Embryotoxicity following repetitive maternal exposure to scorpion venom

Although it is a frequent accident in a few countries, scorpion envenomation during pregnancy remains scarcely studied. In the present study, the effects of repetitive maternal exposure to Buthus occitanus tunetanus venom are investigated and its possible embryotoxic consequences on rats. Primigravid rats received a daily intraperitoneal dose of 1 mL/kg of saline solution or 300 µg/kg of crude scorpion venom, from the 7th to the 13th day of gestation. On the 21st day, the animals were deeply anesthetized using diethyl-ether. Then, blood was collected for chemical parameter analysis. Following euthanasia, morphometric measurements were carried out. The results showed a significant increase in maternal heart and lung absolute weights following venom treatment. However, the mean placental weight per rat was significantly diminished. Furthermore, blood urea concentration was higher in exposed rats (6.97 ± 0.62 mmol/L) than in those receiving saline solution (4.94 ± 0.90 mmol/L). Many organs of venom-treated rat fetuses (brain, liver, kidney and spleen) were smaller than those of controls. On the contrary, fetal lungs were significantly heavier in fetuses exposed to venom (3.2 ± 0.4 g) than in the others (3.0 ± 0.2 g). Subcutaneous blood clots, microphthalmia and total body and tail shortening were also observed in venom-treated fetuses. It is concluded that scorpion envenomation during pregnancy potentially causes intrauterine fetal alterations and growth impairment.(AU)

Embryotoxicity following repetitive maternal exposure to scorpion venom

Although it is a frequent accident in a few countries, scorpion envenomation during pregnancy remains scarcely studied. In the present study, the effects of repetitive maternal exposure to Buthus occitanus tunetanus venom are investigated and its possible embryotoxic consequences on rats. Primigravid rats received a daily intraperitoneal dose of 1 mL/kg of saline solution or 300 µg/kg of crude scorpion venom, from the 7th to the 13th day of gestation. On the 21st day, the animals were deeply anesthetized using diethyl-ether. Then, blood was collected for chemical parameter analysis. Following euthanasia, morphometric measurements were carried out. The results showed a significant increase in maternal heart and lung absolute weights following venom treatment. However, the mean placental weight per rat was significantly diminished. Furthermore, blood urea concentration was higher in exposed rats (6.97 ± 0.62 mmol/L) than in those receiving saline solution (4.94 ± 0.90 mmol/L). Many organs of venom-treated rat fetuses (brain, liver, kidney and spleen) were smaller than those of controls. On the contrary, fetal lungs were significantly heavier in fetuses exposed to venom (3.2 ± 0.4 g) than in the others (3.0 ± 0.2 g). Subcutaneous blood clots, microphthalmia and total body and tail shortening were also observed in venom-treated fetuses. It is concluded that scorpion envenomation during pregnancy potentially causes intrauterine fetal alterations and growth impairment.(AU)

Zinco como terapia no modelo experimental de autismo induzido pré-natalmente pelo ácido valpróico

O autismo é um transtorno complexo do desenvolvimento caracterizado por inúmeros prejuízos comportamentais, tais como perdas na comunicação, socialização e indução da inflexibilidade cognitiva. A reprodução de modelos experimentais de autismo é bastante importante no estudo desse transtorno. A exposição pré-natal ao VPA reproduz sintomas similares àqueles encontrados na condição humana de autismo. Apesar de o VPA ser considerado um provável teratógeno em humanos, pouco se sabe sobre seus mecanismos de ação, ou até mesmo, como ele é capaz de induzir o autismo. O VPA parece influenciar o metabolismo do zinco durante o período pré-natal, podendo comprometer o desenvolvimento fetal normal. Esse estudo foi dividido em duas partes: (1) reproduzir um modelo de autismo induzido por VPA pré-natal (400 mg/kg no GD 12,5) e (2) avaliar se a administração de zinco pré-natal (2 mg/kg 1h após) previne ou ameniza os prejuízos comportamentais e a expressão de TH-estriatal associados ao autismo causados pela exposição pré-natal ao VPA em ratos. Foram avaliados parâmetros reprodutivos, anormalidades comportamentais na comunicação (vocalização ultrassônica), comportamentos repetitivos e na cognição (labirinto em T) e interação social (comportamento de brincar), além de verificar o sistema dopaminérgico por meio da expressão proteica de TH-estriatal na prole masculina e feminina de ratas. O VPA causou danos reprodutivos, prejuízos na vocalização ultrassônica, comportamento repetitivo/restrito, inflexibilidade cognitiva, comprometimento na socialização com diminuição da brincadeira e redução nos níveis de TH- estriatal na prole masculina. A administração de zinco não foi capaz de impedir os danos reprodutivos causados pelo VPA, porém amenizou a inflexibilidade cognitiva e atenuou a brincadeira social, sem reestabelecer os níveis de TH-estriatal. A prole feminina foi menos afetada que a masculina, apresentando apenas a vocalização ultrassônica alterada. O zinco reestabeleceu esse dano. A redução da TH-estriatal na prole masculina sugere que, possivelmente o fenótipo tipo-autista investigado no presente estudo, esteja relacionado a modificações funcionais no sistema dopaminérgico.

Autism is a complex developmental disorder characterized by numerous behavioral impairments, such as communication, socialization and induction of cognitive inflexibility. Reproduction of experimental models of autism is an important tool in the study of this disorder. Prenatal exposure to VPA reproduces symptoms similar to those found in the human condition of autism. The VPA is known as a potential teratogen in humans and its mechanisms of action is not well understood. VPA appears to influence the zinc metabolism during the prenatal period, compromising normal fetal development. This study was done into two parts: (1st) obtain an autism model induced by prenatal VPA (400 mg/kg 12.5 GD) and (2nd) evaluate whether prenatal administration of zinc (2 mg/kg after 1h) prevents or reverses the behavioral impairments and protein striatal TH-expression associated with autism caused by prenatal exposure to VPA in rats. It was evaluated the reproductive parameters, abnormal behavior in the communication (ultrasonic vocalization test), repetitive behavior and cognitive capacity (T-maze test) and social interaction (play behavior test), and the evaluation of the dopaminergic system by quantification of TH-striatal expression in male and female offspring of rats. The VPA was able to cause reproductive damage, impairment in ultrasonic vocalization, repetitive/restricted behavior and cognitive inflexibility, impairment in socialization with decreased play behavior and reduction in striatal TH levels in male offspring. The zinc administration has not been able to prevent reproductive damage caused by VPA, but ameliorates the cognitive inflexibility and attenuated the social play behavior, without restoring TH-striatal levels. The offspring females were less affected as males, with alterations into ultrasonic vocalization only and zinc reestablished this damage. The reduction in striatal TH-male offspring suggests that the autistic-like phenotype, investigated in this study is, may be is related to functional modifications in the dopaminergic system.

Lipopolissacarídeo no início do período pré-natal como modelo experimental de autismo e prejuízos dopaminérgicos estriatais / Early prenatal lipopolysaccharide as a rat model of autism and striatal dopaminergic impairments

O transtorno do espectro autista atinge uma em cada 150 crianças. Sua etiologia ainda é desconhecida, apesar de fortes evidências de fatores genéticos e recentes achados de interferências ambientais, particularmente a ativação imune materna durante a gestação. Em nossos estudos prévios expusemos ratas Wistar no início da gestação ao lipopolissacarídeo (LPS), que mimetiza uma infecção bacteriana (100 µg/kg, intraperitoneal [i.p.], no dia gestacional [GD] 9,5) e observamos prejuízos no comportamento de brincar da prole masculina. Sabendo que esse teste é classicamente usado para avaliação de modelos animais de autismo e da ligação do autismo com fatores ambientais, propusemos que nosso modelo seria um modelo animal de autismo. Para avaliar essa possibilidade, foi objetivo do presente trabalho estudar se nosso modelo de LPS pré-natal (100 µg/kg, i.p., no GD 9,5) causaria os outros sintomas típicos de autistas: anormalidades na comunicação (avaliado pelo teste da vocalização ultrassônica), comportamentos repetitivos e inflexibilidade cognitiva (teste de alternação espontânea no labirinto em T), ausência de demonstração de medo em situações potencialmente perigosas (estímulo olfativo aversivo do odor de gato) e hiperatividade (atividade geral em campo aberto).

One child in about 150 children has autism spectrum disorder. Despite strong evidence of genetic factors and recent findings of environmental interferences, particularly maternal immune activation during pregnancy, autism etiology is still unknown. In our previous study, we exposed Wistar rats in the beginning of the gestation to lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 100 µg/kg, intraperitoneally [i.p.], on gestational day [GD] 9.5), which mimics a bacterial infection and observed impairments in the play behavior of male offspring. Knowing that play behavior is classically used to evaluate autism animal models and the link between autism and environmental factors, we proposed that our model would be an autism animal model. To evaluate this possibility, the aim of this study was to know whether our prenatal LPS model (100 µg/kg, i.p., on GD 9.5) causes other autism typical symptoms: communication abnormalities (evaluated by the ultrasonic vocalization test), repetitive behavior and cognitive inflexibility (T-maze spontaneous alternation test), absence of fear demonstration in potentially dangerous situations (aversive exposure to cat odor test) and hyperactivity (open field general activity). Because some autistic patients presents high levels of proinflammatory cytokines and cortisol as well as neuroinflammation, we quantified IL-1β, TNF-α and corticosterone serum levels, and studied astrocytes and microglia of striatum and olfactory bulb.

Lipopolissacarídeo no início do período pré-natal como modelo experimental de autismo e prejuízos dopaminérgicos estriatais / Early prenatal lipopolysaccharide as a rat model of autism and striatal dopaminergic impairments

O transtorno do espectro autista atinge uma em cada 150 crianças. Sua etiologia ainda é desconhecida, apesar de fortes evidências de fatores genéticos e recentes achados de interferências ambientais, particularmente a ativação imune materna durante a gestação. Em nossos estudos prévios expusemos ratas Wistar no início da gestação ao lipopolissacarídeo (LPS), que mimetiza uma infecção bacteriana (100 µg/kg, intraperitoneal [i.p.], no dia gestacional [GD] 9,5) e observamos prejuízos no comportamento de brincar da prole masculina. Sabendo que esse teste é classicamente usado para avaliação de modelos animais de autismo e da ligação do autismo com fatores ambientais, propusemos que nosso modelo seria um modelo animal de autismo. Para avaliar essa possibilidade, foi objetivo do presente trabalho estudar se nosso modelo de LPS pré-natal (100 µg/kg, i.p., no GD 9,5) causaria os outros sintomas típicos de autistas: anormalidades na comunicação (avaliado pelo teste da vocalização ultrassônica), comportamentos repetitivos e inflexibilidade cognitiva (teste de alternação espontânea no labirinto em T), ausência de demonstração de medo em situações potencialmente perigosas (estímulo olfativo aversivo do odor de gato) e hiperatividade (atividade geral em campo aberto). (AU)

One child in about 150 children has autism spectrum disorder. Despite strong evidence of genetic factors and recent findings of environmental interferences, particularly maternal immune activation during pregnancy, autism etiology is still unknown. In our previous study, we exposed Wistar rats in the beginning of the gestation to lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 100 µg/kg, intraperitoneally [i.p.], on gestational day [GD] 9.5), which mimics a bacterial infection and observed impairments in the play behavior of male offspring. Knowing that play behavior is classically used to evaluate autism animal models and the link between autism and environmental factors, we proposed that our model would be an autism animal model. To evaluate this possibility, the aim of this study was to know whether our prenatal LPS model (100 µg/kg, i.p., on GD 9.5) causes other autism typical symptoms: communication abnormalities (evaluated by the ultrasonic vocalization test), repetitive behavior and cognitive inflexibility (T-maze spontaneous alternation test), absence of fear demonstration in potentially dangerous situations (aversive exposure to cat odor test) and hyperactivity (open field general activity). Because some autistic patients presents high levels of proinflammatory cytokines and cortisol as well as neuroinflammation, we quantified IL-1β, TNF-α and corticosterone serum levels, and studied astrocytes and microglia of striatum and olfactory bulb. (AU)