Penectomia em equino com parafimose / Partial penectomy in a horse with paraphimosis

Background: In horses, an increase in the volume of penis and foreskin can be caused by trauma. The resultant edema interferes with the retraction of the penis and cause paraphimosis. Surgical intervention through penectomy is indicated in cases wherein an alternative treatment is not feasible. Partial penectomy can prolong the life and reproductive function of many stallions. The present study aims to report on the methodological, functional, and economic feasibility of a successful case of the use of Williams technique for partial penectomy performed in the field in a horse with paraphimosis, preserving urinary, productive, and reproductive functions. Case: A 10-year-old horse weighing 500 kg had clinical signs of paraphimosis due to the formation of granulomatous tissue following trauma to the glans region. A surgical intervention, namely a partial penectomy was decided to be performed to prevent injury from priapism. Due to the limited resources provided by the owner and the impossibility of moving the animal to a surgical center in a veterinary hospital, the procedure was performed in the field, with prior sanitization and preparation of the environment used to perform surgery. The horse was tranquilized with intravenous xylazine hydrochloride and acepromazine, with subsequent induction of anesthesia with ready-to-use (RTU) guaifenesin bolus and maintenance of anesthesia with an intravenous association of RTU guaifenesin, xylazine hydrochloride, and ketamine. The distal third of the penis was amputated using the recommended Williams technique. Although the complications like dehiscence and emergence of granulation tissue occurred after surgery, these were controlled in the daily follow-up of the animal and post-surgical treatment. Discussion: Paraphimosis predisposed the horse to abrasions and edema of the exposed portion of the penis. However, there was no urine retention, which suggested that the urethral ostium and the urethra had no lesions. Because the granulomatous lesions were located in the distal third of the penis and the extent of penile exposure was small, the partial penectomy technique proved effective in solving the permanent exposure of the penis. The anesthetic protocol used was inexpensive, easy to execute, and effective, and no anesthetic complications occurred, proving this protocol to be efficient for the anesthetic induction of animals in the field. In addition to being reliable and widespread, the Williams technique was recommended to prevent possible urethral stenosis and the development of contact dermatitis by urine. This technique makes a rapid recovery of the animal possible, with improvement of its physiological parameters, and due to ease of being able to be done in the field, it is also inexpensive. The edema and the granulation tissue that occurred after surgery were controlled with medication. In general, post-penectomy animals are not used for reproduction. This makes the present report an important contribution, because in cases in which the lesions present a distal disposition and the penile exposure is small, stallions have a chance of maintaining reproductive function after surgery, even with a long period of evolution before surgical treatment. This was demonstrated in the present case, as the animal in this case later impregnated a mare, with the pregnancy confirmed by ultrasound examination. Partial penectomy is a resolution technique for cases of traumatic paraphimosis, in which exuberant granulation tissue is formed in the distal third of the penis, with a long period of evolution. The surgery can be done in the field, with a low surgical cost to the owner, and a good productive and reproductive prognosis for the animal.

Aspectos de manejo e condições genitais que podem constituir ameaça à longevidade reprodutiva de garanhões / Management aspects and genital conditions that may threaten the reproductive longevity of stallions

A longevidade reprodutiva de garanhões de potencial genético elevado constitui um objetivo desejado. Adequar o manejo de garanhões pode não ser uma tarefa fácil, considerando que vários aspectos simples, porém importantes, muitas vezes não são praticados. Essa realidade parece ter se agravado após a disponibilidade de novas biotecnologias da reprodução. Confinamento em cocheiras oferece condições contrárias às funções fisiológicas influentes na longevidade reprodutiva. Muitos garanhões confinados desenvolvem distúrbios de comportamento e metabólico. A ingestão de alimento na presença de ansiedade e compulsão contribui para aumento de peso corporal e predisposição a ocorrência de cólicas. Garanhões obesos estão em risco de inflamação além dos limites fisiológicos, acarretando possibilidade de lesões e sequelas. Além desses fatores relacionados ao manejo, essa apresentação se refere a afecções que ameaçam a longevidade reprodutiva do garanhão, entre elas priapismo, traumatismos, feridas, parafimose, tumores e torsão do cordão espermático.(AU)

Reproductive longevity of stallions with high genetic potential is a desired goal. Adapting the management of stallions may not be an easy task, considering that several simple but important aspects are often not practiced, what seems to have worsened after the availability of new biotechnology of reproduction. Live at stables offers conditions contrary to physiological functions in reproductive longevity and many stallions confined develops behavioral and metabolic disorders. Eating with anxiety of compulsion contributes to increased body weight and possibility of colic. Obesity in stallions carries risk of the inflammation through the physiological limits with possibility of lesions and sequels. In addition to these factors related to management, this presentation refers to conditions that threaten the reproductive longevity of Stallion, including priapism, trauma, wounds, paraphimosis, tumors and torsion of the spermatic cord.(AU)

Aspectos de manejo e condições genitais que podem constituir ameaça à longevidade reprodutiva de garanhões / Management aspects and genital conditions that may threaten the reproductive longevity of stallions

A longevidade reprodutiva de garanhões de potencial genético elevado constitui um objetivo desejado. Adequar o manejo de garanhões pode não ser uma tarefa fácil, considerando que vários aspectos simples, porém importantes, muitas vezes não são praticados. Essa realidade parece ter se agravado após a disponibilidade de novas biotecnologias da reprodução. Confinamento em cocheiras oferece condições contrárias às funções fisiológicas influentes na longevidade reprodutiva. Muitos garanhões confinados desenvolvem distúrbios de comportamento e metabólico. A ingestão de alimento na presença de ansiedade e compulsão contribui para aumento de peso corporal e predisposição a ocorrência de cólicas. Garanhões obesos estão em risco de inflamação além dos limites fisiológicos, acarretando possibilidade de lesões e sequelas. Além desses fatores relacionados ao manejo, essa apresentação se refere a afecções que ameaçam a longevidade reprodutiva do garanhão, entre elas priapismo, traumatismos, feridas, parafimose, tumores e torsão do cordão espermático.

Reproductive longevity of stallions with high genetic potential is a desired goal. Adapting the management of stallions may not be an easy task, considering that several simple but important aspects are often not practiced, what seems to have worsened after the availability of new biotechnology of reproduction. Live at stables offers conditions contrary to physiological functions in reproductive longevity and many stallions confined develops behavioral and metabolic disorders. Eating with anxiety of compulsion contributes to increased body weight and possibility of colic. Obesity in stallions carries risk of the inflammation through the physiological limits with possibility of lesions and sequels. In addition to these factors related to management, this presentation refers to conditions that threaten the reproductive longevity of Stallion, including priapism, trauma, wounds, paraphimosis, tumors and torsion of the spermatic cord.

Some arachnidan peptides with potential medical application

The search for new active drugs that can alleviate or cure different diseases is a constant challenge to researchers in the biological area and to the pharmaceutical industry. Historically, research has focused on the study of substances from plants. More recently, however, animal venoms have been attracting attention and studies have been successful in addressing treatment of accidents. Furthermore, venoms and their toxins have been considered good tools for prospecting for new active drugs or models for new therapeutic drugs. In this review, we discuss some possibilities of using different toxins, especially those from arachnid venoms, which have shown some potential application in diseases involving pain, hypertension, epilepsy and erectile dysfunction. A new generation of drugs is likely to emerge from peptides, including those found in animal venoms.(AU)

ães / Review on disorders of the penis and prepuce in dogs / Afecciones Del Pene Y Prepucio Del Perro - Revisión De La Literatura

Enfermidades nos órgãos reprodutivos de cães têm variados graus de morbidade, mortalidade e sofrem influências do histórico reprodutivo, de tratamentos farmacológicos prévios e de condições ambientais, podendo dessa forma ocorrer variações regionais na incidência de determinadas anormalidades reprodutivas. As afecções do pênis e prepúcio são frequentes na rotina de trabalho dos Médicos Veterinários. O pênis divide-se em raiz, corpo e glande e no estado de flacidez encontra-se totalmente dentro do prepúcio. O osso peniano é uma estrutura alongada que se encontra quase completamente dentro da glande e possui um sulco ventral que aloja a uretra peniana. O prepúcio é uma bainha tubular em contigüidade a pele abdominal e recobre totalmente o pênis flácido, possui uma mucosa interna lisa e uma cobertura externa de pele coberta por pêlos que confluem no orifício prepucial, sua função é cobrir e proteger o pênis. As doenças do penis e prepúcio podem ser divididas em congênitas como hipospadia, frênulo peniano persistente, fimose e parafimose ou adquiridas como traumatismos, priapismo, balanopostites e tumores.(AU)

Disorders in the reproductive organs of dogs may appear in several different levels of morbidity and mortality according to the animal‟s reproductive history, use of medication, and environmental conditions. Thus some differences regarding reproductive organ abnormalities may be found according to the region in which the animal lives. Disorders of the penis and prepuce are frequently seen by Veterinary Clinicians throughout their routine. The penis can be divided into three parts named root, body and glans, (that when not erect are completely covered by the prepuce). The penis bone is an elongated structure that is found almost in its totality inside the glans and it has a ventral sulcus that houses the penile urethra. The prepuce is a tubular sheath that is a continuation of the abdominal skin and it covers the whole penis when it is not erect. It is composed by an inner smooth mucosa and an external skin sheath which is covered with hair towards the preputial orifice, and its functions are to cover and protect the penis. Disorders of the penis and prepuce may be divided into congenital (hypospadia, persistent penile frenulum, phimosis and paraphimosis) or acquired (traumatic, priapism, balanoposthitis and tumors).(AU)

Enfermedades en los órganos reproductores de los perros tienen distintos grados de morbilidad, mortalidad y siguen las influencias de la historia reproductiva, de los tratamientos farmacológicos anteriores y las condiciones ambientales. Siendo así, pudieran ocurrir variaciones regionales en la incidencia de ciertas anomalías en el tracto reproductivo. Afecciones del pene y prepucio son comunes en la rutina de los médicos veterinarios. El pene se divide en raíz, cuerpo y glande. El hueso peneano es una estructura elongada que está casi totalmente en el interior del glande y tiene un surco ventral que aloja la uretra peneana. El prepucio es una vaina tubular en contiguidad de la piel abdominal y cubre por completo el pene flácido, tiene una mucosa interna lisa y una cobertura exterior de piel llena de pelos que convergen hasta el orificio prepucial, su función es cubrir y proteger el pene. Las enfermedades del pene y prepucio se pueden dividir en congénitas (hipospadias, frénulo persistente, fimosis y parafimosis) o adquiridas como traumas, priapismo, balanopostitis y tumores.Palabras-clave: enfermedades, pene, prepucio, perro (AU)

Experimental rabies in ovine and caprine inoculated with a brazilian fox (Dusicyon vetulus) isolate virus sample / Raiva experimental em caprinos e ovinos inoculados com uma amostra de vírus isolada de raposa (Dusicyon vetulus)

In the region of Patos, northeastern Brazil, ovine and caprine are important for the local economy. The animals are raised freely to find their own food, thus, they are susceptible to the attack ofthe Brazilian fox Dusicyon vetulus, frequently positive for rabies. The symptoms of this disease in those animals are poorly known. In order to better understand the disease in these species, two ovines and two caprines, aged 3-4 months old were inoculated in the masseter muscle with a fox rabies virus isolate and were kept confined. Seventeen days after inoculation, ovine 1 showed signs of loss ofapetite, stertorous, itching, lowered ears, difficulty in biting and swallowing, salivation, cough and failure in vocalization. Death occurred after 24 hours, when the other animals presented symptoms. On the twentieth day, ovine 2 manifested lateral decumbency, cycling movements, bit the hooves and the fence and died. Both caprines presented exacerbation of sexual instinct, priapism, and had to be separated due to agressiveness. Progressively they presented incoordination, decumbent position, opisthotonus, myoclonia and died after three and five days respectively for caprine 1 and 2. Each animal was necropsied and all presented pulmonary oedema and increased volume of cephalorrachidian fluid. Through the RT-PCR technique viral particles were detected in different organs, although virus isol

Na região de Patos-PB, semiárido nordestino, caprinos e ovinos são importante fonte de renda. Criados extensivamente, tornam-se suscetíveis ao ataque de raposas Dusicyon vetulus, frequentemente diagnosticadas com raiva. Os sintomas dessa doença nesses animais são pouco conhecidos. Para melhor compreender a raiva nessas espécies, dois ovinos e dois caprinos entre 3 -4 meses de idade, foram inoculados no masseter com vírus rábico isolado de raposa e mantidos confinados. Dezessete dias após, o ovino 1 apresentou inapetência, estertores, prurido, orelhas caídas, dificuldade em apreensão e deglutição, salivação, tosse, tentativa de vocalizar e morte após 24 horas. No dia seguinte os outros animais iniciaram os sintomas. No vigésimo dia, o ovino 2 posicionou-se em decúbito lateral com movimentos de pedalar, morder os cascos e a gaiola e morreu. as caprinos apresentaram exacerbação da libido, priapismo e agressividade. Progressivamente, houve incoordenação motora, decúbito, opist6tono e contrações musculares. A morte ocorreu após três e cinco dias para os caprinos 1 e 2, respectivamente. À necropsia, observou-se edema pulmonar e aumento do liquor nos quatro animais. Pela técnica de RT-PCR detectou-se RNA viral em vários órgãos; cérebro, coração, pulmão, rins, fígado e glândulas salivares, porem, só foi possível isolar o vírus em camundongo, a partir dos cérebros. Na prova de IFD todos

Experimental rabies in ovine and caprine inoculated with a brazilian fox (Dusicyon vetulus) isolate virus sample / Raiva experimental em caprinos e ovinos inoculados com uma amostra de vírus isolada de raposa (Dusicyon vetulus)

In the region of Patos, northeastern Brazil, ovine and caprine are important for the local economy. The animals are raised freely to find their own food, thus, they are susceptible to the attack ofthe Brazilian fox Dusicyon vetulus, frequently positive for rabies. The symptoms of this disease in those animals are poorly known. In order to better understand the disease in these species, two ovines and two caprines, aged 3-4 months old were inoculated in the masseter muscle with a fox rabies virus isolate and were kept confined. Seventeen days after inoculation, ovine 1 showed signs of loss ofapetite, stertorous, itching, lowered ears, difficulty in biting and swallowing, salivation, cough and failure in vocalization. Death occurred after 24 hours, when the other animals presented symptoms. On the twentieth day, ovine 2 manifested lateral decumbency, cycling movements, bit the hooves and the fence and died. Both caprines presented exacerbation of sexual instinct, priapism, and had to be separated due to agressiveness. Progressively they presented incoordination, decumbent position, opisthotonus, myoclonia and died after three and five days respectively for caprine 1 and 2. Each animal was necropsied and all presented pulmonary oedema and increased volume of cephalorrachidian fluid. Through the RT-PCR technique viral particles were detected in different organs, although virus isol

Na região de Patos-PB, semiárido nordestino, caprinos e ovinos são importante fonte de renda. Criados extensivamente, tornam-se suscetíveis ao ataque de raposas Dusicyon vetulus, frequentemente diagnosticadas com raiva. Os sintomas dessa doença nesses animais são pouco conhecidos. Para melhor compreender a raiva nessas espécies, dois ovinos e dois caprinos entre 3 -4 meses de idade, foram inoculados no masseter com vírus rábico isolado de raposa e mantidos confinados. Dezessete dias após, o ovino 1 apresentou inapetência, estertores, prurido, orelhas caídas, dificuldade em apreensão e deglutição, salivação, tosse, tentativa de vocalizar e morte após 24 horas. No dia seguinte os outros animais iniciaram os sintomas. No vigésimo dia, o ovino 2 posicionou-se em decúbito lateral com movimentos de pedalar, morder os cascos e a gaiola e morreu. as caprinos apresentaram exacerbação da libido, priapismo e agressividade. Progressivamente, houve incoordenação motora, decúbito, opist6tono e contrações musculares. A morte ocorreu após três e cinco dias para os caprinos 1 e 2, respectivamente. À necropsia, observou-se edema pulmonar e aumento do liquor nos quatro animais. Pela técnica de RT-PCR detectou-se RNA viral em vários órgãos; cérebro, coração, pulmão, rins, fígado e glândulas salivares, porem, só foi possível isolar o vírus em camundongo, a partir dos cérebros. Na prova de IFD todos

ães / Review on disorders of the penis and prepuce in dogs / Afecciones Del Pene Y Prepucio Del Perro - Revisión De La Literatura

Enfermidades nos órgãos reprodutivos de cães têm variados graus de morbidade, mortalidade e sofrem influências do histórico reprodutivo, de tratamentos farmacológicos prévios e de condições ambientais, podendo dessa forma ocorrer variações regionais na incidência de determinadas anormalidades reprodutivas. As afecções do pênis e prepúcio são frequentes na rotina de trabalho dos Médicos Veterinários. O pênis divide-se em raiz, corpo e glande e no estado de flacidez encontra-se totalmente dentro do prepúcio. O osso peniano é uma estrutura alongada que se encontra quase completamente dentro da glande e possui um sulco ventral que aloja a uretra peniana. O prepúcio é uma bainha tubular em contigüidade a pele abdominal e recobre totalmente o pênis flácido, possui uma mucosa interna lisa e uma cobertura externa de pele coberta por pêlos que confluem no orifício prepucial, sua função é cobrir e proteger o pênis. As doenças do penis e prepúcio podem ser divididas em congênitas como hipospadia, frênulo peniano persistente, fimose e parafimose ou adquiridas como traumatismos, priapismo, balanopostites e tumores.

Disorders in the reproductive organs of dogs may appear in several different levels of morbidity and mortality according to the animal‟s reproductive history, use of medication, and environmental conditions. Thus some differences regarding reproductive organ abnormalities may be found according to the region in which the animal lives. Disorders of the penis and prepuce are frequently seen by Veterinary Clinicians throughout their routine. The penis can be divided into three parts named root, body and glans, (that when not erect are completely covered by the prepuce). The penis bone is an elongated structure that is found almost in its totality inside the glans and it has a ventral sulcus that houses the penile urethra. The prepuce is a tubular sheath that is a continuation of the abdominal skin and it covers the whole penis when it is not erect. It is composed by an inner smooth mucosa and an external skin sheath which is covered with hair towards the preputial orifice, and its functions are to cover and protect the penis. Disorders of the penis and prepuce may be divided into congenital (hypospadia, persistent penile frenulum, phimosis and paraphimosis) or acquired (traumatic, priapism, balanoposthitis and tumors).

Enfermedades en los órganos reproductores de los perros tienen distintos grados de morbilidad, mortalidad y siguen las influencias de la historia reproductiva, de los tratamientos farmacológicos anteriores y las condiciones ambientales. Siendo así, pudieran ocurrir variaciones regionales en la incidencia de ciertas anomalías en el tracto reproductivo. Afecciones del pene y prepucio son comunes en la rutina de los médicos veterinarios. El pene se divide en raíz, cuerpo y glande. El hueso peneano es una estructura elongada que está casi totalmente en el interior del glande y tiene un surco ventral que aloja la uretra peneana. El prepucio es una vaina tubular en contiguidad de la piel abdominal y cubre por completo el pene flácido, tiene una mucosa interna lisa y una cobertura exterior de piel llena de pelos que convergen hasta el orificio prepucial, su función es cubrir y proteger el pene. Las enfermedades del pene y prepucio se pueden dividir en congénitas (hipospadias, frénulo persistente, fimosis y parafimosis) o adquiridas como traumas, priapismo, balanopostitis y tumores.Palabras-clave: enfermedades, pene, prepucio, perro