A retrospective study of reproductive disorders in female dogs from the city of Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil / Estudo retrospectivo de desordens reprodutivas em cadelas no município de Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brasil

Diseases of the reproductive system are common in both sexes in the most varied of species. In female dog, these diseases produce different degrees of morbidity and mortality and are influenced by environmental conditions, reproductive history, and previous drug treatments. Reproductive disease may have different consequences, ranging from the absence of clinical signs to the impairment of fertility. The objective of this study was to determine the causes of reproductive diseases in female dogs admitted to the Veterinary Hospital, Federal University of Uberlândia, during a six-year period (2012-2017) and to identify the most frequently occurring diseases. Information relative to the species, age, breed, and sex of 32,944 were obtained for animals. Of these, 16,480 were female dogs and 1,185 were diagnosed with alterations to the reproductive system. The animals were divided into four groups according to age (puppies, young adults, adults, and old) and disease of the reproductive system (Group 1 - vaginal and vulvar alterations; Group 2 - alterations to the estrous cycle, ovary, and uterus; Group 3 - alterations to the gestational period and parturition). The highest occurrence of diagnoses (47%) was recorded in young adult female dogs (1 to 5 years old). The most frequent alterations in female dogs were pyometra (48.8%), dystocia (13.6%), and transmissible venereal tumor (TVT) (12.6%). Crossbred dogs were the most affected with alterations to the reproductive system, representing 60% of all the female dogs diagnosed with any pathologic alteration. In conclusion, a 7.2% occurrence of reproductive disorders shows the relevance of these diseases in small animals and suggests that new methods are needed for the prevention, early diagnosis, and treatment of these disorders.

Enfermidades do sistema reprodutor são comuns, para ambos os sexos, nas mais variadas espécies. Em cadelas estas doenças têm diferentes graus de morbidade e mortalidade e são influenciadas por condições ambientais, histórico reprodutivo e tratamentos prévios com fármacos. As afecções reprodutivas podem gerar consequências distintas, variando desde a ausência de sinais clínicos até o comprometimento da fertilidade do animal. Objetivou-se determinar a casuística das enfermidades reprodutivas de cadelas atendidas no Hospital Veterinário da Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, durante seis anos de avaliação (2012-2017), a fim de identificar quais enfermidades eram mais frequentes. Para tanto, foram consultadas informações sobre espécie, idade, raça e sexo de 32.944 animais. Destes, 16.480 eram fêmeas caninas e 1.185 foram diagnosticadas com alterações no sistema reprodutivo. Os animais foram divididos de acordo com a idade em quatro grupos (filhotes, adultos jovens, adultos e idosos); e com as enfermidades do sistema reprodutivo (Grupo 1 - alterações de vagina e vulva; Grupo 2 - alterações de ciclo estral, ovário e útero; Grupo 3 - alterações do período gestacional e parto). As médias de idades que apresentaram maior ocorrência de diagnósticos foram em cadelas adultas jovens (1 a 5 anos) com 47%. As patologias mais frequentes em fêmeas caninas foram a piometra (48,8%), distocias (13,6%) e Tumor Venéreo Transmissível (TVT) (12,6%). Os animais mestiços (SRD) foram os mais acometidos por distúrbios do sistema reprodutor, representando 60% do total de fêmeas diagnosticadas. Concluiu-se que a ocorrência de 7,2% de desordens reprodutivas mostra a relevância dessas doenças na clínica de pequenos animais e contribui para o reconhecimento de que novos métodos de prevenção, diagnóstico precoce e tratamento dessas desordens são necessários.

A retrospective study of reproductive disorders in female dogs from the city of Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brazil / Estudo retrospectivo de desordens reprodutivas em cadelas no município de Uberlândia, Minas Gerais, Brasil

Diseases of the reproductive system are common in both sexes in the most varied of species. In female dog, these diseases produce different degrees of morbidity and mortality and are influenced by environmental conditions, reproductive history, and previous drug treatments. Reproductive disease may have different consequences, ranging from the absence of clinical signs to the impairment of fertility. The objective of this study was to determine the causes of reproductive diseases in female dogs admitted to the Veterinary Hospital, Federal University of Uberlândia, during a six-year period (2012-2017) and to identify the most frequently occurring diseases. Information relative to the species, age, breed, and sex of 32,944 were obtained for animals. Of these, 16,480 were female dogs and 1,185 were diagnosed with alterations to the reproductive system. The animals were divided into four groups according to age (puppies, young adults, adults, and old) and disease of the reproductive system (Group 1 - vaginal and vulvar alterations; Group 2 - alterations to the estrous cycle, ovary, and uterus; Group 3 - alterations to the gestational period and parturition). The highest occurrence of diagnoses (47%) was recorded in young adult female dogs (1 to 5 years old). The most frequent alterations in female dogs were pyometra (48.8%), dystocia (13.6%), and transmissible venereal tumor (TVT) (12.6%). Crossbred dogs were the most affected with alterations to the reproductive system, representing 60% of all the female dogs diagnosed with any pathologic alteration. In conclusion, a 7.2% occurrence of reproductive disorders shows the relevance of these diseases in small animals and suggests that new methods are needed for the prevention, early diagnosis, and treatment of these disorders.(AU)

Enfermidades do sistema reprodutor são comuns, para ambos os sexos, nas mais variadas espécies. Em cadelas estas doenças têm diferentes graus de morbidade e mortalidade e são influenciadas por condições ambientais, histórico reprodutivo e tratamentos prévios com fármacos. As afecções reprodutivas podem gerar consequências distintas, variando desde a ausência de sinais clínicos até o comprometimento da fertilidade do animal. Objetivou-se determinar a casuística das enfermidades reprodutivas de cadelas atendidas no Hospital Veterinário da Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, durante seis anos de avaliação (2012-2017), a fim de identificar quais enfermidades eram mais frequentes. Para tanto, foram consultadas informações sobre espécie, idade, raça e sexo de 32.944 animais. Destes, 16.480 eram fêmeas caninas e 1.185 foram diagnosticadas com alterações no sistema reprodutivo. Os animais foram divididos de acordo com a idade em quatro grupos (filhotes, adultos jovens, adultos e idosos); e com as enfermidades do sistema reprodutivo (Grupo 1 - alterações de vagina e vulva; Grupo 2 - alterações de ciclo estral, ovário e útero; Grupo 3 - alterações do período gestacional e parto). As médias de idades que apresentaram maior ocorrência de diagnósticos foram em cadelas adultas jovens (1 a 5 anos) com 47%. As patologias mais frequentes em fêmeas caninas foram a piometra (48,8%), distocias (13,6%) e Tumor Venéreo Transmissível (TVT) (12,6%). Os animais mestiços (SRD) foram os mais acometidos por distúrbios do sistema reprodutor, representando 60% do total de fêmeas diagnosticadas. Concluiu-se que a ocorrência de 7,2% de desordens reprodutivas mostra a relevância dessas doenças na clínica de pequenos animais e contribui para o reconhecimento de que novos métodos de prevenção, diagnóstico precoce e tratamento dessas desordens são necessários.(AU)

Partial internal hemipelvectomy as rescue therapy in obstipation in four dogs: case report / Hemipelvectomia caudal parcial interna como terapia de salvamento na obstipação em quatro cães: relato de caso

Multiple pelvic fractures can lead to narrowing of the pelvic canal and loss of life quality. Hemipelvectomy, characterized by removal of bone fragments from the pelvis, is considered a rescue therapy. This report describes the technique of caudal partial hemipelvectomy in four cases of obstipation secondary to traumatic pelvic canal narrowing in four dogs, with promising results. All patients had tenesmus and fecal retention. After the procedure, the patients presented immediate normochezia and support of the ipsilateral limb after 10 to 20 days, showing the feasibility of the technique in small animals, providing clinical improvement without walking alterations.(AU)

Múltiplas fraturas da pelve podem gerar angústia pélvica. A hemipelvectomia, caracterizada pela remoção de fragmentos ósseos da pelve, é considerada terapia de salvamento. O presente relato descreve a técnica de hemipelvectomia interna parcial em quatro casos de obstipação por angústia pélvica traumática em cães, com resultados alvissareiros. Todos os pacientes apresentavam tenesmo e retenção fecal. Após a realização do procedimento, os pacientes apresentaram normoquesia imediata e apoio do membro ipsilateral ao procedimento após 10 a 20 dias, mostrando a exequibilidade da técnica em animais leves, uma vez que houve melhora clínica sem alterações na deambulação.(AU)

Partial internal hemipelvectomy as rescue therapy in obstipation in four dogs: case report / Hemipelvectomia caudal parcial interna como terapia de salvamento na obstipação em quatro cães: relato de caso

Multiple pelvic fractures can lead to narrowing of the pelvic canal and loss of life quality. Hemipelvectomy, characterized by removal of bone fragments from the pelvis, is considered a rescue therapy. This report describes the technique of caudal partial hemipelvectomy in four cases of obstipation secondary to traumatic pelvic canal narrowing in four dogs, with promising results. All patients had tenesmus and fecal retention. After the procedure, the patients presented immediate normochezia and support of the ipsilateral limb after 10 to 20 days, showing the feasibility of the technique in small animals, providing clinical improvement without walking alterations.(AU)

Múltiplas fraturas da pelve podem gerar angústia pélvica. A hemipelvectomia, caracterizada pela remoção de fragmentos ósseos da pelve, é considerada terapia de salvamento. O presente relato descreve a técnica de hemipelvectomia interna parcial em quatro casos de obstipação por angústia pélvica traumática em cães, com resultados alvissareiros. Todos os pacientes apresentavam tenesmo e retenção fecal. Após a realização do procedimento, os pacientes apresentaram normoquesia imediata e apoio do membro ipsilateral ao procedimento após 10 a 20 dias, mostrando a exequibilidade da técnica em animais leves, uma vez que houve melhora clínica sem alterações na deambulação.(AU)

Aspectos ultrassonográficos de hidronefrose e hidroureter em cadela / Ultrasonographic appearance of hydronephrosis and hydroureter in bitch: case report

Hydronephrosis is the dilation of the renal collecting system. Advent of ultrasonographic examination allows observe small dilatations in the structures, to carry out precise measurements and the monitoring of the evolution of the alterations. A schnauzer bitch was reffered to the imaging department of VETCLINIC Veterinary Hospital 24 hours. On the ultrasonographic examination, it was possible to visualize the right kidney had an unassembled cortical-medullary relationship, with only the renal capsule and hyperechogenic lines extending to the center (interdiverticular septa) and large. A tubular image located caudally to the right kidney was visualized. The patient was then submitted to exploratory laparotomy where it was possible to verify that the kidney was softened, enlarged, and dilated ureter. Total nephrectomy of the organ was then chosen, where it was then evaluated and incised in a sagittalsection, where it was possible to observe a large renal pelvis dilatation and renal tissue atrophy.(AU)

Aspectos ultrassonográficos de hidronefrose e hidroureter em cadela / Ultrasonographic appearance of hydronephrosis and hydroureter in bitch: case report

Hydronephrosis is the dilation of the renal collecting system. Advent of ultrasonographic examination allows observe small dilatations in the structures, to carry out precise measurements and the monitoring of the evolution of the alterations. A schnauzer bitch was reffered to the imaging department of VETCLINIC Veterinary Hospital 24 hours. On the ultrasonographic examination, it was possible to visualize the right kidney had an unassembled cortical-medullary relationship, with only the renal capsule and hyperechogenic lines extending to the center (interdiverticular septa) and large. A tubular image located caudally to the right kidney was visualized. The patient was then submitted to exploratory laparotomy where it was possible to verify that the kidney was softened, enlarged, and dilated ureter. Total nephrectomy of the organ was then chosen, where it was then evaluated and incised in a sagittalsection, where it was possible to observe a large renal pelvis dilatation and renal tissue atrophy.

Evaluation of silybum marinaum efficacy on University of Wisconsin and histidine-tryptophan-ketoglutarate solutions latter the damage of the perfused liver

Purpose: To investigate the hepatoprotective and antioxidant effeicacies of Silybum marianums (silymarin, S) on University of Wisconsin (UW) and histidinetryptophan-ketoglutarate (HTK) preservation solutions. Methods: Thirty two Wistar albino adult male rats were used. Group 1: UW group, Group 2: UW + Silymarin group(S), Group 3: HTK group, Group 4: HTK + silymarin group (S), respectively. Silymarin was enforced intraperitoneally before the surgery. Biopsies were enforced in 0, 6 and 12.hours to investigate. Results: Biochemical parameters examined in alanine aminotransferase (ALT), furthermore superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), and malondialdehyde (MDA) in rats were also evaluated. Detected histopathological changings were substantially declining in the groups that received silymarin, cellular damage was decreased significantly in HTK + Silymarin group, according to other groups. It has been identified as the most effective group was HTK + silymarin group in evaluation of ALT, electron microscopic results, also decreased MDA and elevated in SOD, and CAT activity. Caspase 3 analysis showed a substantial lower apoptosis ratio in the silymarin groups than in the non-performed groups (p 0.05). Conclusion: Histidinetryptophan-ketoglutarate+silymarin group provides better hepatoprotection than other groups, by decreasing the hepatic pathologic damage, delayed changes that arise under cold ischemic terms.(AU)

Pathological features of bovine pericardium implanted into mice abdominal wall after preservation with glutaraldehyde or glycerin / Aspectos patológicos do implante de pericárdio bovino tratado pelo glutaraldeído e pela glicerina em parede abdominal de camundongos

Background: Lately, the use of biological materials has been widely indicated in surgical procedures to restore structure and function of injured tissues. Bioimplants require different conservation techniques; among these, glutaraldehyde preservation stands out owing to its higher antimicrobial efficiency as compared to glycerin. In view of the need to determine a concentration of glutaraldehyde that can act as a biocide but do not cause undesirable tissue reactions, this study aimed to identify and quantify gross and microscopic tissue alterations after implantation of bovine pericardium, which was preserved in various concentrations of glutaraldehyde, in the abdominal wall of mice. Materials, Methods & Results: Fresh pericardia from 18 bovines were fractioned into 1cm2 samples and treated with a 98% glycerin solution for 30 days (control group), or 0.625%, 1%, and 1.5% glutaraldehyde solution for 18 days (experimental groups). An abdominal muscle fragment was excised from each mouse, and a 1-cm2 fragment of preserved pericardium was implanted in the area. Sixty mice (n = 15 per treatment) divided into groups were observed for 7, 14, and 30 days, and five animals from each group were euthanized at each time point for gross and microscopic examination. Fragments of the implants and adjacent skin lesions were harvested, fixed in formalin, and processed for routine histology [...](AU)

Pathological features of bovine pericardium implanted into mice abdominal wall after preservation with glutaraldehyde or glycerin / Aspectos patológicos do implante de pericárdio bovino tratado pelo glutaraldeído e pela glicerina em parede abdominal de camundongos

Background: Lately, the use of biological materials has been widely indicated in surgical procedures to restore structure and function of injured tissues. Bioimplants require different conservation techniques; among these, glutaraldehyde preservation stands out owing to its higher antimicrobial efficiency as compared to glycerin. In view of the need to determine a concentration of glutaraldehyde that can act as a biocide but do not cause undesirable tissue reactions, this study aimed to identify and quantify gross and microscopic tissue alterations after implantation of bovine pericardium, which was preserved in various concentrations of glutaraldehyde, in the abdominal wall of mice. Materials, Methods & Results: Fresh pericardia from 18 bovines were fractioned into 1cm2 samples and treated with a 98% glycerin solution for 30 days (control group), or 0.625%, 1%, and 1.5% glutaraldehyde solution for 18 days (experimental groups). An abdominal muscle fragment was excised from each mouse, and a 1-cm2 fragment of preserved pericardium was implanted in the area. Sixty mice (n = 15 per treatment) divided into groups were observed for 7, 14, and 30 days, and five animals from each group were euthanized at each time point for gross and microscopic examination. Fragments of the implants and adjacent skin lesions were harvested, fixed in formalin, and processed for routine histology [...]

Metronidazole-induced central vestibular syndrome in a horse case report / Síndrome vestibular central em equino após tratamento com metronidazol relato de caso

Metronidazole-induced central vestibular syndrome (CVS) is uncommon in horses. A case of CVS following treatment with metronidazole at therapeutic doses is reported. An adult male mixed breed horse was submitted to antimicrobial therapy with metronidazole (15 mg.kg-1 IV), penicillin-streptomycin (22.000UI.kg-1 IM) and gentamicin (6.6 mg.kg-1 IV) following small intestinal resection. Clinical signs consistent with CVS (ataxia, horizontal gaze nystagmus, strabismus and head tilt) developed on the 12th post-operative day. Metronidazole administration was immediately discontinued. Initial disease progression followed by progressive improvement of clinical signs from day 10 after recognition of CVS manifestations was observed. Metronidazole-induced CVS diagnosis was based on typical CVS manifestations, medical history and remission of clinical signs following discontinuation of treatment

Síndrome vestibular central (SVC) em equinos decorrente de intoxicação por metronidazol é um distúrbio raro. Este relato descreve um caso de SVC após uso de metronidazol em dose terapêutica em equino macho adulto sem raça definida. O animal foi submetido à enterectomia de intestino delgado e a terapia antimicrobiana pós-cirúrgica constava de metronidazol 15 mg.kg-1, por via intravenosa (IV), associado a penicilina com estreptomicina 22.000UI.kg-1, por via intramuscular (IM) e gentamicina 6,6 mg.kg-1, IV. A partir do 12º dia de pós-operatório com administração do metronidazol, o animal iniciou com sinais clínicos que caracterizavam SVC. Ao exame físico, o animal apresentava-se atáxico, com nistagmo horizontal, estrabismo e inclinação lateral da cabeça. Foi suspensa a administração do metronidazol. Nos dias seguintes o quadro agravou-se sendo que a partir do 10º dia após o início das manifestações clínicas os sinais passaram a regredir gradativamente. Diante do quadro apresentado e sua regressão após a suspensão da administração do metronidazol, foi diagnosticada SVC em decorrência de intoxicação por metronidazol baseado no histórico e nas manifestações clínicas do animal

Metronidazole-induced central vestibular syndrome in a horse case report / Síndrome vestibular central em equino após tratamento com metronidazol relato de caso

Metronidazole-induced central vestibular syndrome (CVS) is uncommon in horses. A case of CVS following treatment with metronidazole at therapeutic doses is reported. An adult male mixed breed horse was submitted to antimicrobial therapy with metronidazole (15 mg.kg-1 IV), penicillin-streptomycin (22.000UI.kg-1 IM) and gentamicin (6.6 mg.kg-1 IV) following small intestinal resection. Clinical signs consistent with CVS (ataxia, horizontal gaze nystagmus, strabismus and head tilt) developed on the 12th post-operative day. Metronidazole administration was immediately discontinued. Initial disease progression followed by progressive improvement of clinical signs from day 10 after recognition of CVS manifestations was observed. Metronidazole-induced CVS diagnosis was based on typical CVS manifestations, medical history and remission of clinical signs following discontinuation of treatment(AU)

Síndrome vestibular central (SVC) em equinos decorrente de intoxicação por metronidazol é um distúrbio raro. Este relato descreve um caso de SVC após uso de metronidazol em dose terapêutica em equino macho adulto sem raça definida. O animal foi submetido à enterectomia de intestino delgado e a terapia antimicrobiana pós-cirúrgica constava de metronidazol 15 mg.kg-1, por via intravenosa (IV), associado a penicilina com estreptomicina 22.000UI.kg-1, por via intramuscular (IM) e gentamicina 6,6 mg.kg-1, IV. A partir do 12º dia de pós-operatório com administração do metronidazol, o animal iniciou com sinais clínicos que caracterizavam SVC. Ao exame físico, o animal apresentava-se atáxico, com nistagmo horizontal, estrabismo e inclinação lateral da cabeça. Foi suspensa a administração do metronidazol. Nos dias seguintes o quadro agravou-se sendo que a partir do 10º dia após o início das manifestações clínicas os sinais passaram a regredir gradativamente. Diante do quadro apresentado e sua regressão após a suspensão da administração do metronidazol, foi diagnosticada SVC em decorrência de intoxicação por metronidazol baseado no histórico e nas manifestações clínicas do animal(AU)

Histopathology and autoecology of Didymocylindrus simplex (Digenea: Didymozoidae), parasite of Katsuwonus pelamis (Scombridae) in the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean, off South America

Pathological alterations and autoecology of Didymocylindrus simplex in Katsuwonus pelamis (Linnaeus, 1758) in the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean off of South America are presented. This is the first record of the species in the region; the specimens are described. The pathologic changes observed most often were infiltration of lymphocytes and slight fibrosis of the connective tissue surrounding the parasite. The typical aggregated distribution pattern was observed for Didymocylindrus simplex Ishii, 1935. Statistical analysis demonstrated no correlation between the abundance and prevalence of parasites with the total length of the host. The sex of the host does not influence the prevalence and intensity of infection.

Histopathology and autoecology of Didymocylindrus simplex (Digenea: Didymozoidae), parasite of Katsuwonus pelamis (Scombridae) in the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean, off South America

Pathological alterations and autoecology of Didymocylindrus simplex in Katsuwonus pelamis (Linnaeus, 1758) in the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean off of South America are presented. This is the first record of the species in the region; the specimens are described. The pathologic changes observed most often were infiltration of lymphocytes and slight fibrosis of the connective tissue surrounding the parasite. The typical aggregated distribution pattern was observed for Didymocylindrus simplex Ishii, 1935. Statistical analysis demonstrated no correlation between the abundance and prevalence of parasites with the total length of the host. The sex of the host does not influence the prevalence and intensity of infection.

Histopathology and autoecology of Didymocylindrus simplex (Digenea: Didymozoidae), parasite of Katsuwonus pelamis (Scombridae) in the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean, off South America

Pathological alterations and autoecology of Didymocylindrus simplex in Katsuwonus pelamis (Linnaeus, 1758) in the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean off of South America are presented. This is the first record of the species in the region; the specimens are described. The pathologic changes observed most often were infiltration of lymphocytes and slight fibrosis of the connective tissue surrounding the parasite. The typical aggregated distribution pattern was observed for Didymocylindrus simplex Ishii, 1935. Statistical analysis demonstrated no correlation between the abundance and prevalence of parasites with the total length of the host. The sex of the host does not influence the prevalence and intensity of infection.

Diagnóstico post mortem da síndrome dilatação vólvulo gástrica em cães / Post-mortem Diagnosis of Gastric Dilatation Volvulus Syndrome in Dogs

Background: Gastric dilatation volvulus syndrome (GDV) is an acute and severe disease affecting specially dogs of big breeds. It is a severe illness, which may have a high risk of death if not treated quickly. GDV consists in stomach acute dilatation and rotation, resulting in decrease of gastric and splenic infusion, in addition to the obstruction of abdominal venous return. The aim of this research was to analyze clinical pathological findings of dogs with GDV diagnosis in which necropsy was performed. Materials, Methods & Results: The necropsy records were reviewed from January 2001 to December 2011 to identify these cases. In the period, 4877 autopsies were performed by the Setor de Patologia Veterinária from Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), being 55 cases (1.15%) of GDV. Four main breeds were identified: Fila Brasileiro (43.6%), Great Dane (12.7%), German Shepherd (10.9%) and Boxer (5.4%). Clinical signs such as bloating, lethargy and dyspnoea were reported. At necropsy, the findings that consisted with gastric alterations were stomach distention due to accumulation of gas, dark red mucosa, and rotations of 90° to 360° especially clockwise. Splenomegaly was observed in 96.36% of dogs and V-shaped spleen in 60%. There was compressive atelectasis in 38.18% of autopsies. The main histological findings in the stomach were characterized by congestion, hemorrhage and necrosis of the mucosa. In the spleen, congestion and necrosis of lymphoid follicles were found. Discussion: When GDV's casuistic is analyzed, our results were similar to other studies, with 0.7% and 2.5%. What is concerned about the breed and age of the animals affected is the high number of GDV in breeds such as Great Dane and German Shepherd. However, we also found high numbers of Fila Brasileiro, a Brazilian breed, that hasn't been mentioned in other studies about this illness before. Similar clinical signs were described by other authors, between them, vomit, a previous sign of acute GDV, which is expected as while there is a gastric rotation, gastric-oesophageal obstruction happens. However, vomit is described as GVD predisposing factor associated to aerophagia, and should be considered a previous sign to the dislocation. The observation of gastric clockwise rotation in most cases is described as the most frequent. Gastric pathologic findings are characteristics of a circulatory compromising due to the rotation, leading to ischemic areas and necrosis. Splenomegaly and the identification of the V-shaped spleen were commonly observed, because when GDV happens, the spleen follows the gastric displacement by the presence of the gastrosplenic ligament. These findings cause splenic congestion by obstruction of venous return, which may lead it to twist too. It is concluded that the GDV was responsible for a low number of necropsies, reaching large and giant breeds. The identification of a large number of Fila breed dogs suggests that this breed is predisposed to the GDV. The gastric lesions indicated circulatory injury by vascular obstruction due to the rotation. Lung compressive atelectasis occurs secondary to gastric distention, also, compression of the caudal vena cava and of the portal vein can occur, decreased venous return, less displacement of blood from the right ventricle to be oxygenated by the lungs leading to breathing recrudescence.

Ablação de canal auditivo vertical em um cão / enlation in a dog

Background: The external otitis is an inflammatory process that gets at the pinna and the external acoustic meatus of many animals; it can be a pathological process with acute, chronic or still recurrent chronic evolution. In dogs, the external otitis has high clinic importance. This condition could do stenosis or acoustic duct occlusion, inhibiting the ears cleanliness and the application of topical preparations as a way of medical treatment. The vertical acoustic ducts ablation is indicated when all this are ill; however the horizontal duct keeps normal. This employments goal is report a case of ablation at vertical acoustic duct in a male dog, Husky Siberiano race, seven years old which showed chronic and recurrent external otitis. Case: A dog with chronic and recurrent otitis historic and some bids of medicated treatments, without success therapeutic, it was rescued at Hospital of Clínicas Veterinárias at Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. The owner also reported that the acoustic duct was completely closed and the canine was prostrate and aggressive. In the physical exam was observed stenosis of the right acoustic canal, where had a small orifice, approximately 2 mm, whereby purulent secretion was drained. The patient was submitted to screenings exams like: complete CBC and skull radiography. In the presence of the historic and alterations observed in the clinical exam, it was routed to make an ablation of the vertical acoustic duct. The postoperative consisted of antibiotic, anti-inflammatory and analgesics. External point dehiscence happened, choosing healing it for second intention. At forty-fifth day postsurgical, the canine had already shown completely wounds healing, without secretion by ostium at horizontal auditory duct and without any sign of pain to handle the ear. Discussion: The acoustic ducts stenosis in the canine reported happened because of the chronicle external otitis that can change permanently the size and the external acoustic ducts characteristics. The surgical proceeding made is an alternative technique that has been used when the entire vertical duct is found, grossly, distorted or filled in with a hyperplastic mucosa. The antibiotic used after surgery until the culture result and susceptibility testing it was amoxicillin with clavulanic acid, once which has already known the effectiveness on external and medium otitis treatment. The dehiscence of some points and the wounds infection happened probably cause of the surgical manipulation of inflamed and septic tissues or still cause of the inappropriate dead space closing or inappropriate drainage. It was chosen the healing for second intention using in it an ointment composed by collagenase and chloramphenicol. It was used an ear solution in locus, containing anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and anesthetic to minimize the inflammation, infection and pain at external ear, even after surgical treatment. The discomfort and the pain to manipulate and touch at right ear were obvious on clinical treatment and also what it was identified by the owner like an aggressive animals behavior decreased substantially after the surgical proceeding, could be classified as absent at the revaluation in forty-fifth days postoperative. The vertical portions ablation of the acoustic duct is a technique little used and documented in veterinary medicine, once that has really indications points. The surgical proceeding showed to be important, because allow the secretions drainage, the application of topical agents in the horizontal acoustic duct and the pains control caused by chronicle and recurrent otitis in this patient.(AU)

Ablação de canal auditivo vertical em um cão / enlation in a dog

Background: The external otitis is an inflammatory process that gets at the pinna and the external acoustic meatus of many animals; it can be a pathological process with acute, chronic or still recurrent chronic evolution. In dogs, the external otitis has high clinic importance. This condition could do stenosis or acoustic duct occlusion, inhibiting the ear’s cleanliness and the application of topical preparations as a way of medical treatment. The vertical acoustic duct’s ablation is indicated when all this are ill; however the horizontal duct keeps normal. This employment’s goal is report a case of ablation at vertical acoustic duct in a male dog, Husky Siberiano race, seven years old which showed chronic and recurrent external otitis. Case: A dog with chronic and recurrent otitis historic and some bids of medicated treatments, without success therapeutic, it was rescued at Hospital of Clínicas Veterinárias at Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. The owner also reported that the acoustic duct was completely closed and the canine was prostrate and aggressive. In the physical exam was observed stenosis of the right acoustic canal, where had a small orifice, approximately 2 mm, whereby purulent secretion was drained. The patient was submitted to screening’s exams like: complete CBC and skull radiography. In the presence of the historic and alterations observed in the clinical exam, it was routed to make an ablation of the vertical acoustic duct. The postoperative consisted of antibiotic, anti-inflammatory and analgesics. External point dehiscence happened, choosing healing it for second intention. At forty-fifth day postsurgical, the canine had already shown completely wound’s healing, without secretion by ostium at horizontal auditory duct and without any sign of pain to handle the ear. Discussion: The acoustic duct’s stenosis in the canine reported happened because of the chronicle external otitis that can change permanently the size and the external acoustic duct’s characteristics. The surgical proceeding made is an alternative technique that has been used when the entire vertical duct is found, grossly, distorted or filled in with a hyperplastic mucosa. The antibiotic used after surgery until the culture result and susceptibility testing it was amoxicillin with clavulanic acid, once which has already known the effectiveness on external and medium otitis treatment. The dehiscence of some points and the wound’s infection happened probably cause of the surgical manipulation of inflamed and septic tissues or still cause of the inappropriate dead space closing or inappropriate drainage. It was chosen the healing for second intention using in it an ointment composed by collagenase and chloramphenicol. It was used an ear solution in locus, containing anti-inflammatory, antibacterial and anesthetic to minimize the inflammation, infection and pain at external ear, even after surgical treatment. The discomfort and the pain to manipulate and touch at right ear were obvious on clinical treatment and also what it was identified by the owner like an aggressive animal’s behavior decreased substantially after the surgical proceeding, could be classified as absent at the revaluation in forty-fifth days postoperative. The vertical portion’s ablation of the acoustic duct is a technique little used and documented in veterinary medicine, once that has really indications points. The surgical proceeding showed to be important, because allow the secretions drainage, the application of topical agents in the horizontal acoustic duct and the pain’s control caused by chronicle and recurrent otitis in this patient.

Lesão cerebral traumática: parâmetros clínicos e patológicos em um modelo experimental de queda de peso / Traumatic brain injury: clinical and pathological parameters in an experimental weightdrop model

PURPOSE: To investigate the function of an experimental cranium trauma model in rats. METHODS: The equipment, already described in the literature and under discreet adaptations, is composed by a platform that produces closed head impact controlled by weight drop with pre-defined and known energy. 25 Wistar male rats (Rattus norvegicus albinus) were divided into five equal groups that received different quantities of cranial impact energy: G1, G2, G3 and G4 with 0,234J, 0,5J, 0,762J and 1J respectively and G5 (Sham). Under intense analgesia, each group was evaluated clinically in a sequence of intervals and had their encephalon removed for pathologic analysis. RESULTS: Important clinical alterations (convulsions, bradycardia, bradypnea and abnormal postures) and focal pathologic (hematomas and hemorrhages) kept proportion with the intensity of the impact. No fracture was observed and the group 4 had 80 percent mortality rate. CONCLUSION: The experimental cranium trauma animal model by weight drop is an alternative of low cost and easy reproduction that allows evaluating clinical and pathological alterations in accordance with studies in experimental surgery aims for new traumatic brain injury approach in rats.(AU)

OBJETIVO: Investigar o uso de um modelo de trauma craniano experimental em ratos. MÉTODOS: O equipamento, já descrito na literatura e sob discretas adaptações, contitui-se de uma plataforma para produção de lesão craniana fechada controlada por queda de peso com energia pré-definida e conhecida. 25 ratos Wistar machos (Rattus norvegicus albinus) foram divididos em cinco grupos iguais que receberam níveis diferentes de energia de impacto craniano: G1, G2, G3 e G4 com 0,234J, 0,5J, 0, 762J e 1J respectivamente e G5 (Sham). Sob intensa analgesia, cada grupo foi avaliado clinicamente em uma seqüência de intervalos e tiveram seus encéfalos removidos para análise patológica. RESULTADOS: Alterações clínicas importantes (convulsões, bradicardia, bradipnéia e posturas anormais) e patológicas focais (hematomas e hemorragias) guardaram proporção com a intensidade do impacto. Nenhuma fratura foi observada e o grupo 4 teve 80 por cento de mortalidade. CONCLUSÃO: O modelo animal para trauma craniano experimental por queda de peso é uma alternativa de baixo custo e fácil reprodução, gerando alterações clínicas e patológicas compatíveis com os objetivos de estudos em cirurgia experimental para abordagem do trauma craniano em ratos.(AU)

Patologia de neonatos bovinos originados por meio da técnica de transferência nuclear de células somáticas clonagem / Pathology of bovine neonates generated by somatic cell nuclear transfer Cloning

Os mecanismos de morte em animais clonados a partir de células somáticas são poucos elucidados. Malformações de órgãos, alterações de tamanho e peso desses animais foram anomalias já descritas, porém em casos isolados. Desse modo, estudos nos níveis anatomo e histopatológicos são de suma importância para ajudar a compreensão dos fatores responsáveis pelos altos índices de insucessos com a utilização da TNCS (transferência nuclear de células somáticas). Assim, o presente trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de descrever, por meio de exames anatomopatológicos, as alterações presentes em um grupo de animais gerados por TNCS, que vieram a óbito entre 1 e 19 dias de vida. Esse experimento foi realizado entre os anos de 2004 e 2008 na fazenda Tambaú, cidade de Tambaú, Estado de São Paulo. No total foram gerados 21 animais da raça Nelore (Bos indicus), sendo que 11 vieram a óbito e dez apresentaram boa evolução clínica no período perinatal. Foram realizadas as necropsias dos animais e posterior análise histopatológica de tecidos alterados. Esse estudo mostrou alta prevalência de alterações cardiopulmonares, que provavelmente foram determinantes nos mecanismos de morte dos animais. Dentre essas alterações a hipertensão pulmonar e modificações hemodinâmicas diagnosticadas através do exame histopatológico foram as mais frequentes. (AU)

The death mechanisms in cloned animals are not well elucidated. There are few cases describing organ malformation, size and weight alterations in these animals. Pathologic studies are necessary to understand the high level of unsuccessful results using the NTSC (nuclear transfer somatic cell) technique. The present study was carried out to describe alterations present in a group of animals generated by NTSC technique that deceased between 0 to 19 days of life, using anatomopathologic examination. This experiment was conducted at Tambaú Farm in São Paulo State between years 2004 and 2008. Initially there were twenty one Nelore breed Bos indicus animals, but 11 of them deceased and ten survived and showed satisfactory clinical evolution in perinatal period. Animals necropsies and histopathologic analyses where performed. The results revealed a high prevalence of cardiopulmonary alterations, which were predominantly lung hypertension and hemodynamic profile changes, revealed by histopathologic analyses. (AU)

Aspectos toxicológico, clínico-patológico e ultraestrutural das intoxicações iatrogênica e experimental por vitamina D em coelhos / Toxicological, clinic-pathological and ultrastructural aspects of iatrogenic and experimental poisoning by vitamin D in rabbits

São descritos aspectos toxicológicos, clínico-patológicos e ultraestruturais de coelhos intoxicados iatrogênica e experimentalmente por vitamina D por via subcutânea. Clinicamente, os animais evidenciaram sinais de insuficiência cardiovascular como ascite e edema pulmonar, hiporexia, anorexia, diarréia mucosa, emagrecimento e apatia. As clássicas alterações de mineralização e, por vezes, osseificação, do sistema cardiovascular, bem como as alterações de rins, pulmões, estômago, entre outros órgãos, foram reproduzidas com administrações subcutâneas de solução oleosa de colecalciferol (vitamina D3 não-ativada).(AU)

Toxicological, clinic-pathological and ultrastructural aspects of iatrogenic and experimental subcutaneous poisoning in rabbits by vitamin D are described. Clinically the animals showed signs of cardiovascular insufficiency, as ascite and lung edema, hyporexia, anorexia, mucous diarrhoea, loss of weight and apathy. The classical alterations of minera-lization and, occasionally, ossification of the cardiovascular system, as well the lesions of kidneys, lungs, stomach, among other organs, were reproduced by the subcutaneous administration of an oily solution of cholecalciferol (non-activated vitamin D3).(AU)