Linfoma de células T na cavidade nasal de caprino / T-cell lymphoma in the nasal cavity in goat

Background: Lymphomas are considered uncommon in goats, being the multicentric form with the highest number of cases for the species. Primary intranasal lymphomas are often diagnosed in dogs, cats, and humans. In the literature, there is only a description of a multicentric case involving the frontal sinuses and mucosa of the nasal cavity in a goat; therefore, it is important to describe unusual cases of this disease for the inclusion of new clinical and pathological characteristics in the ruminant clinic medicine. The objective of this work is to describe a case of T-cell lymphoma in the nasal cavity of a young goat. Case: The animal had dyspnea and respiratory noise for 15 days. Clinical examination showed nodulation in the right nasal cavity associated with serosanguinous secretion. Tracheostomy was performed; however, after 30 days the animal was euthanized. A sagittal plane of the head showed a pinkish-gray mass in the right and left nasal cavity, with a smooth, multilobulated surface, smooth adhering to the rostral portion of the dorsal concha and occluding the dorsal nasal meatus. Submandibular lymph nodes were slightly enlarged. Histopathological examination of the nasal cavity revealed a non-encapsulated, poorly delimited and ulcerated tumor composed of round cells arranged in a mantle supported by a discrete fibrovascular stroma extending the mucosa and lamina propria. Cells were round with sparse, eosinophilic and poorly delimited cytoplasm. Nuclei varied from round to elongated with condensed chromatin and evident nucleoli. Occasionally, aberrant nuclei, reniform shape and multinucleated cells were seen. Pleomorphism was moderate characterized by anisocytosis and anisocariosis. Typical and atypical mitosis were frequent (0-4 per field of highest magnification [400x]). Amidst the neoplasm, there were multifocal areas of necrosis and hemorrhage associated with a mild lymphocytic inflammatory infiltrate. Immunohistochemistry showed positive immunostaining for Vimentin antibodies and CD3, and negative for pan CK and CD20. Discussion: The lymphomas immunophenotyping is little used when it comes to farm animals, and there are few studies that use this technique for the definitive diagnosis of these neoplasms for small ruminants. The use of this technique must be considered in each case, in order to determine the pathogenesis, the accurate diagnosis and the origin of the neoplastic lymphocytes. In goats, T-cell lymphomas are the most diagnosed, although cases of multicentric B-cell lymphomas with ocular involvement have been diagnosed. In view of the clinical picture of the case described, infectious rhinitis already described in goats, such as aspergillosis and protothecosis, should be included as differential diagnoses. However, the anatomopathological findings facilitate the direction of the diagnosis, since infectious rhinitis presents as nodules / ulcerated masses or focal areas of necrosis associated with purulent secretion and in the histopathological examination it is possible to observe the intralesional etiological agents. In addition, the enzootic ethmoidal tumor must be included, as it has similar clinical signs and affects young animals, but they are adenomas/adenocarcinomas that affect the ethmoidal nasal shells induced by a retrovirus. Lymphomas in the caprine species are rare in the Northeastern semi-arid, but that in the present diagnostic routine occasionally occurs, being important the first description of its nasal shape for its inclusion in the differential diagnoses of diseases that present with clinical obstruction and dyspnea for the species.

Activity of Serbian Aronia prunifolia against Prototheca wickerhamii and Prototheca zopfii

Background: Beneficial effects of berries have been known from 16th century, but their antimicrobial effects have been explained scientifically only recently. The two most common aronia species are black chokeberry, Aronia melanocarpa [Michx.] Elliot and red chokeberry, Aronia arbutifolia [L.] Elliot. Purple chokeberry (Aronia prunifolia) is a hybrid of these two species. Protothecosis is a disease caused by achlorophyllous algae Prototheca species. Infections with Prototheca species are more common in veterinary medicine. The purpose of this study was to investigate the activity of Aronia prunifolia berries against Prototheca zopfii (P. zopfii) and Prototheca wickerhamii (P. wickerhamii).Materials, Methods & Results: Purple chokeberry juice was made by squeezing the fruits and evaporated to dryness. Extracts of purple aronia were obtained by maceration with ethanol 80 % (v/v) for 24 h. Prototheca zopfii was obtained from udder of cow with mastitis and Prototheca wickerhamii was isolated from human oral cavity. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were analized using spectrophotometric methods. The chemical composition of the tested substances was determined by a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. The examination was conducted by a micro-dilution method according to the guidelines of Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Microsoft Excel pro

Prototheca zopfii genotype 2 disseminated infection in a dog with neurological signs

ABSTRACT: Prototheca zopfii is an alga that can cause disease in animals and humans. Here, we reported a case of systemic protothecosis in a 2-year-old female Boxer. The animal exhibited tetraparesis and vertical nystagmus. It died two weeks after the onset of clinical signs and was necropsied. At gross examination, whitish areas were identified in the heart. Oval or round structures were observed by microscopic examination, some of which formed morula-like structures compatible with algae in the heart, skeletal muscle, and brain. Growth of Prototheca sp. was observed in the heart after culture at 37°C on Sabouraud agar medium with chloramphenicol. Immunohistochemical analysis of the heart and brain using an anti-Prototheca zopfii polyclonal antibody yielded positive results. Genotyping of the cultured agent from brain and heart samples was performed by restriction fragment length polymorphism of a specific 18S rDNA fragment. P. zopfii genotype 2 was reported to be the cause of disseminated protothecosis in this dog with manifestation in the brain, heart, and skeletal muscle.

RESUMO: A prototecose é uma infecção causada por algas, causadora de doenças em animais e seres humanos. O presente trabalho tem por objetivo relatar um caso de prototecose sistêmica em um canino fêmea, da raça Boxer de dois anos de idade. O animal apresentava tetraparesia e nistagmo vertical. O animal morreu duas semanas após o início dos sinais clínicos e foi realizado o exame de necropsia. Os achados macroscópicos se caracterizavam principalmente por áreas esbranquiçadas no miocárdio. Na histologia observou-se estruturas ovais ou redondas, algumas apresentando estruturas como mórulas compatíveis com Prototheca no coração, músculo esquelético e encéfalo. No cultivo do miocárdio em meio Agar Sabouraud com Chloramphenicol a 37oC foi observado o crescimento de Prototheca sp. No teste imuno-histoquímico do coração, cérebro e cerebelo com anticorpo policlonal anti-P. zopffi, foi observada marcação positiva. Teste de PCR a partir da cultura do agente usando uma sequência de 18S rDNA foi realizado para a tipificação do genótipo. P. zopfii genótipo 2 foi encontrado como causa de prototecose disseminada no encéfalo, coração e músculo esquelético nesse cão.

Prototheca zopfii genotype 2 disseminated infection in a dog with neurological signs

ABSTRACT: Prototheca zopfii is an alga that can cause disease in animals and humans. Here, we reported a case of systemic protothecosis in a 2-year-old female Boxer. The animal exhibited tetraparesis and vertical nystagmus. It died two weeks after the onset of clinical signs and was necropsied. At gross examination, whitish areas were identified in the heart. Oval or round structures were observed by microscopic examination, some of which formed morula-like structures compatible with algae in the heart, skeletal muscle, and brain. Growth of Prototheca sp. was observed in the heart after culture at 37°C on Sabouraud agar medium with chloramphenicol. Immunohistochemical analysis of the heart and brain using an anti-Prototheca zopfii polyclonal antibody yielded positive results. Genotyping of the cultured agent from brain and heart samples was performed by restriction fragment length polymorphism of a specific 18S rDNA fragment. P. zopfii genotype 2 was reported to be the cause of disseminated protothecosis in this dog with manifestation in the brain, heart, and skeletal muscle.(AU)

RESUMO: A prototecose é uma infecção causada por algas, causadora de doenças em animais e seres humanos. O presente trabalho tem por objetivo relatar um caso de prototecose sistêmica em um canino fêmea, da raça Boxer de dois anos de idade. O animal apresentava tetraparesia e nistagmo vertical. O animal morreu duas semanas após o início dos sinais clínicos e foi realizado o exame de necropsia. Os achados macroscópicos se caracterizavam principalmente por áreas esbranquiçadas no miocárdio. Na histologia observou-se estruturas ovais ou redondas, algumas apresentando estruturas como mórulas compatíveis com Prototheca no coração, músculo esquelético e encéfalo. No cultivo do miocárdio em meio Agar Sabouraud com Chloramphenicol a 37oC foi observado o crescimento de Prototheca sp. No teste imuno-histoquímico do coração, cérebro e cerebelo com anticorpo policlonal anti-P. zopffi, foi observada marcação positiva. Teste de PCR a partir da cultura do agente usando uma sequência de 18S rDNA foi realizado para a tipificação do genótipo. P. zopfii genótipo 2 foi encontrado como causa de prototecose disseminada no encéfalo, coração e músculo esquelético nesse cão.(AU)

Activity of Serbian Aronia prunifolia against Prototheca wickerhamii and Prototheca zopfii

Background: Beneficial effects of berries have been known from 16th century, but their antimicrobial effects have been explained scientifically only recently. The two most common aronia species are black chokeberry, Aronia melanocarpa[Michx.] Elliot and red chokeberry, Aronia arbutifolia [L.] Elliot. Purple chokeberry (Aronia prunifolia) is a hybrid of these two species. Protothecosis is a disease caused by achlorophyllous algae Prototheca species. Infections with Prototheca species are more common in veterinary medicine. The purpose of this study was to investigate the activity of Aronia prunifolia berries against Prototheca zopfii (P. zopfii) and Prototheca wickerhamii (P. wickerhamii).Materials, Methods & Results:Purple chokeberry juice was made by squeezing the fruits and evaporated to dryness. Extracts of purple aronia were obtained by maceration with ethanol 80 % (v/v) for 24 h. Prototheca zopfiiwas obtained from udder of cow with mastitis and Prototheca wickerhamiiwas isolated from human oral cavity. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were analized using spectrophotometric methods. The chemical composition of the tested substances was determined by a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. The examination was conducted by a micro-dilution method according to the guidelines of Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Microsoft Excel program 2007 was used for statistical analysis. The antialgal activity was expressed as minimal inhibitory concentrations MIC99, MIC90and MIC80, the lowest concentration which kills 99%, 90% and 80% of organisms, respectively. Furthermore, minimal algaecide concentration (MAC), the lowest concentration which kills 99.9% of organisms is determined, as well as break point, the lowest concentration at which there is no algal growth.[...]

Activity of Serbian Aronia prunifolia against Prototheca wickerhamii and Prototheca zopfii

Background: Beneficial effects of berries have been known from 16th century, but their antimicrobial effects have been explained scientifically only recently. The two most common aronia species are black chokeberry, Aronia melanocarpa[Michx.] Elliot and red chokeberry, Aronia arbutifolia [L.] Elliot. Purple chokeberry (Aronia prunifolia) is a hybrid of these two species. Protothecosis is a disease caused by achlorophyllous algae Prototheca species. Infections with Prototheca species are more common in veterinary medicine. The purpose of this study was to investigate the activity of Aronia prunifolia berries against Prototheca zopfii (P. zopfii) and Prototheca wickerhamii (P. wickerhamii).Materials, Methods & Results:Purple chokeberry juice was made by squeezing the fruits and evaporated to dryness. Extracts of purple aronia were obtained by maceration with ethanol 80 % (v/v) for 24 h. Prototheca zopfiiwas obtained from udder of cow with mastitis and Prototheca wickerhamiiwas isolated from human oral cavity. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were analized using spectrophotometric methods. The chemical composition of the tested substances was determined by a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. The examination was conducted by a micro-dilution method according to the guidelines of Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Microsoft Excel program 2007 was used for statistical analysis. The antialgal activity was expressed as minimal inhibitory concentrations MIC99, MIC90and MIC80, the lowest concentration which kills 99%, 90% and 80% of organisms, respectively. Furthermore, minimal algaecide concentration (MAC), the lowest concentration which kills 99.9% of organisms is determined, as well as break point, the lowest concentration at which there is no algal growth.[...](AU)

Formação de biofilme e avaliação de uma molécula de polipirrol para tratamento de mastite por Prototheca bovis

Há um acréscimo considerável nos registros de casos de mastite ocasionados por agentes eucariontes, como os fungos e as algas. As algas do gênero Prototheca são organismos unicelulares, microscópicas, aclorofiladas e de ocorrência livre na natureza, tendo preferência por locais úmidos e com presença de matéria orgânica. Algas do gênero Prototheca estão presentes em todo o mundo, principalmente em áreas tropicais e temperadas. Prototheca spp. foram amplamente isoladas de bovinos em casos de mastite clínica e subclínica. Além disso, infecções pelo agente foram relatadas em cães envolvendo múltiplos tecidos, especialmente na forma gastrintestinal, oftálmica, urinária ou, ainda, neurológica. Ainda, em humanos também há um aumento nos relatos de infecções, principalmente relacionadas aos pacientes imunocomprometidos A mastite é uma enfermidade importante, no ponto de vista higiênico-sanitário bem como econômico e, dependendo do agente etiológico envolvido, a gravidade da infecção pode ser aumentada nos rebanhos leiteiros. Quando Prototheca (P.) bovis (P. zopfii genótipo 2) ou P. blaschkeae são os agentes causadores da enfermidade, as vacas leiteiras de alta produção são os principais animais acometidos, gerando prejuízos econômicos e sanitários nesses rebanhos, incluindo a diminuição na qualidade e quantidade do leite produzido, resultando no descarte dos animais infectados. O tratamento dos animais acometidos normalmente não é efetivo, devido à resistência aos antibacterianos e antifúngicos geralmente empregados em Medicina Veterinária. Adicionalmente, a capacidade de formação de biofilme por Prototheca spp. facilita sua transmissão entre os animais e dificulta a sua eliminação dos ambientes e das lesões. Devido à dificuldade de tratamento e a ausência de fármacos efetivos no tratamento das prototecoses, os estudos que compõem esta tese objetivaram demonstrar a formação de biofilme por 32 isolados de Prototheca spp. comparando diferentes condições de crescimento e de coloração, a fim de demonstrar o protocolo mais adequado para avaliar qualitativa e quantitativamente a produção de biofilme nestas algas. Adicionalmente, pesquisou-se novas alternativas para o tratamento destes agentes infecciosos, avaliando o potencial antimicrobiano e a toxicidade celular de uma molécula altamente solúvel de polipirrol através de testes in vitro e in vivo. Além disso, almejou-se desenvolver um protocolo terapêutico para tratamento de mastites causada por P. bovis (P. zopfii genótipo 2), em um protocolo experimental de infecção intramamária, em cabras, e empregando como tratamento uma molécula altamente solúvel de polipirrol (Ppy). A partir destes estudos, foi comprovada a capacidade de formar biofilme por isolados de Prototheca spp. oriundos de mastite bovina e foi demonstrado que condições de crescimento estático, incubação a 37°C/24 horas e coloração com azul algodão 0,05% foram mais adequadas para avaliar a formação e classificar os isolados quanto à capacidade de produzir biofilmes. Em adição, foi demonstrada a atividade algicida do Ppy frente a Prototheca spp. tanto in vitro como in vivo, bem como foi demonstrada a utilização de cabras como modelo experimental para a infecção intramamária por P. bovis. Os resultados obtidos reforçam Prototheca sp. como potente formador de biofilme e destacam o polipirrol como uma molécula promissora para o desenvolvimento de fármacos com a finalidade de tratamento da prototecose.

There is a considerable increase in the records of cases of mastitis caused by eukaryotic agents, such as fungi and algae. Algae of the genus Prototheca are unicellular, microscopic, achlorophyllous organisms that occur freely in nature, preferring moist places and with the presence of organic matter. Algae of the Prototheca genus are present all over the world, mainly in tropical and temperate areas. Prototheca spp. have been widely isolated from cattle in cases of clinical and subclinical mastitis. Furthermore, infections by the agent have been reported in dogs involving multiple tissues, especially in the gastrointestinal, ophthalmic, urinary or neurological form. Furthermore, in humans there is also an increase in the reports of infections, mainly related to immunocompromised patients. Mastitis is an important disease, from a hygienic-sanitary as well as an economic point of view and, depending on the etiological agent involved, the severity of the infection can be increased in dairy herds. When Prototheca (P.) bovis (P. zopfii genotype 2) or P. blaschkeae are the causative agents of the disease, high-production dairy cows are the main animals affected, causing economic and health losses in these herds, including a decrease in quality and quantity of milk produced, resulting in the disposal of infected animals. The treatment of affected animals is usually not effective, due to resistance to antibacterial and antifungal agents commonly used in Veterinary Medicine. Additionally, the biofilm-forming ability of Prototheca spp. facilitates its transmission between animals and hinders its elimination from environments and injuries. Due to the difficulty of treatment and the absence of effective drugs in the treatment of protothecoses, the studies that make up this thesis aimed to demonstrate the formation of biofilms by 32 isolates of Prototheca spp. comparing different growth and staining conditions in order to demonstrate the most appropriate protocol to qualitatively and quantitatively assess biofilm production in these algae. Additionally, new alternatives for the treatment of these infectious agents were researched, evaluating the antimicrobial potential and cellular toxicity of a highly soluble polypyrrole molecule through in vitro and in vivo tests. Furthermore, the aim was to develop a therapeutic protocol for the treatment of mastitis caused by P. bovis (P. zopfii genotype 2), in an experimental protocol of intramammary infection in goats, and using a highly soluble polypyrrole molecule (Ppy) as a treatment. From these studies, the ability to form biofilms by isolates of Prototheca spp. from bovine mastitis and it was demonstrated that conditions of static growth, incubation at 37°C/24 hours and staining with 0.05% cotton blue were more adequate to evaluate the formation and classify the isolates in terms of their ability to produce biofilms. In addition, the algaecide activity of Ppy against Prototheca spp. both in vitro and in vivo, as well as the use of goats as an experimental model for intramammary infection by P. bovis has been demonstrated. The results obtained reinforce Prototheca sp. as a potent biofilm former and highlight polypyrrole as a promising molecule for the development of drugs for the treatment of protothecosis.

Mastite bovina causada por Prototheca sp. em Ji-Paraná, Rondônia relato de caso / Bovine mastitis caused by Prototheca sp. in Ji-Paraná, Rondônia Case report

The Prototheca sp. is unicellular alga, no chlorophyll, which causes protothecosis in animals and humans. The protothecosis is an emerging zoonosis that is transmitted through contaminated milk intake. Mastitis caused by Prototheca sp. is an infection of the mammary gland predominantly chronic, easily diagnosed in the laboratory, but diffi cult to treat and control. The lack of hygiene is the main risk factor for the occurrence of the disease that causes drop in productivity and quality of milk, as well as being a risk to public health. In this paper we report the fi rst case of bovine mastitis caused by Prototheca sp. in the State of Rondonia, indicating that the region is not free from protothecosis. Strengthening health education is essential to prevent the spread of Prototheca, taking into account their zoonotic power, which may cause great economic losses to the dairy production and public health.

Prototheca sp. é uma alga unicelular, sem clorofila, que causa a prototecose nos animais e seres humanos. A prototecose é uma zoonose emergente que é transmitida através da ingestão de leite contaminado. A mastite causada por Prototheca sp. é uma infecção da glândula mamária predominantemente crônica, de fácil diagnóstico em laboratório, porém de difícil tratamento e controle. A falta de higiene é o principal fator de risco para a ocorrência da doença que causa queda na produtividade e qualidade do leite, além de ser um risco à saúde pública. Nesse trabalho relatamos o primeiro caso de mastite bovina causada por Prototheca sp. no Estado de Rondônia, indicando que a região não é livre da prototecose. O reforço na educação sanitária é essencial para evitar a disseminação da Prototheca, levando em consideração o seu poder zoónotico, podendo acarretar grande prejuízos econômicos para bovinocultura de leite e para saúde pública.

Mastite bovina causada por Prototheca sp. em Ji-Paraná, Rondônia relato de caso / Bovine mastitis caused by Prototheca sp. in Ji-Paraná, Rondônia Case report

The Prototheca sp. is unicellular alga, no chlorophyll, which causes protothecosis in animals and humans. The protothecosis is an emerging zoonosis that is transmitted through contaminated milk intake. Mastitis caused by Prototheca sp. is an infection of the mammary gland predominantly chronic, easily diagnosed in the laboratory, but diffi cult to treat and control. The lack of hygiene is the main risk factor for the occurrence of the disease that causes drop in productivity and quality of milk, as well as being a risk to public health. In this paper we report the fi rst case of bovine mastitis caused by Prototheca sp. in the State of Rondonia, indicating that the region is not free from protothecosis. Strengthening health education is essential to prevent the spread of Prototheca, taking into account their zoonotic power, which may cause great economic losses to the dairy production and public health.(AU)

Prototheca sp. é uma alga unicelular, sem clorofila, que causa a prototecose nos animais e seres humanos. A prototecose é uma zoonose emergente que é transmitida através da ingestão de leite contaminado. A mastite causada por Prototheca sp. é uma infecção da glândula mamária predominantemente crônica, de fácil diagnóstico em laboratório, porém de difícil tratamento e controle. A falta de higiene é o principal fator de risco para a ocorrência da doença que causa queda na produtividade e qualidade do leite, além de ser um risco à saúde pública. Nesse trabalho relatamos o primeiro caso de mastite bovina causada por Prototheca sp. no Estado de Rondônia, indicando que a região não é livre da prototecose. O reforço na educação sanitária é essencial para evitar a disseminação da Prototheca, levando em consideração o seu poder zoónotico, podendo acarretar grande prejuízos econômicos para bovinocultura de leite e para saúde pública.(AU)

CARACTERIZAÇÃO GENOTÍPICA E CONCENTRAÇÃO ALGICIDA MÍNIMA "IN VITRO" DA GUANIDINA EM LINHAGENS DE Prototheca zopfii ISOLADAS DE VACAS COM MASTITE CLÍNICA E SUBCLÍNICA

As infecções mamárias por Prototheca têm sido registradas, de modo crescente, em todo o mundo, como um dos agentes mais patogênicos de origem ambiental na mastite bovina. Estas algas provocam lesões graves no tecido mamário e, até o momento, não existe protocolo efetivo de tratamento. O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar o efeito algicida in vitro da guanidina em 75 isolados de Prototheca zopfii identificados de 60 casos de mastite clínica bovina (80,0%), 14 (18,7%) casos de mastite subclínica e um (1,3%) caso sem o diagnóstico de mastite clínica ou subclínica. Os 75 isolados foram submetidas a testes fenotípicos convencionais e caracterização genotípica por PCR multiplex, permitindo a identificação de todas as estirpes como P. zopfii genótipo 2. O efeito in vitro da guanidina revelou que todas os isolados mostraram variações na concentração algicida mínima que variaram de 0,001% a 0,035%. A guanidina tem alto efeito microbicida e é considerado um antisséptico/desinfetante da nova geração de microbicidas. O composto não é tóxico para as membranas mucosas e conjuntivas de humanos em baixas concentrações. É utilizado como desinfetante de piscinas e na desinfecção de superfícies, bem como antisséptico em feridas humanas. A ação algicida da guanidina em baixas concentrações indica que poderia ser usada na higienização de ambiente, utensílios e equipamentos de ordenha, no pré e pós-dipping em propriedades com casos de prototecose mamária, assim como na ablação química de quartos mamários acometidos por P. zopfii. Dentre a literatura consultada, relata-se pela primeira vez o efeito algicida in vitro da guanidina em isolados de P. zopfii de origem animal.

Prototheca species have increasingly been reported as the most common opportunistic pathogens causing mastitis worldwide. The protothecal mastitis poses a major health and economic problem in dairy herds. To date, there is any effective therapy against protothecal mastitis. The aim of the present study was to investigate in vitro algaecide effect of guanidine on 75 Prototheca zopfii genotype 2 strains isolated from 75 cases of clinical and subclinical bovine mastitis cases. In vitro effect of guanidine revealed that all strains were susceptible to the compound with minimal algaecide concentration ranging from 0.001% to 0.035%. Guanidine has high microbicidal effect and is considered a new-generation microbicidal compound. It is non-toxic to human mucous membranes and conjunctivas at low concentrations; it has been used as a disinfectant of surfaces and in swimming pools, as well as antiseptic on human wounds. The algaecide action of guanidine at low concentrations indicates that it could be an alternative disinfectant or antiseptic to clean the environment and milking dairy equipment, in pre- and post-dipping solutions, in the chemical dry therapy of bovine teats, and even in intramammary therapy of P. zopfii infections. This is the first report of the in vitro algaecide effect of guanidine on P. zopfii strains from animal origin.

Prototecose: uma doença emergente / Protothecosis: an emergent disease

Prototecose, causada por Prototheca zopfii ou P. wickerhamii, é uma doença emergente em animais e humanos. Em bovinos, P. zopfii é uma importante causa de mastite ambiental. Em cães e gatos, a prototecose é causada principalmente por P. zopfii. Em cães, causa infecção cutânea ou uma forma sistêmica envolvendo diversos órgãos. Em gatos, predominam as lesões tegumentares na região da face e plano nasal. No homem, a prototecose, causada principalmente por P. wickerhamii, manifesta-se sob três formas: cutânea, articular com bursite do olécrano e sistêmica. Pode ocorrer em indivíduos imunocompetentes, os quais podem apresentar bursite e/ou infecções cutâneas localizadas, ou em indivíduos imunossuprimidos, nos quais a enfermidade pode ser disseminada e/ou com envolvimento visceral. A prototecose causada por P. wickerhamii foi descrita recentemente em caprinos como causa de rinite afetando o vestíbulo nasal, união mucocutânea, pele da face e orelha. Nesta revisão são abordadas as características microbiologias e susceptibilidade a antimicrobianos do agente, e a epidemiologia, sinais clínicos, patologia, diagnóstico, tratamento e controle da prototecose em animais domésticos e no homem.(AU)

Protothecosis, caused by Prototheca zopfii or P. wickerhamii, is an emergent disease of human and animals. In cattle, P. zopfii is an important cause of environmental mastitis. In dogs and cats protothecosis is caused mainly by P. zopfii, causing cutaneous infections or a systemic form affecting many organs in dogs, and cutaneous infection affecting mainly the skin of the face and nose in cats. In humans, protothecosis, caused mainly by P. wickerhamii, occurs in three forms: cutaneous; olecran bursitis; and disseminated. The lesion is usually localized in the site of inoculation in immunocompetent individuals; however, in immunocompromised patients, it can become widespread. Protothecosis caused by P. wickerhamii was recently reported in goats causing rhinitis and dermatitis of the face and pinna. This paper reviews microbiologic characteristics and susceptibility to antimicrobials of Prototheca spp., and the epidemiology, clinical signs, pathology, diagnosis, treatment and control of protothecosis.(AU)

Doenças da cavidade nasal em ruminantes no Brasil / Diseases of the nasal cavity of ruminants in Brazil

This paper reports diseases of the nasal cavity diagnosed in ruminants in the Veterinary Hospital of the Federal University of Campina Grande, in Patos, state of Paraiba, northeastern Brazil, from 2003 to 2009. During that period three cases or outbreaks of diseases of the nasal cavity were reported in cattle, three in goats and nine in sheep (out of 404 diseases diagnosed in cattle, 330 in goats, and 338 in sheep). At all are reported one case of atopic rhinitis in cattle, seven outbreaks of conidiobolomycosis and two outbreaks of rhinofacial pythiosis in sheep, two cases of protothecosis and one of nasal aspergillosis in goats, and a myxoma and a fibrosarcoma in cattle. Additionally, other diseases of the nasal cavity reported in Brazil are reviewed, including oestrosis, rhinosporidiosis, squamous cell carcinoma, and enzootic ethmoidal tumor.(AU)

Este trabalho descreve as doenças das fossas nasais diagnosticadas em ruminantes no Hospital Veterinário da Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, em Patos, Paraíba, nos anos de 2003-2009. No período foram registrados três diagnósticos de doenças das fossas nasais de bovinos, três em caprinos e nove em ovinos (de um total de 404 diagnósticos em bovinos, 330 em caprinos e 338 em ovinos). Descrevem-se um caso de rinite atópica em bovinos, sete surtos de conidiobolomicose e dois de pitiose rinofacial em ovinos, dois casos de prototecose e um de aspergilose nasal em caprinos e um mixoma e um fibrossarcoma em bovinos. Adicionalmente, é realizada uma revisão de outras doenças das fossas nasais de ruminantes descritas em outras regiões do Brasil, incluindo oestrose, rinosporidiose, carcinoma epidermóide e tumor etmoidal enzoótico.(AU)

Systemic canine protothecosis

Protothecosis is a rare disease caused by achlorophyllic algae of the genus Prototheca. This case involved a 5 year-old intact female Cocker Spaniel, with a history of mild and persistent diarrhea that was not responsive to treatment. Clinical signs progressed to watery and bloody diarrhea followed by development of ocular signs, including complete and bilateral retinal displacement, glaucoma, synechia, and blindness. At necropsy, lesions observed consisted of necro-hemorrhagic enteritis, and multiple white nodular lesions in the heart, pancreas, kidneys, and thyroid gland. Microscopically, the nodular lesions were characterized by a chronic histiocytic inflammatory infiltrate associated with a severe accumulation of organisms with morphology and histochemical features compatible with Prototheca sp.

Prototecose em animais de companhia e aspectos da doença no homem

Etiology, epidemiology, pathogeny, clinical signs, diagnosis, therapeutic, control and preventive measures in protothecosis in dogs and cats were reviewed, besides aspects of disease in human and bovines.

Foram revisados dados de etiologia, epidemiologia, patogenia, sinais clínicos, procedimentos diagnósticos, conduta terapêutica e ações de controle e profilaxia da prototecose em cães e gatos, além de aspectos da doença no homem e em bovinos.

Prototecose em animais de companhia e aspectos da doença no homem

Etiology, epidemiology, pathogeny, clinical signs, diagnosis, therapeutic, control and preventive measures in protothecosis in dogs and cats were reviewed, besides aspects of disease in human and bovines.

Foram revisados dados de etiologia, epidemiologia, patogenia, sinais clínicos, procedimentos diagnósticos, conduta terapêutica e ações de controle e profilaxia da prototecose em cães e gatos, além de aspectos da doença no homem e em bovinos.

Doenças da pele em caprinos e ovinos no semi-árido brasileiro / Diseases of the skin in sheep and goats from the Brazilian semiarid

Foi realizado um estudo das doenças de pele diagnosticadas em ovinos e caprinos, no semi-árido dos Estados da Paraíba, Pernambuco e Rio Grande do Norte. De janeiro de 2000 a novembro de 2006 foram registrados no Hospital Veterinário da Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, em Patos, Paraíba, 656 diagnósticos em caprinos e 324 em ovinos, além do estudo de espécimes de necropsia ou biópsia da pele de 31 em caprinos e 45 em ovinos enviados para exame histológico. Dos casos atendidos 80 (8,16 por cento) apresentavam alterações na pele, destes 35 ocorreram em caprinos (5,33 por cento do total de casos diagnosticados nesta espécie) e 45 em ovinos (13,88 por cento dos casos diagnosticados nesta espécie). Das doenças de pele, a mais freqüente foi a miíase (10 casos em caprinos e 7 em ovinos) seguida do ectima contagioso (8 casos em caprinos e 2 em ovinos), carcinoma epidermoide (4 casos em caprinos e 5 em ovinos), dermatofilose (8 casos em ovinos), dermatite alérgica (1 caso em ovino e 1 em caprino). Além disso, foram diagnosticados dois casos de pitiose em ovinos, dois casos de epidermólise bolhosa em caprinos, um caso de intoxicação por Brachiaria brizantha (fotossensibilização) e outro de intoxicação por Leucaena leucocephala (alopecia) em ovinos e um caso de papilomatose, um de pênfigo foliáceo, um de prototecose e um de rabdomiossarcoma em caprinos. Em 4 casos em ovinos e 19 em caprinos não foi realizado diagnóstico etiológico da doença. A informação gerada sobre a ocorrência e epidemiologia das doenças de pele permite estabelecer medidas adequadas de controle.(AU)

A study of the skin diseases in sheep and goats in the semiarid of the states of Paraíba, Pernambuco and Rio Grande do Norte, Northeastern Brazil was performed. From January 2000 to November 2006, 656 cases in goats and 324 in sheep were presented to the Veterinary Hospital of the Federal University of Campina Grande in Patos, Paraíba. Additionally mailed in biopsy or necropsy skin samples from 31 goats and 45 sheep were studied histologically. Skin diseases were diagnosed in 35 goats (5.33 percent of all cases in this species) and 45 sheep (13.88 percent of the cases in this species). The most frequent skin disease was myiasis (10 cases in goats and 7 in sheep), followed by contagious echtyma (8 cases in goats and 2 in sheep), squamous cell carcinoma (4 cases in goats and 5 in sheep), dermatophylosis (8 cases in sheep), and allergic dermatitis (1 case in goats and 1 in sheep). Two cases of pythiosis in sheep, two cases of epidermolysis bullosa in goats, one case of poisoning by Brachiaria brizantha (photosensitization) and another by Leucaena leucocephala (alopecia) in sheep, and one case of papillomatosis, one of pemphigus foliaceous, one of protothecosis and one of rhabdomyosarcoma in goats were also diagnosed. In 4 cases in sheep and 19 in goats the etiologic diagnosis was not obtained. With the information of the occurrence and epidemiology of the skin diseases is possible to determine efficient control measures.(AU)

Doenças da pele em caprinos e ovinos no semi-árido brasileiro / Diseases of the skin in sheep and goats from the Brazilian semiarid

Foi realizado um estudo das doenças de pele diagnosticadas em ovinos e caprinos, no semi-árido dos Estados da Paraíba, Pernambuco e Rio Grande do Norte. De janeiro de 2000 a novembro de 2006 foram registrados no Hospital Veterinário da Universidade Federal de Campina Grande, em Patos, Paraíba, 656 diagnósticos em caprinos e 324 em ovinos, além do estudo de espécimes de necropsia ou biópsia da pele de 31 em caprinos e 45 em ovinos enviados para exame histológico. Dos casos atendidos 80 (8,16%) apresentavam alterações na pele, destes 35 ocorreram em caprinos (5,33% do total de casos diagnosticados nesta espécie) e 45 em ovinos (13,88% dos casos diagnosticados nesta espécie). Das doenças de pele, a mais freqüente foi a miíase (10 casos em caprinos e 7 em ovinos) seguida do ectima contagioso (8 casos em caprinos e 2 em ovinos), carcinoma epidermoide (4 casos em caprinos e 5 em ovinos), dermatofilose (8 casos em ovinos), dermatite alérgica (1 caso em ovino e 1 em caprino). Além disso, foram diagnosticados dois casos de pitiose em ovinos, dois casos de epidermólise bolhosa em caprinos, um caso de intoxicação por Brachiaria brizantha (fotossensibilização) e outro de intoxicação por Leucaena leucocephala (alopecia) em ovinos e um caso de papilomatose, um de pênfigo foliáceo, um de prototecose e um de rabdomiossarcoma em caprinos. Em 4 casos em ovinos e 19 em caprinos não foi realizado diagnóstico etiológico da doença. A informação gerada sobre a ocorrência e epidemiologia das doenças de pele permite estabelecer medidas adequadas de controle.(AU)

A study of the skin diseases in sheep and goats in the semiarid of the states of Paraíba, Pernambuco and Rio Grande do Norte, Northeastern Brazil was performed. From January 2000 to November 2006, 656 cases in goats and 324 in sheep were presented to the Veterinary Hospital of the Federal University of Campina Grande in Patos, Paraíba. Additionally mailed in biopsy or necropsy skin samples from 31 goats and 45 sheep were studied histologically. Skin diseases were diagnosed in 35 goats (5.33% of all cases in this species) and 45 sheep (13.88% of the cases in this species). The most frequent skin disease was myiasis (10 cases in goats and 7 in sheep), followed by contagious echtyma (8 cases in goats and 2 in sheep), squamous cell carcinoma (4 cases in goats and 5 in sheep), dermatophylosis (8 cases in sheep), and allergic dermatitis (1 case in goats and 1 in sheep). Two cases of pythiosis in sheep, two cases of epidermolysis bullosa in goats, one case of poisoning by Brachiaria brizantha (photosensitization) and another by Leucaena leucocephala (alopecia) in sheep, and one case of papillomatosis, one of pemphigus foliaceous, one of protothecosis and one of rhabdomyosarcoma in goats were also diagnosed. In 4 cases in sheep and 19 in goats the etiologic diagnosis was not obtained. With the information of the occurrence and epidemiology of the skin diseases is possible to determine efficient control measures.(AU)

Systemic canine protothecosis

Protothecosis is a rare disease caused by achlorophyllic algae of the genus Prototheca. This case involved a 5 year-old intact female Cocker Spaniel, with a history of mild and persistent diarrhea that was not responsive to treatment. Clinical signs progressed to watery and bloody diarrhea followed by development of ocular signs, including complete and bilateral retinal displacement, glaucoma, synechia, and blindness. At necropsy, lesions observed consisted of necro-hemorrhagic enteritis, and multiple white nodular lesions in the heart, pancreas, kidneys, and thyroid gland. Microscopically, the nodular lesions were characterized by a chronic histiocytic inflammatory infiltrate associated with a severe accumulation of organisms with morphology and histochemical features compatible with Prototheca sp.

Activity of Serbian Aronia prunifolia against Prototheca wickerhamii and Prototheca zopfii

Background: Beneficial effects of berries have been known from 16th century, but their antimicrobial effects have been explained scientifically only recently. The two most common aronia species are black chokeberry, Aronia melanocarpa [Michx.] Elliot and red chokeberry, Aronia arbutifolia [L.] Elliot. Purple chokeberry (Aronia prunifolia) is a hybrid of these two species. Protothecosis is a disease caused by achlorophyllous algae Prototheca species. Infections with Prototheca species are more common in veterinary medicine. The purpose of this study was to investigate the activity of Aronia prunifolia berries against Prototheca zopfii (P. zopfii) and Prototheca wickerhamii (P. wickerhamii).Materials, Methods & Results: Purple chokeberry juice was made by squeezing the fruits and evaporated to dryness. Extracts of purple aronia were obtained by maceration with ethanol 80 % (v/v) for 24 h. Prototheca zopfii was obtained from udder of cow with mastitis and Prototheca wickerhamii was isolated from human oral cavity. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents were analized using spectrophotometric methods. The chemical composition of the tested substances was determined by a high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) method. The examination was conducted by a micro-dilution method according to the guidelines of Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Microsoft Excel pro

The use of successive milking as a procedure for the elimination of infection on due to Prototheca spp in cases of bovine clinical mastitis. (A case report) / Utilização de ordenhas sucessivas como procedimento para eliminação de infecção por prototheca spp de casos de mastite clínica bovina (relato de caso)

This work relates the case of two animals (Black and White Holstein) from a bovine milking herd, from north of Paraná State, in which mastitis due Prototheca spp was diagnosed. As a procedure for the infection elimination, it was opted for the use of successive milking performed six times daily, during eight days. The animals were followed up through mycological cultures from milk Samples after 15, 30 and 60 days from the beginning of the procedure. The clinical signs regressed after three days and the mycologicai cultures were negative after the 15th day.

O presente trabalho relata um caso de dois animais HPB de um rebanho bovino leiteiro, da região norte do Estado do Paraná, dos quais diagnosticou-se mastite clínica por Prototheca spp. Como procedimento para eliminação da infecção optou-se peta utilização de ordenhas sucessivas praticadas seis vezes diariamente durante oito dias. Os animais foram acompanhados através de culturas micológicas das amostras de leite após 15, 30 e 60 dias do inicio do procedimento. Os sinais clínicos regrediram após três dias, e a partir do 15° dia as culturas foram negativas.