necessidade do uso criterioso de antimicrobianos na suinocultura brasileira.(AU)

Antimicrobial resistance in bacteria isolated from pigs with respiratory clinical signs in Brazil / Resistência a antimicrobianos em bactérias isoladas de suínos com sinais clínicos respiratórios no Brasil

Antimicrobial resistance is a current and important issue to public health, and it is usually associated with the indiscriminate use of antimicrobials in animal production. This study aimed to evaluate the antimicrobial susceptibility profile in bacterial isolates from pigs with clinical respiratory signs in Brazil. One hundred sixty bacterial strains isolated from pigs from 51 pig farms in Brazil were studied. In vitro disk-diffusion method was employed using 14 antimicrobial agents: amoxicillin, penicillin, ceftiofur, ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, chlortetracycline, doxycycline, oxytetracycline, tetracycline, erythromycin, tilmicosin, florfenicol, lincomycin, and sulfadiazine/trimethoprim. The majority of isolates were resistant to at least one antimicrobial agent (98.75%; 158/160), while 31.25% (50/160) of the strains were multidrug resistant. Streptococcus suis and Bordetella bronchiseptica were the pathogens that showed higher resistance levels. Haemophilus parasuis showed high resistance levels to sulfadiazine/trimethoprim (9/18=50%). We observed that isolates from the midwestern and southern regions exhibited four times greater chance of being multidrug resistant than the isolates from the southeastern region studied. Overall, the results of the present study showed a great level of resistance to lincomycin, erythromycin, sulfadiazine/trimethoprim, and tetracycline among bacterial respiratory pathogens isolated from pigs in Brazil. The high levels of antimicrobial resistance in swine respiratory bacterial pathogens highlight the need for the proper use of antimicrobials in Brazilian pig farms.(AU)

A resistência antimicrobiana é uma questão atual e muito importante para a saúde pública, geralmente associada ao uso indiscriminado de antimicrobianos na produção animal. Diante disso, foi investigado o perfil de sensibilidade-antimicrobiana em isolados bacterianos de suínos com sinais clínicos respiratórios no Brasil. Foram estudadas 96 isolados provenientes de 51 granjas de suínos do Brasil. O método de disco-difusão foi empregado usando 14 antimicrobianos: amoxicilina, penicilina, ceftiofur, ciprofloxacina, enrofloxacina, clortetraciclina, doxiciclina, oxitetraciclina, tetraciclina, eritromicina, tilmicosina, florfenicol, lincomicina e sulfadiazina/trimetoprim. Streptococcus suis e Bordetella bronchiseptica foram os patógenos que apresentaram maiores níveis de resistência. Haemophilus parasuis apresentou altos níveis de resistência à sulfadiazina/trimetoprim (9/18=50%). Observou-se que isolados das regiões Centro-Oeste e Sul apresentaram quatro vezes mais chance de serem multirresistentes do que os isolados da região Sudeste. A maioria foi resistente a pelo menos um agente antimicrobiano (98,75%; 158/160) e 31,25% (50/160) das estirpes isoladas eram multirresistentes. No geral, os resultados do presente estudo mostraram grande nível de resistência à lincomicina, eritromicina, sulfadiazina/trimetoprim e tetraciclina entre patógenos respiratórios bacterianos isolados de suínos no Brasil. Os altos níveis de resistência antimicrobiana em patógenos bacterianos respiratórios em suínos reforçam a necessidade do uso criterioso de antimicrobianos na suinocultura brasileira.(AU)

Causes of death in growing-finishing pigs in two technified farms in southern Brazil / Causas de morte em suínos de crescimento e terminação em duas granjas tecnificadas no Sul do Brasil

The aim of this study was to investigate the main causes of death in growing-finishing pigs in southern Brazil. During a one-year period (from 2018 to 2019), two industrial pig herds (18 and 20 thousand pigs each farm) in southern Brazil were monitored along the four seasons of the year (12 days per season on each farm), in order to perform necropsies of all pigs that died in that period. The two farms had an average monthly mortality rate ranging from 0.94 to 3.93% in the evaluated months. At necropsy, tissues were collected, fixed in 10% formalin solution and processed routinely for histopathological examination. When necessary, samples were sent for bacterial culture and PCR to identify etiologic agents. A total of 601 necropsies were performed, with 94.9% of conclusive diagnoses. Infectious diseases corresponded to 64.4% of conclusive diagnosis and non-infectious diseases to 35.6%. The most prevalent causes of death were: pneumonia (33%), gastric ulcers (15.4%), circovirosis (9.9%), systemic bacterial embolism (5.4%), polyserositis (4.4%), dilated cardiomyopathy and torsion of abdominal organs (4.3% each), and bacterial pericarditis (3.4%). Regarding pneumonias (199/601), the main agents identified in these cases were Pasteurella multocida, Influenza A virus and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, mainly in associations.(AU)

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi investigar as principais causas de morte de suínos em fase de crescimento e terminação no Sul do Brasil. Durante o período de um ano (entre 2018 e 2019), duas granjas tecnificadas de suínos no Sul do Brasil foram acompanhadas nas quatro estações (12 dias por estação em cada granja), para realização de necropsias dos suínos que morreram nesse período. As duas propriedades apresentavam mortalidade mensal média entre 0,94 e 3,93% nos meses avaliados. Na necropsia, amostras de órgãos foram colhidas, fixadas em formol 10% e processadas rotineiramente para o exame histopatológico. Quando necessário, amostras foram enviadas para o cultivo bacteriano e PCR para identificação de agentes etiológicos. Foram realizadas um total de 601 necropsias, com 94,9% de diagnósticos conclusivos. As doenças infecciosas corresponderam a 64,4% dos diagnósticos conclusivos e as não infecciosas a 35,6%. As principais causas de morte foram: pneumonias (33%), úlcera gástrica (15,4%), circovirose (9,9%), embolia bacteriana sistêmica (5,4%), polisserosite (4,4%), cardiomiopatia dilatada e torção de órgãos abdominais (4,3% cada) e pericardite bacteriana (3,4%). Com relação às pneumonias (199/601), os principais agentes associadas as lesões foram Pasteurella multocida, vírus da Influenza A e Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, principalmente associados entre si.(AU)

Causes of death in growing-finishing pigs in two technified farms in southern Brazil / Causas de morte em suínos de crescimento e terminação em duas granjas tecnificadas no Sul do Brasil

The aim of this study was to investigate the main causes of death in growing-finishing pigs in southern Brazil. During a one-year period (from 2018 to 2019), two industrial pig herds (18 and 20 thousand pigs each farm) in southern Brazil were monitored along the four seasons of the year (12 days per season on each farm), in order to perform necropsies of all pigs that died in that period. The two farms had an average monthly mortality rate ranging from 0.94 to 3.93% in the evaluated months. At necropsy, tissues were collected, fixed in 10% formalin solution and processed routinely for histopathological examination. When necessary, samples were sent for bacterial culture and PCR to identify etiologic agents. A total of 601 necropsies were performed, with 94.9% of conclusive diagnoses. Infectious diseases corresponded to 64.4% of conclusive diagnosis and non-infectious diseases to 35.6%. The most prevalent causes of death were: pneumonia (33%), gastric ulcers (15.4%), circovirosis (9.9%), systemic bacterial embolism (5.4%), polyserositis (4.4%), dilated cardiomyopathy and torsion of abdominal organs (4.3% each), and bacterial pericarditis (3.4%). Regarding pneumonias (199/601), the main agents identified in these cases were Pasteurella multocida, Influenza A virus and Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, mainly in associations.(AU)

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi investigar as principais causas de morte de suínos em fase de crescimento e terminação no Sul do Brasil. Durante o período de um ano (entre 2018 e 2019), duas granjas tecnificadas de suínos no Sul do Brasil foram acompanhadas nas quatro estações (12 dias por estação em cada granja), para realização de necropsias dos suínos que morreram nesse período. As duas propriedades apresentavam mortalidade mensal média entre 0,94 e 3,93% nos meses avaliados. Na necropsia, amostras de órgãos foram colhidas, fixadas em formol 10% e processadas rotineiramente para o exame histopatológico. Quando necessário, amostras foram enviadas para o cultivo bacteriano e PCR para identificação de agentes etiológicos. Foram realizadas um total de 601 necropsias, com 94,9% de diagnósticos conclusivos. As doenças infecciosas corresponderam a 64,4% dos diagnósticos conclusivos e as não infecciosas a 35,6%. As principais causas de morte foram: pneumonias (33%), úlcera gástrica (15,4%), circovirose (9,9%), embolia bacteriana sistêmica (5,4%), polisserosite (4,4%), cardiomiopatia dilatada e torção de órgãos abdominais (4,3% cada) e pericardite bacteriana (3,4%). Com relação às pneumonias (199/601), os principais agentes associadas as lesões foram Pasteurella multocida, vírus da Influenza A e Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, principalmente associados entre si.(AU)

Surto de Pasteurelose por Pasteurella multocida tipo A em coelhos (Oryctolagus cuniculus) / Pasteurellosis outbreak due to Pasteurella multocida type A in rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus)

Background: Pasteurellosis is a common disease of cattle, pigs, and poultry, which rarely affects humans. In rabbits, therespiratory presentation of the disease is frequently reported. Clinical signs related to bronchopneumonia include sneezing, lung stertors, oculonasal discharge, dyspnea and cyanosis. Infection may lead to otitis, conjunctivitis, abscesses andsepsis. Furthermore, Pasteurella multocida infection may lead to sudden death without clinical manifestations. Reports ofpasteurellosis in rabbits are scarce in Brazil. Therefore, the objective of this article is to describe an outbreak of pasteurellosis with high mortality in a rabbity in the State of Santa Catarina, Brazil.Cases: Two adult rabbits were submitted for necropsy at the Veterinary Pathology Laboratory of the Instituto Federal Catarinense- Campus Concórdia, within an interval of twenty days. Herd was represented by 40 animals, of which six fattening rabbits andthree breeders died. Animals were kept in suspended cages with slatted floor. Clinical signs were represented by prostration,sneezing, and mucopurulent nasal discharge. In addition, wounds were observed in the distal portion of the limbs. Death occurredup to two days after the onset of clinical signs. Necropsies were performed and tissue samples were collected for histopathologic,immunohistochemical and microbiologic (bacterial culture and antibiogram) exams. At the necropsy, severe diffuse fibrinousexudate covering the pericardium sac, visceral and parietal pleural surfaces was noted, as well as multiple diaphragm adhesions.In addition, the lungs presented diffuse red coloration and showed multiple abscesses ranging from 0.3 to 1cm in diameter. Thenasal sinus and the tracheal mucosa showed diffuse reddening (rabbits 1 and 2). Abscesses up to 2 cm in diameter were observedin the mammary glands (rabbit 1), heart and kidneys (rabbit 2). The urinary bladder...

Surto de Pasteurelose por Pasteurella multocida tipo A em coelhos (Oryctolagus cuniculus) / Pasteurellosis outbreak due to Pasteurella multocida type A in rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus)

Background: Pasteurellosis is a common disease of cattle, pigs, and poultry, which rarely affects humans. In rabbits, therespiratory presentation of the disease is frequently reported. Clinical signs related to bronchopneumonia include sneezing, lung stertors, oculonasal discharge, dyspnea and cyanosis. Infection may lead to otitis, conjunctivitis, abscesses andsepsis. Furthermore, Pasteurella multocida infection may lead to sudden death without clinical manifestations. Reports ofpasteurellosis in rabbits are scarce in Brazil. Therefore, the objective of this article is to describe an outbreak of pasteurellosis with high mortality in a rabbity in the State of Santa Catarina, Brazil.Cases: Two adult rabbits were submitted for necropsy at the Veterinary Pathology Laboratory of the Instituto Federal Catarinense- Campus Concórdia, within an interval of twenty days. Herd was represented by 40 animals, of which six fattening rabbits andthree breeders died. Animals were kept in suspended cages with slatted floor. Clinical signs were represented by prostration,sneezing, and mucopurulent nasal discharge. In addition, wounds were observed in the distal portion of the limbs. Death occurredup to two days after the onset of clinical signs. Necropsies were performed and tissue samples were collected for histopathologic,immunohistochemical and microbiologic (bacterial culture and antibiogram) exams. At the necropsy, severe diffuse fibrinousexudate covering the pericardium sac, visceral and parietal pleural surfaces was noted, as well as multiple diaphragm adhesions.In addition, the lungs presented diffuse red coloration and showed multiple abscesses ranging from 0.3 to 1cm in diameter. Thenasal sinus and the tracheal mucosa showed diffuse reddening (rabbits 1 and 2). Abscesses up to 2 cm in diameter were observedin the mammary glands (rabbit 1), heart and kidneys (rabbit 2). The urinary bladder...(AU)

Antimicrobial susceptibility profile of historical and recent Brazilian pig isolates of Pasteurella multocida / Perfil de suscetibilidade a antimicrobianos de isolados históricos e contemporâneos de Pasteurella multocida de suínos no Brasil

Pasteurella (P.) multocida is the causative agent of pneumonic pasteurellosis in swine, which is commonly associated with the final stages of enzootic pneumonia or porcine respiratory disease complex. Although this syndrome is one of the most common and important diseases of pigs, data on antimicrobial susceptibility of P. multocida isolates are uncommon in Brazil. Therefore, the present study was carried out to determine and to compare antimicrobial susceptibility profile of Brazilian P. multocida isolated from pigs with lesions of pneumonia or pleuritis during two-time periods. Historical isolates (period of 1981 to 1997; n=44) and recent isolates (period of 2011 to 2012; n=50) were used to determine the MIC of amoxicillin, enrofloxacin, florfenicol and tetracycline by microbroth dilution. Florfenicol had the lowest level of resistance for both historical and recent isolates (0% and 6%, respectively), while tetracycline had the highest (20.5% and 34%, respectively). Multi-drug resistance (MDR) to amoxicillin/florfenicol/tetracycline was observed in 6% of recent isolates. There was a significant increase (p˂0.05) in resistance for amoxicillin and enrofloxacin in recent isolates compared with historic isolates (3.8% and 18%, respectively), most likely due to the selective pressure of antimicrobial usage to treat and prevent P. multocida infections. The results of this study showed an increase of isolates resistant to important drugs used in treatment of P. multocida infections in pigs, demonstrating the need for the implementation of rational use of antimicrobials in Brazilian swine industry.(AU)

Pasteurella (P.) multocida é o agente da pasteurelose pneumônica em suínos, a qual é comumente associada com o estágio final da pneumonia enzoótica suína ou complexo das doenças respiratórias dos suínos. Apesar de ser uma das doenças mais comuns e importantes na suinocultura, dados sobre suscetibilidade antimicrobiana de isolados de P. multocida são raros no Brasil. Dessa forma, o presente estudo foi realizado para determinar e comparar o perfil de suscetibilidade de isolados de P. multocida de suínos com lesões de pneumonia ou pleurite no Brasil durante dois períodos. Isolados históricos (período de 1981 a 1997; n=44) e contemporâneos (período de 2011 a 2012; n=50) foram usados para determinar a concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) de amoxicilina, enrofloxacina, florfenicol e tetraciclina através do teste de microdiluição em caldo. Florfenicol apresentou o menor nível de resistência para ambos os isolados históricos e contemporâneos (0% e 6%, respectivamente), enquanto que tetraciclina apresentou o maior nível de resistência (20.5% e 34%, respectivamente). Resistência a múltiplos antimicrobianos (amoxicilina, florfenicol e tetraciclina) foi observada em 6% dos isolados recentes. Foi observado aumento significativo (p˂0.05) na resistência a amoxicilina e enrofloxacina em isolados recentes comparado com isolados históricos (3.8% e 18%, respectivamente), provavelmente devido à pressão de seleção de antimicrobianos usados no tratamento e prevenção de infecções causadas por P. multocida. Os resultados deste trabalho demostraram o aumento de isolados resistentes a importantes drogas utilizadas no tratamento de infecções causadas por P. multocida em suínos, evidenciando a necessidade da implementação do uso racional de antimicrobianos na suinocultura brasileira.(AU)