Fecal microbiota profile of ovariohysterectomized cats submitted to estrogen replacement / Perfil da microbiota fecal de gatas ovariohisterectomizadas submetidas à reposição estrogênica

This study aimed to observe the effects of 17 ß-estradiol replacements on the fecal microbiota in spayed cats. Individual samples of fresh feces were collected and stored at -80° C. Sequencing of the V3/V4 regions of the 16S rRNA gene was used, and bioinformatic analysis was performed. Firmicutes/Bacteriodetes ratio was lower in the group receiving estrogen replacement compared to the SHAM group (P = 0,005). Jaccard index (P = 0.123) and Yue & Clayton index (P = 0.094) did not reveal alpha and beta diversity differences. The linear discriminant analysis effect size (LefSe) identified Firmicutes and MegasPhaera as the biomarkers for the SHAM group, and Burkholderiales, Betaproteobacteria, Sutterellaceae, Suterella, Proteobacteria, Proteobacteria unclassified and Collinsella for the group receiving estrogen replacement.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi observar os efeitos da reposição de 17 ß-estradiol na microbiota fecal de gatas castradas. Amostras individuais de fezes frescas foram colhidas e armazenadas a -80°C. Foi realizado o sequenciamento das regiões V3/V4 do gene 16S rRNA e a análise bioinformática. A razão Firmicutes/Bacteriodetes foi menor no grupo que recebeu reposição estrogênica em comparação ao grupo SHAM (P = 0,005). O índice de Jaccard (P = 0,123) e o índice de Yue & Clayton (P = 0,094) não revelaram diferenças na alfa e beta diversidade. A análise discriminatória linear de tamanho do efeito (LefSe) identificou Firmicutes e Megasphaera como biomarcadores para o grupo SHAM, e Burkholderiales, Betaproteobacteria, Sutterellaceae, Suterella, Proteobacteria, Proteobacteria não classificada e Collinsella para o grupo que recebeu reposição estrogênica.(AU)

Rhizosphere bacterial and fungal communities of healthy and wilted pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) in an organic farming system / Comunidades bacterianas e fúngicas da rizosfera de pimentão sadio e murcho(Capsicum annuum L.) em sistema de cultivo orgânico

ABSTRACT: Rhizosphere microorganisms play an important role in the growth and health of plants. Around the world, diverse soil-borne pathogens attack Capsicum annuum causing significant damage and economic losses. This study determined whether the diversity and composition of microbial communities in the rhizosphere soil of C. annuum plants is significantly changed by wilt disease. We used the 16S rRNA gene for bacteria and the internal transcribed spacer region for fungi to characterize the rhizosphere microbiomes of healthy and wilted plants. The most abundant bacterial phyla were Proteobacteria and Gemmatimonadetes, while the most abundant fungal phyla were Ascomycota and Mucoromycota. The bacterial α-diversity did not show significant differences in richness and diversity, but did show a significant difference in evenness and dominance of species. Rare taxa were present in both healthy and wilted conditions with relative abundances < 1%. In the fungi, all evaluated estimators showed a significant reduction in the wilted condition. The β-diversity showed significant differences in the structure of bacterial and fungal communities, which were segregated according to plant health conditions. The same occurred when comparing the alpha and beta diversity of this study based on organic agriculture with that of other studies based on conventional agriculture. We observed a significant difference with estimators analyzed by segregating rhizosphere communities depending on the farming method used. Finally, the differential abundance analysis did not show significant results in the bacterial communities; however, in the fungal communities, Fusarium, Thanatephorus, Rhizopus, Curvularia, Cladosporium, and Alternaria were more abundant in the rhizosphere of wilted than healthy plants. Species from these genera have been previously reported as phytopathogens of several plants, including C. annuum.

RESUMO: Microrganismos na rizosfera desempenham um papel importante no crescimento e saúde das plantas. Em todo o mundo, vários patógenos do solo atacam o Capsicum annuum causando danos significativos e perdas econômicas. Este estudo teve como objetivo determinar se a diversidade e composição das comunidades microbianas no solo da rizosfera de plantas de C. annuum é alterada significativamente pela murcha. Usamos o gene 16S rRNA para bactérias e a região espaçadora transcrita interna para fungos para caracterizar os microbiomas da rizosfera de plantas saudáveis e plantas com murcha. Os filos bacterianos mais abundantes foram Proteobacteria e Gemmatimonadetes, enquanto os filos fúngicos foram Ascomycota e Mucoromycota. A diversidade alfa bacteriana não mostrou diferenças significativas na riqueza e diversidade, mas mostrou uma diferença significativa na uniformidade e dominância das espécies. Táxons raros estavam presentes em condições saudáveis e murchas com abundância relativa < 1%. Em fungos, todos os estimadores avaliados apresentaram redução significativa na condição de murcha. A diversidade beta apresentou diferenças significativas na estrutura das comunidades bacterianas e fúngicas, que foram segregadas de acordo com as condições fitossanitárias. O mesmo aconteceu ao comparar a diversidade alfa e beta deste estudo baseado na agricultura orgânica com a de outros estudos baseados na agricultura convencional. Uma diferença significativa foi observada com os estimadores analisados segregando as comunidades da rizosfera dependendo do método de cultivo utilizado. Por fim, a análise de abundância diferencial não apresentou resultados significativos nas comunidades bacterianas; entretanto, nas comunidades fúngicas, os gêneros Fusarium, Thanatephorus, Rhizopus, Curvularia, Cladosporium e Alternaria foram mais abundantes na rizosfera de plantas murchas do que saudáveis. Várias espécies desses gêneros foram previamente relatadas como fitopatógenos de várias plantas, incluindo C. annuum.

Bartonelose: doença de importância para a saúde pública envolvendo a tríade homem-ambiente-animal / Bartonellosis: disease of importance for public health involving the man-environment-animal triad / Bartonelosis: enfermedad de importancia para la salud pública que involucra la triada hombre-ambiente-animal

A relação hospedeiro-parasita é caracterizada como uma interação alelobiótica construída por meio de processos evolutivo-adaptativos com hospedeiros assintomáticos. No ambiente silvestre é notório o equilíbrio desta relação, porém quando há intervenção antropogênica um ciclo enzoótico pode se estabelecer proporcionando o surgimento de enfermidades emergentes ou reemergentes. Dentre estes agentes etiológicos, a Bartonella spp. é um bacilo gram-negativo da classe Proteobacteria que apresentam tropismo por eritrócitos e células endoteliais, com infecção já descrita em animais das Ordens: Rodentia, Lagomorpha, Carnivora, Artiodactyla, Eulipotyphla e Chiroptera. A infecção pela bactéria pode estar associada à linfadenite, endocardite, angiomatose bacilar e peliose hepática em humanos. Treze espécies de Bartonella spp. são tidas como zoonóticas. O objetivo desta revisão está em apontar para a comunidade científica a bartonelose como uma doença de notificação obrigatória, assim como, os possíveis hospedeiros em animais domésticos e silvestres e sua etiopatogenia.(AU)

The host-parasite relationship is characterized as an allelobiotic interaction built through evolutionary-adaptive processes with asymptomatic hosts. In the wild environment, the balance of this relationship is notorious, but when there is anthropogenic intervention, an enzootic cycle can be established, providing the emergence of emerging or reemerging diseases. Among these etiologic agents, Bartonella spp. is a gram-negative bacillus of the Proteobacteria class that presents tropism for erythrocytes and endothelial cells, with infection already described in animals of the Orders: Rodentia, Lagomorpha, Carnivora, Artiodactyla, Eulipotyphla and Chiroptera. Infection by the bacterium may be associated with lymphadenitis, endocarditis, bacillary angiomatosis and peliosis hepatica in humans. Thirteen species of Bartonella spp. are considered zoonotic. The objective of this review is to point out to the scientific community bartonellosis as a notifiable disease, as well as the possible hosts in domestic and wild animals and their etiopathogenesis.(AU)

La relación hospedador-parásito se caracteriza por ser una interacción alelobiótica construida mediante procesos evolutivo-adaptativos con hospedadores asintomáticos. En el medio silvestre, el equilibrio de esta relación es notorio, pero cuando hay intervención antropogénica, puede establecerse un ciclo enzoótico, propiciando la aparición de enfermedades emergentes o reemergentes. Entre estos agentes etiológicos, Bartonella spp. es un bacilo gramnegativo de la clase Proteobacteria que presenta tropismo por eritrocitos y células endoteliales, con infección ya descrita en animales de los Órdenes: Rodentia, Lagomorpha, Carnivora, Artiodactyla, Eulipotyphla y Chiroptera. La infección por la bacteria puede estar asociada a linfadenitis, endocarditis, angiomatosis bacilar y peliosis hepática en humanos. Trece especies de Bartonella spp. se consideran zoonóticas. El objetivo de esta revisión es señalar a la comunidad científica la bartonelosis como enfermedad de declaración obligatoria, así como los posibles hospedadores en animales domésticos y salvajes y su etiopatogenia.(AU)

Metagenomic study of the communities of bacterial endophytes in the desert plant Senna Italica and their role in abiotic stress resistance in the plant / Estudo metagenômico das comunidades de endófitos bacterianos na planta do deserto Senna Italica e seu papel na resistência ao estresse abiótico na planta

Plant leaves and roots are home to diverse communities of bacteria, which play a significant role in plant health and growth. Although one of the most unfriendly environments for plant growth is deserts, desert plants can influence their surrounding microbial population and choose favorable bacteria that encourage their growth under these severe circumstances. Senna italica is known for its excellent medicinal values as a traditional medical plant, but little is known about its associated endophytic bacterial community under extreme conditions. In the present study, metagenomic sequencing of 16S rRNA was used to report the diversity of endophytic bacterial communities associated with the leaves and roots of the desert medicinal plant Senna italica that was collected from the Asfan region in northeast Jeddah, Saudi Arabia. Analyses of the 16S rRNA sequences at the taxonomic phylum level revealed that bacterial communities in the roots and leaves samples belonged to five phyla, including Cyanobacteria, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, and unclassified phyla. Results indicated that the most common phyla were Cyanobacteria/Chloroplast and Actinobacteria. Analysis of the 16S rRNA sequences at the taxonomic phylum level revealed that bacterial communities in the roots and leaves samples belonged to twelve genera at the taxonomic genus level. The most abundant ones were highlighted for further analysis, including Okibacterium and Streptomyces found in Actinobacteria, which were the dominant genus in roots samples. However, Streptophyta found in Cyanobacteria/Chloroplast was the dominant genus in leaf samples. Metagenomic analysis of medicinal plants leads to identifying novel organisms or genes that may have a role in abiotic stress resistance in the plant. The study of endophytic microbiome taxonomic, phylogenetic, and functional diversity will better know innovative candidates that may be selected as biological agents to enhance agricultural and industrial processes, especially for crop desert agricultural improvement.

As folhas e raízes das plantas abrigam diversas comunidades de bactérias, que desempenham um papel significativo na saúde e no crescimento das plantas. Embora um dos ambientes mais hostis para o crescimento de plantas sejam os desertos, as plantas do deserto podem influenciar a população microbiana circundante e escolher bactérias favoráveis ​​que encorajem seu crescimento sob essas circunstâncias severas. Senna italica é conhecida por seus excelentes valores medicinais como planta medicinal tradicional, mas pouco se sabe sobre sua comunidade bacteriana endofítica associada em condições extremas. No presente estudo, o sequenciamento metagenômico de 16S rRNA foi usado para relatar a diversidade de comunidades bacterianas endofíticas associadas às folhas e raízes da planta medicinal do deserto Senna italica que foi coletada na região de Asfan no nordeste de Jeddah, Arábia Saudita. Análises das sequências de rRNA 16S no nível taxonômico do filo revelaram que as comunidades bacterianas nas amostras de raízes e folhas pertenciam a cinco filos, incluindo Cyanobacteria, Proteobacteria, Actinobacteria, Firmicutes e filos não classificados. Os resultados indicaram que os filos mais comuns foram Cyanobacteria/Cloroplast e Actinobacteria. A análise das sequências de rRNA 16S no nível taxonômico do filo revelou que as comunidades bacterianas nas amostras de raízes e folhas pertenciam a doze gêneros no nível taxonômico de gênero. Os mais abundantes foram destacados para análise posterior, incluindo Okibacterium e Streptomyces encontrados em Actinobacteria, que foram os gêneros dominantes nas amostras de raízes. No entanto, Streptophyta encontrado em Cyanobacteria/Chloroplast foi o gênero dominante nas amostras de folhas. A análise metagenômica de plantas medicinais leva à identificação de novos organismos ou genes que podem ter um papel na resistência ao estresse abiótico na planta. O estudo da diversidade taxonômica, filogenética e funcional do microbioma endofítico conhecerá melhor os candidatos inovadores que podem ser selecionados como agentes biológicos para melhorar os processos agrícolas e industriais, especialmente para o melhoramento agrícola do deserto.

Q fever and coxiellosis in Brazil: an underestimated disease? A brief review / Febre Q e coxielose no Brasil: uma doença subestimada? Uma breve revisão

Q fever, caused by the γ-proteobacterium Coxiella burnetii, is a zoonosis of great importance and global impact. This agent has high transmissibility and can spread over long distances via wind, in which a small number of aerosolized particles are needed to infect susceptible hosts. The clinical diagnosis of Q fever is difficult owing to the variety of clinical signs shared with other diseases. In Brazil, studies related to C. burnetii are constantly being conducted, and this review aims to increase the number of approaches already studied, leading to the following question: is Q fever an unknown, neglected disease, or does it have a focal occurrence in certain areas (exotic/rare) in the country?(AU)

A febre Q, causada pela γ-proteobactéria Coxiella burnetii, é uma zoonose de grande importância e impacto global. Este agente tem alta transmissibilidade e pode se espalhar por longas distâncias via vento, em que um pequeno número de partículas aerossolizadas são necessárias para infectar hospedeiros suscetíveis. O diagnóstico clínico da febre Q é difícil devido à variedade de sinais clínicos compartilhados com outras doenças. No Brasil, estudos relacionados à C. burnetii são constantemente realizados. Esta revisão visa aumentar o número de abordagens já estudadas, levando ao seguinte questionamento: a febre Q é uma doença desconhecida, negligenciada ou tem ocorrência focal em certas áreas (exóticas/raras) no país?(AU)

Effect of dietary protein and genetic line of Litopenaeus vannamei on its hepatopancreatic microbiota

Host genetics and diet can exert an influence on microbiota and, therefore, on feeding efficiency. This study evaluated the effect of genetic line (fast-growth and high-resistance) in Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) on the hepatopancreatic microbiota and its association with the feeding efficiency in shrimp fed with diets containing different protein sources. Shrimp (2.08 ± 0.06 g) from each genetic line were fed for 36 days with two dietary treatments (animal and vegetable protein). Each of the four groups was sampled, and the hepatopancreatic metagenome was amplified using specific primers for the variable V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene. The PCR product was sequenced on the MiSeq platform. Nineteen bacterial phyla were detected, of which Proteobacteria was the most abundant (51.0 72.5 %), Bacteroidetes (3.6 23.3 %), Firmicutes (4.2 13.7 %), Actinobacteria (1.9 12.1 %), and Planctomycetes (1.3 9.5 %). Diet was the most influential factor in the taxonomic composition of the microbiota, while genetic line was not a strong influential factor. The results suggest that the taxonomic profile of the bacteria colonizing shrimp hepatopancreas was determined by the diet consumed, similar to what occurs in the intestine. Shrimp in the fast-growth line had greater feeding efficiency regardless of the diet supplied. Finally, the results suggest that Proteobacteria influenced (p < 0.05) the feeding efficiency of shrimp fed with a vegetable diet. Nevertheless, further studies are required to explore how shrimp genetic linediet interaction influences microbiota for probiotic development and functional food formulation for farmed shrimp according to the genetic line.(AU)

Effect of dietary protein and genetic line of Litopenaeus vannamei on its hepatopancreatic microbiota

Host genetics and diet can exert an influence on microbiota and, therefore, on feeding efficiency. This study evaluated the effect of genetic line (fast-growth and high-resistance) in Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) on the hepatopancreatic microbiota and its association with the feeding efficiency in shrimp fed with diets containing different protein sources. Shrimp (2.08 ± 0.06 g) from each genetic line were fed for 36 days with two dietary treatments (animal and vegetable protein). Each of the four groups was sampled, and the hepatopancreatic metagenome was amplified using specific primers for the variable V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene. The PCR product was sequenced on the MiSeq platform. Nineteen bacterial phyla were detected, of which Proteobacteria was the most abundant (51.0 72.5 %), Bacteroidetes (3.6 23.3 %), Firmicutes (4.2 13.7 %), Actinobacteria (1.9 12.1 %), and Planctomycetes (1.3 9.5 %). Diet was the most influential factor in the taxonomic composition of the microbiota, while genetic line was not a strong influential factor. The results suggest that the taxonomic profile of the bacteria colonizing shrimp hepatopancreas was determined by the diet consumed, similar to what occurs in the intestine. Shrimp in the fast-growth line had greater feeding efficiency regardless of the diet supplied. Finally, the results suggest that Proteobacteria influenced (p < 0.05) the feeding efficiency of shrimp fed with a vegetable diet. Nevertheless, further studies are required to explore how shrimp genetic linediet interaction influences microbiota for probiotic development and functional food formulation for farmed shrimp according to the genetic line.

Investigação metagenômica em queijos tipo coloniais, produzidos com leite pasteurizado e comercializados no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil / Metagenomic investigation in colonial cheese produced with pasteurized milk and sold in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil / Investigación metagenómica en quesos de tipo colonial, producidos con leche pasteurizada y comercialziados en el estado de Río Grande do Sul, Brasil

Leite e derivados são alimentos muito susceptíveis a ataques de micro-organismos. Sua fiscalização no Brasil está a cargo das Inspeções Municipais, Estaduais ou Federais, sendo a verificação da qualidade higiênico-sanitária dos alimentos uma atividade de extrema importância. Este estudo utilizou a análise metagenômica para investigar sequencias genéticas microbianas em 12 marcas de queijo tipo colonial produzidos sob diferentes regimes de fiscalização pública, e comercializados no estado do Rio Grande do Sul em dois municípios distintos. Foi identificado DNA de micro-organismos pertencentes a quatro filos microbianos: Acinetobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes e Proteobacteria. Dentre os resultados mais relevantes, sequências genéticas de micro-organismos patogênicos ou prejudiciais à tecnologia do leite foram evidenciados, com os gêneros Acinetobacter, Bacillus e Pseudomonas ocorrrendo em 100% das amostras avaliadas. Outras bactérias de importância em saúde pública, como as pertencentes à Família Enterobacteriaceae e o gênero Staphylococcus foram detectados e são discutidos. À comparação das medianas de detecção nos 3 níveis de fiscalização, quando da avaliação por pares, evidenciou-se diferença estatística entre as esferas municipal e federal (PT= 0,03), com maior mediana registrada em nível municipal. À avaliação entre os municípios, não foi evidenciada diferença significativa (PMW= 0,81). Sugere-se melhor qualidade microbiológica do queijo, e/ou leite utilizado como matéria-prima, pertencentes à produção submetida à Inspeção Federal em relação à Municipal.

Milk and dairy products are very susceptible foods to microorganism attacks. Its control in Brazil is submitted to Municipal, State or Federal Inspections, and verification of the hygienic-sanitary quality of food is an extremely important activity. This study used metagenomic analysis to investigate microbial genetic sequences in 12 brands of colonial cheese produced under different Public Inspection regimes and selled in two different municipalities in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. DNA from microorganisms belonging to four microbial Phyla have been identified: Acinetobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes and Proteobacteria. Among the most relevant results, genetic sequences of pathogenic microorganisms or harmful to milk technology were evidenced, with Acinetobacter, Bacillus and Pseudomona sbacterias occurring in 100% of the evaluated samples. Other public health important bacterias, such as those belonging to the Enterobacteriaceae and Staphylococcus spp. were detected and discussed. Comparing the detection medians in the 3 levels of inspection by peer evaluation, a statistical difference was highlighted between the Municipal and Federal levels (PT= 0,03), with the highest median recorded at Municipal level. It is suggested better microbiological quality of cheese, and / or milk used as raw material, when they belong to the production submitted to the Federal Inspection in relation to Municipal one.

La leche y los derivados son alimentos muy susceptibles a los ataques de microorganismos. Su fiscalización en Brasil es responsabilidad de las inspecciones municipales, estatales o federales, y la verificación de la calidad higiénico-sanitaria de los alimentos es una actividad extremadamente importante. Este estudio utilizó el análisis metagenómico para investigar secuencias genéticas microbianas en 12 marcas de queso colonial com produción sometida a diferentes regímenes de inspección pública, y comercializadas en el estado de Rio Grande do Sul en dos municipios diferentes. Se han identificado ADN de microorganismos pertenecientes a cuatro filamentos microbianos: Acinetobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes y Proteobacteria. Entre los resultados más relevantes, se evidenciaron secuencias genéticas de microorganismos patógenos o nocivos para la tecnología de la leche,com detección de los géneros Acinetobacter, Bacillus y Pseudomonas en el 100% de las muestras evaluadas. Se detectaron y discutieron otras bacterias de importancia para la salud pública, como las que pertenecen a la familia Enterobacteriaceae y el género Staphylococcus. La comparación de las medianas de detección en los 3 niveles de inspección, cuando la evaluación por pares, mostró una diferencia estadística entre los niveles municipales y federales (PT= 0,03), con la mediana más alta registrada a nivel municipal. En la evaluación entre los municipios, no se evidenciaron diferencias significativas (PMW= 0.81). Se sugiere una mejor calidad microbiológica del queso, y / o leche utilizada como materia prima, perteneciente a la producción sometida a la Inspección Federal en relación con el Municipal.

Investigação metagenômica em queijos tipo coloniais, produzidos com leite pasteurizado e comercializados no estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil / Metagenomic investigation in colonial cheese produced with pasteurized milk and sold in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil / Investigación metagenómica en quesos de tipo colonial, producidos con leche pasteurizada y comercialziados en el estado de Río Grande do Sul, Brasil

Leite e derivados são alimentos muito susceptíveis a ataques de micro-organismos. Sua fiscalização no Brasil está a cargo das Inspeções Municipais, Estaduais ou Federais, sendo a verificação da qualidade higiênico-sanitária dos alimentos uma atividade de extrema importância. Este estudo utilizou a análise metagenômica para investigar sequencias genéticas microbianas em 12 marcas de queijo tipo colonial produzidos sob diferentes regimes de fiscalização pública, e comercializados no estado do Rio Grande do Sul em dois municípios distintos. Foi identificado DNA de micro-organismos pertencentes a quatro filos microbianos: Acinetobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes e Proteobacteria. Dentre os resultados mais relevantes, sequências genéticas de micro-organismos patogênicos ou prejudiciais à tecnologia do leite foram evidenciados, com os gêneros Acinetobacter, Bacillus e Pseudomonas ocorrrendo em 100% das amostras avaliadas. Outras bactérias de importância em saúde pública, como as pertencentes à Família Enterobacteriaceae e o gênero Staphylococcus foram detectados e são discutidos. À comparação das medianas de detecção nos 3 níveis de fiscalização, quando da avaliação por pares, evidenciou-se diferença estatística entre as esferas municipal e federal (PT= 0,03), com maior mediana registrada em nível municipal. À avaliação entre os municípios, não foi evidenciada diferença significativa (PMW= 0,81). Sugere-se melhor qualidade microbiológica do queijo, e/ou leite utilizado como matéria-prima, pertencentes à produção submetida à Inspeção Federal em relação à Municipal.(AU)

Milk and dairy products are very susceptible foods to microorganism attacks. Its control in Brazil is submitted to Municipal, State or Federal Inspections, and verification of the hygienic-sanitary quality of food is an extremely important activity. This study used metagenomic analysis to investigate microbial genetic sequences in 12 brands of colonial cheese produced under different Public Inspection regimes and selled in two different municipalities in the state of Rio Grande do Sul. DNA from microorganisms belonging to four microbial Phyla have been identified: Acinetobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes and Proteobacteria. Among the most relevant results, genetic sequences of pathogenic microorganisms or harmful to milk technology were evidenced, with Acinetobacter, Bacillus and Pseudomona sbacterias occurring in 100% of the evaluated samples. Other public health important bacterias, such as those belonging to the Enterobacteriaceae and Staphylococcus spp. were detected and discussed. Comparing the detection medians in the 3 levels of inspection by peer evaluation, a statistical difference was highlighted between the Municipal and Federal levels (PT= 0,03), with the highest median recorded at Municipal level. It is suggested better microbiological quality of cheese, and / or milk used as raw material, when they belong to the production submitted to the Federal Inspection in relation to Municipal one.(AU)

La leche y los derivados son alimentos muy susceptibles a los ataques de microorganismos. Su fiscalización en Brasil es responsabilidad de las inspecciones municipales, estatales o federales, y la verificación de la calidad higiénico-sanitaria de los alimentos es una actividad extremadamente importante. Este estudio utilizó el análisis metagenómico para investigar secuencias genéticas microbianas en 12 marcas de queso colonial com produción sometida a diferentes regímenes de inspección pública, y comercializadas en el estado de Rio Grande do Sul en dos municipios diferentes. Se han identificado ADN de microorganismos pertenecientes a cuatro filamentos microbianos: Acinetobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes y Proteobacteria. Entre los resultados más relevantes, se evidenciaron secuencias genéticas de microorganismos patógenos o nocivos para la tecnología de la leche,com detección de los géneros Acinetobacter, Bacillus y Pseudomonas en el 100% de las muestras evaluadas. Se detectaron y discutieron otras bacterias de importancia para la salud pública, como las que pertenecen a la familia Enterobacteriaceae y el género Staphylococcus. La comparación de las medianas de detección en los 3 niveles de inspección, cuando la evaluación por pares, mostró una diferencia estadística entre los niveles municipales y federales (PT= 0,03), con la mediana más alta registrada a nivel municipal. En la evaluación entre los municipios, no se evidenciaron diferencias significativas (PMW= 0.81). Se sugiere una mejor calidad microbiológica del queso, y / o leche utilizada como materia prima, perteneciente a la producción sometida a la Inspección Federal en relación con el Municipal.(AU)

Spotted fever group rickettsial infection in dogs and their ticks from domesticwildlife interface areas in southeastern Brazil / Infecção por rickettsias do Grupo da Febre Maculosa em cães e carrapatos de áreas de interface doméstico-silvestre no sudeste Brasileiro

Rickettsia rickettsii is the causative agent of Brazilian spotted fever (BSF), for which humans and dogs are both susceptible. Dogs are sentinels in serological surveys, however, canine disease is rarely reported. Therefore, we aimed to evaluate natural infection by spotted fever group (SFG) Rickettsia spp. in dogs and ticks collected from domiciles close to forest fragments, featuring domesticwildlife interface areas. Samples from 115 dogs and 135 ixodids were assessed by polymerase chain reactions (PCR) targeting the gltA gene for Rickettsia spp. and the ompA gene for the SFG rickettsial species. One dog (0.87%; 1/115) was positive for R. rickettsii. This dog presented nonspecific laboratory and clinical abnormalities (thrombocytopenia, hyperproteinemia, lymph node enlargement, emaciation, anorexia, and lethargy). Rickettsia parkeri was identified in 2.96% (4/135) of the ticks (Amblyomma sculptum, A. aureolatum, and Rhipicephalus sanguineus). This study confirmed the presence of SFG bacteria in non-endemic and preserved locations, where domestic and wild populations interact. We reinforce the fact that the dog is susceptible to natural R. rickettsii infection. Although this is a rare finding, preventive measures should be taken against BSF in the studied areas. Finally, R. parkeri infection is possibly being demonstrated in A. sculptum for the first time.(AU)

Rickettsia rickettsii é o agente causador da Febre Maculosa Brasileira (FMB), doença na qual humanos e cães são susceptíveis. Os cães são sentinelas nos inquéritos sorológicos, contudo, a doença canina é raramente descrita. Assim sendo, objetivou-se avaliar a infecção natural por Rickettsia spp. do Grupo da Febre Maculosa (GFM) em cães e carrapatos obtidos de domicílios próximos a fragmentos de mata, caracterizando áreas de interface domésticosilvestre. Amostras de 115 cães e 135 ixodídeos foram avaliadas pela reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR) tendo como alvo o gene gltA de Rickettsia spp. e o gene ompA das espécies do GFM. Um cão (0,87%; 1/115) foi positivo para R. rickettsii. Este animal apresentou alterações clínicas e laboratoriais inespecíficas (trombocitopenia, hiperproteinemia, linfonodos edemaciados, emagrecimento, anorexia e letargia). Rickettsia parkeri foi identificada em 2,96% (4/135) dos carrapatos (Amblyomma sculptum, A. aureolatum e Rhipicephalus sanguineus). Este estudo confirmou a presença de bactérias do GFM em locais preservados e não endêmicos, onde populações domésticas e silvestres interagem. Reforçamos o fato do cão ser susceptível à infecção natural por R. rickettsii. Embora este seja um achado raro, medidas preventivas devem ser tomadas contra a FMB nas áreas estudadas. Em última análise, a infecção por R. parkeri possivelmente está sendo demonstrada pela primeira vez em A. sculptum.(AU)

Effect of different feeding methods on rumen microbes in growing Chinese Tan sheep

We evaluated the difference between rumen bacteria in Tan sheep fed either by grazing or in a feedlot. The aim was to provide a theoretical basis for ruminant nutrition and meat quality based on rumen fermentation. Twenty-four three-month-old Tan sheep were randomly and equally divided into two groups, the grazing group and ration group. Five sheep of each group were selected for slaughter at six months of age. Ruminal contents were collected and assessed to identify rumen bacteria, based on 16S rDNA sequencing analysis. A total of 17 phyla were identified, among which Bacteroidetes, Firmicutes, and Proteobacteria were dominant in both groups. The abundance of Firmicutes was higher in grazing group than in the ration group, while that of Proteobacteria was opposite. Besides the dominant phyla differences, the abundance of Fibrobacteres, Tenericutes, Elusimicrobia, and Cyanobacteria was significantly higher in the grazing group compared with the ration group. At genus level, a total of 174 genera were identified. The abundance of Rikenellaceae_RC9_gut_group, Dialister, Lachnospiraceae_NA, Catonella, Ruminococcaceae_UCG-014, Lachnospiraceae_NK3A20_group, and Fibrobacter in the grazing group was higher than in the ration group. However, the abundance of Succinivibrionaceae_NA was lower in the grazing group, and Succinivibrionaceae_UCG-001 showed a decreasing trend in the grazing group. The two feeding methods may influence the rumen bacterial composition, including the abundance of dominant bacteria, as well as the cellulolytic- and carbohydrate-degrading bacteria in the rumen of Tan sheep.(AU)

Implications of domestic dogs in the epidemiology of Rickettsia parkeri strain Atlantic rainforest and Rangelia vitalii in Southeastern Brazil / Implicações dos cães domésticos na epidemiologia da Rickettsia parkeri cepa Mata Atlântica e da Rangelia vitalii no Sudeste do Brasil

This study aimed to evaluate the occurrence of diseases transmitted by Amblyomma ovale in 61 dogs monitored for three years through collections of ticks and blood, interviews, telemetry and camera traps in three areas of Serra do Mar State Park, Brazil. Blood samples were used to investigate infection by Rangelia vitalii by real-time TaqMan PCR and Rickettsia parkeri by IIFA. The collected ticks were submitted to conventional PCR to investigate the presence of R. parkeri . These data were compared with the monitoring results and interviews with the owners. Dogs considered as companion presented a risk of infection by R. parkeri strain Mata Atlantica 5.4 times higher than those not considered as companion (p = 0.009). Dogs that had at least one A. ovale collected during the campaigns had a 10 times higher risk of infection by R. parkeri strain Mata Atlantica than those who did not (p = 0.009). One dog positive for R. vitalii by real-time TaqMan PCR was parasitized by A. ovale frequently during monitoring. Sequenced ompaA - positive DNA samples had 100% identity of R. parkeri strain Mata Atlantica clone As106. From the findings, it is urgent to control domestic dogs around rainforests to reduce zoonoses transmission.(AU)

A ocorrência de doenças transmitidas por Amblyomma ovale em 61 cães monitorados por três anos através de coletas de carrapatos, sangue, entrevistas, telemetria e armadilhas fotográficas foi avaliada em três áreas do Parque Estadual da Serra do Mar - SP. Amostras de sangue foram utilizadas para investigação de Rangelia vitalii através de PCR TaqMan em tempo real e Rickettsia parkeri através da RIFI. Carrapatos coletados foram submetidos à PCR convencional para investigação de R. parkeri . Estes dados foram comparados considerando os resultados do monitoramento e entrevistas. Cães de companhia apresentaram risco de infecção pela R. parkeri cepa Mata Atlântica 5,4 vezes maior que os não considerados como de companhia (p = 0,009). Cães que tiveram pelo menos um A. ovale coletado apresentaram risco de infecção por R. parkeri cepa Mata Atlântica 10 vezes maior do que aqueles que não tiveram (p = 0,009). Um cão positivo para R. vitalii através de PCR TaqMan em tempo real foi parasitado por A. ovale durante o monitoramento. Amostras positivas para o gene ompaA possuíam 100% de identidade do clone As106 de R. parkeri cepa de Mata Atlântica. Assim, é urgente o controle de cães na Mata Atlântica para redução dos riscos de zoonoses.(AU)

Characterization of bacterial endophytes from the roots of native and cultivated Brazil nut trees (Bertholletia excelsa) / Caracterização de bactérias endofíticas de raízes de castanha-do-Brasil (Bertholletia excelsa) em habitats nativos e cultivados

Brazil nut is a very important nontimber forest product in the Amazon region. Propagation of this tree still represents a challenge due to slow and uneven seed germination. In this context, plant growth-promoting bacteria can facilitate the process of propagation. The aims of this study were to isolate and characterize endophytic bacteria from the roots of Brazil nut trees in native terra firme forest and cultivation areas in northern Brazil, and to identify mechanisms by which bacteria act in plant growth promotion. Overall, 90 bacterial isolates were obtained from the roots of Brazil nut trees in monoculture, agroforestry and native forest areas by using different semisolid media. The isolates were characterized by sequencing the 16S rRNA gene. Plant growth-promoting characteristics were evaluated by the presence of the nifH gene, aluminum phosphate solubilization and the production of indole compounds. The isolates were affiliated with 18 genera belonging to 5 different classes (α-Proteobacteria, β-Proteobacteria, γ-Proteobacteria, Bacilli and Actinobacteria). The genus Bacillus was predominant in the forest and monoculture areas. Fourteen isolates presented the nifH gene. Most of the bacteria were able to solubilize aluminum phosphate and synthetize indole compounds. The results indicated high diversity of endophytic bacteria present among the roots of Brazil nut trees, mainly in the agroforestry area, which could be related to soil attributes. Among the 90 isolates, the 22 that presented the best results regarding plant growth promotion traits were good candidates for testing in seedling production of Brazil nut trees.(AU)

A castanha-do-brasil é um produto florestal não madeireiro muito importante na região amazônica. A propagação desta árvore ainda representa um desafio, devido ao lento e irregular processo de germinação das sementes. Neste contexto, bactérias promotoras do crescimento vegetal podem facilitar o processo de propagação. O objetivo deste estudo foi isolar e caracterizar bactérias endofíticas em raízes de castanha-do-Brasil em floresta de terra firme e em áreas cultivadas no norte do Brasil, e identificar alguns mecanismos de promoção do crescimento vegetal executados por essas bactérias. No total, 90 isolados bacterianos foram obtidos de raízes de castanha-do-Brasil em monocultura, agrofloresta e floresta nativa, usando diferentes meios de cultivo semi-sólidos. Os isolados foram caracterizados pelo sequenciamento do gene 16S rRNA. As características de promoção do crescimento vegetal foram avaliadas através da presença do gene nifH, solubilização de fosfato de alumínio e produção de compostos indólicos. Os isolados foram afiliados a 18 gêneros, pertencentes a cinco diferentes classes (α-Proteobacteria, β-Proteobacteria, γ-Proteobacteria, Bacilli e Actinobacteria). O gênero Bacillus foi predominante, principalmente nas áreas de floresta e monocultura. Quatorze isolados apresentaram o gene nifH. A maioria dos isolados foi capaz de solubilizar fosfato de alumínio e sintetizar compostos indólicos. Os resultados indicam uma elevada diversidade de bactérias endofíticas presente em raízes de castanha-do-Brasil, principalmente em área de agrofloresta, que pode estar relacionado aos atributos do solo. Entre os 90 isolados, 22 apresentaram os melhores resultados relacionados às características de promoção do crescimento vegetal, e são bons candidatos para testes em produção de mudas de castanha-do-Brasil.(AU)

Molecular detection of Rickettsia genus in chigger mites (Trombidiformes: Trombiculidae) collected on small mammals in southeastern brazilian / Detecção molecular do gênero Rickettsia em ácaros trombiculídeos (Trombidiformes: Trombiculidae) coletados em pequenos mamíferos do sudeste brasileiro

Chiggers are ectoparasites of vertebrates and may cause trombiculiasis or transmit pathogens to their hosts. Specimens collected from rodents and marsupials were morphologically identified as Herpetacarus hertigi, Eutrombicula tinami, Kymocta sp., Quadraseta brasiliensis, Quadraseta falconensis, Quadraseta flochi, Quadraseta mackenziei, Quadraseta pazca, Quadraseta trapezoides, Quadraseta sp., Serratacarus sp., and Trombewingia bakeri. These mites were submitted individually to molecular analyses for the detection of bacteria of the genus Coxiella, Hepatozoon and Rickettsia. Samples were positive to Rickettsia only. Obtained sequences for the gltA (350 pb) and ompA (488 pb) genes were identical to Candidatus Rickettsia colombianensi, a species previously detected in ticks. In addition, molecular identification of mites based on 18S rDNA sequences are provided for H. hertigi, Kymocta sp., Q. brasiliensis, Q. pazca, Q. trapezoides, Quadraseta sp., and T. bakeri for the first time. This is the first report of the detection of a Rickettsia sp. in chigger mites collected on rodents in Brazil.(AU)

Os trombiculídeos são ectoparasitas de vertebrados e podem causar trombiculíase ou transmitir patógenos ao hospedeiro. Exemplares coletados em roedores e marsupiais foram identificados morfologicamente como Herpetacarus hertigi, Eutrombicula tinami, Kymocta sp., Quadraseta brasiliensis, Quadraseta falconensis, Quadraseta flochi, Quadraseta mackenziei, Quadraseta pazca, Quadraseta trapezoides, Quadraseta sp., Serratacarus sp. e Trombewingia bakeri. Estes ácaros foram submetidos individualmente à análise molecular para detecção de bactérias dos gêneros Coxiella, Hepatozoon e Rickettsia. Amostras foram positivas somente para Rickettsia. Sequências obtidas para os genes gltA (350 pb) e ompA (488 pb) foram idênticas à Candidatus Rickettsia colombianensi, uma espécie anteriormente detectada em carrapatos. Além disso, foram fornecidas sequências de DNA 18S para identificação molecular de H. hertigi, Kymocta sp., Q. brasiliensis, Q. pazca, Q. trapezoides, Quadraseta sp. e T. bakeri. Este é o primeiro registro da detecção de Rickettsia em ácaros trombiculídeos coletados em roedores do Brasil.(AU)

Composition of bacterial community in enrichment cultures of shale by-products from Irati Formation, Brazil

We examined microbial communities from enriched fine and retorted shale particles using sequencing of V4 variable region of 16S rRNA. High number of microbial genera was found in both enriched shale by-products that were dominate by Actinobacteria, Firmicutes and Proteobacteria, showing differences due to microbial colonization after the pyrolysis process.(AU)

Cupriavidus necator strains: zinc and cadmium tolerance and bioaccumulation

ABSTRACT: Among soil microorganisms, the genus Cupriavidus has garnered particular scientific, economic and ecological interest because of its ability to fix nitrogen and tolerate high concentrations of metals. The aim of this study was to analyze four strains of Cupriavidus necator for their ability to tolerate and bioaccumulate cadmium and zinc. The tolerance of these strains to these metals was assessed in liquid culture medium containing different concentrations of Zn + Cd and in soil solutions and soils contaminated with multiple elements including Zn, Cd, Cu and Pb. The four strains showed high tolerance to Zn and Cd, both in culture medium and when inoculated into contaminated soil solutions or multi-element contaminated soil. The UFLA02-71 strain displayed the highest ability to bioaccumulate these metals. It was able to accumulate 93.76 µmol g cell1 of Zn and 16.03 µmol g cell1 of Cd when cultured in liquid medium with a total heavy metal concentration of 9,140 µmol L1 (9,000 Zn + 140 Cd) and was able to accumulate 16.98 µmol g cell1 of Cd in the soil solution. An increase in the pH of the culture medium resulting from the growth of the C. necator strains reduced the Zn2+ and Cd2+ ions in the medium and increased the concentrations of the ZnHPO4 and CdHPO4 species in solution. Thus, we concluded that they show great potential for use in the bioremediation of HM-contaminated areas.

Cupriavidus necator strains: zinc and cadmium tolerance and bioaccumulation

ABSTRACT: Among soil microorganisms, the genus Cupriavidus has garnered particular scientific, economic and ecological interest because of its ability to fix nitrogen and tolerate high concentrations of metals. The aim of this study was to analyze four strains of Cupriavidus necator for their ability to tolerate and bioaccumulate cadmium and zinc. The tolerance of these strains to these metals was assessed in liquid culture medium containing different concentrations of Zn + Cd and in soil solutions and soils contaminated with multiple elements including Zn, Cd, Cu and Pb. The four strains showed high tolerance to Zn and Cd, both in culture medium and when inoculated into contaminated soil solutions or multi-element contaminated soil. The UFLA02-71 strain displayed the highest ability to bioaccumulate these metals. It was able to accumulate 93.76 µmol g cell1 of Zn and 16.03 µmol g cell1 of Cd when cultured in liquid medium with a total heavy metal concentration of 9,140 µmol L1 (9,000 Zn + 140 Cd) and was able to accumulate 16.98 µmol g cell1 of Cd in the soil solution. An increase in the pH of the culture medium resulting from the growth of the C. necator strains reduced the Zn2+ and Cd2+ ions in the medium and increased the concentrations of the ZnHPO4 and CdHPO4 species in solution. Thus, we concluded that they show great potential for use in the bioremediation of HM-contaminated areas.

Analysis of bacterial communities and characterization of antimicrobial strains from cave microbiota

Abstract In this study for the first-time microbial communities in the caves located in the mountain range of Hindu Kush were evaluated. The samples were analyzed using culture-independent (16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing) and culture-dependent methods. The amplicon sequencing results revealed a broad taxonomic diversity, including 21 phyla and 20 candidate phyla. Proteobacteria were dominant in both caves, followed by Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, Verrucomicrobia, Planctomycetes, and the archaeal phylum Euryarchaeota. Representative operational taxonomic units from Koat Maqbari Ghaar and Smasse-Rawo Ghaar were grouped into 235 and 445 different genera, respectively. Comparative analysis of the cultured bacterial isolates revealed distinct bacterial taxonomic profiles in the studied caves dominated by Proteobacteria in Koat Maqbari Ghaar and Firmicutes in Smasse-Rawo Ghaar. Majority of those isolates were associated with the genera Pseudomonas and Bacillus. Thirty strains among the identified isolates from both caves showed antimicrobial activity. Overall, the present study gave insight into the great bacterial taxonomic diversity and antimicrobial potential of the isolates from the previously uncharacterized caves located in the world's highest mountains range in the Indian sub-continent.

Analysis of bacterial communities and characterization of antimicrobial strains from cave microbiota

In this study for the first-time microbial communities in the caves located in the mountain range of Hindu Kush were evaluated. The samples were analyzed using culture-independent (16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing) and culture-dependent methods. The amplicon sequencing results revealed a broad taxonomic diversity, including 21 phyla and 20 candidate phyla. Proteobacteria were dominant in both caves, followed by Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, Verrucomicrobia, Planctomycetes, and the archaeal phylum Euryarchaeota. Representative operational taxonomic units from Koat Maqbari Ghaar and Smasse-Rawo Ghaar were grouped into 235 and 445 different genera, respectively. Comparative analysis of the cultured bacterial isolates revealed distinct bacterial taxonomic profiles in the studied caves dominated by Proteobacteria in Koat Maqbari Ghaar and Firmicutes in Smasse-Rawo Ghaar. Majority of those isolates were associated with the genera Pseudomonas and Bacillus. Thirty strains among the identified isolates from both caves showed antimicrobial activity. Overall, the present study gave insight into the great bacterial taxonomic diversity and antimicrobial potential of the isolates from the previously uncharacterized caves located in the world's highest mountains range in the Indian sub-continent.(AU)

Phylogeny of the Trichogramma endosymbiont Wolbachia, an alpha-proteobacteria (Rickettsiae) / Filogenia do endosimbionte Wolbachia em Trichogramma, an alpha-proteobacteria (Rickettsiae)

Wolbachia (Hertig) endosymbionts are extensively studied in a wide range of organisms and are known to be transmitted through the egg cytoplasm to the offsping. Wolbachia may cause several types of reproductive modifications in arthropods. In Trichogramma species, parthenogenesis-inducing Wolbachia bacteria allow females wasps to produce daughters from unfertilized eggs and these bacteria are present in at least 9% of all Trichogramma species. Phylogenetic studies have led to the subdivision of the Wolbachia clade in five supergroups (A, B, C, D and E) and Wolbachia from Trichogramma belong to supergroup B. Here, using the wsp gene, four groups of Wolbachia that infect Trichogramma species were distinguished and the addition of a new group Ato was suggested due to the addition of Wolbachia from Trichogramma atopovirilia (Oatman and Platner). Specific primers were designed and tested for the Ato group. Seventy-five percent of all evaluated Wolbachia strains from Trichogramma fell within Sib group.(AU)

Endosimbiontes do gênero Wolbachia (Hertig) são extensivamente estudados em uma ampla gama de organismos e são conhecidos por serem transmitidos via citoplasma do ovo hospedeiro para seu descendente. Wolbachia pode causar vários tipos de alterações reprodutivas nos artrópodes. Nas espécies de Trichogramma, a reprodução partenogenética induzida por Wolbachia, possibilita as fêmeas dos parasitoides a produção de fêmeas a partir de ovos não fertilizados e estas bactérias estão presentes em pelo menos 9% de todas as espécies de Trichogramma. Estudos filogenéticos têm levado a subdivisão do clado Wolbachia em cinco supergrupos (A, B, C, D and E). Wolbachia em Trichogramma pertence ao supergrupo B. Com o gene wsp foi possível se distinguir quatro grupos de Wolbachia que infectam Trichogramma e adicionar um novo grupo (Ato) devido a inclusão de Wolbachia detectada em Trichogramma atopovirilia (Oatman and Platner, 1983). Primers específicos foram construídos e testados para o grupo Ato. Setenta e cinco por cento de todas as linhagens de Wolbachia que infectam Trichogramma se enquadraram dentro do grupo Sib.(AU)