Bee pollen from different floral species of the caatinga biome: determination of nutritional parameters / Pólen apícola de diferentes fontes florais da caatinga: determinação de parâmetros nutricionais

The objective of this work was to characterize nutritional parameters of bee pollens from plant species occurring in a semiarid region, in Picos, state of Piaui, Brazil. Bee pollen samples were collected from the experimental apiary of the Study Group on Bees from the Semiarid Region of Piaui (GEASPI/UFPI) and subjected to melissopalynological analysis to determine their botanical origins, and bromatological analysis (crude protein, lipids, fibers, and ash) in the Laboratory of Animal Nutrition of the Department of Zootechnics of the Federal University of Piaui (UFPI), in Teresina, Piaui (DZO/UFPI/Teresina). Six plant species (Aspilia sp., Senna obtusifolia,Mimosa pudica L., Cupheaericoides, Croton sp., and Mimosa caesalpiniifolia) were predominant for bee pollen production in the study area. Therefore, the nutritional compositions of the pollen produced in the Caatinga area varied according to their botanical origin, as shown by the crude protein (20.75% to 38.18%), fiber (0.53% to 1.37%), lipid (0.49% to 4.7%), and total mineral (2.56 to 4.17%) contents. Bromatological parameters also varied according to the botanical origin of the pollens evaluated. The study region has considerable diversity of pollinator plant species that provide bee pollens with a wide spectrum of nutritional characteristics.(AU)

O objetivo do trabalho foi caracterizar, por meio de parâmetros nutricionais, amostras de pólen apícola pro-venientes de espécies vegetais ocorrentes em uma região semiárida, no município de Picos, Piauí. As amostras de pólen apícola foram coletadas do apiário experimental do Grupo de Estudos sobre Abelhas do Semiárido Piauiense (GEASPI/UFPI) e submetidas: 1. à análise melissopalinológica para a determinação das origens botânicas; e 2. às análises broma-tológicas (proteína bruta, lipídeos, fibras e cinzas) no Laboratório de Nutrição Animal do Departamento de Zootecnia (DZO/UFPI/Teresina). Constatou-se que existem seis espécies (Aspilia sp., Senna obtusifolia,Mimosa pudica L., Cupheaericoides, Croton sp. e Mimosa caesalpiniifolia) vegetais predominantes na produção de pólen apícola na área de estudo e assim, o pólen apícola produzido em uma área de Caatinga do município de Picos apresentou composição nutricional que variou de acordo com sua origem botânica: teor de proteína bruta (20,75 a 38,18%), a quantidade de fibras (0,53 a 1,37%), o teor de lipídeos (0,49 a 4,7%) e a quantidade de minerais totais (2,56 a 4,17%). Observou-se que os parâme-tros bromatológicos do pólen apícola variaram de acordo com a origem botânica do produto. Concluiu-se que a região apresenta considerável diversidade de espécies vegetais poliníferas que concedem ao pólen apícola um amplo espectro de características nutricionais.(AU)

Foraging patterns of bees in watermelon (Citrullus lanatus Thunb. ) flowers in Panama

t The foraging patterns of bees in watermelon (Citrullus lanatus Thunb.) flowers were investigated in Los Santos, Panama, over a period of 84 observation days. The study aimed to identify the bee species visiting the flowers, their daily visitation rates, and the resources they foraged. The majority of visits were made by native bees, particularly stingless bees, suggesting their crucial role in pollinating watermelon crops in the area. The most frequently observed bee species visiting the flowers were N. perilampoides(58.7%), A. mellifera (23%), and P. peckolti (4%). Nectar was the primary resource foraged by most bees, with comparable visitation rates for both male (staminate) and female (pistillate) flowers. Honeybees allocated nearly half of their visits (47.7%) for pollen collection, and the majority of their daily visits occurred between 7:00 and 8:00 hours. In contrast, stingless bee visits peaked between 8:00 and 9:00 hours. Nectar visits were shorter in duration than pollen visits, with honeybees exhibiting the shortest durations when visiting watermelon flowers. Significant variations were observed in the daily foraging patterns among bee species during the 84-h observation period (Friedman P < 0.05). Additionally, bee characteristics such as size, color, and sociability, along with the time of day, significantly influenced flower visits for resources (GLMM P < 0.05). These findings contribute to the understanding of Central American bee species' behavior, aid in their conservation and management and have implications for enhancing fruit production in local watermelon crops.(AU)

Self-pollination, intra- and interspecific crosses in tomatoes

Tomato genotypes ( Solanum spp.) have genetic variability of most desirable features, such as resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses. However, incompatibility of crosses of wild genotypes with domesticated tomatoes, or even between wild genotypes, hinders the breeding process. Thus, knowledge of the reproductive biology of genotypes and conditions is necessary to maximize the success of artificial crossings. This study evaluated the compatibility of self-pollination, intra- and interspecific controlled crosses, stigma receptivity, and pollen viability in tomato genotypes. We used two commercial genotypes S. lycopersicum ('RVTM08' and 'Redenção') and seven accessions of wild tomato genotypes ('AF 26970', 'LA-1401', 'AF 19684', 'LA-1967', 'PI-127826', 'PI-134417', and 'LA-716'). We evaluated all crosses and their reciprocals, besides the self-pollinations. The variables evaluated were fruit index (FI), number of seeds per fruit (SN), and seed germination percentage (GP). Stigma receptivity and grains' pollen viability index (PVI) were also assessed. The results showed that 'LA-1967' was self-incompatible, had a low PVI, and generated fruit without seeds in most crosses. As female parents, 'RVTM08', 'Redenção', 'AF 26970', 'LA-1401', and 'AF 19684' showed higher FI and SN. There was a wide diversity of reproductive characteristics between the genotypes and crosses that did not influence GP. Compatibility of crosses in tomatoes is determined by the female parent choice and can be affected by stigma receptivity and the PVI.(AU)

xButyagrus nabonnandii (Prosch) Vorster (Arecaceae): a sterile and rare palm with variable morphology? / xButyagrus nabonnandii (Arecaceae): uma palmeira rara e estéril com morfologia variável?

×Butyagrus nabonnandii (Prosch.) Vorster is known as mule palm due to sterility, but recently, its pollen has been successfully used in backcrosses. It was first described as an artificial cross between Syagrus romanzoffiana (Cham.) Glassman and Butia odorata (Barb.Rodr.) Noblick in 1890. It has been considered rare in nature, and its morphology has been little studied. Thus, we aimed to verify if ×B. nabonnandii is sterile by studying its morphology and seed germination from different natural populations. The hybrid was sampled in four municipalities and is new to three of these. In one of the visited cities, 20 specimens were counted. The vegetative morphology showed less variation than the reproductive. However, part of the vegetative characters differed from previous descriptions relying solely on cultivated specimens. Contrary to previous reports, our data indicate that ×Butyagrus nabonnandii is neither rare nor infertile. Seed germination rates of ×B. nabonnandii are low due to seed predation by beetle larvae and seedless fruit production, which is also observed in the genera of the parental species. Furthermore, as in its parents, the morphology of the hybrid is complex, and future anatomical and molecular approaches are important for a better delimitation and understanding of the biology of ×B. nabonnandii.

×Butyagrus nabonnandii (Prosch.) Vorster é conhecida como palmeira-mula por ser considerada estéril, apesar de ter sido utilizada com sucesso em retrocruzamentos. O híbrido resulta do cruzamento entre Syagrus romanzoffiana (Cham.) Glassman e Butia odorata (Barb.Rodr.) Noblick, é tido como raro e possui morfologia pouco estudada. Objetivou-se estudar a morfologia de ×B. nabonnandii e verificar sua esterilidade através da germinação de suas sementes a partir de diferentes populações naturais. O híbrido foi registrado em quatro municípios sendo, em três desses, de ocorrência inédita. Em um dos municípios visitados, foram contabilizados 20 espécimes. A morfologia vegetativa apresentou menor variação do que a reprodutiva. Entretanto, parte dos caracteres morfológicos vegetativos diferem do descrito na literatura para espécimes cultivados. Nossos dados indicam que além de não ser raro, o híbrido é fértil. As taxas de germinação das sementes de ×B. nabonnandii são baixas devido à predação das sementes por larvas de besouros, além da produção de frutos sem sementes, o que também ocorre nos gêneros das espécies progenitoras. Além disso, assim como em seus parentais, a morfologia do híbrido é complexa, sendo importantes futuros estudos anatômicos e moleculares para uma melhor delimitação e compreensão da biologia de ×B. nabonnandii.

Horizontal and vertical colonies for royal jelly production in Brazil

The potential of royal jelly production in Africanized honeybee colonies was evaluated using techniques involving two queens per colony in horizontal and vertical systems during the spring of 2019. The techniques were tested for their effect on cell acceptance (%); royal jelly production per colony (g), per harvest (g), and per position of cell bar (g) and compared with standard techniques (five and ten-frame hives) in southern Brazil. Results showed statistical significance in royal jelly production between methods. Vertical colonies produced a significantly greater amount of royal jelly per colony and per harvest (8.26 and 53.28±4.98 g) compared with single-queen colonies in ten-frame hives (4.30 and 32.76±3.57 g) and five-frame hives overlapping (2.03 and 14.45±2.48 g), but did not differ from two-queen horizontal colonies (8.09 and 46.81±4.90 g). In contrast, there was no significant difference in queen cell acceptance rate within vertical, horizontal, and ten-frame colonies. Royal jelly yield of two-queen vertical colonies increase as compared with standard colonies.(AU)

Use of microstructural characteristics of pollen and pistil to identify olive cultivars in Southern Brazil

The olive crop has a large diversity in cultivars around the world, whose identification have been based on leaf, stem or fruit traits. However, these traits may be influenced by the environment, which has led to the misidentification of cultivars. The variability of the pistil and pollen structure under electron scanning and light microscopy were studied using the cultivars 'Arbequina', 'Arbosana', 'Frantoio', 'Koroneiki', 'Manzanilla de Sevilla' and 'Picual', cultivated in Southern Brazil. The aim was to find unique patterns for their identification. This type of study has not been carried out in the conditions of Southern Brazil, where the identification of commercial cultivars sometimes is complex and confusing. There were significant differences in the variables, showing uniformity within each cultivar in different locations. The principal component analysis indicated a separation of cultivars according to similarities or micromorphological differences in the pollen wall, area of the lumen and the structural elements of the tectum. For the analysis of the pistil, the separation was even clearer, each cultivar individually forming a cluster, using as characters the length of the style in contrast to the length, width and area of the stigma. This evidenced little variation among individuals within the same cultivar. The information provided can contribute to the individual identification of very close olive tree cultivars in the conditions of Southern Brazil.(AU)

Urban and connected: a profile of the 21st century stingless beekeeper / Urbano e conectado: um perfil do meliponicultor do século XXI

Bees are responsible for pollination, which is an important ecosystem service. They also provide the production of honey, pollen or saburá, propolis, among other products. The breeding of native bees has been growing, because of the particular characteristics of each species and its products. Therefore, the objective was to know the profile of this breeder, called meliponicultor. Then, a semi-structured questionnaire was used, widely publicized on social networks, in April and May 2020. This was attended by 718 Brazilian and foreign breeders of native bees, of which 80.3% practice the activity as a hobby, most beginners in the activity, with the main objective of leisure and family consumption of honey. Over 80% keep bees in meliponaries in urban areas. Among the products, the swarm is the most commercialized, with species that are easy to handle, less defensive and adapted to the region being preferred. Swarms are also acquired through bait, rescue and division. The bees are created in boxes of different materials, the main one being wood and the tools are easily found in the commerce, as well as easy to improvise. Beekeepers reported concerns about deforestation, increasing urban areas, fires, global warming, pesticides, pest attacks and theft. Digital media was cited as the main source of information, followed by books and close people. The creators also stated that they do not trust 100% the information that reaches them, regardless of the source.(AU)

As abelhas são responsáveis por um valioso serviço ecossistêmico, a polinização, fornecendo ainda a produção de mel, pólen ou saburá, própolis, entre outros. A criação de abelhas nativas vem crescendo, impulsionada pelas características particulares de cada espécie e de seus produtos. Logo, objetivou-se conhecer o perfil deste criador, chamado de meliponicultor seus interesses e motivações, bem como suas fontes de informação e sobre a dinâmica econômica dessa atividade na atualidade. Para isso utilizou-se um questionário semiestruturado, amplamente divulgado nas redes sociais, nos meses de abril e maio de 2020. Este contou com a participação de 718 criadores brasileiros e estrangeiros, dos quais 80,3% praticam a atividade por hobby, maioria iniciantes na atividade, tendo como principal objetivo o lazer e o consumo familiar do mel. Mais de 80% mantém as abelhas em meliponários em áreas urbanas. Dentre os produtos, o enxame é o mais comercializado, sendo preferidas espécies de fácil manejo, pouco defensivas e adaptadas à região, sendo os enxames também adquiridos através de iscas, resgate e divisão. A criação é realizada em caixas de diversos materiais, sendo o principal a madeira e as ferramentas são facilmente encontradas no comércio, bem como, de fácil improvisação. Os criadores citaram preocupações com desmatamento, aumento das áreas urbanas, queimadas, aquecimento global, agrotóxicos, ataque de pragas e furtos. Os meios digitas foi citado como a principal fonte de informações, seguidos por livros e pessoas próximas. Os criadores apontaram ainda que não confiam 100% nas informações que chegam até eles, independente da fonte.(AU)

Volatile compounds in off-odor honey / Compostos voláteis em mel com odor indesejável

Climatic conditions in the mid-northern region of Mato Grosso State in Brazil are favorable for beekeeping. However, since 2011, the honey production chain has suffered losses because the production of off-odor honey has made it impossible to market the honey. Reports from beekeepers indicated a relationship between the off-odor in the honey and the nectar of Borreria verticillata (L.) G. Mey (Rubiaceae). In this study, the botanical origins and volatile profiles of ten off-odor honeys (H1-H10) and flowers of B. verticillata were evaluated. Palynological and sensorial analyses of the honeys were performed; a scale from 1 to 4 was applied for the sensorial analysis, in which 1 indicates no off-odor and 4 indicates extreme off-odor. Analysis of volatile was performed by using headspace solid-phase microextraction and gas chromatography-mass spectroscopy methods. The honeys investigated were classified with very high to intense off-odors, except H4 and H5, which did not differ from the control honey (no off-odor). Palynological analyses showed that honeys H1-H4, H7, and H9 were monofloral from B. verticillata, whereas in H5, H6, H8, and H10 this pollen were accessory. However, there was no quantitative correlation between the B. verticillata pollen content and the off-odor attributes of the honeys. Skatole was identified in all of the honeys except H4, H5, and the control honeys, suggesting that skatole contributed to the off-odor attributes of the products. However, further studies are required to investigate the origin of the skatole because it is not transferred directly from B. verticillata flowers to the honey.(AU)

As condições climáticas da região Centro-Norte do Estado de Mato Grosso são favoráveis a apicultura, contudo ocorrem prejuízos nesta cadeia produtiva desde 2011 devido a produção de mel com odor indesejável, o que impossibilitou sua comercialização. Relatos dos apicultores apontaram relação da ocorrência do odor indesejável no mel com o néctar Borreria verticillata (L.) G. Mey (Rubiaceae). Neste estudo foi avaliado a origem botânica e o perfil de voláteis de méis (M1 até M10) com odor indesejável e das flores de B. verticillata. Foi realizada a análise polínica do mel e também sensorial, empregando-se uma escala de um a quatro pontos, em que um refere-se a nenhum odor desagradável e quatro, extremo odor desagradável. A análise de compostos voláteis no mel e nas flores de B. verticillata foi realizada utilizando microextração em fase sólida por headspace e cromatografia gasosa acoplada a detector por espectrometria de massas. Os méis investigados foram classificados desde muito a extremo odor desagradável, exceto os méis M4 e M5, que não diferiram do mel controle (sem odor indesejável). Os méis M1 até M4, M7 e M9 eram monoflorais de B. verticillata, enquanto M5, M6, M8 e M10 o pólen B. verticillata era acessório. Todavia, não foi observada correlação quantitativa entre o teor deste pólen e o atributo odor indesejável. O escatol foi identificado nos méis investigados, exceto em M4, M5 e mel controle. Estes resultados sugerem que o escatol contribuiu para o atributo odor desagradável do produto. Contudo, mais estudos devem ser conduzidos para investigar a origem do odor indesejável, porque o escatol não foi transferido diretamente das flores para o mel.(AU)

The influence of collection methods and pluviometry on bee pollen productivity in the Caatinga / Influência do método de coleta e da pluviometria na produtividade de pólen apícola na Caatinga

In order to maximize bee pollen collection in the hives, management of colonies of Africanized bees (Apis mellifera L.) must respect harvest intensity and the species biological aspects and implement innovations that optimize production. Accordingly, this study set out to compare the bee pollen productivity between two different pollen trap models and the productivity in the use of one or two pollen traps in the hive. The following treatments were applied: a front-mounted trap fitted at the hive entrance, a top-mounted pollen trap above the hive, and two one front-mounted and one top-mounted pollen traps on the same hive. All of the colonies were subjected to all of the treatments to circumvent the colonys effect on productivity results. The front-mounted pollen trap indicated the highest bee pollen productivity, and the colonies only needed one pollen trap to demonstrate productive potential in the Caatinga.(AU)

O manejo aplicado em colônias de abelhas africanizadas (Apis mellifera L.) para maximizar a coleta de pólen apícola nas colmeias, deve prezar pela intensidade da colheita, respeitar os aspectos biológicos da espécie e implantar inovações que otimizem esta produção. Para otimizar a colheita deste produto apícola, objetivou-se com este trabalho comparar a produtividade de pólen apícola obtida por dois modelos de coletores, bem como a produtividade utilizando-se quantidades diferentes (um ou dois) de coletores na colmeia. Os tratamentos aplicados foram os seguintes: um coletor frontal localizado no alvado da colmeia; um coletor tipo melgueira localizada acima do ninho; dois coletores concomitantemente, sendo um coletor frontal e um coletor tipo melgueira. Todas as colônias passaram por todos os tratamentos para evitar o efeito da colônia sobre os resultados de produtividade. O coletor de pólen tipo frontal foi o mais indicado para a maior produtividade de pólen apícola e as colônias necessitaram somente de um coletor de pólen para expressarem o potencial de produção na Caatinga.(AU)

The influence of collection methods and pluviometry on bee pollen productivity in the Caatinga / Influência do método de coleta e da pluviometria na produtividade de pólen apícola na Caatinga

In order to maximize bee pollen collection in the hives, management of colonies of Africanized bees (Apis mellifera L.) must respect harvest intensity and the species biological aspects and implement innovations that optimize production. Accordingly, this study set out to compare the bee pollen productivity between two different pollen trap models and the productivity in the use of one or two pollen traps in the hive. The following treatments were applied: a front-mounted trap fitted at the hive entrance, a top-mounted pollen trap above the hive, and two one front-mounted and one top-mounted pollen traps on the same hive. All of the colonies were subjected to all of the treatments to circumvent the colonys effect on productivity results. The front-mounted pollen trap indicated the highest bee pollen productivity, and the colonies only needed one pollen trap to demonstrate productive potential in the Caatinga.

O manejo aplicado em colônias de abelhas africanizadas (Apis mellifera L.) para maximizar a coleta de pólen apícola nas colmeias, deve prezar pela intensidade da colheita, respeitar os aspectos biológicos da espécie e implantar inovações que otimizem esta produção. Para otimizar a colheita deste produto apícola, objetivou-se com este trabalho comparar a produtividade de pólen apícola obtida por dois modelos de coletores, bem como a produtividade utilizando-se quantidades diferentes (um ou dois) de coletores na colmeia. Os tratamentos aplicados foram os seguintes: um coletor frontal localizado no alvado da colmeia; um coletor tipo melgueira localizada acima do ninho; dois coletores concomitantemente, sendo um coletor frontal e um coletor tipo melgueira. Todas as colônias passaram por todos os tratamentos para evitar o efeito da colônia sobre os resultados de produtividade. O coletor de pólen tipo frontal foi o mais indicado para a maior produtividade de pólen apícola e as colônias necessitaram somente de um coletor de pólen para expressarem o potencial de produção na Caatinga.

Influence of high temperature on the reproductive biology of dry edible bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. )

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of heat stress on 12 bean genotypes through the analysis of their reproductive biology in terms of flowering, pollen viability, meiotic behavior, and production. Plants were grown in a climate chamber at 25-20 °C (day and night) and at a high temperature treatment 37-26 °C (day and night) from the vegetative (V4) development stage to physiological maturity. The experimental design was 2 × 12 factorial arrangement with six replications and the factors consisted of heat treatments and genotypes. In three replications, the number of newly opened flowers was checked daily. At physiological maturity, the following traits were evaluated: percentage of pod set, number of pods, number of viable seeds, number of aborted seeds, 100 seed weight, and seed yield (g per plant). The other three replications were used to collect flowers to create slides to study viability of the pollen grain and analyze the meiotic behavior. The heat treatment factor significantly affected the following traits: total number of pollen grains, number of flowers, number of pods, pod set, number of viable seeds, 100 seed weight, and seed yield. The raised temperature reduced these variables, except for percentage of pod set, and increased meiotic irregularities. The mean values regarding seed yield were 16.39 g per plant for the control treatment and 7.46 g per plant under high temperature. IAC Imperador, FT Nobre, Pérola, BRS Estilo, and IAC Diplomata stood out for higher bean seed yield under increased temperature.

Influence of high temperature on the reproductive biology of dry edible bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L. )

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of heat stress on 12 bean genotypes through the analysis of their reproductive biology in terms of flowering, pollen viability, meiotic behavior, and production. Plants were grown in a climate chamber at 25-20 °C (day and night) and at a high temperature treatment 37-26 °C (day and night) from the vegetative (V4) development stage to physiological maturity. The experimental design was 2 × 12 factorial arrangement with six replications and the factors consisted of heat treatments and genotypes. In three replications, the number of newly opened flowers was checked daily. At physiological maturity, the following traits were evaluated: percentage of pod set, number of pods, number of viable seeds, number of aborted seeds, 100 seed weight, and seed yield (g per plant). The other three replications were used to collect flowers to create slides to study viability of the pollen grain and analyze the meiotic behavior. The heat treatment factor significantly affected the following traits: total number of pollen grains, number of flowers, number of pods, pod set, number of viable seeds, 100 seed weight, and seed yield. The raised temperature reduced these variables, except for percentage of pod set, and increased meiotic irregularities. The mean values regarding seed yield were 16.39 g per plant for the control treatment and 7.46 g per plant under high temperature. IAC Imperador, FT Nobre, Pérola, BRS Estilo, and IAC Diplomata stood out for higher bean seed yield under increased temperature.(AU)

Bee pollen improves productivity of laying Japanese quails / Pólen apícola melhora a produtividade de codornas Japonesas em postura

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of bee pollen (BP) on the performance of laying Japanese quails and egg quality. A total of 60 quails were used in a completely randomized experimental design with four treatments (0%, 0.5%, 1%, and 1.5% BP inclusion in diets) and five replicates. At the end of the study, productive performance and egg quality were evaluated; 160 eggs were maintained at different temperatures based on a completely randomized design and factorial arrangement (4 × 2), with four BP levels (cited above) and two storage temperatures (room temperature and refrigeration) for 14 days, totaling eight treatments with four replicates. BP levels did not influence (P> 0.05) feed conversion; however, daily feed intake, laying rate, egg mass, and weight and percentage of albumen increased. Yolk percentage decreased due to the augmentation of BP in diets. There was no effect (P> 0.05) of interaction of storage temperature × BP levels on egg quality, except with regard to the Haugh unit. BP supplementation resulted in higher egg weight and index of yolk and albumen. Refrigerated eggs had better internal quality than normal eggs. BP inclusion in diets of Japanese quails improved bird performance and the quality of fresh and stored eggs.(AU)

Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito do pólen apícola sobre o desempenho de codornas Japonesas em postura e sobre a qualidade dos ovos. Foram usadas 160 codornas em delineamento completamente casualizado com quatro tratamentos (0%, 0,5%, 1%, e 1,5% de pólen apícola nas dietas) e cinco repetições. Ao fim do estudo, o desempenho e a qualidade dos ovos foram avaliados. Posteriormente, 160 ovos foram mantidos em temperaturas diferentes em delineamento completamente casualizado e arranjo fatorial 4 × 2, com quatro níveis de pólen apícola (citados acima) e duas temperaturas de armazenamento (ambiente e refrigeração) por 14 dias, totalizando oito tratamentos com cinco repetições. Os níveis de pólen apícola não influenciaram (P>0,05) a conversão alimentar, entretanto o consumo diário de ração, a taxa de postura, a massa de ovo e peso e porcentagem de albúmen aumentaram e a porcentagem de gema diminuiu com o aumento do pólen apícola nas dietas. Não houve efeito (P>0,05) da interação temperatura de armazenamento × níveis de pólen apícola sobre a qualidade dos ovos, exceto pela unidade Haugh. A suplementação com pólen apícola resultou em maior peso de ovo e de índices de gema e de albúmen. Ovos refrigerados tinham melhor qualidade interna. A inclusão de pólen apícola nas dietas de codornas Japonesas melhorou o desempenho e a qualidade de ovos frescos e armazenados.(AU)

Bee pollen improves productivity of laying Japanese quails / Pólen apícola melhora a produtividade de codornas Japonesas em postura

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of bee pollen (BP) on the performance of laying Japanese quails and egg quality. A total of 60 quails were used in a completely randomized experimental design with four treatments (0%, 0.5%, 1%, and 1.5% BP inclusion in diets) and five replicates. At the end of the study, productive performance and egg quality were evaluated; 160 eggs were maintained at different temperatures based on a completely randomized design and factorial arrangement (4 × 2), with four BP levels (cited above) and two storage temperatures (room temperature and refrigeration) for 14 days, totaling eight treatments with four replicates. BP levels did not influence (P> 0.05) feed conversion; however, daily feed intake, laying rate, egg mass, and weight and percentage of albumen increased. Yolk percentage decreased due to the augmentation of BP in diets. There was no effect (P> 0.05) of interaction of storage temperature × BP levels on egg quality, except with regard to the Haugh unit. BP supplementation resulted in higher egg weight and index of yolk and albumen. Refrigerated eggs had better internal quality than normal eggs. BP inclusion in diets of Japanese quails improved bird performance and the quality of fresh and stored eggs.

Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito do pólen apícola sobre o desempenho de codornas Japonesas em postura e sobre a qualidade dos ovos. Foram usadas 160 codornas em delineamento completamente casualizado com quatro tratamentos (0%, 0,5%, 1%, e 1,5% de pólen apícola nas dietas) e cinco repetições. Ao fim do estudo, o desempenho e a qualidade dos ovos foram avaliados. Posteriormente, 160 ovos foram mantidos em temperaturas diferentes em delineamento completamente casualizado e arranjo fatorial 4 × 2, com quatro níveis de pólen apícola (citados acima) e duas temperaturas de armazenamento (ambiente e refrigeração) por 14 dias, totalizando oito tratamentos com cinco repetições. Os níveis de pólen apícola não influenciaram (P>0,05) a conversão alimentar, entretanto o consumo diário de ração, a taxa de postura, a massa de ovo e peso e porcentagem de albúmen aumentaram e a porcentagem de gema diminuiu com o aumento do pólen apícola nas dietas. Não houve efeito (P>0,05) da interação temperatura de armazenamento × níveis de pólen apícola sobre a qualidade dos ovos, exceto pela unidade Haugh. A suplementação com pólen apícola resultou em maior peso de ovo e de índices de gema e de albúmen. Ovos refrigerados tinham melhor qualidade interna. A inclusão de pólen apícola nas dietas de codornas Japonesas melhorou o desempenho e a qualidade de ovos frescos e armazenados.

Pollination service of Nannotrigona testaceicornis stingless bees in strawberry / Serviço de polinização da abelha Nannotrigona testaceicornis no morangueiro

Strawberry presents moderate dependence on bee pollination service, and pollination is related to the production and quality of fruits. The aim of this study was to evaluate the pollination service provided by Nannotrigona testaceicornis stingless bees in strawberry. Primary flowers of cultivar San Andreas were used in a completely randomized experimental design, with twelve replicates and five types of pollination: one N. testaceicornis visit (1V); two N. testaceicornis visits (2V); three N. testaceicornis visits (3V); natural pollination (NP); self-pollination (SP). In flowers visited by N. testaceicornis, movements and visit time were observed. The following fruit characteristics were evaluated: fruit biometry, fecundation rate of achenes, postharvest fruit quality, contribution of pollination agents and mechanisms on average fruit weight. In fruit biometry, pollination service contributed only in longitudinal length, which was higher in NP and 3V, compared to SP. In the different types of pollination, the fertilization rate of achenes did not differ and showed no effect on fresh fruit weight. In post-harvest fruit quality, 1V, 3V and NP showed better results regarding degree of deformation and marketability. Nannotrigona testaceicornis stingless bees and natural pollination contributed to the average fresh weight of strawberry fruits. Nannotrigona testaceicornis stingless bees and natural pollination provided improvement in quality and added value of fruits. Nannotrigona testaceicornis stingless bees were effective strawberry pollinators.(AU)

O morangueiro apresenta dependência moderada quanto ao serviço de polinização por abelhas, e sua polinização está relacionada com a produção e a qualidade das frutas. Diante disso, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o serviço de polinização da abelha Nannotrigona testaceicornis no morangueiro. Utilizaram-se flores primárias do cultivar San Andreas no delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com doze repetições e cinco tipos de polinização: uma visita de N. testaceicornis (1V); duas visitas de N. testaceicornis (2V); três visitas de N. testaceicornis (3V); polinização natural (PN) e autopolinização (AP). Os movimentos e o tempo de visita nas flores foram observados nas visitas de N. testaceicornis. Nas frutas, avaliaram-se as características: biometria das frutas, taxa de fecundação dos aquênios, qualidade pós-colheita, contribuição de agentes e mecanismos de polinização na massa média das frutas. Na biometria das frutas, o serviço de polinização contribuiu no comprimento longitudinal, que se apresentou mais elevado na PN e 3V, em relação à AP. Nos diferentes tipos de polinização, a taxa de fecundação dos aquênios não diferiu e não apresentou efeito sobre a massa fresca das frutas. Na qualidadepós-colheita, 1V, 3V e PN apresentaram melhores resultados no grau de deformação e frutas comercializáveis. A abelha N. testaceicornis e a polinização natural contribuíram na massa fresca média das frutas de morangueiro. Os serviços de polinização natural e de N. testaceicornis proporcionaram melhoria na qualidade e agregação de valor das frutas. A abelha N. testaceicornis apresentou-se como polinizadora efetiva do morangueiro.(AU)

Pollination service of Nannotrigona testaceicornis stingless bees in strawberry / Serviço de polinização da abelha Nannotrigona testaceicornis no morangueiro

Strawberry presents moderate dependence on bee pollination service, and pollination is related to the production and quality of fruits. The aim of this study was to evaluate the pollination service provided by Nannotrigona testaceicornis stingless bees in strawberry. Primary flowers of cultivar San Andreas were used in a completely randomized experimental design, with twelve replicates and five types of pollination: one N. testaceicornis visit (1V); two N. testaceicornis visits (2V); three N. testaceicornis visits (3V); natural pollination (NP); self-pollination (SP). In flowers visited by N. testaceicornis, movements and visit time were observed. The following fruit characteristics were evaluated: fruit biometry, fecundation rate of achenes, postharvest fruit quality, contribution of pollination agents and mechanisms on average fruit weight. In fruit biometry, pollination service contributed only in longitudinal length, which was higher in NP and 3V, compared to SP. In the different types of pollination, the fertilization rate of achenes did not differ and showed no effect on fresh fruit weight. In post-harvest fruit quality, 1V, 3V and NP showed better results regarding degree of deformation and marketability. Nannotrigona testaceicornis stingless bees and natural pollination contributed to the average fresh weight of strawberry fruits. Nannotrigona testaceicornis stingless bees and natural pollination provided improvement in quality and added value of fruits. Nannotrigona testaceicornis stingless bees were effective strawberry pollinators.(AU)

O morangueiro apresenta dependência moderada quanto ao serviço de polinização por abelhas, e sua polinização está relacionada com a produção e a qualidade das frutas. Diante disso, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o serviço de polinização da abelha Nannotrigona testaceicornis no morangueiro. Utilizaram-se flores primárias do cultivar San Andreas no delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com doze repetições e cinco tipos de polinização: uma visita de N. testaceicornis (1V); duas visitas de N. testaceicornis (2V); três visitas de N. testaceicornis (3V); polinização natural (PN) e autopolinização (AP). Os movimentos e o tempo de visita nas flores foram observados nas visitas de N. testaceicornis. Nas frutas, avaliaram-se as características: biometria das frutas, taxa de fecundação dos aquênios, qualidade pós-colheita, contribuição de agentes e mecanismos de polinização na massa média das frutas. Na biometria das frutas, o serviço de polinização contribuiu no comprimento longitudinal, que se apresentou mais elevado na PN e 3V, em relação à AP. Nos diferentes tipos de polinização, a taxa de fecundação dos aquênios não diferiu e não apresentou efeito sobre a massa fresca das frutas. Na qualidadepós-colheita, 1V, 3V e PN apresentaram melhores resultados no grau de deformação e frutas comercializáveis. A abelha N. testaceicornis e a polinização natural contribuíram na massa fresca média das frutas de morangueiro. Os serviços de polinização natural e de N. testaceicornis proporcionaram melhoria na qualidade e agregação de valor das frutas. A abelha N. testaceicornis apresentou-se como polinizadora efetiva do morangueiro.(AU)

Bees biodiversity, forage behavior and fruit production in gherkin crop (Cucumis anguria L)

The objectives were to evaluate the biodiversity of bees, forage behavior and their effect on fruit production in the gherkin crop (Cucumis anguria L.) in the campus of the University Center Moura Lacerda in two years. The frequency and type of collection of the insects in the flowers was observed by counting from 8:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m., in the first 10 minutes of each time, for three distinct days in each year. The percentage of fruiting was quantified in 25 female flowers covered with nylon compared to the 25 female flowers uncovered in the two years. The flowers were visited by the Africanized honey bees Apis mellifera and the native bees Plebeia sp., Exomalopsis sp. and Melissodes sp., and the Africanized honey bees presented higher frequency and constancy with a higher number of visits in the male flowers compared to the female ones and these visits occurred between 8:00 a.m. and 3:00 p.m. Without the visitation of the bees there was no fruit production, and both the Africanized honey bee and the native ones when collecting nectar and pollen, visited both female and male flowers, carrying pollen in their body, being considered important pollinators of this culture.(AU)

Bees biodiversity, forage behavior and fruit production in gherkin crop (Cucumis anguria L)

The objectives were to evaluate the biodiversity of bees, forage behavior and their effect on fruit production in the gherkin crop (Cucumis anguria L.) in the campus of the University Center Moura Lacerda in two years. The frequency and type of collection of the insects in the flowers was observed by counting from 8:00 a.m. to 5:00 p.m., in the first 10 minutes of each time, for three distinct days in each year. The percentage of fruiting was quantified in 25 female flowers covered with nylon compared to the 25 female flowers uncovered in the two years. The flowers were visited by the Africanized honey bees Apis mellifera and the native bees Plebeia sp., Exomalopsis sp. and Melissodes sp., and the Africanized honey bees presented higher frequency and constancy with a higher number of visits in the male flowers compared to the female ones and these visits occurred between 8:00 a.m. and 3:00 p.m. Without the visitation of the bees there was no fruit production, and both the Africanized honey bee and the native ones when collecting nectar and pollen, visited both female and male flowers, carrying pollen in their body, being considered important pollinators of this culture.

Bee pollen improves productivity of laying Japanese quails

SUMMARY This study aimed to evaluate the effects of bee pollen (BP) on the performance of laying Japanese quails and egg quality. A total of 60 quails were used in a completely randomized experimental design with four treatments (0%, 0.5%, 1%, and 1.5% BP inclusion in diets) and five replicates. At the end of the study, productive performance and egg quality were evaluated; 160 eggs were maintained at different temperatures based on a completely randomized design and factorial arrangement (4 × 2), with four BP levels (cited above) and two storage temperatures (room temperature and refrigeration) for 14 days, totaling eight treatments with four replicates. BP levels did not influence (P> 0.05) feed conversion; however, daily feed intake, laying rate, egg mass, and weight and percentage of albumen increased. Yolk percentage decreased due to the augmentation of BP in diets. There was no effect (P> 0.05) of interaction of storage temperature × BP levels on egg quality, except with regard to the Haugh unit. BP supplementation resulted in higher egg weight and index of yolk and albumen. Refrigerated eggs had better internal quality than normal eggs. BP inclusion in diets of Japanese quails improved bird performance and the quality of fresh and stored eggs.

RESUMO Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito do pólen apícola sobre o desempenho de codornas Japonesas em postura e sobre a qualidade dos ovos. Foram usadas 160 codornas em delineamento completamente casualizado com quatro tratamentos (0%, 0,5%, 1%, e 1,5% de pólen apícola nas dietas) e cinco repetições. Ao fim do estudo, o desempenho e a qualidade dos ovos foram avaliados. Posteriormente, 160 ovos foram mantidos em temperaturas diferentes em delineamento completamente casualizado e arranjo fatorial 4 × 2, com quatro níveis de pólen apícola (citados acima) e duas temperaturas de armazenamento (ambiente e refrigeração) por 14 dias, totalizando oito tratamentos com cinco repetições. Os níveis de pólen apícola não influenciaram (P>0,05) a conversão alimentar, entretanto o consumo diário de ração, a taxa de postura, a massa de ovo e peso e porcentagem de albúmen aumentaram e a porcentagem de gema diminuiu com o aumento do pólen apícola nas dietas. Não houve efeito (P>0,05) da interação temperatura de armazenamento × níveis de pólen apícola sobre a qualidade dos ovos, exceto pela unidade Haugh. A suplementação com pólen apícola resultou em maior peso de ovo e de índices de gema e de albúmen. Ovos refrigerados tinham melhor qualidade interna. A inclusão de pólen apícola nas dietas de codornas Japonesas melhorou o desempenho e a qualidade de ovos frescos e armazenados.

Pesquisas de fraudes em méis no estado do Pará, Brasil / Research on fraud in honey in the state of Pará, Brazil

A adoção de práticas fraudulentas é comum na cadeia produtiva do mel e está associada à popularidade desse alimento e a dificuldade de detecção da adulteração do produto a olho nu ou por degustação. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar se práticas fraudulentas são adotadas em méis comercializados no estado do Pará. Para a realização da pesquisa, 14 amostras comerciais de méis provenientes de 06 (seis) municípios, no estado do Pará foram submetidas às análises Lund, Fiehe, Lugol e melissopalinologia. Os resultados obtidos demostraram que 57,14% das amostras apresentaram alteração do precipitado para reação de Lund, indicando alteração no teor proteico. A coloração o azul intenso na reação de Lugol foi observada em 64,28% das amostras, indicando possível adição de amido. Ainda, 85,71% das amostras analisadas apresentaram mudança de coloração para a reação de Fiehe, indicando alteração no teor de hidroximetilfurfural. O conteúdo polínico foi observado em somente 35,71% das amostras e apenas 2,42% do total das amostras analisadas foram consideradas autenticas mediante as análises realizadas. Concluímos que os testes de autenticidade, quando aplicados em conjunto, foram capazes de detectar fraudes nas mostras de mel comercializadas no estado do Pará e que adulterações nos méis comercialmente disponíveis na região alvo do estudo são uma realidade.

The adoption of fraudulents practices is common in the honey production chain and is associated with the popularity of this food and the difficulty of detecting adulteration of the honey with the naked eye or by tasting. The objective of this work was to verify if fraudulent practices are adopted in honeys sold in the state of Pará. To carry out the research, 14 commercial samples of honeys from 06 (six) municipalities, in the state of Pará, were submitted to Lund, Fiehe, Lugol and melissopalinology. The results obtained showed 57.14% of the samples showed a change in the precipitate for Lund's reaction, indicating a change in protein content. The intense blue staining in the Lugol reaction was observed in 64.28% of the samples, indicating a possible addition of starch. In addition, 85.71% of the samples showed a color change for the Fiehe reaction, indicating a change in the hydroxymethylfurfural content. Pollen content was observed in only 35.71% of the samples and only 21.42% of the total samples analyzed were considered authentic through the analyzes performe. We conclude that the authenticity tests, when applied together, were able to detect fraud in honey samples marketed in the state of Pará and that adulterations in the honey commercially available in the target region of the study are a reality.