Determination of the minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) of isoflurane and sevoflurane in Callithrix penicillatac

Background: The minimum alveolar concentration (MAC) is a measure of quantitative anesthetic potency and has become the standard index for the evaluation and comparison of volatile anesthetics, in addition to guiding dose administration. Black-tufted marmosets (Callithrix penicillata) are primates present in the clinical and surgical routine of veterinary hospitals, as well as experimental models, especially in neuroscience. Few studies have evaluated the potency of the main volatile anesthetics in this species. This study aimed to determine the MAC of isoflurane and sevoflurane in C. penicillata using the up-and-down method and to evaluate the effects of these drugs on the quality of anesthetic induction, maintenance, and recovery. Materials, Methods & Results: Twenty-four animals of undetermined age were used. All marmosets were healthy according to hematological and physical evaluation. The animals were randomly divided into 2 groups: ISOMAC and SEVOMAC. Each animal was induced to general anesthesia in an anesthetic box with oxygen (5 L/min) and sevoflurane at 7% in the SEVOMAC group or isoflurane at 5% in the ISOMAC. Upon reaching lateral decubitus, orotracheal intubation was performed. General anesthesia was maintained with isoflurane or sevoflurane diluted in oxygen (0.8 L/min) using a non-rebreathing delivery system under spontaneous ventilation. As defined in the pilot study, the first animal from ISOMAC started the maintenance of anesthesia with 2.6% isoflurane, while the first animal in SEVOMAC received 4% sevoflurane. After finishing the instrumentation to assess heart rate, respiratory rate, systolic blood pressure, pulse oximeter oxygen saturation, end-tidal carbon dioxide concentration, and rectal temperature, a 15-min wait to reach anesthetic equilibrium was allowed, and then an electrical noxious stimulation (50 mA and 50 Hz) was performed on the lateral aspect of the thigh (a faradic current of 3 consecutive single stimuli, followed by 2 continuous stimuli). The animals' responses to the electrical stimulus were observed. The presence of a positive response (gross movement of the limbs, head, or vocalization) or a negative response (absence of gross movements) determined the increase or reduction, respectively, of the inhalation anesthetic concentration by 10% in the subsequent marmoset. The quality of anesthetic induction and recovery from anesthesia was evaluated using a scale that measured the intensity of agitation, coughing, nausea, and vomiting. Physiological variables were recorded before (M0) and after (M1) applying the nociceptive stimulus. Isoflurane and sevoflurane MAC values in C. penicillata were 2.29 ± 0.10% and 3.93 ± 0.61 % respectively. Physiological parameters, quality of anesthetic induction and recovery did not differ significantly between groups. However, isoflurane caused irritation of the airway and ocular mucous membranes, more coughing episodes, and tearing at induction. There was no difference between groups for time to extubation and recovery time to regain sternal position. Discussion: Previous studies in primates found lower MAC values for both anesthetics, except for Lemur catta. Those findings may be explained by the use of different nociceptive stimuli and the MAC determination method employed, although no differences in MAC values have been described between bracketing or up-and-down methods in human primates and dogs. It is unlikely that the stimulus and technique alone are the determining factors for the high concentration of isoflurane and sevoflurane observed in the present study since MAC was high with both halogenates, indicating that dose extrapolation from other species can lead to the wrong anesthetic dosage.

Analgesia perioperatória de gatas submetidas a ovariohisterectomia eletiva - uso preemptivo de carprofeno ou grapiprant / Perioperative analgesia in cats undergoing elective ovariohysterectomy - preemptive use of carprofen or grapiprant

Background: The nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) exert their analgesic effect through peripheral inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis and a variety of other peripheral and central mechanisms. However, NSAIDs are associated with some adverse effects, mainly related to the gastrointestinal, renal, and hepatic systems, highlighting the need for research to develop safer drugs. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of preoperative oral administration of carprofen or grapiprant in female cats submitted to elective ovariohysterectomy on the quality of perioperative analgesia and the need for hypnotic and analgesic drugs. Materials, Methods & Results: Thirty-three adult female cats were selected, without defined breed and healthy based on physical examination, routine laboratory analyses (complete blood count, total protein, Heinz body investigation and serum quantification of alanine transaminase [ALT], aspartate transaminase [AST], gamma glutamyl transpeptidase [GGT], alkaline phosphatase [ALP], urea, frutosamine, and glucose) and negative tests for feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and feline leukemia virus (FeLV). After 3 days of adaptation, they were submitted to ovariohysterectomy by celiotomy and randomly allocated into 2 groups according to the preoperative drug used: GCAR [carprofen - 4 mg/kg, VO, 2 h before surgery; n = 11] and GGRA (grapiprant - 2 mg/kg IV, 2 h before surgery; n = 21]. The cats were pre-medicated with acepromazine 0.05 mg/ kg IV and later submitted to general anesthesia with propofol intravenously. Anesthesia was maintained with isoflurane in 100% oxygen. After anesthetic induction, a continuous infusion of remifentanil at a rate of 10 µg/kg/h was initiated. During the transanesthetic period, the parameters of heart rate; respiratory rate; systolic, mean, and diastolic arterial pressure using the oscillometric method; electrocardiogram; rectal temperature; partial pressure of CO2 at the end of expiration: and partial saturation of O2 in hemoglobin were continuously monitored. The evaluation of nociception was based on the changes in the aforementioned physiological parameters. The rate of remifentanil used did not change over time with the use of carprofen. However, animals that received grapiprant required a lower remifentanil dose at 20, 25, and 30 min during the procedure. The female cats that received carprofen showed an increase in mean heart rate at 30 min compared to that at 20 and 25 min. In the Grapiprant group, the heart rate at 35 min was higher only than that observed at 25 min. Discussion: The remifentanil rate did not differ between the groups, even between the times for GCAR. However, the remifentanil rate was lower from 20 min of the procedure for GGRA. This decrease may be related to a decrease in the need for anesthetics and analgesics by decreasing temperature, which causes decreases in metabolism and surgical stimulation. The increase in systolic, mean, diastolic, and heart rate arterial pressure parameters observed in both treatments after 15 min of anesthesia is related to the nociceptive stimulus resulting from traction and ligation of the ovarian pedicles and maneuvers for exteriorization of the uterus. These are considered the moments of greater surgical stimulus during ovariohysterectomy, evidenced by the greater release of cortisol and increase in physiological parameters. The results of this study show that the administration of carprofen or grapiprant was clinically similar when used preemptively for perioperative analgesia in cats submitted to elective ovariohysterectomy.

Stress and fear responses of slow-growing broiler chickens to light stimulation initiated at different phases of embryonic development

Photo-incubation can influence the fear and stress responses of poultry. However, it is unclear how photostimulation initiated at different phases of development influences the welfare status of slow-growing broiler birds. 500 Sasso eggs were assigned to 4 treatments; some were incubated in the dark throughout incubation (TA), while TB, TC and TD were photo-stimulated (12L:12D) from days 1, 7, and 14 of incubation, respectively, until hatch using a 6,500k LED at 788 clux intensity. Birds were raised in 5 replicates per treatment with 16 birds per replicate using a 6,500k LED (at 28 clux) and a photoperiod of 16L:8D. Fear (emergence, tonic immobility, isolation and inversion tests) and stress response (physical asymmetry) of 10 birds per treatment were examined. At the end of the three-week brooding, all parameters measured were not significantly influenced (P > 0.05) by the onset of photo-incubation. At slaughter age (12 weeks), physical asymmetry was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in TA compared to the other treatments. The frequency of isolation vocalisation was significantly lower (P < 0.05) in TB compared to TA, and latency to rightness during tonic immobility was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in TA compared to the other treatments. Latency to emerge was significantly longer (P < 0.05) in TA compared to TC and TD. The frequency of wing flaps during inversion was significantly higher (P < 0.05) in TA and TD. Conclusively, photo-incubating eggs reduce stress and fear, and initiating photo-incubation during the first phase of incubation is more beneficial.

Utilização da fisioterapia na reabilitação de bezerro com poliartrite e paresia neuromuscular: relato de caso / Use of physiotherapy in the rehabilitation of calves with polyarthritis and neuromuscular paresis: case report / Uso de la fisioterapia en la rehabilitación de un ternero con poliartritis y parisia neuromuscular: reporte de caso

A reabilitação animal na medicina veterinária é um campo recente, porém crescente a cada dia. Neste sentido, a fisioterapia veterinária atua trazendo inúmeros benefícios, como melhoria dos movimentos, redução da dor, edema e outras. Interfere ainda no tempo de recuperação, redução de custos para o proprietário, podendo ser hoje utilizada como um tratamento na recuperação pós-cirúrgica. Desta forma, objetivou-se relatar o uso da fisioterapia em uma bezerra com poliartrite e paresia neuromuscular. O animal apresentou um aumento de volume nas articulações cárpicas e társicas após histórico de onfalite, permanecendo em decúbito esternal por vários dias. O proprietário resolveu aplicar ferro dextrano na região glútea do animal, o que causou uma lesão de nervo isquiático. Foram instituídos protocolos medicamentosos e fisioterápicos, que culminaram no estímulo da marcha, propriocepção, além de hipertrofia muscular. Porém, em virtude de complicações resultantes de onfalite, o animal veio a óbito.(AU)

Animal rehabilitation in veterinary medicine is a recent field, but growing every day. In this sense, veterinary physiotherapy works bringing numerous benefits, such as improved movements, reduced pain, edema and others. Reducing the recovery time, reducing costs for the owner, and today it can be used as a treatment in post-surgical recovery. In this sense, the objective was to report the use of physiotherapy in a heifer with polyarthritis and neuromuscular paresis. The animal showed an increase in volume in the carpal and tarsal joints after a history of omphalitis, remaining in sternal decubitus for several days. The owner decided to apply iron dextran to the animal's gluteal region, which caused an injury to the sciatic nerve. Medicinal and physical therapy protocols were instituted, which culminated in the stimulation of gait, proprioception, in addition to muscle hypertrophy. However, due to complications resulting from omphalitis, the animal died.(AU)

La rehabilitación animal en medicina veterinaria es un campo reciente, pero en crecimiento cada día. En este sentido, la fisioterapia veterinaria actúa aportando numerosos beneficios, como mejora de los movimientos, reducción del dolor, edemas y otros. Disminución del tiempo de recuperación, reducción de costos para el propietario, pudiendo ser utilizado hoy en día como tratamiento en la recuperación posquirúrgica. En ese sentido, el objetivo fue reportar el uso de fisioterapia en una vaquilla con poliartritis y paresia neuromuscular. El animal presentó un aumento de volumen en las articulaciones del carpo y del tarso tras un antecedente de onfalitis, permaneciendo en decúbito esternal durante varios días. El propietario decidió aplicar hierro dextrano en la región glútea del animal, lo que provocó una lesión en el nervio ciático. Se instauraron protocolos farmacológicos y de fisioterapia, que culminaron con estimulación de la marcha, propiocepción, además de hipertrofia muscular. Sin embargo, debido a complicaciones derivadas de la onfalitis, el animal falleció.(AU)

Management of urethral obstruction in a cat with epidural sacrococcygeal anesthesia guided by electrical neurostimulation

Background: The treatment for urethral obstruction in cats consists of catheterization, and for this, the cat must be sedated or anesthetized. Sacococcygeal epidural block has the advantage of being close to receptors related to nociception located in the spinal cord and it is safer because it represents lower risk of spinal cord injury or inadvertent application in the subarachnoid space, when compared to the lumbosacral epidural. Nerve stimulation through the neurolocator to identify the epidural space increases the accuracy of this technique. Thus, the objective is to report a case of epidural anesthesia with a sacrococcygeal approach guided by neurostimulation in a cat with urethral obstruction. Case: A 4-year-old male Siamese cat, weighing 4 kg, was referred to the veterinary care with a history of apathy and anorexia for 2 days. From the physical exam, the clinical diagnosis of urethral obstruction was made, and to desobstruction, we chose to perform sacrococcygeal epidural block. Initially, the patient was anesthetized with propofol (4 mg/kg) and midazolam (0.3 mg/kg). To perform the anesthetic block, the cat was placed in sternal decubitus with the hind limbs extended cranially to perform sacrococcygeal epidural block. The positive pole (cathode) was connected to the skin of the right inguinal region at the caudal aspect of the thigh and the neurostimulator was turned on and adjusted to 0.7 mA of stimulating current intensity, 0.1 ms duration and 1 Hz frequency. The needle for electrical neurolocation was introduced in the dorsal midline, perpendicular to the skin surface, between the spinous processes of S3-Cd1 in the skin. The exact injection point was obtained observed by the muscular response of the middle and distal third of the animal's tail with the neurostimulator adjusted to 0.3 mA of intensity, in the same duration and frequency as before. The total volume of 0.9 mL (0.22 mL/kg) of solution containing the combination of 0.6 mL of 0.75% levobupivacaine and 0.3 mL of 2% lidocaine was injected. The success of the block was confirmed by the loss of reflexes of the pelvic limbs and anal sphincter 10 min after the administration of the anesthetic solution. Discussion: In this case, the use of the neurolocator helped to perform an effective sacrococcygeal block, allowing urethral catheterization without the addition of other analgesic agents. This technique desensitizes and relaxes muscles in the regions of the perineum, anus, distal colon and penis, being useful for performing urethral catheterization. The use of smaller anaesthetic volumes to perform sacrococcygeal block makes it possible to achieve a more localized anesthesia, without affecting the motor function of the pelvic limbs. However, in our report, using a combination of levobupivacaine and lidocaine, the pelvic limb block was also verified despite the low volume applied. A hypothesis that could justify the different responses in relation to the pelvic limb block compared to other studies would be due to the different physicalchemical properties of the drugs used. Lidocaine is known to be less fat-soluble than bupivacaine, so it tends to spread more through the epidural space, in order to result in more extensive blocks. The use of a neurostimulator using a fixed electric current of 0.7 mA, pulse 0.1 ms and a frequency of 1 Hz allowed the correct identification of the needle position for the application of the anesthetic.

The adoption of good practices of handling improves dairy calves welfare: Case study

The aim of this study was to assess the effect of the adoption of a set of good practices of handling on dairy calves welfare. Data were retrieved from the records of a commercial farm, considering three periods: Conventional handling (CH, 12 mo.), transitional period (TP, 4 mo.), and good practices handling (GPH, 12 mo.). During CH calves were kept in individual pens, milk-fed in open pails and subjected to abrupt weaning; while during TP and GPH they were kept in groups, milk-fed in nipple-pails, brushed for 5 min. once a day, and subjected to progressive weaning. TP was assumed as a training period necessary for GPH implementation. The percentages of calves treated with antibiotics and numbers of deaths per month were used as indicators of calves welfare. Statistical analysis was performed using a logistic regression model to compare the number of deaths per month between CH and the other periods. Chi-square test was used to compare the percentage of animals treatedwith antibiotics per month. Results showed that CH had a higher risk of calf's death then TP and GPH, as well as a higher percentage of animals treated with antibiotics. In conclusion, the adoption of good practices of handling improved dairy calves welfare.(AU)

The adoption of good practices of handling improves dairy calves welfare: Case study

The aim of this study was to assess the effect of the adoption of a set of good practices of handling on dairy calves welfare. Data were retrieved from the records of a commercial farm, considering three periods: Conventional handling (CH, 12 mo.), transitional period (TP, 4 mo.), and good practices handling (GPH, 12 mo.). During CH calves were kept in individual pens, milk-fed in open pails and subjected to abrupt weaning; while during TP and GPH they were kept in groups, milk-fed in nipple-pails, brushed for 5 min. once a day, and subjected to progressive weaning. TP was assumed as a training period necessary for GPH implementation. The percentages of calves treated with antibiotics and numbers of deaths per month were used as indicators of calves welfare. Statistical analysis was performed using a logistic regression model to compare the number of deaths per month between CH and the other periods. Chi-square test was used to compare the percentage of animals treatedwith antibiotics per month. Results showed that CH had a higher risk of calf's death then TP and GPH, as well as a higher percentage of animals treated with antibiotics. In conclusion, the adoption of good practices of handling improved dairy calves welfare.

Laser photobiomodulation and antimicrobial photodynamic therapy in the treatment of ovine otitis

Background: Otitis is a severe inflammation of the skin of the auditory canal which can impact animals of all ages. Insheep, this disease can occur in isolated cases or in the entire flock. Laser photobiomodulation can be used in combination with medication or as single therapy and the effects are analgesia, modulation of the inflammatory process, edemareduction, tissue restoration and stimulation of local microcirculation. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy stands out asa promising alternative to antimicrobial drugs for the treatment of localized infections. This study aimed to report the useof laser phototherapies on a sheep with bacterial otitis.Case: A case of bacterial otitis in a 4-year-old sheep, Dorper, was treated at the Veterinary Hospital of the State Universityof Santa Cruz. In the anamnesis, the owner reported that the patient presented crusts in the auricular pavilions, and hadbeen medicated with oxytetracycline 20%, administered intramuscularly, for two days and the crusts cleaned with iodine10%, but the animal did not present clinical improvement. On physical examination, the animal presented constant headswaying, edema of the ears, otalgia, enlarged parotid lymph nodes and ear wounds. No ear discharge was observed, andthe initial diagnosis was aural hematoma. The treatment prescribed was laser photobiomodulation for three consecutivedays. The lesions were irradiated with a diode laser with a power of 0.1 W, irradiance of 3.5 W/cm2, continuous emission,spot area of 0.028 cm2, wavelength of 808 nm, energy of 4J/point, and fluency/point of 142.8J/cm2, with seven pointson the external surface and four points on the internal surface of both ears. Two points were also targeted on the parotidlymph nodes with infrared laser (λ = 808 nm), with energy of 2J/point. On the fourth day of hospitalization, there was areduction in lesions, decreased edema and absence of pain and on the sixth day...

Laser photobiomodulation and antimicrobial photodynamic therapy in the treatment of ovine otitis

Background: Otitis is a severe inflammation of the skin of the auditory canal which can impact animals of all ages. Insheep, this disease can occur in isolated cases or in the entire flock. Laser photobiomodulation can be used in combination with medication or as single therapy and the effects are analgesia, modulation of the inflammatory process, edemareduction, tissue restoration and stimulation of local microcirculation. Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy stands out asa promising alternative to antimicrobial drugs for the treatment of localized infections. This study aimed to report the useof laser phototherapies on a sheep with bacterial otitis.Case: A case of bacterial otitis in a 4-year-old sheep, Dorper, was treated at the Veterinary Hospital of the State Universityof Santa Cruz. In the anamnesis, the owner reported that the patient presented crusts in the auricular pavilions, and hadbeen medicated with oxytetracycline 20%, administered intramuscularly, for two days and the crusts cleaned with iodine10%, but the animal did not present clinical improvement. On physical examination, the animal presented constant headswaying, edema of the ears, otalgia, enlarged parotid lymph nodes and ear wounds. No ear discharge was observed, andthe initial diagnosis was aural hematoma. The treatment prescribed was laser photobiomodulation for three consecutivedays. The lesions were irradiated with a diode laser with a power of 0.1 W, irradiance of 3.5 W/cm2, continuous emission,spot area of 0.028 cm2, wavelength of 808 nm, energy of 4J/point, and fluency/point of 142.8J/cm2, with seven pointson the external surface and four points on the internal surface of both ears. Two points were also targeted on the parotidlymph nodes with infrared laser (λ = 808 nm), with energy of 2J/point. On the fourth day of hospitalization, there was areduction in lesions, decreased edema and absence of pain and on the sixth day...(AU)

Germination constraints of dicarpic cypselae of Bidens pilosa L / Restrições a germinação de cipselas dicárpicas de Bidens pilosa L

Bidens pilosa L. is a heterocarpic weed species with two cypselae types that present morpho-physiological differences, being the peripheral type smaller and slower to germinate than the central one. We aimed to verify how the germination mechanism varied between types. We focused on two mechanisms: (1) pericarp constraints (physical and chemical) and (2) hormonal stimulation (Abcisic acid [ABA] and Gibberellin [GA]). Both cypselae types are physically constrained by the pericarp, for when it is excised both seed types increase their germination, but behavioral differences still remain. The pericarp of the peripheral type also has chemical inhibitors that effectively inhibited germination of the intact central cypsela. To test the hormonal effects, we focused on the ABA:GA control. Both cypselae responded to an exogenous ABA concentration gradient, however there is no variation between types on the sensitivity to it. Also, both cypselae types were indifferent to Fluridone (ABA inhibitor), which indicates that the dormancy is not maintained by de novo ABA synthesis. Cypselae types had different sensitivity to an exogenous GA3 gradient, the central type being more sensitive to the treatment than the peripheral one. But when the endogenous GA synthesis was blocked by Paclobutrazol, both types responded equally to same GA3 concentrations. This indicates that endogenous GA synthesis may be related to differences observed on germination of cypselae types. To conclude, seed types differ on their growth potential to overcome the pericarp resistance: while the inhibitor in the peripheral pericarp reduces growth potential, GA increases it.(AU)

Bidens pilosa L. é uma espécie de planta daninha heterocarpica com dois tipos de cipselas que possuem diferenças morfofisiológicas, sendo o tipo periférico de menor tamanho e com germinação lenta se comparado com o central. Nosso objetivo foi verificar como o mecanismo de germinação varia entre os tipos. Focamos em dois mecanismos: (1) restrição causada pelo pericarpo (física e química) e (2) estímulo hormonal (Ácido abscísico [ABA] e Giberelina [GA]). Os tipos de cipselas são fisicamente limitados pelo pericarpo, pois quando ambos os tipos de sementes são excisados há um aumento na germinação, contudo as diferenças no processo se mantém. O pericarpo do tipo periférico ainda possui inibidores que efetivamente retardam a germinação das cipselas centrais intactas. Para testar os efeitos hormonais, nós focamos no controle pelo ABA:GA. Ambas cipselas responderam ao gradiente de concentração de ABA exógeno, contudo não houve variação na sensibilidade entre os tipos. Ainda, ambos tipos de cipselas foram indiferentes à Fluoridona (inibidor de ABA), que indica que a dormência não é mantida pela nova síntese de ABA. Tipos de cipselas apresentam diferentes sensibilidades ao gradiente exógeno de GA3, com o tipo central sendo mais sensível ao tratamento que o periférico. Mas quando a síntese endógena de GA foi bloqueada pelo Paclobutrazol, ambos os tipos responderam de forma similar às concentrações de GA 3. Isso indica que a síntese de GA endógena pode estar relacionada com a diferença observada na germinação dos dois tipos de cipselas. Para concluir, os tipos de sementes diferem no potencial para superar a resistência do pericarpo, sendo o inibidor no pericarpo da cipsela periférica o redutor do potencial de crescimento, enquanto a GA aumenta esse potencial.(AU)

Temperament, behavior, body temperature, heart and respiratory rate of sheep trained with tactile stimulation and halter walking / Temperamento, comportamento, temperatura corporal, frequência cardíaca e respiratória de ovinos treinados com estímulo tátil e deslocamento com auxílio de cabresto

O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a influência dos treinamentos com estímulo tátil e deslocamento com auxílio de cabresto no temperamento, fisiologia, comportamento e peso corporal de ovinos. Um total de 80 ovinos, machos e fêmeas, das raças Morada Nova (MN) e Santa Inês (SI), com idade inicial de seis a oito meses, foram treinados com estímulo tátil (TS), deslocamento com auxílio de cabresto (HW) ou estímulo tátil e deslocamento com auxílio de cabresto (TS+HW). Os animais do grupo controle (C) não foram submetidos a nenhum tipo de treinamento. Os aspectos comportamentais foram mensurados no teste de campo aberto, para quantificar as variáveis movimentação, vocalização, tentativa de fuga e cavar chão, enquanto no teste de temperamento foram dados escores de temperamento para cada animal. Os animais foram pesados e foram aferidas as temperaturas retais, frequências cardíacas e respiratórias. Os machos foram mais reativos ao humano do que as fêmeas. Os animais treinados com TS foram menos reativos no teste de temperamento, enquanto os animais mais reativos eram machos SI dos tratamentos C e TS+HW. Machos dos tratamentos C e HW foram os mais pesados durante o estudo. Os animais do grupo controle mostraram maiores médias para frequência cardíaca e temperatura retal, enquanto animais treinados com TS e HW mostraram os menores valores. Fêmeas MN treinadas com TS e TS+HW se movimentaram mais durante o teste de campo aberto, enquanto fêmeas SI do grupo controle se movimentaram menos. Os animais da raça SI vocalizaram mais durante o teste de campo aberto, tanto do tratamento C quanto do TS+HW. Os animais da raça MN do grupo C vocalizaram menos. Ovinos treinados com estímulo tátil se mostraram mais dóceis. O treinamento com estímulo tátil e deslocamento com auxílio de cabresto em ovinos das raças Morada Nova e Santa Inês influenciou a frequência cardíaca, a temperatura retal, a movimentação, a...

This study aimed to evaluate the influence of tactile stimulation and halter walking trainings in the temperament, physiology, behavior and body weight of sheep. A total of 80 sheep, males and females, of the Morada Nova (MN) and Santa Ines (SI) breeds, with initial ages of six to eight months, were trained with tactile stimulation (TS), halter walking (HW) or tactile stimulation and halter walking (TS+HW). The control (C) animals were not submitted to any kind of training. The behavioral aspects were measured by application of a open-field test, to quantify the traits movement, vocalization, escape attempt and digging, and the temperament test, with assignment of a temperament score for each animal. The animals were weighed and rectal temperature, heart rate and respiratory rate were measured. Males were more reactive than females to human. Animals trained with TS were the least reactive in the temperament test, while the most reactive animals were SI male from C and TS+HW treatments. Males of treatments C and HW were the heaviest during the study. The animals in the control group showed higher averages for heart rate and rectal temperature, while animals trained with TS and HW showed the lowest values. Females MN trained with TS and TS+HW moved more during the open-field test, while the SI females of the control group moved less. The SI animals vocalized more during the open-field test, both from treatment C and from TS+HW. The MN animals from C treatment vocalized less. Sheep trained with tactile stimulation were more docile. The training with tactile stimulation and halter walking in Santa Ines and Morada Nova sheep influenced the heart rate, rectal temperature, moviment, vocalization, escape attempt and body weight.

Temperament, behavior, body temperature, heart and respiratory rate of sheep trained with tactile stimulation and halter walking / Temperamento, comportamento, temperatura corporal, frequência cardíaca e respiratória de ovinos treinados com estímulo tátil e deslocamento com auxílio de cabresto

O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar a influência dos treinamentos com estímulo tátil e deslocamento com auxílio de cabresto no temperamento, fisiologia, comportamento e peso corporal de ovinos. Um total de 80 ovinos, machos e fêmeas, das raças Morada Nova (MN) e Santa Inês (SI), com idade inicial de seis a oito meses, foram treinados com estímulo tátil (TS), deslocamento com auxílio de cabresto (HW) ou estímulo tátil e deslocamento com auxílio de cabresto (TS+HW). Os animais do grupo controle (C) não foram submetidos a nenhum tipo de treinamento. Os aspectos comportamentais foram mensurados no teste de campo aberto, para quantificar as variáveis movimentação, vocalização, tentativa de fuga e cavar chão, enquanto no teste de temperamento foram dados escores de temperamento para cada animal. Os animais foram pesados e foram aferidas as temperaturas retais, frequências cardíacas e respiratórias. Os machos foram mais reativos ao humano do que as fêmeas. Os animais treinados com TS foram menos reativos no teste de temperamento, enquanto os animais mais reativos eram machos SI dos tratamentos C e TS+HW. Machos dos tratamentos C e HW foram os mais pesados durante o estudo. Os animais do grupo controle mostraram maiores médias para frequência cardíaca e temperatura retal, enquanto animais treinados com TS e HW mostraram os menores valores. Fêmeas MN treinadas com TS e TS+HW se movimentaram mais durante o teste de campo aberto, enquanto fêmeas SI do grupo controle se movimentaram menos. Os animais da raça SI vocalizaram mais durante o teste de campo aberto, tanto do tratamento C quanto do TS+HW. Os animais da raça MN do grupo C vocalizaram menos. Ovinos treinados com estímulo tátil se mostraram mais dóceis. O treinamento com estímulo tátil e deslocamento com auxílio de cabresto em ovinos das raças Morada Nova e Santa Inês influenciou a frequência cardíaca, a temperatura retal, a movimentação, a...(AU)

This study aimed to evaluate the influence of tactile stimulation and halter walking trainings in the temperament, physiology, behavior and body weight of sheep. A total of 80 sheep, males and females, of the Morada Nova (MN) and Santa Ines (SI) breeds, with initial ages of six to eight months, were trained with tactile stimulation (TS), halter walking (HW) or tactile stimulation and halter walking (TS+HW). The control (C) animals were not submitted to any kind of training. The behavioral aspects were measured by application of a open-field test, to quantify the traits movement, vocalization, escape attempt and digging, and the temperament test, with assignment of a temperament score for each animal. The animals were weighed and rectal temperature, heart rate and respiratory rate were measured. Males were more reactive than females to human. Animals trained with TS were the least reactive in the temperament test, while the most reactive animals were SI male from C and TS+HW treatments. Males of treatments C and HW were the heaviest during the study. The animals in the control group showed higher averages for heart rate and rectal temperature, while animals trained with TS and HW showed the lowest values. Females MN trained with TS and TS+HW moved more during the open-field test, while the SI females of the control group moved less. The SI animals vocalized more during the open-field test, both from treatment C and from TS+HW. The MN animals from C treatment vocalized less. Sheep trained with tactile stimulation were more docile. The training with tactile stimulation and halter walking in Santa Ines and Morada Nova sheep influenced the heart rate, rectal temperature, moviment, vocalization, escape attempt and body weight.(AU)

Modalidades fisioterapêuticas na reabilitação de cães com doença do disco intervertebral toracolombar submetidos à cirurgia descompressiva: 30 casos (2008-2016) / Physiotherapeutic modalities in the rehabilitation of dogs with thoracolumbar intervertebral disc disease that underwent to decompressive surgery: 30 cases (2008-2016)

Este estudo retrospectivo teve como objetivo demonstrar as modalidades fisioterapêuticas empregadas no tratamento de cães com doença do disco intervertebral (DDIV) toracolombar após descompressão cirúrgica da medula espinhal, bem como relatar os fatores que determinaram as alterações das modalidades. Foram incluídos 30 cães que apresentavam sinais neurológicos desde paraparesia ambulatória a paraplegia com dor profunda na primeira sessão de fisioterapia. As modalidades utilizadas nos protocolos de todos os pacientes foram a crioterapia, massagem, alongamento passivo, movimentação passiva articular, estímulo do reflexo flexor e estimulação elétrica neuromuscular. A inclusão ou exclusão de exercícios terapêuticos, como a tipoia corporal, a plataforma proprioceptiva circular, a natação, a hidroesteira, os obstáculos e a caminhada em colchão, foi de acordo com a evolução clínica e a adaptação de cada paciente. Oitenta por cento (80%) dos cães alteraram o grau de disfunção neurológica antes de iniciar a fisioterapia e 93% retornaram à habilidade de caminhar (paraparesia ambulatória) ao final da fisioterapia. O número de sessões e o tempo de recuperação foram maiores quanto pior foi o grau de lesão do paciente.(AU)

This retrospective study aimed to demonstrate the physiotherapeutic modalities used in the treatment of dogs with thoracolumbar intervertebral disc disease (IVDD) after surgical spinal cord decompression and to report elements that determined the modalities changes. Thirty dogs with deep pain perception were selected in the first physiotherapy session, presenting a range of clinical signs from ambulatory paraparesis to paraplegia. The modalities used in the protocols of all patients were cryotherapy, massage, passive stretching, passive range of motion, flexor reflex stimulation and neuromuscular electrical stimulation. The inclusion or exclusion of the therapeutic exercises how body sling (walking sling), circular proprioceptive platform, swimming, underwater treadmill, cavaletti rails and foam mattress walking were according to the clinical evolution and acceptance of each patient. Eighty percent (80%) of the dogs manifested improvement in their neurological dysfunction degree before starting physical therapy and 93% were able to walk again (ambulatory paraparesis) at the end of physiotherapy. The number of sessions and recovery times were higher in patients with higher neurological dysfunction degrees.(AU)

Modalidades fisioterapêuticas na reabilitação de cães com doença do disco intervertebral toracolombar submetidos à cirurgia descompressiva: 30 casos (2008-2016) / Physiotherapeutic modalities in the rehabilitation of dogs with thoracolumbar intervertebral disc disease that underwent to decompressive surgery: 30 cases (2008-2016)

Este estudo retrospectivo teve como objetivo demonstrar as modalidades fisioterapêuticas empregadas no tratamento de cães com doença do disco intervertebral (DDIV) toracolombar após descompressão cirúrgica da medula espinhal, bem como relatar os fatores que determinaram as alterações das modalidades. Foram incluídos 30 cães que apresentavam sinais neurológicos desde paraparesia ambulatória a paraplegia com dor profunda na primeira sessão de fisioterapia. As modalidades utilizadas nos protocolos de todos os pacientes foram a crioterapia, massagem, alongamento passivo, movimentação passiva articular, estímulo do reflexo flexor e estimulação elétrica neuromuscular. A inclusão ou exclusão de exercícios terapêuticos, como a tipoia corporal, a plataforma proprioceptiva circular, a natação, a hidroesteira, os obstáculos e a caminhada em colchão, foi de acordo com a evolução clínica e a adaptação de cada paciente. Oitenta por cento (80%) dos cães alteraram o grau de disfunção neurológica antes de iniciar a fisioterapia e 93% retornaram à habilidade de caminhar (paraparesia ambulatória) ao final da fisioterapia. O número de sessões e o tempo de recuperação foram maiores quanto pior foi o grau de lesão do paciente.(AU)

This retrospective study aimed to demonstrate the physiotherapeutic modalities used in the treatment of dogs with thoracolumbar intervertebral disc disease (IVDD) after surgical spinal cord decompression and to report elements that determined the modalities changes. Thirty dogs with deep pain perception were selected in the first physiotherapy session, presenting a range of clinical signs from ambulatory paraparesis to paraplegia. The modalities used in the protocols of all patients were cryotherapy, massage, passive stretching, passive range of motion, flexor reflex stimulation and neuromuscular electrical stimulation. The inclusion or exclusion of the therapeutic exercises how body sling (walking sling), circular proprioceptive platform, swimming, underwater treadmill, cavaletti rails and foam mattress walking were according to the clinical evolution and acceptance of each patient. Eighty percent (80%) of the dogs manifested improvement in their neurological dysfunction degree before starting physical therapy and 93% were able to walk again (ambulatory paraparesis) at the end of physiotherapy. The number of sessions and recovery times were higher in patients with higher neurological dysfunction degrees.(AU)

Efeito de diferentes intensidades de exercício em esteira sobre os parâmetros eletrocardiográficos de cães hígidos / Effect of different intensities of treadmill exercise on eletrocardiographic parameters of healthy dogs

Objetivou-se a padronização de testes de exercício de alta e baixa intensidades em esteira, bem como a avaliação do eletrocardiograma de cães submetidos a esses testes. Para tal fim, sete cães da raça Australian Cattle Dog e quatro da raça Border Collie clinicamente saudáveis foram submetidos a dois testes de exercício em esteira, com pelo menos sete dias de intervalo: T1 - teste de exercício de alta intensidade e curta duração, e T2 - teste de exercício de baixa intensidade e longa duração. A amplitude e a duração de ondas e intervalos foram avaliadas no momento antes do exercício (M0) e nos momentos imediatamente após o término dos testes (MPE) e 30 minutos após (M30). A frequência e o ritmo cardíacos foram avaliados antes dos testes e continuamente por 30 minutos após o término do exercício. Verificou-se diferença significativa somente para a duração do intervalo QT em M30 em T1, além de algumas arritmias, como complexos atriais e ventriculares prematuros isolados em três animais após o teste T1, e em quatro após T2. Os testes de exercício foram adequados para promover estimulação simpática nos cães, contudo não causaram alterações significativas no eletrocardiograma, provavelmente em razão do excelente condicionamento físico dos animais.(AU)

This study aimed to stardardize high and low intensity exercise tests, and evaluate the electrocardiogram of dogs submitted to these tests. Seven clinically healthy Australian Cattle dogs and four Border Collies underwent two exercise treadmill tests, with at least a seven day interval: T1 - high intensity and short duration exercise test, and T2 - low intensity and long duration exercise test. Amplitude and duration of waves and intervals were assessed at resting time before exercise (M0), at immediately after (MPE) and at 30 minutes (M30) after the end of the tests. Heart rate and cardiac rhythm were evaluated before the tests and continuously for 30 minutes after the end of exercise. There was a significant difference only for duration of the QT interval at M30 in T1, and some arrhythmias such as isolated atrial and ventricular premature complexes in three animals after T1 test, and in four dogs after T2. The exercise tests of the present study was suitable to promote sympathetic stimulation in dogs, however did not cause significant changes on the electrocardiogram probably because of the excellent physical fitness of the dogs.(AU)

Efeito de diferentes intensidades de exercício em esteira sobre os parâmetros eletrocardiográficos de cães hígidos / Effect of different intensities of treadmill exercise on eletrocardiographic parameters of healthy dogs

Objetivou-se a padronização de testes de exercício de alta e baixa intensidades em esteira, bem como a avaliação do eletrocardiograma de cães submetidos a esses testes. Para tal fim, sete cães da raça Australian Cattle Dog e quatro da raça Border Collie clinicamente saudáveis foram submetidos a dois testes de exercício em esteira, com pelo menos sete dias de intervalo: T1 - teste de exercício de alta intensidade e curta duração, e T2 - teste de exercício de baixa intensidade e longa duração. A amplitude e a duração de ondas e intervalos foram avaliadas no momento antes do exercício (M0) e nos momentos imediatamente após o término dos testes (MPE) e 30 minutos após (M30). A frequência e o ritmo cardíacos foram avaliados antes dos testes e continuamente por 30 minutos após o término do exercício. Verificou-se diferença significativa somente para a duração do intervalo QT em M30 em T1, além de algumas arritmias, como complexos atriais e ventriculares prematuros isolados em três animais após o teste T1, e em quatro após T2. Os testes de exercício foram adequados para promover estimulação simpática nos cães, contudo não causaram alterações significativas no eletrocardiograma, provavelmente em razão do excelente condicionamento físico dos animais.(AU)

This study aimed to stardardize high and low intensity exercise tests, and evaluate the electrocardiogram of dogs submitted to these tests. Seven clinically healthy Australian Cattle dogs and four Border Collies underwent two exercise treadmill tests, with at least a seven day interval: T1 - high intensity and short duration exercise test, and T2 - low intensity and long duration exercise test. Amplitude and duration of waves and intervals were assessed at resting time before exercise (M0), at immediately after (MPE) and at 30 minutes (M30) after the end of the tests. Heart rate and cardiac rhythm were evaluated before the tests and continuously for 30 minutes after the end of exercise. There was a significant difference only for duration of the QT interval at M30 in T1, and some arrhythmias such as isolated atrial and ventricular premature complexes in three animals after T1 test, and in four dogs after T2. The exercise tests of the present study was suitable to promote sympathetic stimulation in dogs, however did not cause significant changes on the electrocardiogram probably because of the excellent physical fitness of the dogs.(AU)

Germination constraints of dicarpic cypselae of Bidens pilosa L.

Abstract Bidens pilosa L. is a heterocarpic weed species with two cypselae types that present morpho-physiological differences, being the peripheral type smaller and slower to germinate than the central one. We aimed to verify how the germination mechanism varied between types. We focused on two mechanisms: (1) pericarp constraints (physical and chemical) and (2) hormonal stimulation (Abcisic acid [ABA] and Gibberellin [GA]). Both cypselae types are physically constrained by the pericarp, for when it is excised both seed types increase their germination, but behavioral differences still remain. The pericarp of the peripheral type also has chemical inhibitors that effectively inhibited germination of the intact central cypsela. To test the hormonal effects, we focused on the ABA:GA control. Both cypselae responded to an exogenous ABA concentration gradient, however there is no variation between types on the sensitivity to it. Also, both cypselae types were indifferent to Fluridone (ABA inhibitor), which indicates that the dormancy is not maintained by de novo ABA synthesis. Cypselae types had different sensitivity to an exogenous GA3 gradient, the central type being more sensitive to the treatment than the peripheral one. But when the endogenous GA synthesis was blocked by Paclobutrazol, both types responded equally to same GA3 concentrations. This indicates that endogenous GA synthesis may be related to differences observed on germination of cypselae types. To conclude, seed types differ on their growth potential to overcome the pericarp resistance: while the inhibitor in the peripheral pericarp reduces growth potential, GA increases it.

Resumo Bidens pilosa L. é uma espécie de planta daninha heterocarpica com dois tipos de cipselas que possuem diferenças morfofisiológicas, sendo o tipo periférico de menor tamanho e com germinação lenta se comparado com o central. Nosso objetivo foi verificar como o mecanismo de germinação varia entre os tipos. Focamos em dois mecanismos: (1) restrição causada pelo pericarpo (física e química) e (2) estímulo hormonal (Ácido abscísico [ABA] e Giberelina [GA]). Os tipos de cipselas são fisicamente limitados pelo pericarpo, pois quando ambos os tipos de sementes são excisados há um aumento na germinação, contudo as diferenças no processo se mantém. O pericarpo do tipo periférico ainda possui inibidores que efetivamente retardam a germinação das cipselas centrais intactas. Para testar os efeitos hormonais, nós focamos no controle pelo ABA:GA. Ambas cipselas responderam ao gradiente de concentração de ABA exógeno, contudo não houve variação na sensibilidade entre os tipos. Ainda, ambos tipos de cipselas foram indiferentes à Fluoridona (inibidor de ABA), que indica que a dormência não é mantida pela nova síntese de ABA. Tipos de cipselas apresentam diferentes sensibilidades ao gradiente exógeno de GA3, com o tipo central sendo mais sensível ao tratamento que o periférico. Mas quando a síntese endógena de GA foi bloqueada pelo Paclobutrazol, ambos os tipos responderam de forma similar às concentrações de GA 3. Isso indica que a síntese de GA endógena pode estar relacionada com a diferença observada na germinação dos dois tipos de cipselas. Para concluir, os tipos de sementes diferem no potencial para superar a resistência do pericarpo, sendo o inibidor no pericarpo da cipsela periférica o redutor do potencial de crescimento, enquanto a GA aumenta esse potencial.

Abordagem clínica e laboratorial de tumor venéreo transmissível (TVT) em uma cadela prenhe / Clinical and laboratory approach of Transmissible Venereal Tumor (TVT) in a pregnant female dog

O tumor venéreo transmissível (TVT) é uma neoplasia de células redondas maligna se contagiosas, comum em cães. Uma abordagem clínica e laboratorial precisa e rápida é importante para um melhor prognóstico do animal. Portanto, o trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar um relato de caso sobre TVT, na genitália externa de uma cadela prenhe. Uma cadela sem padrão racial definido e sem idade definida deu entrada no Hospital Veterinário Sylvio Barroso Cardoso (HVSBC), apresentando secreção vaginal escura e fétida segundo a queixa da proprietária. Durante o exame físico observou-se que a vulva estava edemaciada e avermelhada, sem estímulo doloroso ao toque ou alteração de temperatura e havia múltiplos nódulos na região. Além disso, as mucosas estavam hipocoradas. Foi prescrito para o animal um hemograma completo, mais dosagens bioquímicas (creatinina e alanina amino transferase), exame citológico e ultrassonografia abdominal total. No hemograma o animal apresentou anemia normocítica e hipocrômica, moderada anisocitose e hipocromia, rouleaux eritrocitário e trombocitopenia. As dosagens bioquímicas não tiveram alterações de relevância clínica. O exame ultrassonográfico revelou que o animal estava em 45 dias de gestação. A citologia foi realizada através do método de imprint em que se obteve3 lâminas, baseado no padrão celular observado constatou-se que se tratava de um TVT. O animal foi tratado com aceturato de diminazeno e complexos vitamínicos, e esperou-se para iniciar o tratamento quimioterápico com sulfato de vincristina apóso parto. O animal pariu 7 filhotes saudáveis. Após 3 semanas de tratamento a cadela apresentou remissão da neoplasia.

Transmissible venereal tumor (TVT) is a malignant, common and contagious round cell neoplasm in dogs. A precise and rapid clinical and laboratorial approach is important for a better prognosis of the animal. Therefore, the work aims to present a case report on TVT in the external genitalia of a pregnant bitch. A bitch with no defined racial pattern and no definite age was admitted to the Veterinary Hospital Sylvio Barroso Cardoso (HVSBC) presenting dark and fetid vaginal secretion according to the owner's complaint. During the physical examination it was observed that the vulva was swollen and reddish, without painful stimulation to the touch or change of temperature and there were multiple nodules in the region. In addition, the mucous membranes were pale mucosa. Complete blood count plus biochemical measurements (creatinine and alanine amino transferase), cytological examination and total abdominal ultrasonography were prescribed for the animal. In the hemogram the animal had normocytic and hypochromic anemia, moderate anisocytosis and hypochromia, erythrocyte rouleaux and thrombocytopenia. Biochemical dosages did not change in clinical relevance. Ultrasound examination revealed that the animal was at 45 days of gestation. Cytology was performed by the imprint method and 3 samples were obtained, and based on the observed cellular pattern, it was found that it was a TVT. The animal was treated with diminazene aceturate and vitamin complexes, and was expected to initiate chemotherapy with vincristine sulfate after delivery. The animal gave birth to 7 healthy puppies. After 3 weeks of treatment, the dog had remission of the neoplasia.

Abordagem clínica e laboratorial de tumor venéreo transmissível (TVT) em uma cadela prenhe / Clinical and laboratory approach of Transmissible Venereal Tumor (TVT) in a pregnant female dog

O tumor venéreo transmissível (TVT) é uma neoplasia de células redondas maligna se contagiosas, comum em cães. Uma abordagem clínica e laboratorial precisa e rápida é importante para um melhor prognóstico do animal. Portanto, o trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar um relato de caso sobre TVT, na genitália externa de uma cadela prenhe. Uma cadela sem padrão racial definido e sem idade definida deu entrada no Hospital Veterinário Sylvio Barroso Cardoso (HVSBC), apresentando secreção vaginal escura e fétida segundo a queixa da proprietária. Durante o exame físico observou-se que a vulva estava edemaciada e avermelhada, sem estímulo doloroso ao toque ou alteração de temperatura e havia múltiplos nódulos na região. Além disso, as mucosas estavam hipocoradas. Foi prescrito para o animal um hemograma completo, mais dosagens bioquímicas (creatinina e alanina amino transferase), exame citológico e ultrassonografia abdominal total. No hemograma o animal apresentou anemia normocítica e hipocrômica, moderada anisocitose e hipocromia, rouleaux eritrocitário e trombocitopenia. As dosagens bioquímicas não tiveram alterações de relevância clínica. O exame ultrassonográfico revelou que o animal estava em 45 dias de gestação. A citologia foi realizada através do método de imprint em que se obteve3 lâminas, baseado no padrão celular observado constatou-se que se tratava de um TVT. O animal foi tratado com aceturato de diminazeno e complexos vitamínicos, e esperou-se para iniciar o tratamento quimioterápico com sulfato de vincristina apóso parto. O animal pariu 7 filhotes saudáveis. Após 3 semanas de tratamento a cadela apresentou remissão da neoplasia.(AU)

Transmissible venereal tumor (TVT) is a malignant, common and contagious round cell neoplasm in dogs. A precise and rapid clinical and laboratorial approach is important for a better prognosis of the animal. Therefore, the work aims to present a case report on TVT in the external genitalia of a pregnant bitch. A bitch with no defined racial pattern and no definite age was admitted to the Veterinary Hospital Sylvio Barroso Cardoso (HVSBC) presenting dark and fetid vaginal secretion according to the owner's complaint. During the physical examination it was observed that the vulva was swollen and reddish, without painful stimulation to the touch or change of temperature and there were multiple nodules in the region. In addition, the mucous membranes were pale mucosa. Complete blood count plus biochemical measurements (creatinine and alanine amino transferase), cytological examination and total abdominal ultrasonography were prescribed for the animal. In the hemogram the animal had normocytic and hypochromic anemia, moderate anisocytosis and hypochromia, erythrocyte rouleaux and thrombocytopenia. Biochemical dosages did not change in clinical relevance. Ultrasound examination revealed that the animal was at 45 days of gestation. Cytology was performed by the imprint method and 3 samples were obtained, and based on the observed cellular pattern, it was found that it was a TVT. The animal was treated with diminazene aceturate and vitamin complexes, and was expected to initiate chemotherapy with vincristine sulfate after delivery. The animal gave birth to 7 healthy puppies. After 3 weeks of treatment, the dog had remission of the neoplasia.(AU)

Hiperplasia Prostática Benigna em Cães: uma revisão / Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia in Dogs: A Review

A hiperplasia prostática benigna é uma alteração comumente encontrada em cães de meia-idade e idosos não castrados, que se caracteriza pela hipertrofia e principalmente pela hiperplasia das células epiteliais e estromais da próstata. Os sinais clínicos, quando observados, estão relacionados com a compressão da uretra e do cólon, ocasionados pelo aumento excessivo dessa glândula. Embora a patogenia da hiperplasia prostática benigna não seja totalmente compreendida, a dihidrotestosterona (DHT) é considerada o principal hormônio envolvido na estimulação do aumento da próstata canina. O diagnóstico é feito principalmente por meio da anamnese/exame físico e do exame ultrassonográfico por meio dos quais são verificadas sintomatologia e alteração na dimensão da glândula. O tratamento de eleição é a orquiectomia bilateral, pois se trata de uma patologia andrógeno-dependente. O diagnóstico precoce dessa afecção permite a prevenção de outros distúrbios prostáticos, visto que a hiperplasia prostática predispõe ao surgimento de outras prostatopatias. Este artigo revisa os procedimentos diagnósticos, os avanços e as descobertas recentes sobre a hiperplasia prostática benigna na espécie canina.(AU)

Benign prostatic hyperplasia is a disorder commonly found in middle-aged and un-neutered dogs, characterized by hypertrophy and mainly hyperplasia of prostatic epithelial and stromal cells. The clinical signs, when observed, are related to the compression of the urethra and the colon, caused by the excessive increase of this gland. Although the pathogenesis of benign prostatic hyperplasia is not fully understood, dihydrotestosterone (DHT) is considered the main hormone involved in the stimulation of canine prostate enlargement. The diagnosis is made mainly through anamnesis/physical examination and ultrasonographic examination, in which symptomatology and alteration in the gland dimension are observed. The treatment of choice is bilateral orchiectomy, since it is an androgen-dependent pathology. The early diagnosis of this condition allows the prevention of other prostatic disorders, since prostatic hyperplasia predisposes the appearance of other prostate pathologies. This manuscript reviews the diagnosis procedures, the advances and the recent discoveries about canine benign prostatic hyperplasia.(AU)