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The study aimed to evaluate the insecticidal activity of extracts of edible mushrooms Pleurotus ostreatus and Lentinula edodes against Rhyssomatus nigerrimus. Methanol:water extracts (70:30) of P. ostreatus and L. edodes were made and evaluated in two in vitro tests (exposure and immersion toxic effect) against R. nigerrimus. Subsequently, the toxicity test of the extracts against Artemia salina was evaluated. These extracts were subjected to colorimetric tests and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. The results showed a mortality effect against R. nigerrimus of 50% for the P. ostreatus 2 extracts at a concentration of 20% in the immersion test. Likewise, in the toxic effect test, 90% mortality was observed after five days of exposure to a concentration of 10%. On the other hand, for the toxicity test, the extract that showed the values with the highest mortality against A. salina was P. ostreatus, starting with 80% mortality at 100µg/mL. The functional groups present in the extracts were saponins, coumarins, and alkaloids. Furthermore, the presence of more than 7 compounds in the mushroom extracts evaluated is reported. This study demonstrates the insecticidal activity of P. ostreatus and L. edodes fungal extracts and indicates the importance of using different in vitro tests to elucidate the mechanism of action for future studies.

O estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a atividade inseticida dos extratos dos cogumelos comestíveis Pleurotus ostreatus e Lentinula edodes contra Rhyssomatus nigerrimus. Extratos metanol:água (70:30) de P. ostreatus e L. edodes foram elaborados e avaliados em dois testes in vitro (efeito tóxico de exposição e imersão) contra R. nigerrimus. Posteriormente foi avaliado o teste de toxicidade dos extratos frente à Artemia salina. Esses extratos foram submetidos a testes colorimétricos e cromatografia gasosa-espectrometria de massas. Os resultados mostraram efeito de mortalidade contra R. nigerrimus de 50% para o extrato de P. ostreatus 2 na concentração de 20% no teste de imersão. Da mesma forma, no teste de efeito tóxico, foi observada mortalidade de 90% após 5 dias de exposição à concentração de 10%. Por outro lado, para o teste de toxicidade, o extrato que apresentou os valores com maior mortalidade contra A. salina foi P. ostreatus, iniciando com 80% de mortalidade a 100µg/mL. Os grupos funcionais presentes nos extratos foram saponinas, cumarinas e alcaloides. Além disso, é relatada a presença de mais de 7 compostos nos extratos de cogumelos avaliados. Este estudo demonstra a atividade inseticida dos extratos fúngicos de P. ostreatus e L. edodes e indica a importância da utilização de diferentes testes in vitro para elucidar o mecanismo de ação para estudos futuros.

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One of the new waters, and environmentally friendly agriculture initiatives in Peru is to encourage the utilization of agricultural waste, because low agricultural output is a threat to food security there. The purpose of this research was to evaluate the effect of harvest residues on the basidiocarp production of the fungus Pleurotus Ostreatus, in Acobamba-Huancavelica. The trial had a completely randomized design, and the treatments included T1, barley stubbles; T2, wheat stubbles; T3, pea stubbles; T4, broad bean stubbles; and T5, quinoa stubbles. The research was quantitative in nature, taking the form of an experiment with an applied, explanatory level of design. The recorded data was tabulated and analyzed with analysis of variance, as well as Tukey's test (α:0.05), for which the statistical software Infostat was used. The results are presented in tables and graphs for a better interpretation. As main results, it was obtained that the time (colonization), diameter (stem, pileus), length (stem) and weight (basidiocarps), present statistical differences between treatments showing significant enhancement in all parameters. Despite a numerical difference, a Tukey average comparison test revealed that there was no statistically significant difference between the averages for the variable time for fungus colonisation, suggesting that the treatment T5 in which quinoa substrate showed the greatest average. Treatment T4 in which broad bean stubbles were used gave the most low-average. In conclusion, increment in all parámeters were noted in all treatment of Pleurotus basidiocarps ostreatus under Acobamba conditions.

Uma das novas iniciativas de águas e agricultura ecológica no Peru é incentivar a utilização de resíduos agrícolas, porque a baixa produção agrícola é uma ameaça à segurança alimentar no país. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar o efeito dos resíduos da colheita na produção de basidiocarpos do fungo Pleurotus ostreatus, em Acobamba-Huancavelica. O ensaio teve um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, e os tratamentos incluíram T1, restolho de cevada; T2, soqueiras de trigo; T3, restolho de ervilha; T4, restolho de fava; e T5, restolho de quinoa. A pesquisa foi de natureza quantitativa, assumindo a forma de experimento com um nível de design aplicado e explicativo. Os dados registrados foram tabulados e analisados com análise de variância, bem como teste de Tukey (α:0,05), para o qual foi utilizado o software estatístico Infostat. Os resultados são apresentados em tabelas e gráficos para melhor interpretação. Como principais resultados, obteve-se que o tempo (colonização), diâmetro (caule, píleo), comprimento (caule) e peso (basidiocarpos) apresentam diferenças estatísticas entre os tratamentos, mostrando melhora significativa em todos os parâmetros. Apesar da diferença numérica, o teste de comparação de médias de Tukey revelou que não houve diferença estatisticamente significativa entre as médias para a variável tempo de colonização do fungo, sugerindo que o tratamento T5 em que usou o substrato quinoa, apresentou a maior média. O tratamento T4, no qual foram usadas restolhos de fava, apresentou a média mais baixa. Em conclusão, incrementos em todos os parâmetros foram observados em todos os tratamentos de Pleurotus basidiocarps ostreatus nas condições de Acobamba.

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This study describes a biotechnological strategy for producing and applying oxalic acid to solubilize phosphorus (P) from rock phosphate (RP). We evaluated six fungal species (Aspergillus niger FS1, Penicillium islandicum FS41, Pleurotus ostreatus PO1, Rhizoctonia solani Rhiz555, Sclerotium rolfsii Sr25, and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum Scl134) and three culture media (potato dextrose broth, Tsao and Strasser media) to maximize oxalic acid production. Among the fungal isolates tested and culture media, S. rolfsii Sr25 and Tsao medium showed efficient oxalic acid production. Tsao medium was optimized following a response surface methodology after initial screening of factors affecting RP solubilization. The optimized concentrations were 1 g L-1 NaNO3, 100 g L-1 glucose, 2 g L-1 KH2PO4, 4.5 g L-1 yeast extract, and 25 mg L-1 MgSO4·7H2O used for 20 days of incubation. Under these conditions, 71 mmol L-1 oxalic acid was obtained, representing a three-fold increase over production under non-optimized conditions (20 mmol L-1). Under optimized conditions, oxalic acid produced by S. rolfsii Sr25 reacted with low-solubility RP and solubilized 100 % of the P contained in ore. Thus, using S. rolfsii Sr25 to produce oxalic acid seems a promising biotechnological alternative for P solubilization from RP.(AU)

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The aim of this work was to evaluate the growth and the proximate compositionof the mycelium-based bocaiuva pulp with the edible mushroom Pleurotusostreatuson green bocaiuva flour added with different sources of nitrogen (urea, ammonium nitrate and sulfate ammonia). Growth was monitored by kinectics. At the end, the proximate composition of the best three treatments (dehydrated green bocaiuva pulp and water, T1; dehydrated green bocaiuva pulp and ammonium nitrate, T3; and green bocaiuva pulp/wheat bran and ammonium nitrate, T7) was determined. Ammonium nitrate was the nitrogen source that showed the greatest growth in both substrates (T3:8.33 cm and T7:7.67 cm) in relation to the other treatments (4.67 to 7.17 cm), with emphasis on the green bocaiuva pulp. The substrate with green bocaiuva pulp and water was the one that showed the highest growth (7.50 cm), which was close to the treatment with mixed substrate and ammonium nitrate (7.67 cm). The treatment with the green bocaiuva pulp and ammonium nitrate (T3) was highlighted due to its significant increase in proteins (9.42 g 100 g-1) and fibers (5.21 g 100 g-1), and decrease in carbohydrates (9.52 g 100 g-1), in comparison to the other treatments T7 (8.94, 2.16, and 5.99 g 100 g-1, respectively) and T1 (2.78, 4.33, and 2.28 g 100 g-1, respectively). The product obtained from the growth of P. ostreatusin green bocaiuva pulp presents promising perspectives to be utilized as raw material for the development of new food products with added nutritional value.

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Pleurotus albidus, a naturally growing species in the Amazon region, has been considered a promising source of milk-clotting proteases. The production of such enzymes using lignocellulosic residues is a sustainable alternative to replace mammalian rennet. The application of P. albidus milk-clotting proteases in cheese making has not yet been reported in the scientific literature. The aim of this study was to characterize the milk-clotting proteases of P. albidus and use these enzymes in the production of Minas frescal cheese. For the production of coagulating proteases, the mushroom was grown in açaí seeds supplemented with rice bran (10%, w/w). The parameters affecting the production of coagulant, such as inoculum size, fermentation time, initial pH of cultivation medium and age of the inoculum were evaluated. The coagulant extract obtained under optimal production conditions was evaluated for optimal pH and temperature, pH and temperature stability, effect of ions and inhibitors. Significant production of coagulating proteases was obtained under the following conditions: inoculum size (2.5%), fermentation time (10 days), initial pH of the cultivation medium (6), and inoculum age (10 days). The coagulant exhibited significant catalytic activity in pH 5.0 at 55°C, with stability at 45°C and was completely inhibited by iodoacetic acid. The milk-clotting proteases of P. albidus were efficient for making Minas frescal cheese that presented 55.0% of moisture, 20.0% of lipids and 17.20% of protein. Pleurotus albidus is a potential source of milk-clotting proteases that can be applied in dairy industry for production of fresh Minas frescal cheese.

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Edible mushrooms have a number of medicinal properties and this study aimed to investigate the antimicrobial activity of Pleurotus eryngiiDPUA1816 in metabolic broths after being grown in submerged cultivation. Mycelial fragments of pure P. eryngiiculture was inoculated in sweet potato culture medium and incubated at 150 rpm for 15 days at 25°C. Pleurotuseryngiiwas also cultivated for 18 days under the same conditions, the mycelial biomass was separated by filtration for quantification. The supernatant was used in the diffusion test in agar and performed against Escherichia coliCCCD-E005, Staphylococcus aureus CCCD-S009, Pseudomonas aeruginosaCCCD-P004, Candida albicansCCCD-CC001, Candida parapsilosis CCCD-CC004 and Candida tropicalisCCCD-CC002. The samples showed no inhibitory activity against bacteria, however they showed some activity againstC. albicans(12.17 mm), C. parapsilosis(27.67 mm) and C. tropicalis(13.67 mm). After being cultivated for 18 days, P. eryngiiwas able to inhibit all yeasts after 12 days of culture, with an inhibition halo of 29.33 mm at 16 days against C. parapsilosis. This study demonstrates the antifungal potential filtered liquids from P.eryngiicultivated in purple-skinned sweet potato culture medium, which suggests the possibility of the use of this species by the pharmaceutical industry as a natural source of biological action.

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Two isolations of fungi from a bank of microorganisms in the Biological Sciences Laboratory at Escuela Superior Politécnica de Chimborazo were tested on the galling caused by Meloidogyne incognita in tomato seedlings grown in pots with substrate infested with a suspension of nematodes, with approximately 2000 juvenile stages (J2) from root galls of plants infested with M. incognita, taken from the Nematology laboratory of the Ecuadorian Agricultural Quality Assurance Agency (AGROCALIDAD). Pleurotus ostreatus was a fungus with nematicidal characteristics through production of toxins; while Trichoderma harzianum is a widely known fungus, although it is a plant growth promoter rather than a nematicide. The two fungi were formulated in wheat straw and rabbit manure. A complete randomized design (CRD) with three replications was used, with a chemical control (Fenamiphos) and an absolute control. Five grams of each formulation was applied per plant before the transplant. The number of galls in the roots, plant height, stem diameter, number of leaves and fresh and dry weight of the aerial part and roots of 180 tomato plants grown in greenhouse were evaluated at 60 days after transplant. The results showed that the two fungi reduced the number of galls and made it possible to obtain dry weights of the aerial and radicular part very close to the chemical control (10.09 and 3.39 g) with 8.68; 8.04; 2.96 and 3.25 g respectively. Besides Trichoderma harzianum proved to be a good promoter of root growth, therefore, the use of these bioformulates is a promising measure for the control of this phytonematode

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The cocoa and palm oil agro-industries active in the state of Bahia, Brazil, generate high quantities of lignocellulosic wastes that could be recycled through their use in the formulation of substrates to cultivate edible mushrooms. Pleurotus ostreatus, also known as oyster mushroom, is the second most cultivated mushroom in the world due to its highly appreciated gastronomic, nutritional, and medicinal characteristics. This work evaluated the vertical mycelium growth, biological efficiency, mushroom yield, and nutritional composition of P. ostreatus produced in substrates formulated with a combination of palm oil fruit mesocarp (POFM) and cocoa almond peels (CAP) processing wastes. The substrates were formulated with the following POFM/CAP proportions (%/%): S1 ­ 86.4/9.6; S2 ­ 76.8/19.2; S3 ­ 67.2/28.8; S4 ­ 57.6/38.4, and S5 ­ 48.0/48.0. Substrates also received 3% powdered charcoal and 1% calcium carbonate. Substrates S1, S2, S3, and S4 were superior for vertical mycelium growth. S2 promoted the best biological efficiency (148.8%) and yield (560.5g·kg-1).The mushrooms produced in all substrates presented good nutritional values, although mushrooms produced using the S2 presented the highest crude protein content. Overall, S1 is the recommended substrate as it results in higher yields of nutrient rich mushrooms. Production of P. ostreatus in substrates composed of POFM and CAP represents a good alternative for recycling these wastes with potential economic and ecological benefits to regions where palm oil and cocoa are grown.(AU)

As indústrias de cacau e óleo de dendê no estado da Bahia, Brasil, geram grandes quantidades de resíduos lignocelulósicos que podem ser reciclados na formulação de substratos para o cultivo de cogumelos comestíveis. Pleurotus ostreatus ou cogumelo ostra é o segundo cogumelo mais cultivado no mundo por apresentar características gastronômicas, nutricionais e medicinais muito apreciadas. Este estudo avaliou o crescimento micelial vertical, a eficiência biológica, a produção e a composição nutricional de P. ostreatus produzido em substratos formulados com a combinação de resíduos do processamento de frutos de dendê (mesocarpo do fruto de dendê ­ MFD) e de amêndoas de cacau (tegumento de amêndoas de cacau ­ TAC). Os substratos foram formulados com as seguintes proporções de MFD e TAC (%/%): S1: 86,4/9,6; S2: 76,8/19,2; S3: 67,2/28,8; S4: 57,6/38,4 e S5: 48,0/48,0. Os substratos também receberam 3% de carvão e 1% de carbonato de cálcio. Os substratos S1, S2, S3 e S4 foram superiores quanto ao crescimento micelial vertical. S2 promoveu os melhores resultados para eficiência biológica (148,8%) e produção (560.5 g·kg-1). Os cogumelos produzidos em todos os substratos apresentaram valores nutricionais promissores. Entretanto, os cogumelos produzidos com o substrato S2 apresentaram o maior conteúdo de proteína bruta. De modo geral, S1 é o substrato recomendado por resultar na maior produção de cogumelos ricos em nutrientes. A produção de P. ostreatus em substratos compostos por MFD e TAC representa uma boa alternativa para a reciclagem desses resíduos com potenciais benefícios econômicos e ecológicos para as regiões produtoras de dendê e cacau.(AU)

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Laccases are oxidoreductase enzymes that have the ability to oxidize phenolic substrates. Its biotechnological potential has been greatly explored in many areas as biotechnology industry, bioremediation of dyes, food industry and environmental microbiology. The aim of this study was maximize the laccase production by Pleurotus pulmonarius (Fr.) Quélet in solid-state fermentation (SSF) using orange waste as substrate. After optimization the capability of the crude laccase to decolorize dyes was analyzed. The fermentation medium in the solid-state was optimized by applying a factorial design. After statistics optimization, laccase activity increased two times. The laccase activity appears to be correlated with the ability of crude extract to decolorize some industrial dyes. The optimized laccase was characterized with respect to optimum pH, influence of temperature and salts. Our results demonstrate that P. pulmonarius was an efficient producer of an important industrial enzyme, laccase, in a cheap solid-state system using orange waste as substrate.

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Abstract The aim of this research was to evaluate the efficiency of aqueous alkali-treated Brachiaria straw for the cultivation of appropriate species of oyster mushroom. The substrate used in the cultivation of various Pleurotus spp. was soaked for 20 min by using two different procedures: (i) 0.5-2.0% Ca(OH)2 in 100 L water, and (ii) 50-250 L water. As a result, 1% Ca(OH)2 dissolved in 100 L water and 3.5 kg of Brachiaria straw presented the best production. The most suitable species for the application of the present method were P. pulmonarius and P. sapidus. The success of this technique is directly related to the concentration of Ca(OH)2 and water, the species, and the origin and quality of raw material used as the substrate in the production of oyster mushroom.

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Bisphenol-A is currently considered an environmental pollutant, capable of interfering in the endocrine system of organisms and causing alterations in its development and reproductive system. An alternative method to the chemical treatment of this pollutant has been the use of oxidative enzymes, especially laccases produced by fungi. In order to reduce production costs, agro-industrial waste can be used in the culture medium composition. Nonionic surfactants, which are only slightly toxic to biological membranes, can be applied, as well as Tween 80, to facilitate the excretion of these enzymes into the culture medium. The objectives of this work were: a) characterize the immersion water of banana straw used in the formulation of the culture medium; b) evaluate laccase production by Pleurotus sajor-caju in culture medium with and without addition of Tween 80, through shaken flasks; c) evaluate the efficiency of the crude enzyme broth in degrading bisphenol-A. The shaken flasks were incubated at 30°C for 12 days. The immersion water had a C:N ratio of 13.8, ash percentage of 28.6%, and pH close to neutrality. The addition of Tween 80 on the culture medium (7.5%, m/v) yielded laccase activity and productivity values equal to 3,016.47 U L-1 and 502.7 U L-1 day-1, respectively. These values were 50 and 33.5 times higher than those obtained in the culture medium without addition of Tween 80 for laccase activity and productivity, respectively. The crude enzyme broth degraded 100% of bisphenol-A after 48 hours, regardless of concentration (500, 750 and 1,000 mg L-1).(AU)

O bisfenol-A é considerado um poluente ambiental capaz de interferir no sistema endócrino dos organismos, ocasionando alterações em seu desenvolvimento e sistema de reprodução. Um método alternativo ao tratamento químico desse tipo de poluente tem sido a utilização de enzimas oxidativas, especialmente as lacases, produzidas por fungos. A fim de diminuir custos de produção, resíduos agroindustriais podem compor o meio de cultivo. Assim, surfactantes não iônicos e pouco tóxicos para as membranas biológicas, como o Tween 80, podem ser utilizados para facilitar a excreção dessas enzimas para o meio de cultivo. Os objetivos deste trabalho foram: caracterizar quimicamente o resíduo água de imersão de palha de bananeira, usado na formulação do meio de cultivo; avaliar a produção de lacase por Pleurotus sajor-caju em meio de cultivo líquido (frascos Erlenmeyer) com e sem adição de Tween 80; e avaliar a eficiência do caldo enzimático bruto em degradar bisfenol-A. Os frascos foram incubados a 30°C, por 12 dias. A água de imersão apresentou relação C:N 13,8, percentual de cinzas 28,6% e pH próximo da neutralidade. O cultivo adicionado de Tween 80 (7,5%, m/v) propiciou valores de atividade e produtividade em lacase iguais a 3.016,47 U L-1 e 502,7 U L-1 dia-1, respectivamente. Esses valores são 50 e 33,5 vezes maiores que os obtidos no cultivo sem adição de Tween 80, para atividade e produtividade em lacase, respectivamente. O caldo enzimático bruto degradou 100% do bisfenol-A após 48 horas, independentemente da concentração (500, 750 e 1.000 mg L-1).(AU)

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ABSTRACT The multi-enzyme complex (crude extract) of white rot fungi Pleurotus ostreatus, Pleurotus eryngii, Trametes versicolor, Pycnosporus sanguineus and Phanerochaete chrysosporium were characterized, evaluated in the hydrolysis of pretreated pulps of sorghum straw and compared efficiency with commercial enzyme. Most fungi complexes had better hydrolysis rates compared with purified commercial enzyme.

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Abstract Different technologies may be used for decolorization of wastewater containing dyes. Among them, biological processes are the most promising because they seem to be environmentally safe. The aim of this study was to determine the efficiency of decolorization of two dyes belonging to different classes (azo and triphenylmethane dyes) by immobilized biomass of strains of fungi (Pleurotus ostreatus - BWPH, Gleophyllum odoratum - DCa and Polyporus picipes - RWP17). Different solid supports were tested for biomass immobilization. The best growth of fungal strains was observed on the washer, brush, grid and sawdust supports. Based on the results of dye adsorption, the brush and the washer were selected for further study. These solid supports adsorbed dyes at a negligible level, while the sawdust adsorbed 82.5% of brilliant green and 19.1% of Evans blue. Immobilization of biomass improved dye removal. Almost complete decolorization of diazo dye Evans blue was reached after 24 h in samples of all strains immobilized on the washer. The process was slower when the brush was used for biomass immobilization. Comparable results were reached for brilliant green in samples with biomass of strains BWPH and RWP17. High decolorization effectiveness was reached in samples with dead fungal biomass. Intensive removal of the dyes by biomass immobilized on the washer corresponded to a significant decrease in phytotoxicity and a slight decrease in zootoxicity of the dye solutions. The best decolorization results as well as reduction in toxicity were observed for the strain P. picipes (RWP17).

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Abstract Dikarya is a subkingdom of fungi that includes Ascomycota and Basidiomycota. The gene expression patterns of dikaryon are poorly understood. In this study, we bred a dikaryon DK13 × 3 by mating monokaryons MK13 and MK3, which were from the basidiospores of Pleurotus ostreatus TD300. Using RNA-Seq, we obtained the transcriptomes of the three strains. We found that the total transcript numbers in the transcriptomes of the three strains were all more than ten thousand, and the expression profile in DK13 × 3 was more similar to MK13 than MK3. However, the genes involved in macromolecule utilization, cellular material synthesis, stress-resistance and signal transduction were much more up-regulated in the dikaryon than its constituent monokaryons. All possible modes of differential gene expression, when compared to constituent monokaryons, including the presence/absence variation, and additivity/nonadditivity gene expression in the dikaryon may contribute to heterosis. By sequencing the urease gene poure sequences and mRNA sequences, we identified the monoallelic expression of the poure gene in the dikaryon, and its transcript was from the parental monokaryon MK13. Furthermore, we discovered RNA editing in the poure gene mRNA of the three strains. These results suggest that the gene expression patterns in dikaryons should be similar to that of diploids during vegetative growth.

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Background Major drawbacks of the available treatment against Chagas disease (American trypanosomiasis) include its toxicity and therapeutic inefficiency in the chronic phase of the infection, which makes it a concern among neglected diseases. Therefore, the discovery of alternative drugs for treating chronic Chagas disease requires immediate action. In this work, we evaluated the mushroom Pleurotus salmoneostramineus in the search for potential antiparasitic compounds. Methods Fruit bodies of the basidiomycete Pleurotus salmoneostramineus were triturated and submitted to organic solvent extraction. After liquid-liquid partition of the crude extract, three fractions were obtained and the bioguided fractionation study was conducted to isolate the active metabolites. The elucidation of the chemical structure was performed using GC-MS and NMR techniques. The biological assays for antiparasitic activity were carried out using trypomastigotes of Trypanosoma cruzi and murine macrophages for mammalian cytotoxicity. The mechanism of action of the isolated compound used different fluorescent probes to evaluate the plasma membrane permeability, the potential of the mitochondrial membrane and the intracellular levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Results The most abundant fraction showing the antiparasitic activity was isolated and chemically elucidated, confirming the presence of ergosterol. It showed anti-Trypanosoma cruzi activity against trypomastigotes, with an IC50 value of 51.3 μg/mL. The compound demonstrated no cytotoxicity against mammalian cells to the maximal tested concentration of 200 μg/mL. The mechanism of action of ergosterol in Trypanosoma cruzi trypomastigotes resulted in permeabilization of the plasma membrane, as well as depolarization of mitochondrial membrane potential, leading to parasite death. Nevertheless, no increase in ROS levels could be observed, suggesting damages to plasma membrane rather than an induction of oxidative stress in the parasite. Conclusions The selection of naturally antiparasitic secondary metabolites in basidiomycetes, such as ergosterol, may provide potential scaffolds for drug design studies against neglected diseases.(AU)

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A 35 d trial was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation of co-fermented agricultural by-products, soybean hulls and Pleurotus eryngii stalk residue (PESR), with Aureobasidium pullulans on nutrients digestibility and meat quality in broilers fed on conventional corn-soybean meal basal diet. A total of 400 1-d-old Ross broilers were allotted to 4 dietary treatments with 4 replicate pens (25 birds per pen). Birds were fed the corn-soybean meal diets supplemented with 0% (CON), 0.5% fermented soybean hulls (0.5% FSBH), 0.5% fermented soybean hulls partially replaced with PESR (0.5% FSHP) and 1.0% FSHP. The broilers fed on the diet that contained fermented products had higher total tract apparent digestibility for hemicellulose than those on CON (p 0.05). Meanwhile, the birds fed on 0.5% FSHP also showed the lightest duodenum and jejunum weight among all groups. Compared with the CON, the inclusion of 1.0% FSHP in the diet significantly decreased ammonia N concentration in cecum followed by 0.5% FSHP and subsequent 0.5% FSBH group. Dietary supplementation of fermented products significantly improved WHC and increased protein content in meat as compared with the CON. Moreover, the fat content in meat decreased in the broilers that received 0.5% FSBH and 1.0% FSHP. In conclusion, dietary supplementation of co-fermented agricultural by-products, PESR and soybean meal, could improve the digestibility of hemicellulose and decrease the cecal ammonia N concentration; moreover, the increased WHC and protein level as well as decreased fat content in meat suggested the promising utilization of these low-cost materials as broiler feed additives.

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ABSTRACT Edible mushroom species are considered as an adequate source of food in a healthy diet due to high content of protein, fiber, vitamins, and a variety of minerals. The representatives of Pleurotus genus are characterized by distinct gastronomic, nutritional, and medicinal properties among the edible mushrooms commercialized worldwide. In the present study, the growth of mycelial biomass of Pleurotus albidus cultivated in submerged fermentation was evaluated. Saccharose, fructose, and maltose were the three main carbon sources for mycelial biomass formation with corresponding yields of 7.28 g L−1, 7.07 g L−1, and 6.99 g L−1. Inorganic nitrogen sources did not stimulate growth and the optimal yield was significantly higher with yeast extract (7.98 g L−1). The factorial design used to evaluate the influence of saccharose and yeast extract concentration, agitation speed, and initial pH indicated that all variables significantly influenced the production of biomass, especially the concentration of saccharose. The greater amount of saccharose resulted in the production of significantly more biomass. The highest mycelial biomass production (9.81 g L−1) was reached in the medium formulated with 30.0 g L−1 saccharose, 2.5 g L−1 yeast extract, pH 7.0, and a speed of agitation at 180 rpm. Furthermore, P. albidus manifested different aspects of morphology and physiology under the growth conditions employed. Media composition affected mycelial biomass production indicating that the diversification of carbon sources promoted its improvement and can be used as food or supplement.

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Este trabalho avaliou a utilização da água de imersão das folhas de pupunheira como componente do meio de cultivo para manutenção da cepa fúngica e a produção de inóculo de Pleurotus spp. utilizando como suporte folhas de pupunheira, um resíduo agrícola. Ainda, para verificar a capacidade do inóculo à base de folhas de pupunheira (FP) de produzir corpos frutíferos, foi realizado um experimento comparando FP com o inóculo à base de grãos de trigo (GT). Para tanto, realizou-se a comparação das velocidades de crescimento radial entre o meio de cultivo TDA (extrato de trigo, dextrose e ágar) utilizado para a manutenção de fungos do gênero Pleurotus e o meio FPDA (água de imersão de folhas de pupunheira, dextrose e ágar), e a comparação das velocidades de crescimento linear entre os grãos de trigo, utilizados como suporte para o inóculo de fungos do gênero Pleurotus e as folhas de pupunheira. O meio de cultivo TDA apresentou velocidade radial superior ao meio FPDA para as duas espécies, no entanto, o tipo de suporte não influenciou significativamente a velocidade de crescimento linear de P. ostreatus, que apresentou 6,71 mm/dia em grãos de trigo e 6,18 mm/dia em folhas de pupunheira. Assim, quando o inóculo à base de folhas de pupunheira é utilizado, a água de imersão deste suporte pode ser aproveitada para a confecção do meio de cultivo de manutenção (FPDA), diminuindo os custos produção. Observou-se que Pleurotus sajor-caju , quando cultivado em folhas de pupunheira utilizando inóculo FP, apresentou cerca de 47% de rendimento, 3% de eficiência biológica e 0,2 g/dia de produtividade, sem diferença significativa com o inóculo GT.

This study evaluated the use of immersion water from peach palm leaves (PPLDA) as a component of the culture medium for the maintenance of Pleurotus spp. and the use of agricultural waste, peach palm leaves, as inoculum support for the fungi. The performance of the inoculum based on peach palm leaves (PPL) for the production of Pleurotus spp. fruiting bodies was compared with that using wheat grains (WG) as inoculum support. PPLDA culture medium (immersion water of peach palm leaves, dextrose, and agar) showed a lower radial velocity of mycelial growth for both fungi than that obtained with the culture medium WDA (wheat extract, dextrose and agar), commonly used as maintenance medium for Pleurotus spp. However, the type of inoculum support does not significantly influence the linear velocity of P. ostreatus mycelial growth, reaching 6.71 mm/day on wheat grains and 6.18 mm/day on peach palm leaves. Thus, when the inoculum based on peach palm leaves is utilized, the immersion water used for preparing this support can be used for preparing the PPLDA maintenance culture medium, diminishing the production costs of Pleurotus mushrooms. Data also showed that when Pleurotus sajor-caju was cultivated on peach palm leaves, using PPL as inoculum support, the fruiting bodies production parameters (Y = 47%, BE = 3% and Pr = 0.2 g/day) did not differ from that obtained using WG.

Resumo

This study evaluated the use of immersion water from peach palm leaves (PPLDA) as a component of the culture medium for the maintenance of Pleurotus spp. and the use of agricultural waste, peach palm leaves, as inoculum support for the fungi. The performance of the inoculum based on peach palm leaves (PPL) for the production of Pleurotus spp. fruiting bodies was compared with that using wheat grains (WG) as inoculum support. PPLDA culture medium (immersion water of peach palm leaves, dextrose, and agar) showed a lower radial velocity of mycelial growth for both fungi than that obtained with the culture medium WDA (wheat extract, dextrose and agar), commonly used as maintenance medium for Pleurotus spp. However, the type of inoculum support does not significantly influence the linear velocity of P. ostreatus mycelial growth, reaching 6.71 mm/day on wheat grains and 6.18 mm/day on peach palm leaves. Thus, when the inoculum based on peach palm leaves is utilized, the immersion water used for preparing this support can be used for preparing the PPLDA maintenance culture medium, diminishing the production costs of Pleurotus mushrooms. Data also showed that when Pleurotus sajor-caju was cultivated on peach palm leaves, using PPL as inoculum support, the fruiting bodies production parameters (Y = 47%, BE = 3% and Pr = 0.2 g/day) did not differ from that obtained using WG.(AU)

Este trabalho avaliou a utilização da água de imersão das folhas de pupunheira como componente do meio de cultivo para manutenção da cepa fúngica e a produção de inóculo de Pleurotus spp. utilizando como suporte folhas de pupunheira, um resíduo agrícola. Ainda, para verificar a capacidade do inóculo à base de folhas de pupunheira (FP) de produzir corpos frutíferos, foi realizado um experimento comparando FP com o inóculo à base de grãos de trigo (GT). Para tanto, realizou-se a comparação das velocidades de crescimento radial entre o meio de cultivo TDA (extrato de trigo, dextrose e ágar) utilizado para a manutenção de fungos do gênero Pleurotus e o meio FPDA (água de imersão de folhas de pupunheira, dextrose e ágar), e a comparação das velocidades de crescimento linear entre os grãos de trigo, utilizados como suporte para o inóculo de fungos do gênero Pleurotus e as folhas de pupunheira. O meio de cultivo TDA apresentou velocidade radial superior ao meio FPDA para as duas espécies, no entanto, o tipo de suporte não influenciou significativamente a velocidade de crescimento linear de P. ostreatus , que apresentou 6,71 mm/dia em grãos de trigo e 6,18 mm/dia em folhas de pupunheira. Assim, quando o inóculo à base de folhas de pupunheira é utilizado, a água de imersão deste suporte pode ser aproveitada para a confecção do meio de cultivo de manutenção (FPDA), diminuindo os custos produção. Observou-se que Pleurotus sajor-caju , quando cultivado em folhas de pupunheira utilizando inóculo FP, apresentou cerca de 47% de rendimento, 3% de eficiência biológica e 0,2 g/dia de produtividade, sem diferença significativa com o inóculo GT.(AU)

Resumo

Lucilia cuprina (Diptera: Calliphoridae), é de distribuição mundial e possui grande importância como vetor de doenças para humanos e animais, sendo que em ovinos pode resultar na perda de lã, redução da qualidade da lã e morte. O uso de inseticidas é a forma mais aplicada para o controle desses dípteros, no entanto, com a crescente resistência do inseto aos diversos princípios ativos utilizados, esses tratamentos estão se tornando ineficazes e o impacto pelo uso excessivo desses produtos pode implicar em perdas na saúde humana, animal e desequilíbrio ambiental. Diante do exposto apresentado, estudos têm sido realizados com produtos naturais de origem vegetal, de algas e fungos no controle desses insetos. Os cogumelos do gênero Pleurotus estão distribuídos em uma ampla variedade de cores, e espécies que apresentam compostos bioativos potencialmente medicinais, com ação antiparasitária. Devido ao potencial do uso de fungos no controle de patógenos objetivou-se, neste estudo, verificar a ação do gênero Pleurotus, um cogumelo comestível, no controle da mosca Lucilia cuprina. Os efeitos de extratos aquosos (EA) dos fungos Pleurotus ostreatus, Pleurotus djamor e Pleurotus florida foram avaliados em larvas e adultos de Lucilia cuprina. Nos testes de imersão de larvas, o EA de P. florida foi o único que apresentou atividade larvicida contra L. cuprina, com EC50 de 11,42 mg/ml. No ensaio com moscas, onde foi realizada a técnica de borrifamento contendo 1ml de cada solução do extrato em 30 insetos adultos por concentração, todos os EA apresentaram atividade adulticida em todas as concentrações, sendo que P. ostreatus apresentou os melhores resultados, com mortalidade entre 75,86 a 100%. As análises químicas dos extratos aquosos indicaram a presença de ácido tridecanóico, ácido tetradecanóico, ácido linolelaídico, ácido 9,15 octadecadiênico e ácido oxálico no EA de P. ostreatus, de ácido tridecanóico, ácido linolelaídico, ácido undecanóico, ácido tetradecanóico, ácido oxálico em P. djamor. Nossos resultados demonstraram um importante efeito larvicida de P. florida e adulticida de todos os extratos aquosos, com destaque para P. ostreatus. No entanto, mais investigações são necessárias para estabelecer a atividade de Pleurotus sobre L. cuprina.

Lucilia cuprina, Diptera, Calliphoridae, has great importance due to being a disease vector for humans and animals, having global distribution and its infestation in sheep can result in loss and reduction of wool quality and death. The use on pesticides is the way to control these diptera, however, with the growing insect resistance to several of the active principles used, these treatments are becoming ineffective and the impact of excessive use of these products can cause loss to human and animal health and environmental imbalance. In light of this, studies have been performed using natural products from plants, algae and fungi in the control of these insects. The mushrooms of the Pleurotus genus are available in a wide variety of colors and species that present potentially medicinal bio-active compounds, with anti-parasitic action. Due to the potential of using fungi in pathogen control, this study aimed to verify the action of the Pleurotus genus, an edible mushroom, in the control of the Lucilia cuprina fly. The effects of aqueous extracts (AE) of the Pleurotus ostreatus, Pleurotus djamor and Pleurotus florida fungi were evaluated in Lucilia cuprina larvae and adults. In the larvae immersion tests, the P. florida AE was the only one that presented larvicide activity against L. cuprina, with EC50 of 11.42 mg/ml. In the assay with flies, where the spraying technique was applied with 1ml of each extract solution in 30 adult insects, all AE presented adulticide activity in all concentrations, P. ostreatus presenting the best results, with mortality between 75.86 and 100%. The chemical analysis of the aqueous extracts indicated the presence of tridecanoic acid, tetradecanoic acid, linolenic acid, 9,15 octadecadienoic acid and oxalic acid in the P. ostreatus AE, the presence of tridecanoic acid, linolenic acid, undecanoic acid, tetradecanoic acid and oxalic acid in the P. djamor AE and, in P. florida, none of these compounds was found. Our results showed an important larvicide effect of P. florida and adulticide effect of all aqueous extracts, highlighting P. ostreatus. However, more research is needed to establish the activity of Pleurotus on L. cuprina.