Monitoring performance indicators of mechanized agricultural operations through a systemic method

ABSTRACT: Key performance indicators (KPI) are essential to decision-making in an organization, but the approach to analysis and composition used in the formulation of the KPIs can lead to errors. Analysis based only on averages does not allow for discriminating between variations that are natural to the process or special cases which require investigation. The use of control charts can identify this differentiation. However, when several charts are presented encompassing different measurement units and scales, systemic interpretation can be impaired. To assist in this interpretation, this research study aimed at proposing a method to facilitate the analysis of control charts when multiple indicators are employed in the monitoring of agricultural operations. Based on the data obtained over 26 weeks from a mechanized sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) harvesting front, six indicators were defined and analyzed through individual control charts and, systemically, through a standardized group control chart. Results show that the points identified as being outside the control zone (special causes of variation) according to the standardized group control chart were the same as those identified by the six individual charts, which demonstrates the potential of this method to summarize the information with no loss of quality of analysis.

Evaluation of the use of Ancistrus brevipinnis (Loricariidae) as a bioindicator of water quality in the Ilha river, RS, Brazil

The use of fish as bioindicators of the effect of contaminants in the aquatic environment is usual. However, detritivorous species are less used for environmental monitoring. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the use of Ancistrus brevipinnis as a potential bioindicator of water quality of the Ilha River, RS (southern Brazil) and compared to the result obtained for a routine species (Bryconamericus iheringii). For this purpose, the condition factor (CF), the presence of morphological changes in the gills and the quantification of metals in different tissues of the specimens collected in three sites of the Ilha River were evaluated. A homogeneity in the distribution of data was observed in the CF for the species B. iheringii, whereas the specimens of A. brevipinnis showed an oscillation in the distribution of data of the CF. Histological analysis showed greater sensitivity of B. iheringii in reproducing characteristics of the environment in its gill lamellae, which was not observed in A. brevipinnis. Conversely, Cr quantification was higher in the intestine samples of A. brevipinnis at all sites and in all collections due to its feeding behavior. The data reinforce the use of water column species as Bryconamericus iheringii for environmental monitoring, even if they do not reflect the whole aquatic ecosystem. Further studies evaluating other tissues and biomarkers, such as the gastrointestinal tract, may assist in describing the use of species more related to sediment.(AU)

Chemical and microbiological properties of Lake Aygir in Turkey and usage of drinking, fisheries, and irrigation / Propriedades químicas e microbiológicas do lago Aygir na Turquia e uso de bebidas, pescarias e irrigação

Abstract Since water is one of the essentials for life, the presence and quality of water in the habitat is extremely important. Therefore, water quality change and management of Lake Aygır was investigated in this study. For this, water samples collected from the lake and the irrigation pool between May 2015 and May 2016 were analyzed monthly. Spectrophotometric, titrimetric and microbiological methods were used to determine the water quality. According to some water quality regulations, HCO3, NH4, Cu, Mo, Br, fecal coliform and total suspended solid (TSS) values were found above the limit values. The other 29 parameters comply with Turkish national and international legislations. Lake Aygır was negatively affected by the surrounding settlements and agricultural activities. It is thought that the water resource should be monitored periodically and remedial studies should be done to prevent parameters exceeding the limits. However, Lake Aygır was generally suitable for drinking, use, fishing and irrigation.

Resumo Como a água é um dos elementos essenciais para a vida, a presença e a qualidade da água no habitat são extremamente importantes. Portanto, a mudança da qualidade da água e a gestão do lago Aygır foram investigadas neste estudo. Para isso, amostras de água coletadas no lago e na piscina de irrigação entre maio de 2015 e maio de 2016 foram analisadas mensalmente. Métodos espectrofotométricos, titulométricos e microbiológicos foram usados para determinar a qualidade da água. De acordo com alguns regulamentos de qualidade da água, os valores de HCO3, NH4, Cu, Mo, Br, coliformes fecais e total sólido suspenso (TSS) foram encontrados acima dos valores limite. Os outros 29 parâmetros estão em conformidade com as legislações nacionais e internacionais turcas. O lago Aygır foi afetado negativamente pelos assentamentos e atividades agrícolas ao redor. Pensa-se que o recurso hídrico deve ser monitorado periodicamente e estudos corretivos devem ser feitos para evitar que os parâmetros ultrapassem os limites. No entanto, o lago Aygır era geralmente adequado para beber, usar, pescar e irrigar.

Monitoring pond water quality to improve the production of Labeo rohita (Hamilton, 1822) in Bannu Fish Hatchery of Bannu district, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province; An Implications for artificial fish culture

Abstract The water quality parameters of a fish pond are essential to be managing properly under control for successful operations of fish culture. Improper management of pond water quality during the juvenile stages can create stressful conditions to produce various harmful diseases, which may decrease the fish quality and results in low profits. The present study was aimed to monitored important water quality parameters of nursery ponds of Labeo rohita culturing in Bannu fish hatchery. The study duration was 75 days extends from 10th June to 24th August 2019 for the successful culture of this specie which can play a significant role in breeding season. Furthermore, the concentration of some heavy metals like copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), cadmium (Cd), and zinc (Zn) in pond water and fry stages of this species was also determined. The data obtained from all water quality parameters were analyzed expressed as range, mean and standard deviation using MS Excel 2013. The obtained results of 75 days study revealed that the water pH & temperature, electric conductivity, total dissolved solids (TDS), and total dissolved oxygen (DO) of pond water samples were found within a tolerable limit except salinity and dissolved ammonia concentration were not permissible for fish growth. The average concentration of heavy metals in pond water exhibited descending order Fe>Ni>Mn>Zn>Cd>Ni, which was found in acceptable ranges. Whereas, the average values of heavy metals in fry stages were in the order of Zn>Fe>Ni>Cu>Cd>Mn, and found within the recommended values of WHO/FAO. Thus, it was concluded from this study that good water quality is a precondition, maintaining balanced levels of water quality parameters is fundamental for both the health and growth of fish culture which is quite necessary for assuring increased fish productivity. It is recommended to monitor and assess water quality parameters on a routine basis for promoting healthy fish culture.

Resumo Os parâmetros de qualidade da água de um viveiro de peixes são essenciais para um manejo adequado e sob controle para operações bem-sucedidas de piscicultura. O manejo inadequado da qualidade da água do tanque durante os estágios juvenis pode criar condições estressantes para a produção de várias doenças nocivas, o que pode diminuir a qualidade do peixe e resultar em baixos lucros. O presente estudo teve como objetivo monitorar importantes parâmetros de qualidade da água de viveiros de cultivo de Labeo rohita em incubadora de peixes Bannu. A duração do estudo foi de 75 dias, estendendo-se de 10 de junho a 24 de agosto de 2019 para o sucesso do cultivo dessa espécie que pode desempenhar papel significativo na época de reprodução. Além disso, a concentração de alguns metais pesados como cobre (Cu), níquel (Ni), manganês (Mn), ferro (Fe), cádmio (Cd) e zinco (Zn) na água do tanque e estágios de fritura dessa espécie também foram determinados. Os dados obtidos de todos os parâmetros de qualidade da água foram analisados expressos como faixa, média e desvio padrão usando o MS Excel 2013. Os resultados obtidos de 75 dias de estudo revelaram que o pH e temperatura da água, condutividade elétrica, sólidos totais dissolvidos (TDS) e total de oxigênio dissolvido (OD) das amostras de água do lago foram encontrados dentro de um limite tolerável, exceto salinidade e concentração de amônia dissolvida não eram permitidas para o crescimento dos peixes. A concentração média de metais pesados na água da lagoa apresentou ordem decrescente Fe > Ni > Mn > Zn > Cd > Ni, que foi encontrada em faixas aceitáveis. Já os valores médios dos metais pesados nos estágios de fritura foram da ordem de Zn > Fe > Ni > Cu > Cd > Mn, e encontrados dentro dos valores recomendados pela OMS/FAO. Assim, concluiu-se deste estudo que a boa qualidade da água é uma condição prévia, manter níveis equilibrados dos parâmetros de qualidade da água é fundamental para a saúde e crescimento da piscicultura, o que é bastante necessário para garantir o aumento da produtividade piscícola. Recomendam-se monitorar e avaliar os parâmetros de qualidade da água em uma base rotineira para promover a piscicultura saudável.

O que análises avançadas do sêmen podem contribuir de fato para a os resultados da IA em suínos? / What advanced semen analyzes can contribute to AI results in pigs?

O controle da qualidade seminal produzido por centrais e unidades de disseminação genética permite a maximização da produção de doses inseminantes por ejaculado, bem como organiza o acompanhamento da produtividade de cada macho. Este acompanhamento é crítico tanto quando o reprodutor jovem é introduzido na rotina de coleta de sêmen quanto na determinação do momento do descarte e reposição. Essencialmente, a avaliação do sêmen em suínos é a mesma há décadas, porém novas metodologias de análise individual da célula como a citometria de fluxo e de constituintes de tecidos e fluídos como a proteômica e metabolômica já estão trazendo avanços na andrologia animal. Na presente revisão, são abordados os aspectos técnicos, vantagens e limitações destas três análises avançadas aplicadas ao sêmen suíno, discutindo a sua implementação e impactos no manejo reprodutivo da espécie.(AU)

The quality control of the semen doses produced by artificial insemination centers and allows the maximization of the production of inseminating doses per ejaculate, as well as organizes the monitoring of the productivity of each male. This follow-up is critical when the young male is initiated in routine semen collection and in determining the moment of male replacement. Essentially, semen evaluation in pigs has been the same for decades, but new methodologies for individual cell analysis such as flow cytometry and tissue and fluid constituents such as proteomics and metabolomics are already bringing advances in animal andrology. In this review, the technical aspects, advantages, and limitations of these three advanced analyzes applied to swine semen are addressed, discussing their implementation and impacts on the reproductive management of the species.(AU)

Chemical elements in sediments and in bivalve mollusks from estuarine regions in the south of Bahia State, northeast Brazil / Elementos químicos em sedimentos e em moluscos bivalves de regiões estuarinas do sul do Estado da Bahia, Nordeste do Brasil

Abstract Estuaries receive daily inputs of chemical elements which can impact the quality of water and sediment, as well as the health of biota. In addition to the sediment, bivalve mollusks have been used in the chemical monitoring of these systems. This study investigated the presence and contents of As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn in superficial sediment and in bivalves (Crassostrea gasar, C. rhizophorae and Mytella guyanensis) from estuaries in the south / extreme south of Bahia State, northeast Brazil. The samples were evaluated with inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES, Varian 710). Except for Cd, all other elements were found in the samples, being that Co was exclusive in the sediment. The estuaries equivalent to sampling stations #1 - Valença, #2 - Taperoá, #3 - Ilhéus and #4 - Belmonte showed levels of metals compatibles with those established by the Brazilian legislation, however, the #5 - Santa Cruz Cabrália, in addition to the presence of As, presented a high level of Pb and Cu in C. gasar, which was attributed to the impacts of nautical activities in that locality.

Resumo Estuários recebem entradas diárias de elementos químicos, que podem impactar a qualidade de água e do sedimento, assim como a saúde da biota. Além do sedimento, moluscos bivalves têm sido utilizados no monitoramento químico desses sistemas. Neste estudo investigou-se a presença e os teores de As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb e Zn no sedimento superficial e em bivalves (Crassostrea gasar, C. rhizophorae e Mytella guyanensis) de estuários do sul / extremo sul do estado da Bahia, Nordeste do Brasil. As amostras foram avaliadas por espectrometria de emissão óptica de plasma indutivamente acoplado (ICP-OES, Varian 710). Exceto Cd, todos os demais elementos foram encontrados nas amostras, sendo que Co foi exclusivo no sedimento. Os estuários equivalentes às estações amostrais #1 - Valença, #2 - Taperoá, #3 - Ilhéus e #4 - Belmonte mostraram níveis de metais compatíveis com os estabelecidos pela legislação brasileira, porém, a #5 - Santa Cruz Cabrália, além da presença de As, apresentou alto nível de Pb e de Cu em C. gasar, o que foi atribuído aos impactos por atividades náuticas nesse local.

A comprehensive review on monitoring and purification of water through tunable 2D nanomaterials / Uma revisão abrangente sobre monitoramento e purificação de água através de nanomateriais 2D sintonizáveis

Instead of typical household trash, the heavy metal complexes, organic chemicals, and other poisons produced by huge enterprises threaten water systems across the world. In order to protect our drinking water from pollution, we must keep a close eye on the situation. Nanotechnology, specifically two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials, is used in certain wastewater treatment systems. Graphene, g-C3N4, MoS2, and MXene are just a few examples of emerging 2D nanomaterials that exhibit an extraordinary ratio of surface (m3), providing material consumption, time consumption, and treatment technique for cleaning and observing water. In this post, we'll talk about the ways in which 2D nanomaterials may be tuned to perform certain functions, namely how they can be used for water management. The following is a quick overview of nanostructured materials and its possible use in water management: Also discussed in length are the applications of 2D nanomaterials in water purification, including pollutant adsorption, filtration, disinfection, and photocatalysis. Fluorescence sensors, colorimetric, electrochemical, and field-effect transistors are only some of the devices being studied for their potential use in monitoring water quality using 2D nanomaterials. Utilizing 2D content has its benefits and pitfalls when used to water management. New developments in this fast-expanding business will boost water treatment quality and accessibility in response to rising awareness of the need of clean, fresh water among future generations.

Em vez do lixo doméstico típico, os complexos de metais pesados, produtos químicos orgânicos e outros venenos produzidos por grandes empresas ameaçam os sistemas de água em todo o mundo. Para proteger nossa água potável da poluição, devemos ficar de olho na situação. A nanotecnologia, especificamente nanomateriais bidimensionais (2D), é usada em certos sistemas de tratamento de águas residuais. Grafeno, g-C3N4, MoS2 e MXene são apenas alguns exemplos de nanomateriais 2D emergentes que exibem uma extraordinária proporção de superfície (m3), proporcionando consumo de material, consumo de tempo e técnica de tratamento para limpeza e observação da água. Neste trabalho, trataremos das maneiras pelas quais os nanomateriais 2D podem ser ajustados para desempenhar determinadas funções, ou seja, como eles podem ser usados para o gerenciamento de água. A seguir, uma breve visão geral dos materiais nanoestruturados e seu possível uso no gerenciamento de água. Serão também discutidas detalhadamente as aplicações de nanomateriais 2D na purificação de água, incluindo adsorção de poluentes, filtração, desinfecção e fotocatálise. Sensores de fluorescência, colorimétricos, eletroquímicos e transistores de efeito de campo são apenas alguns dos dispositivos que estão sendo estudados para uso potencial no monitoramento da qualidade da água usando nanomateriais 2D. A utilização de conteúdo 2D tem seus benefícios e armadilhas quando utilizada para gerenciamento de água. Novos desenvolvimentos neste negócio em rápida expansão visam aumentar a qualidade e a acessibilidade do tratamento de água em resposta à crescente conscientização sobre a necessidade de água limpa e fresca entre as gerações futuras.

Monitoring pond water quality to improve the production of Labeo rohita (Hamilton, 1822) in Bannu Fish Hatchery of Bannu district, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province; An Implications for artificial fish culture / Monitoramento da qualidade da água da lagoa para melhorar a produção de Labeo rohita (Hamilton, 1822) na incubadora de peixes Bannu do distrito de Bannu, província de Khyber Pakhtunkhwa; Implicações para a cultura de peixes artificiais

The water quality parameters of a fish pond are essential to be managing properly under control for successful operations of fish culture. Improper management of pond water quality during the juvenile stages can create stressful conditions to produce various harmful diseases, which may decrease the fish quality and results in low profits. The present study was aimed to monitored important water quality parameters of nursery ponds of Labeo rohita culturing in Bannu fish hatchery. The study duration was 75 days extends from 10th June to 24th August 2019 for the successful culture of this specie which can play a significant role in breeding season. Furthermore, the concentration of some heavy metals like copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), cadmium (Cd), and zinc (Zn) in pond water and fry stages of this species was also determined. The data obtained from all water quality parameters were analyzed expressed as range, mean and standard deviation using MS Excel 2013. The obtained results of 75 days study revealed that the water pH & temperature, electric conductivity, total dissolved solids (TDS), and total dissolved oxygen (DO) of pond water samples were found within a tolerable limit except salinity and dissolved ammonia concentration were not permissible for fish growth. The average concentration of heavy metals in pond water exhibited descending order Fe>Ni>Mn>Zn>Cd>Ni, which was found in acceptable ranges. Whereas, the average values of heavy metals in fry stages were in the order of Zn>Fe>Ni>Cu>Cd>Mn, and found within the recommended values of WHO/FAO. Thus, it was concluded from this study that good water quality is a precondition, maintaining balanced levels of water quality parameters is fundamental for both the health and growth of fish culture which is quite necessary for assuring increased fish productivity. It is recommended to monitor and assess water quality parameters on a routine basis for promoting healthy fish culture.

Os parâmetros de qualidade da água de um viveiro de peixes são essenciais para um manejo adequado e sob controle para operações bem-sucedidas de piscicultura. O manejo inadequado da qualidade da água do tanque durante os estágios juvenis pode criar condições estressantes para a produção de várias doenças nocivas, o que pode diminuir a qualidade do peixe e resultar em baixos lucros. O presente estudo teve como objetivo monitorar importantes parâmetros de qualidade da água de viveiros de cultivo de Labeo rohita em incubadora de peixes Bannu. A duração do estudo foi de 75 dias, estendendo-se de 10 de junho a 24 de agosto de 2019 para o sucesso do cultivo dessa espécie que pode desempenhar papel significativo na época de reprodução. Além disso, a concentração de alguns metais pesados como cobre (Cu), níquel (Ni), manganês (Mn), ferro (Fe), cádmio (Cd) e zinco (Zn) na água do tanque e estágios de fritura dessa espécie também foram determinados. Os dados obtidos de todos os parâmetros de qualidade da água foram analisados expressos como faixa, média e desvio padrão usando o MS Excel 2013. Os resultados obtidos de 75 dias de estudo revelaram que o pH e temperatura da água, condutividade elétrica, sólidos totais dissolvidos (TDS) e total de oxigênio dissolvido (OD) das amostras de água do lago foram encontrados dentro de um limite tolerável, exceto salinidade e concentração de amônia dissolvida não eram permitidas para o crescimento dos peixes. A concentração média de metais pesados ​​na água da lagoa apresentou ordem decrescente Fe > Ni > Mn > Zn > Cd > Ni, que foi encontrada em faixas aceitáveis. Já os valores médios dos metais pesados ​​nos estágios de fritura foram da ordem de Zn > Fe > Ni > Cu > Cd > Mn, e encontrados dentro dos valores recomendados pela OMS/FAO. Assim, concluiu-se deste estudo que a boa qualidade da água é uma condição prévia, manter níveis equilibrados dos parâmetros de qualidade da água é fundamental para a saúde e crescimento da piscicultura, o que é bastante necessário para garantir o aumento da produtividade piscícola. Recomendam-se monitorar e avaliar os parâmetros de qualidade da água em uma base rotineira para promover a piscicultura saudável.

Implementation of a milking system and quality management for buffalo milk at an experimental station in Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil / Implementação de um sistema de ordenha e manejo da qualidade do leite bubalino em uma estação experimental no Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil

Buffalo milk production is an activity that has grown in recent years, mainly due to the physicochemical characteristics found in this type of milk, which is the second most produced in the world. The objective of this study was to implement a milking system and monitor the identity and quality standards of buffalo milk produced at the Experimental Agronomic Station of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul. Samples were collected fortnightly between June and November 2021, totaling ten collections. The means obtained at the end of the monitoring were 4.84 g/100 g for fat, 4.64 g/100 g for protein, 5.06 g/100 g for lactose, 15.26 g/100 g for total solids, 10.42 g/100g for non-fat solids, 0.18 g lactic acid/100 mL of milk for acidity, 1.037 g/cm3 for density, -0.533°C for cryoscopic index, 3.5 x 105 cells/mL for somatic cell count, and 8.0 x103 CFU/ml for standard plate count. Residues of antibiotics and antiparasitics were not found. An increase in the concentration and frequency of some fatty acids was observed, after an increment in the nutritional management of the animals, in addition to predominance of palmitic acid (C16:0) and oleic acid (C18:1- cis (n9)). The results indicate a significant improvement in the quality of the milk in the assessment period, due to the corrective actions that were established, and the standard plate count showed good agricultural practices as to milk sourcing and the hygiene of the materials, being below the limits required by NI 76. The buffalo milk produced by the herd at the Experimental Station showed physicochemical and microbiological results in accordance with the legislation, being a raw material to be explored in the prospection of derivative products.

A produção de leite bubalino é uma atividade que tem crescido nos últimos anos, principalmente devido às características físico-químicas apresentadas pelo leite, que é o segundo mais produzido no mundo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi implementar um sistema de ordenha e monitorar os padrões de identidade e qualidade do leite bubalino produzido na Estação Experimental Agronômica da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Amostras foram coletadas quinzenalmente entre os meses de junho e novembro de 2021, totalizando dez coletas. As médias obtidas ao final do monitoramento foram de 4,84 g/100 g para gordura, 4,64 g/100 g para proteína, 5,06 g/100g para lactose, 15,26 g/100 g sólidos totais, 10,42 g/100g para sólidos não gordurosos, 0,18 g ácido lático/100 mL de leite para acidez, 1,037 g/cm3 para densidade, -0.533°C para índice crioscópico, 3.5 x105 cél/mL para contagem de células somáticas e 8.0 x103 UFC/ml para contagem padrão em placa. Não foram identificados resíduos de antibióticos e antiparasitários. Observou-se aumento de concentração e frequência de alguns ácidos graxos, após incremento de manejo nutricional dos animais, além da predominância dos ácidos palmítico (C16:0) e oleico (C18:1- cis (n9). Os resultados indicam que houve uma melhora significativa na qualidade do leite no período avaliado, decorrente das ações corretivas que foram estabelecidas, e a contagem padrão em placa demonstrou boas práticas agropecuárias na obtenção do leite e na higienização dos materiais, estando abaixo dos limites exigidos pela IN 76. O leite de búfala produzido pelo rebanho da Estação Experimental apresentou resultados físico-químicos e microbiológicos de acordo com a legislação, sendo uma matéria-prima a ser explorada na prospecção de produtos derivados.

Chemical elements in sediments and in bivalve mollusks from estuarine regions in the south of Bahia State, northeast Brazil

Abstract Estuaries receive daily inputs of chemical elements which can impact the quality of water and sediment, as well as the health of biota. In addition to the sediment, bivalve mollusks have been used in the chemical monitoring of these systems. This study investigated the presence and contents of As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn in superficial sediment and in bivalves (Crassostrea gasar, C. rhizophorae and Mytella guyanensis) from estuaries in the south / extreme south of Bahia State, northeast Brazil. The samples were evaluated with inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES, Varian 710). Except for Cd, all other elements were found in the samples, being that Co was exclusive in the sediment. The estuaries equivalent to sampling stations /1 - Valença, /2 - Taperoá, /3 - Ilhéus and /4 - Belmonte showed levels of metals compatibles with those established by the Brazilian legislation, however, the /5 - Santa Cruz Cabrália, in addition to the presence of As, presented a high level of Pb and Cu in C. gasar, which was attributed to the impacts of nautical activities in that locality.

Resumo Estuários recebem entradas diárias de elementos químicos, que podem impactar a qualidade de água e do sedimento, assim como a saúde da biota. Além do sedimento, moluscos bivalves têm sido utilizados no monitoramento químico desses sistemas. Neste estudo investigou-se a presença e os teores de As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb e Zn no sedimento superficial e em bivalves (Crassostrea gasar, C. rhizophorae e Mytella guyanensis) de estuários do sul / extremo sul do estado da Bahia, Nordeste do Brasil. As amostras foram avaliadas por espectrometria de emissão óptica de plasma indutivamente acoplado (ICP-OES, Varian 710). Exceto Cd, todos os demais elementos foram encontrados nas amostras, sendo que Co foi exclusivo no sedimento. Os estuários equivalentes às estações amostrais /1 - Valença, /2 - Taperoá, /3 - Ilhéus e /4 - Belmonte mostraram níveis de metais compatíveis com os estabelecidos pela legislação brasileira, porém, a /5 - Santa Cruz Cabrália, além da presença de As, apresentou alto nível de Pb e de Cu em C. gasar, o que foi atribuído aos impactos por atividades náuticas nesse local.

In vivo embryo development in bitches inseminated laparoscopically after ovulation time estimated based on a single progesterone determination

Logistic and economical limitations are often the causes of dog owners not accurately monitoring the estrous cycle and the optimal insemination time. The aim of this study was to evaluate in vivo early embryonic development in bitches, after the analysis of sequential vaginal cytologies associated to single progesterone measurement and single laparoscopic insemination with high quality semen (fresh and with high spermatozoa concentration) or low-quality semen (frozen/thawed and with low spermatozoa concentration) at 48 h post- ovulation time predicted on a single progesterone measurement. Ten bitches were inseminated with 250 x 106 fresh spermatozoa (80% motility), and ten with 80 x 106 frozen/thawed spermatozoa (60% motility) in the cranial part of each uterine horn. Seven days later, ovariohysterectomy was performed and the oviducts and uterine horns and body were flushed to recover embryos and unfertilized oocytes. In 80% of the bitches inseminated with fresh and 50% of bitches inseminated with frozen/thawed semen, embryos at 2 to 8 cells stage were recovered mostly from the, oviducts. This study indicates that pregnancies can be obtained with a single laparoscopic intrauterine insemination after single serum progesterone measurement, although with a low number of embryos. This result should be taken into account in case economic or logistic restrictions that affect the possibility of owners to plan an accurate monitoring of the optimal breeding time using fresh and frozen semen.(AU)

Oxidative stress caused by lead in the lichen Xanthoria parietina

The assessment of the air quality is a major concern to the current time. The monitoring and maintenance of air quality necessarily pass by detecting and estimating the overall air pollution. The use of lichens must be an assessmenttool to be studied. In our work we were interested about the toxicity of lead on the various parameters of stress in the lichen Xanthoria parietina. For this purpose, lichen thalli have been incubated at lead concentrations of 0, 0.5, 1.0, 5.0 and 10.0 mM, for time scale of 0, 24, 48 and 96 hours. The obtained results showed that lead has an action on the various studied parameters, and the intensity of oxidative stress observed in lichens thalli depends on the concentration, and time of exposure. Lead induced a decrease in chlorophyll and protein contents, and an increase in the contents of catalase, hydrogen peroxide and reduced glutathione. Furthermore, the results also showed that high concentrations of lead caused total destruction of reduced glutathione.(AU)

Monitoring performance indicators of mechanized agricultural operations through a systemic method

Key performance indicators (KPI) are essential to decision-making in an organization, but the approach to analysis and composition used in the formulation of the KPIs can lead to errors. Analysis based only on averages does not allow for discriminating between variations that are natural to the process or special cases which require investigation. The use of control charts can identify this differentiation. However, when several charts are presented encompassing different measurement units and scales, systemic interpretation can be impaired. To assist in this interpretation, this research study aimed at proposing a method to facilitate the analysis of control charts when multiple indicators are employed in the monitoring of agricultural operations. Based on the data obtained over 26 weeks from a mechanized sugarcane (Saccharum officinarum L.) harvesting front, six indicators were defined and analyzed through individual control charts and, systemically, through a standardized group control chart. Results show that the points identified as being outside the control zone (special causes of variation) according to the standardized group control chart were the same as those identified by the six individual charts, which demonstrates the potential of this method to summarize the information with no loss of quality of analysis.

Chemical elements in sediments and in bivalve mollusks from estuarine regions in the south of Bahia State, northeast Brazil / Elementos químicos em sedimentos e em moluscos bivalves de regiões estuarinas do sul do Estado da Bahia, Nordeste do Brasil

Estuaries receive daily inputs of chemical elements which can impact the quality of water and sediment, as well as the health of biota. In addition to the sediment, bivalve mollusks have been used in the chemical monitoring of these systems. This study investigated the presence and contents of As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn in superficial sediment and in bivalves (Crassostrea gasar, C. rhizophorae and Mytella guyanensis) from estuaries in the south / extreme south of Bahia State, northeast Brazil. The samples were evaluated with inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES, Varian 710). Except for Cd, all other elements were found in the samples, being that Co was exclusive in the sediment. The estuaries equivalent to sampling stations #1 - Valença, #2 - Taperoá, #3 - Ilhéus and #4 - Belmonte showed levels of metals compatibles with those established by the Brazilian legislation, however, the #5 - Santa Cruz Cabrália, in addition to the presence of As, presented a high level of Pb and Cu in C. gasar, which was attributed to the impacts of nautical activities in that locality.

Estuários recebem entradas diárias de elementos químicos, que podem impactar a qualidade de água e do sedimento, assim como a saúde da biota. Além do sedimento, moluscos bivalves têm sido utilizados no monitoramento químico desses sistemas. Neste estudo investigou-se a presença e os teores de As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb e Zn no sedimento superficial e em bivalves (Crassostrea gasar, C. rhizophorae e Mytella guyanensis) de estuários do sul / extremo sul do estado da Bahia, Nordeste do Brasil. As amostras foram avaliadas por espectrometria de emissão óptica de plasma indutivamente acoplado (ICP-OES, Varian 710). Exceto Cd, todos os demais elementos foram encontrados nas amostras, sendo que Co foi exclusivo no sedimento. Os estuários equivalentes às estações amostrais #1 - Valença, #2 - Taperoá, #3 - Ilhéus e #4 - Belmonte mostraram níveis de metais compatíveis com os estabelecidos pela legislação brasileira, porém, a #5 - Santa Cruz Cabrália, além da presença de As, apresentou alto nível de Pb e de Cu em C. gasar, o que foi atribuído aos impactos por atividades náuticas nesse local.

Microbiological properties of soils are sensitive to changes provided by organic cultivation of banana 'BRS Princesa' in the semi-arid region

Soil microbiota has a key role in the dynamics of natural and agro-ecosystems and is sensitive to changes in these environments. This study evaluated changes in the microbiological properties of soils under an organic production system of banana 'BRS Princesa' (Musa spp.). The experimental design consisted of completely randomized blocks, with four replications. Treatments consisted of 1) soil cover with green manure and agricultural gypsum at a dose of 2,820 kg ha−1, 2) soil cover with green manure without gypsum application, 3) soil cover with weeds and agricultural gypsum at a dose of 2,820 kg ha−1, 4) soil cover with spontaneous plants without gypsum application, and two controls: 5) soil under native Caatinga and 6) soil under regenerating forest (capoeira). The evaluated properties were ß-glucosidase, arylsulfatase, acid phosphatase, fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis activities (FDA), carbon and phosphorus contents in microbial biomass, basal soil respiration, microbial and metabolic quotients, and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi spore density. Soil samples were collected from the 0­0.20m depth layer in two seasons. No parameter could distinguish the treatments. Spontaneous plants provided conditions equivalent to those under green manure. Agricultural gypsum application also did not influence the microbial biomass and microbiota activity, in the analyzed soil depth. However, ß-glucosidase and arylsulfatase activities, the carbon content in microbial biomass, and metabolic and microbial quotients were sensitive to land-use changes and could distinguish areas under organic cultivation from those under native vegetation. Therefore, these properties can be considered good indicators for monitoring the quality of these soils. Furthermore, microbial communities of soils under organic cultivation responded with arylsulfatase activity corresponding to that found in soils under regenerating forest, which may indicate that organic management tends to provide the microbiota with a condition similar to that found under situations that are little disturbing to edaphic living.(AU)

Chemical elements in sediments and in bivalve mollusks from estuarine regions in the south of Bahia State, northeast Brazil / Elementos químicos em sedimentos e em moluscos bivalves de regiões estuarinas do sul do Estado da Bahia, Nordeste do Brasil

Estuaries receive daily inputs of chemical elements which can impact the quality of water and sediment, as well as the health of biota. In addition to the sediment, bivalve mollusks have been used in the chemical monitoring of these systems. This study investigated the presence and contents of As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn in superficial sediment and in bivalves (Crassostrea gasar, C. rhizophorae and Mytella guyanensis) from estuaries in the south / extreme south of Bahia State, northeast Brazil. The samples were evaluated with inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometry (ICP-OES, Varian 710). Except for Cd, all other elements were found in the samples, being that Co was exclusive in the sediment. The estuaries equivalent to sampling stations #1 - Valença, #2 - Taperoá, #3 - Ilhéus and #4 - Belmonte showed levels of metals compatibles with those established by the Brazilian legislation, however, the #5 - Santa Cruz Cabrália, in addition to the presence of As, presented a high level of Pb and Cu in C. gasar, which was attributed to the impacts of nautical activities in that locality.(AU)

Estuários recebem entradas diárias de elementos químicos, que podem impactar a qualidade de água e do sedimento, assim como a saúde da biota. Além do sedimento, moluscos bivalves têm sido utilizados no monitoramento químico desses sistemas. Neste estudo investigou-se a presença e os teores de As, Ba, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb e Zn no sedimento superficial e em bivalves (Crassostrea gasar, C. rhizophorae e Mytella guyanensis) de estuários do sul / extremo sul do estado da Bahia, Nordeste do Brasil. As amostras foram avaliadas por espectrometria de emissão óptica de plasma indutivamente acoplado (ICP-OES, Varian 710). Exceto Cd, todos os demais elementos foram encontrados nas amostras, sendo que Co foi exclusivo no sedimento. Os estuários equivalentes às estações amostrais #1 - Valença, #2 - Taperoá, #3 - Ilhéus e #4 - Belmonte mostraram níveis de metais compatíveis com os estabelecidos pela legislação brasileira, porém, a #5 - Santa Cruz Cabrália, além da presença de As, apresentou alto nível de Pb e de Cu em C. gasar, o que foi atribuído aos impactos por atividades náuticas nesse local.(AU)

Avifauna de uma área de floresta atlântica no sul do Brasil sob influência de atividade minerária / Birds from an Atlantic Forest remnant in southern Brazil under the influence of quarrying

O principal objetivo do nosso trabalho foi o levantamento da composição (riqueza e abundância) da avifauna em um remanescente florestal de Mata Atlântica em Santa Catarina, suscetível à ampliação e intervenção de uma pedreira para subsidiar futuras análises de impactos ambientais dessa atividade. Registramos 142 espécies de aves, distribuídas em 16 ordens e 42 famílias. A partir dos resultados, concluímos que a riqueza total de espécies não deve ser afetada pela ampliação da área de lavra sob o remanescente. No entanto, constatamos que a abundância das aves foi menor nas proximidades da borda da mata, especialmente das aves endêmicas, ameaçadas e especialistas de sub-bosque. Dessa maneira, esperamos que a abundância nas áreas florestais adjacentes seja maior por um período, após o deslocamento das espécies, e diminua ao longo do tempo, à medida em que as relações ecológicas intraespecíficas e interespecíficas aumentem pela competição por recursos e território no habitat. Alertamos que se o tamanho do remanescente não for suficiente para populações viáveis, nossa hipótese é que haja um lapso temporal até que as espécies mais sensíveis desapareçam do local. O tamanho e qualidade do fragmento remanescente deve ser fundamental para minimizar os impactos da atividade e garantir a persistência das populações de aves sensíveis e especializadas na região. Por esse motivo, se a expansão da mina ocorrer, advertimos para que os remanescentes florestais do entorno sejam preservados para garantir a migração e persistência de aves sensíveis, principalmente insetívoras de sub-bosque relatadas em nosso estudo. Nesse contexto, apontamos cinco medidas prioritárias que devem ser implementadas pelo empreendedor, caso o órgão licenciador delibere em favor da ampliação/manutenção da atividade minerária: 1) aquisição dos remanescentes do entorno para transformá-los em RPPN, 2) reposição florestal equivalente à área desmatada, 3) contribuir com as ações do Plano de Ação Nacional para conservação das aves da Mata Atlântica por meio de medida compensatória, 4) diminuição da área de mina para exploração e 5) monitoramento de aves durante a instalação e operação do empreendimento.

The main objective of our work was to survey the composition (richness and abundance) of birds in a forest remnant of the Atlantic Forest in Santa Catarina, southern Brazil, susceptible to the expansion of quarrying activities to support future analyzes of the environmental impacts. We recorded 142 bird species, distributed in 16 orders and 42 families. We propose that species richness shall not be affected by the expansion of quarrying into the remnant; however, we recorded that bird abundance was significantly lower near the forest edge than in the interior, especially of endemic, threatened and understory specialist species. Thus, if quarrying operation expands, we expect the bird abundance in adjacent forest remnants will be higher after species displacement, then will decrease over time as intra- and interspecific ecological relationships increase through competition for resources and territory. The size and quality of the remaining fragments are fundamental to reduce impacts of the activity and ensure the persistence of populations of sensitive and specialized birds in the region. For this reason, if the quarrying expands into the remnant area, then we propose that the surrounding forests be protected to ensure the migration and persistence of sensitive birds, mainly understory insectivores. In this context, we propose the following five actions to be implemented by the entrepreneur: 1) acquisition of surround remnants to be converted into Private Protected Areas, 2) reforestation equivalent to deforested area, 3) contribute to the National Action Plan for the Conservation of Atlantic Forest Birds through compensatory measures, 4) reduction of quarrying area, and 5) bird monitoring program.

Validação do processo de manipulação de fórmulas lácteas com uso de água estéril em uma maternidade do município do Rio de Janeiro, RJ / Validation of the manipulation process of milk formulas using sterile water in a maternity hospital in Rio de Janeiro, RJ

O processo de manipulação no lactário, com posterior armazenamento e transporte, envolve riscos, pois o tempo entre o preparo e o consumo, pode propiciar o crescimento de bactérias patogênicas. O preparo e a manipulação de fórmulas lácteas para neonatos e lactentes deve seguir uma série de precauções para evitar contaminação da fórmula e consequente desfecho negativo. O objetivo deste estudo foi validar o processo de produção de fórmulas lácteas utilizando água estéril, através da análise microbiológica em diferentes momentos do preparo, a fim de garantir uma alimentação segura e de qualidade para os lactentes. A pesquisa foi realizada no lactário de um hospital maternidade por análises microbiológicas de amostras das fórmulas lácteas infantis preparadas com água estéril em diferentes dias, por meio de etapas distintas. Os resultados demonstraram que todas as amostras se encontravam de acordo com os padrões estabelecidos pela legislação brasileira vigente, estando aptas para o consumo humano, comprovando os adequados processos de refrigeração, aquecimento e distribuição. Após a revisão dos Procedimentos Operacionais Padronizados implementou-se um treinamento de educação continuada sobre todas as atividades executadas no lactário, que se estendeu às técnicas de enfermagem, responsáveis pela oferta e monitoramento do tempo de exposição da fórmula em temperatura ambiente, desde o recebimento até a distribuição. É notável a importância do correto processamento e manipulação das fórmulas para prevenir surtos infecciosos e garantir a proteção à saúde infantil, evidenciando que as etapas do processo implementado no presente estudo foram eficazes e podem ser adotadas como rotina diária no lactário.(AU)

The handling process in the dairy, with subsequent storage and transport, involves risks, as the time between preparation and consumption can encourage the growth of pathogenic bacteria. The preparation and handling of infant formulas for neonates and infants must follow a series of precautions to avoid contamination of the formula and consequent negative outcome. The objective of this study was to validate the production process of milk formulas using sterile water, through microbiological analysis at different times of preparation, in order to guarantee safe and quality food for infants. The research was carried out in the lactary of a maternity hospital through microbiological analyzes of samples of infant milk formulas prepared with sterile water on different days, through different steps. The results showed that all samples were in accordance with the standards established by the current Brazilian legislation, being suitable for human consumption, proving the adequate processes of refrigeration, heating and distribution. After reviewing the Standard Operating Procedures, continuing education training was implemented on all activities carried out in the dairy, which was extended to the nursing technicians, responsible for offering and monitoring the exposure time of the formula at room temperature, from receipt to the distribution. The importance of correct processing and manipulation of formulas to prevent infectious outbreaks and ensure the protection of child health is noteworthy, showing that the steps of the process implemented in the present study were effective and can be adopted as a daily routine in the dairy.(AU)

Abomasal impaction in a goat - surgical approach

Background: The abomasum is glandular and has a bagpipe shape, with a capacity of 1 to 2 liters. It has a very acidic content with a pH ranging from 1.5 to 3, and although disturbances in this organ are uncommon in small ruminants, abomasal emptying defect is probably the most common abomasal problem in goats. The etiology of an abomasal emptying defect is unknown, however, abomasal impaction is the main cause of this condition. Since this disorder is associated with poor prognosis and information in goats is scarce, the aim of this report is to describe the success of abomasotomy as a treatment for abomasal impaction in goats, as well as to describe the clinical and laboratory aspects of this disease. Case: A 8-month-old male Anglo-Nubian goat, weighing 33 kg, presented with apathy and decreased appetite for 4 days due to digestive disorder. According to history, the diet consisted of crushed hay ad libitum and 300 g of ration bran. Clinical findings were apathy, pale mucous membranes, ruminal hypomotility, decreased fecal output, tense abdomen with distention of the ventral quadrants and loss of rumen stratification. The increase in chloride ion concentration (67 mEq/L) observed in the ruminal fluid analysis was indicative of abomasal-ruminal reflux, compatible with metabolic acidosis, as well as the dense hyperechogenic content in the ventral field of the left and right abdomen corresponding to the location of the entire abomasum on transabdominal ultrasound. Thus, clinical, laboratory and ultrasound findings were indicative of impaction of the abomasum, and the goat underwent exploratory laparotomy through the left flank, which revealed a distended and compacted abomasum. Differently from reports in the literature, due to severe distension of the abomasum, abomasotomy through the right flank was chosen to reverse the condition, followed by constant monitoring and supportive therapy with antimicrobial and analgesic medication. The goat defecated normally on the second postoperative day, however, on auscultation, there was persistence of abomasal emptying failure, suggesting a situation of posterior functional stenosis. With the suspicion of type III vagal indigestion, the atropine test, along with radiographic examination of the chest and abdomen were performed, and did not reveal any changes. In order to restore abomasal motility, intensive therapy with prokinetic drugs (bromopride, metoclopramide and promethazine) was associated, and on the fifth day the animal returned to normal appetite, abomasal motility and fecal production. The goat was discharged after 14 days of intensive care with recommendations to provide good quality food and water. Discussion: Abomasal impaction is rarely reported in goats, commonly resulting in animal death before or even a few days after surgical correction. The diagnosis of abomasal impaction was based on clinical, laboratory and ultrasound findings, and should be differentiated from other diseases that progress with abdominal distention and gradual weight loss, such as functional stenosis; duodenal obstruction; vagal nerve disorder; abomasite; generalized peritonitis, and granuloma associated with Actinobacillus lignieresii. Surgical correction by right paralombar access associated with visceral emptying and supportive therapy of impaction abomasal was performed and considered successful, without relapses and secondary complications long-term.

Socioeconomic and investment profile of environment control in a swine integration system

The objective of this study was to characterize and understand the investment profile towards technologies for control and automation of climate control on swine farms, focused on integrated producers on the same integration system. A structured questionnaire including open, dichotomic, or multiple-choice questions was responded by 190 integrated producers classified as nursery (28,300 swines), wean-to-finish (WTF; 144,388 swines), or finishing unit (FU; 164,185 swines) farms. Data were described and categorized according to the type of integrated producer (nursery, WTF, and FU) and income history during a 24-month interval. The most predominant farmer profile was of a 44.5-year-old man, with incomplete secondary education. Furthermore, the majority of the farms had family-based labor with an average area of 43.6±65.5 ha and ~2.4 economic activities developed. Overall, a reduced labor availability was observed, although the integrated producers declared to be satisfied with the activities. Interestingly, integrated producers with a better income history declared a longer working (high = 37; average = 31; regular = 31; low = 28 min). The investment profile in automation technologies is conservative; however, potential improvements in pig performance were the most popular justification for potential investments. Furthermore, high costs, knowledge in technologies, interest rates, and quality of the available material are the limiting factors for investing in environment control. A total of 74% of the integrated producers considered the activity as economically profitable. Lastly, the uptake of environmental control technologies is strongly associated with the average income received by farmers.(AU)