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The retention index (r or ri) is used to compute the amount of similarity in a character that can be interpreted as a synapomorphy on a given cladogram. In the case of autapomorphies, the retention index assumes the form 0 / 0, which is a mathematically indeterminate form. Originally, this issue was resolved by assigning a value of one to the retention index in such cases. However, some authors did not follow this original interpretation and assumed that, in this case, the retention index must assume a value of zero. In this note, we present two arguments supporting the original definition. The first argument is an application of the concept of limit from calculus to determine the assumed value of the retention index function in this specific situation. The second argument is a biological one that invokes the original definitions of autapomorphy and synapomorphy.

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The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the effects of spineless cactus species in diets of feedlot lambs on intake, apparent absorption and retention of macrominerals. Thirty-six uncastrated male Santa Inês lambs presenting an average body weight of 22.0±2.87 kg were distributed in a completely randomized design with three treatments [diet containing Tifton-85 hay as exclusive roughage (control), Miúda cactus cladodes-based diet or Orelha de Elefante Mexicana (OEM) cactus cladodes-based diet] and twelve replicates. The calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) intakes (from feed and total) were higher (P=0.001) for animals fed diets supplemented with Miúda spineless cactus. The spineless cactus, regardless of species, caused a mean decrease of 45.4% in sodium intake (P=0.001). There was a net loss of Ca by lambs fed OEM spineless cactus (P=0.001). The absorption and retention of P was higher in control diet compared to the OEM diet (P<0.05). The amount apparently absorbed, and body retention of Mg were higher for lambs fed Miúda spineless cactus-diet (P=0.001). Therefore, the diet containing Miúda spineless cactus increases the intake and body retention of Ca and Mg in lambs. However, the use of OEM spineless cactus may be unsuitable for a long-term.

O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar os efeitos de espécies de palma forrageira, em dietas para cordeiros confinados, sobre o consumo, a absorção aparente e a retenção de macrominerais. Trinta e seis cordeiros Santa Inês, machos, não castrados, com peso médio de 22,0±2,87kg, foram distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, com três tratamentos [dieta contendo feno de Tifton-85 como volumoso exclusivo (controle), dieta à base de palma miúda ou palma orelha-de-elefante-mexicana (OEM)] e 12 repetições. Os consumos de cálcio (Ca) e magnésio (Mg) (via dieta e total) foram maiores (P=0,001) para os animais alimentados com dietas suplementadas com palma forrageira miúda. A palma forrageira, independentemente da espécie, causou diminuição média de 45,4% na ingestão de sódio (P=0,001). Houve perda líquida de Ca pelos cordeiros alimentados com palma OEM (P=0,001). A absorção e a retenção de P foram maiores com a dieta controle em comparação à dieta OEM (P<0,05). A quantidade aparentemente absorvida e a retenção corporal de Mg foram maiores nos cordeiros alimentados com palma miúda (P=0,001). Portanto, a dieta contendo palma miúda aumenta o consumo e a retenção corporal de Ca e Mg por cordeiros. No entanto, o uso de palma OEM pode ser insustentável a longo prazo.

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Abstract The increasing need for sustainable alternatives to synthetic insecticides has driven the analysis of extracts from Solanum habrochaites, a wild tomato, through fractionated column chromatography. Potential bioactive compounds for pest management, a clean and promising biotechnological solution, have been reported from this plant. The objective is to provide detailed gas chromatography data, including peaks, structural formulas, and retention indices for the extracts of S. habrochaites aerial parts. Column chromatographic analysis was conducted with five fractions (F1, F2, F5, F3, and F4) of S. habrochaites extracts. Long-chain hydrocarbons such as hexadecanoic acid and docosano were identified in the F1 fraction; fatty acid esters, including hexadecanoate and octadecenoate ethyls in the F2 and methyl ketones, with tridecan-2-one as the major component in the F5, while no identifiable compounds were disclosed in the F3 and F4 fractions. The column chromatography provided valuable insights into compounds in the F1, F2, and F5 fractions of S. habrochaites extracts, highlighting fatty acid esters, long-chain hydrocarbons, and methyl ketones. The bioactive compounds, from extracts of this plant, including the first record of the docosanoate, hexadecanoate and octadecanoate ethyls in S. habrochaites and Solanaceae, reinforces their promising biological application in different areas of science.

Resumo A crescente necessidade por alternativas sustentáveis no manejo de pragas motivou a análise de extratos de plantas do tomate silvestre, Solanum habrochaites, por cromatografia em coluna de fração. O objetivo foi detalhar resultados da cromatografia gasosa, incluindo picos, fórmulas estruturais e índices de retenção para compostos de extratos de partes aéreas de S. habrochaites. A análise cromatográfica em coluna foi realizada para cinco frações (F1, F2, F5, F3 e F4) dos extratos de S. habrochaites. Hidrocarbonetos de cadeia longa, como ácidos hexadecanóico e docosanoato, foram identificados na fração F1; ácidos graxos, incluindo hexadecanoato de etila e octadecanoato de etila na F2 e metilcetonas, com tridecan-2-ona como o composto majoritário, na F5 e nenhum composto nas frações F3 e F4. A análise dos extratos de S. habrochaites, por cromatografia em coluna, identificou compostos nas frações F1, F2 e F5, desta planta, destacando ésteres de ácidos graxos, metilcetonas e hidrocarbonetos de cadeia longa e o primeiro relato dos docosanoato, hexadecanoato e octadecanoato nessa planta e em Solanaceae.

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Due to the need to achieve the principles of sustainable development and to understand the processes of formation of phytocenoses in areas that were adversely affected by the industrial impact, this study assessed the condition of the Grachevsky uranium mine (Kazakhstan), which underwent conservation procedures about 25 years ago. The purpose is to determine the level of water quality and phytocenosis of the shores of the reservoir accumulating natural effluents from reclaimed dumps and anthropogenic sites of a uranium mine, as well as quality indicators and toxicology. The assessment included a qualitative research method (analysis of documents) to determine agro-climatic conditions and empirical methods of collecting information. The authors studied the intensity of ionizing radiation of the gamma background of the water surface of the reservoir (and sections of the shoreline and territories adjacent to the reservoir), and hydrochemical parameters of the waters of the reservoir, and performed a description of the botanical diversity. The vegetation cover of the sections of the reservoir shore is at different stages of syngenesis and is represented by pioneer groupings, group thicket communities, and diffuse communities. Favorable ecological conditions for the settlement and development of plants develop within the shores of the reservoir. The intensity levels of ionizing radiation do not exceed the maximum permissible levels and practically do not affect the formation of phytocenoses. An anthropogenically modified dry meadow with the participation of plants typical of the steppe zone has been formed on the floodplain terrace. Concerning the indicators of quality and toxicology of this reservoir, the water can be used for household and drinking purposes under the condition of prior water treatment. It can be concluded that a high level of natural purification of the reservoir waters occurred within twenty years after the reclamation of the uranium mine.

Devido à necessidade de alcançar os princípios do desenvolvimento sustentável e de compreender os processos de formação de fitocenoses em áreas que foram negativamente afetadas pelo impacto industrial, este estudo avaliou o estado da mina de urânio de Grachevsky (Cazaquistão), que foi submetida a procedimentos de conservação há cerca de 25 anos. O objetivo é determinar o nível de qualidade da água e fitocenose das margens do reservatório que acumula efluentes naturais provenientes de depósitos recuperados e sítios antrópicos de uma mina de urânio, bem como indicadores de qualidade e toxicologia. A avaliação incluiu um método de investigação qualitativa (análise de documentos) para determinar as condições agroclimáticas e métodos empíricos de coleta de informação. Os autores estudaram a intensidade da radiação ionizante do fundo gama da superfície da água do reservatório (e seções da linha de costa e territórios adjacentes ao reservatório), bem como os parâmetros hidroquímicos das águas do reservatório, e fizeram uma descrição da diversidade botânica. A cobertura vegetal da seções da margem do reservatório encontra-se em diferentes estádios de singênese e é representada por agrupamentos pioneiros, comunidades de arbustos agrupados e comunidades difusas. Nas margens do resevatório desenvolvem-se condições ecológicas favoráveis à fixação e desenvolvimento das plantas. Os níveis de intensidade da radiação ionizante não ultrapassam os níveis máximos admissíveis e praticamente não afetam a formação de fitocenoses. No terraço da planície de inundação formou-se um prado seco modificado antropogenicamente com a participação de plantas típicas da zona de estepe. Em relação aos indicadores de qualidade e toxicologia deste reservatório, a água pode ser utilizada para fins domésticos e de consumo, desde que seja objeto de um tratamento prévio. Pode concluir-se que ocorreu um elevado nível de purificação natural das águas do reservatório nos vinte anos seguintes à recuperação da mina de urânio.

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The present study aimed to produce a monosex population of all male Nile tilapia (Oreochromis spp.) using 17α-methyl testosterone and common carp testes (as a source of natural androgen). Trial was conducted into two consecutive phases, the first was fry (4-5 days old)administration with negative control (without hormone) and positive control (with hormone) feed viz., MT1:60mg/kg, MT2:70mg/kg (17α-MT), carp testis CT1:70% and CT2:80% for 30 days to reverse the sex of male fish and the second phase was nursing the fingerlings for two months on control diet (32% Crude protein).Results revealed a significant growth rate (P<0.05) in the control group where final weight (4.8±0.34ab) and weight gained was recorded as 0.66±0.03ac. In proximate chemical composition of body meat, CT2 treatment showed maximum retention of crude protein, crude fat, and ash whereas dry matter showed maximum retention in MT2 and CT1 treatments. Morphological and histological examination revealed significant difference (p<0.05) in phenotypic males of Nile tilapia fed with the highest percent in MT-treated diet (MT2) of 95±0.58a while MT1, CT2 and CT1 had males of 85±6.0b, 70±5.0b and 65±6.5b, respectively. It was concluded that synthetic androgen (17αMT) was more effective for masculinization but natural androgen scan be an alternative method to produce male tilapia population in an environment-friendly manner as they are inexpensive, eco-friendly, and radially available. These results suggested that synthetic and natural androgen supplementation in the diet plays a significant role in improving growth performance and body composition.

O presente estudo teve como objetivo produzir uma população monossexuada de todos os machos de tilápia do Nilo (Oreochromis spp.) usando 17α-metil testosterona e testículos de carpa comum como fonte de andrógeno natural. O ensaio foi conduzido em duas fases consecutivas, a primeira foi a administração de alevinos (4-5 dias) com controle negativo (sem hormônio) e controle positivo (com hormônio), viz., MT1:60mg/kg, MT2:70mg/kg (17α -MT), testículos de carpa CT1:70% e CT2:80% por 30 dias para inverter o sexo dos peixes machos e a segunda fase foi amamentar os alevinos por dois meses com dieta controle (32% de proteína bruta), e analisar a taxa de crescimento (p < 0,05) no grupo controle, em que o peso final (4,8 ± 0,34 ab) e o peso ganho foram registrados como 0,66 ± 0,03 ac. Na composição química aproximada da carne corporal, o tratamento CT2 mostrou retenção máxima de proteína bruta, gordura bruta e cinzas, enquanto a matéria seca apresentou retenção máxima nos tratamentos MT2 e CT1. O exame morfológico e histológico revelou diferença significativa (p < 0,05) nos machos fenotípicos de tilápia do Nilo alimentados com o maior percentual na dieta tratada com MT (MT2) de 95 ± 0,58a enquanto MT1, CT2 e CT1 tiveram machos de 85 ± 6,0b, 70 ± 5,0 e 65 ± 6,5b, respectivamente. Concluiu-se que o andrógeno sintético (17αMT) foi mais eficaz para a masculinização, entretanto os andrógenos naturais podem ser um método alternativo para produzir população de tilápias machos de maneira ecológica, pois são baratos, ecológicos e estão disponíveis radialmente. Esses resultados sugerem que a suplementação de andrógenos sintéticos e naturais na dieta desempenha um papel significativo na melhoria do desempenho do crescimento e da composição corporal.

Resumo

This study compares the physicochemical characteristics of breast meat (Pectoralis major) from conventional chicken and free-range chicken production systems. Analyses of pH, instrumental color measurement, weight loss from cooking (WLC), and water retention capacity (WRC) were carried out. Average pH values were slightly higher for conventional chicken samples. WLC did not show a significant difference between conventional and free-range chicken samples. The WRC was better and higher for the free-range chicken samples than the conventional ones. The mean values for luminosity (L*) were within the normal range, with slightly higher values for conventional chicken. In chromatids a* and b*, there was a tendency towards a more reddish color for free-range chicken samples. The differences found for types of production can be explained mainly by the difference in age at slaughter, the degree of physical activity, animal feeding, among other characteristics that differentiate an animal raised by the extensive system from the intensive system.

Este estudo compara as características físico-químicas da carne de peito (Pectoralis major) de frangos de granja e caipiras. Foram realizadas análises de pH, medição de cor instrumental, perda de peso por cocção (PPC) e capacidade de retenção de água (CRA). Os valores médios de pH foram ligeiramente maiores para as amostras de frango de granja. PPC não apresentou diferença significativa entre as amostras de frango de granja e frango caipira. O CRA foi melhor e maior para as amostras de frango caipira do que para as amostras de frango. Os valores médios de luminosidade (L*) ficaram dentro da normalidade, com valores ligeiramente superiores para frango de granja. Nas cromátides a* e b*, houve uma tendência de coloração mais avermelhada para as amostras de frango caipira. As diferenças encontradas para os tipos de produção podem ser explicadas principalmente pela diferença de idade ao abate, grau de atividade física, alimentação do animal, entre outras características que diferenciam um animal criado pelo sistema extensivo em relação ao sistema intensivo.

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Through a long-term micro-area positioning experiment (2006-2017), the precise fertilization locations of spring maize (Zea mays L.) in Jilin, China, were investigated using an embedded cement bucket pot. The effects of different fertilization placements and additional application of organic manure on maize yield, biomass, grain nutrient uptake, and soil fertility were examined. Six treatments were designed: base fertilizer + topdressing shallow application (BF1TD1); base fertilizer deep + topdressing shallow application (BF2TD1); base fertilizer + topdressing deep application (BF1TD2); base fertilizer deep + topdressing deep application (BF2TD2); base fertilizer + topdressing + organic manure shallow application (BF1TD1 + OS); and base fertilizer + topdressing shallow application + organic manure deep application (BF1TD1 + OD). After 12 years of continuous experimentation, the findings revealed that BF2TD2, BF1TD1 + OS, and BF1TD1 + OD exhibited 10.59 %, 25.17 %, and 29.34 % higher average yields than BF1TD1, respectively. Deep topdressing was more beneficial in increasing maize yield and nutrient accumulation, and additionally, increasing the use of organic fertilizer enhanced plant biomass and nutrient uptake. Over the 12 years considered, the soil organic matter in the 0-20 cm and 20-40 cm layers increased by 45.96 % and 80.61 %, respectively, and the soil pH increased from 0.38 to 0.48. In general, the deep application of organic manure was more beneficial for soil retention as it can increase soil fertility in the 0-40 cm layer. Considering the high yield and nutrient absorption and utilization of maize, technical advancement for soil fertilizer in whole-field tillage layers was crucial.(AU)

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The Samsum (black) ant, Pachycondyla sennaarensis (Formicidae; Hymenoptera) is widely distributed throughout sub-Saharan Africa, and it is also the most common species of the family in southern Arabia. Samsum ant is very invasive and economically damaging and has become a big problem in Saudi Arabia and other distribution countries due to their aggressive nature, severe stings, and harm to agriculture, natural ecosystems, and human health. The physicochemical properties and varied effects against insect pests make plant extracts a potential alternative in the development of pesticides. In this study, the Nerium oleander leaves extract toxicity effects against P. sennaarensis adults. Exposure of P. sennaarensis adult to the oleander leaf extracts produced 96.7% mortality in the insecticidal bioassay, especially at 40% concentration. The mortality % ranged from 3.3-96.7% after 48hrs. The mortality percentage of the Samsum ant adults decreased by increasing exposure periods. The mortality % was highly negatively correlated with exposure times (R= - 0.80 to - 0.94; P = 0001) at 40 to 10% concentrations, respectively. The overall results of the current study suggest that the leaf extract of N. oleander may possess potential insecticidal properties, which could potentially be employed in pest management. The GC-MS investigation uncovered that N. oleander leaf extracts numerous bioactive compounds associated with plant secondary metabolites with their retention time (RT), and peak area %. We conclude that the N. oleander leaf extracts have the potential to be useful in managing insect pests, particularly Samsum ants, but that they must be handled and applied with extreme caution.

A formiga Samsum (preta), Pachycondyla sennaarensis (Formicidae; Hymenoptera), é amplamente distribuída na África subsaariana e é também a espécie mais comum da família no sul da Arábia. A formiga Samsum é muito invasiva e economicamente prejudicial e se tornou um grande problema na Arábia Saudita e em outros países de distribuição devido à sua natureza agressiva, picadas graves e danos à agricultura, aos ecossistemas naturais e à saúde humana. As propriedades físico-químicas e os efeitos variados contra pragas de insetos tornam os extratos de plantas uma alternativa em potencial para o desenvolvimento de pesticidas. Neste estudo, os efeitos de toxicidade do extrato de folhas de oleandro contra adultos de P. sennaarensis. A exposição de adultos de P. sennaarensis aos extratos de folhas de oleandro produziu 96,7% de mortalidade no bioensaio inseticida, especialmente na concentração de 40%. A porcentagem de mortalidade variou de 3,3 a 96,7% após 48 horas. A porcentagem de mortalidade dos adultos da formiga Samsum diminuiu com o aumento dos períodos de exposição. A porcentagem de mortalidade foi altamente correlacionada negativamente com os tempos de exposição (R= -0,80 a -0,94; P=0001) em concentrações de 40 a 10%, respectivamente. Os resultados gerais do estudo atual sugerem que o extrato da folha de Nerium oleander pode ter propriedades inseticidas em potencial, que poderiam ser empregadas no controle de pragas. A investigação de GC-MS revelou que a folha de N. oleander extrai vários compostos bioativos associados a metabólitos secundários de plantas com seu tempo de retenção (RT) e área de pico %. Concluímos que os extratos de folhas de N. oleander têm o potencial de serem úteis no manejo de pragas de insetos, especialmente formigas Samsum, mas devem ser manuseados e aplicados com extrema cautela.

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This study evaluated the stability of anaerobic digestion and biogas production from the manure of laying hens fed diets containing different mineral sources and rosemary oil concentrations. Manure was obtained from 288 semi-heavy laying hens, 30 weeks old, and collected for 112 days. A completely randomized design was used in a 2×3 factorial scheme with repeated measures, considering two mineral sources (inorganic and organic) and three concentrations of rosemary oil (0, 100, and 200 mg kg-1). Twelve continuous bench digesters (7.5 kg) were operated with a hydraulic retention time of 30 days and daily loads of 5% total solids, for 90 days. A weekly analysis of influents and effluents was performed by measuring the values of total solids (TS), volatile solids (VS), pH, ammonia nitrogen (ammonia N), intermediary alkalinity (IA), partial alkalinity (PA), and the relationship IA:PA; biweekly analysis of total nitrogen (N) and total phosphorus (P) concentrations; and daily measurement of biogas production data to calculate the biogas production potential of the manure. Manure from laying hens fed with organic minerals has greater potential for biogas production and greater TS and VS reduction than manure from hens supplemented with inorganic minerals. Laying hen diets containing up to 200 mg kg-1 of rosemary oil do not present the risk of anaerobic digestion failure.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a estabilidade no processo de digestão anaeróbia e a produção de biogás dos dejetos de poedeiras alimentadas com dietas contendo diferentes fontes de minerais e níveis de óleo de alecrim. Os dejetos foram provenientes de 288 poedeiras semipesadas, com 30 semanas de idade, colhidos por 112 dias. Utilizou-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado com esquema fatorial 2x3, com medidas repetidas no tempo, sendo as dietas com duas fontes minerais (inorgânica e orgânica) e três níveis de óleo de alecrim (0, 100 e 200 mg kg-1). Foram utilizados 12 biodigestores contínuos (7,5 kg), operados com tempo de retenção hidráulica de 30 dias, com cargas diárias com 5% de sólidos totais, por 90 dias. Foram realizadas análises semanais do afluente e efluente mensurando-se os valores de sólidos totais (ST), sólidos voláteis (SV), pH, nitrogênio amoniacal (N amoniacal), alcalinidade parcial (AP), alcalinidade intermediária (AI) e a relação AP:AI; quinzenalmente análises das concentrações de nitrogênio total (N) e de fósforo total (P) e diariamente mensuradas as produções de biogás para calcular o potencial de produção de biogás do dejeto. Dejetos de poedeiras alimentadas com minerais orgânicos apresentam maior potencial de produção de biogás, maiores reduções de ST e SV em relação àquelas alimentadas com minerais inorgânicos. A adição de óleo de alecrim na dieta de poedeiras não oferece riscos de falência para o processo de digestão anaeróbia.

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This study evaluated the effects of tannin extract of Acacia mearnsii De Wild. or monensin on intake, digestibility, nitrogen balance, and ruminal variables of lambs. Five rumen cannulated lambs (40.3 ± 2.8 kg) were used in a 5 × 5 Latin square design, with periods of 21 days each. The treatments were: control, without additive; Tan-0.60, Tan-1.20, and Tan-1.80 for the doses of 0.60, 1.20, and 1.80 g kg−1 body weight (BW) of tannin extract, respectively; and ionophore (monensin) at 0.75 mg kg−1 of BW. Tannins reduced the digestibility of dry matter (DM) and the greatest effects were observed for Tan-1.80. Tannins also increased or tended to increase the fecal excretion of DM, and the greatest effects were observed for Tan-1.20 and Tan-1.80. Tannins increased the fecal excretion of N, decreased the amount of N in urine, but did not affect N retained. Furthermore, tannins reduced the concentration of valerate and the acetate:propionate ratio and increased propionate without affecting the amount of total volatile fatty acids, and the greatest effects were observed for Tan-1.80. The use of ionophore only increased the elimination of N in the urine. Thus, monensin does not affect nitrogen retention, and tannin impairs digestibility, but increases propionate production.(AU)

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Purple-fleshed sweet potato is a tuber rich in anthocyanins, which are phenolic pigments that confer color and present bioactive capacity. Moreover, its incorporation into dairy products can bring technological and functional benefits. Thus, this article evaluated the impact of the addition of lyophilized purple-fleshed sweet potato powder- LP (0% - Control, 2%, and 4%) on the physical, chemical, and technological characteristics of Greek yogurt. LP showed in vitro antioxidant and bioactive capacity by DPPH (20.64 ± 1.61 µmol TE g-1), FRAP (112.93 ± 4.38 µmol TE g-1), total phenolic content (103.66 ± 3.35 mg GAE g-1), and total anthocyanin content (51.10 ± 1.87 mg cyanidin 3-glucoside 100 g-1). Additionally, the assays demonstrated that the LP has 16.82 ± 0.63% of resistant starch. The fortification of Greek yogurt with LP reduced the syneresis, indicating that LP increased the water retention capacity. LP also inhibited the post-acidification process, increasing apparent viscosity, hardness, and gumminess, and promoting a stable pink coloration throughout the storage (P < 0.05). At the 4% level, the yogurt was firmer and showed greater chewiness, which is highly desirable for Greek yogurt. Therefore, the results suggested that lyophilized purple-fleshed sweet potato powder is a potential multifunctional natural ingredient.

Batata-doce de polpa roxa é um tubérculo rico em antocianinas, as quais são pigmentos fenólicos que conferem cor e apresentam capacidade bioativa. Além disso, sua incorporação em produtos lácteos pode trazer benefícios tecnológicos e funcionais. Desta forma, este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o impacto da adição de pó liofilizado de batata-doce de polpa roxa - LP (0% - Controle, 2% e 4%) nas características físicas, químicas e tecnológicas de iogurte tipo Grego. LP apresentou capacidade antioxidante e bioativa in vitro para DPPH (20.64 ± 1.61 µmol TE g-1), FRAP (112.93 ± 4.38 µmol TE g-1), teor de compostos fenólicos totais (103.66 ± 3.35 mg GAE g-1) e teor de antocianinas totais (51.10 ± 1.87 mg cyanidin 3-glucoside 100 g-1). Adicionalmente, os ensaios demonstraram que o LP possui 16,82 ± 0,63% de amido resistente. A fortificação do iogurte Grego com LP reduziu a sinérese, indicando que LP aumentou a capacidade de retenção de água, LP também inibiu o processo pós-acidificação, aumentando a viscosidade aparente, a dureza e a gomosidade, e promovendo uma coloração rosa estável durante todo o armazenamento (P < 0,05). No nível de 4%, o iogurte apresentou-se mais firme e com maior mastigabilidade, o que é altamente desejável para o iogurte tipo Grego. Assim, os resultados sugerem que o pó liofilizado de batata-doce de polpa roxa é um potencial ingrediente natural multifuncional.

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The present studyevaluatedthe effects ofdietary inclusion of spirulina on productive performance,nutrientutilization,and egg qualityof Japanese quails. One hundred twenty quails wereincluded in a completely randomized design with four treatments and five replicates. Treatments consistedof a control diet and three diets containing 0.3, 0.6,or 0.9% of spirulina powder. Spirulina inclusion hadno effect (p>0.05) on the productive performance, digestibility coefficients of dry matter and ether extract, calcium and phosphorus retention, weight and pH of the eggs, yolk index, albumen quality, and eggshell thicknesswhen compared with the control diet. However,crude protein consumption was higher (p<0.05)and the digestibility coefficient of crude protein was lower (p <0.05) inbirdsin the0.9% and 0.3% spirulina inclusiongroups, respectively. Theweightsof the yolk and eggshell were improved (p<0.007) by theinclusion of0.6% and 0.9% and 0.9%spirulina,respectively.Quails fed diets containing 0.3% and 0.6% spirulina exhibited lower specific gravity of eggs(p<0.019)than those fed diets containing 0.9% spirulina.Therefore, spirulina inclusion at 0.9%improvedthe eggshellqualityand reduced thetotal lipidlevelsin the yolks.(AU)

Resumo

A 84-day trial was conducted to investigate the potentialities of Vernonia amygdalina and Moringa oleifera leaves as natural growth promoters in ruminant production. Hence, the leaves were identified, collected, screened, air-dried, and milled separately into powdery form to make the leaf meals. A basal concentrate diet (BCD - control diet) was formulated, and were divided into nine equal portions while the leaf meals: V. amygdalina leaf meal (VALM) or M. oleifera leaf meal (MOLM) were added and thoroughly mixed with concentrate diet at 0, 5, 10, 15 and 20 w w-1, per each leaf meal, respectively. Thereafter fed to forty-five West African Dwarf growing goats, randomly allocated to the diets. Nutrient intake, digestibility, rumen fermentation, and weight change of goats were used as response criteria. The results revealed that 20% VALM improved (p < 0.05) crude protein intake, nitrogen retention, final live-weight, average daily weight gain (ADWG), and feed conversion ratio. VALM affected rumen fermentation (p < 0.05) increasing propionic, butyric acids and total volatile fatty acids (TVFA) concentrations, and total viables bacterial. Further, positive strong correlation (R2 = 0.9498) existed between ADWG and TVFA. It can be concluded that VALM and MOLM are potential phytogenic plants capable of altering the rumen ecosystem for improved nutrient intake, digestibility, rumen fermentation, better than the control diet, without any detrimental effects on growing goats' performance. Summarily, dietary inclusion of VALM at 20% improved feed utilization and animal performance.(AU)

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Biological soil crusts (BSC) are commonly found in soils in the drylands regions, which can influence stabilization, water retention, nutrient cycling (particularly carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) dynamics), and several ecological processes. However, the composition of BSC in Brazilian soils undergoing the desertification process remains poorly understood. This study aimed to characterize the bacterial community in BSC formed in a Brazilian semiarid region under the desertification process. Thus, a highly desertified region was selected from which 34 BSC samples were collected. The total DNA of the BSC was extracted from 0.5 g samples, and the bacterial community was sequenced by a Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) platform (Miseq ­ Illumina®) using universal primers (515F and 806R). Bioinformatic analysis was carried out in QIIME (v.1.9), and the Operational Taxonomic Units (OTU) table was constructed following the Sumaclust methodology. The pH of BSC, C, N, and phosphorus contents was analyzed. Our study identified a diverse bacterial community in the BSCs. Cyanobacteria, Chloroflexi, and Proteobacteria phyla presented the greatest relative abundance (%) across the samples. Cyanobacteria were dominated by the orders Nostocales and Leptolyngbyales. The prediction of the putative functions found that mostf OTU were related to phototrophy, photosynthetic cyanobacteria, and photoautotrophy. The study found correlations between bacterial phyla and BSC properties, with Cyanobacteria positively related to C. Chloroflexi, Armatimonadetes, and WPS-2 were negatively correlated with C and N contents. These results suggest the critical roles bacteria communities play in BSCs from the Caatinga biome and highlight the potential impact of environmental factors on their diversity and functions.(AU)

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Alimentação segura, adequada e saudável é um direito de todo cidadão brasileiro, portanto, é responsabilidade do poder público garantir a prevenção de doenças de transmissão hídrica e alimentar. Estas podem estar associadas à contaminação por microrganismos ou substâncias químicas. A contaminação pode se dar em toda a cadeia produtiva, logo, é necessário que se faça um treinamento com os agentes envolvidos nesse processo. O presente trabalho analisou o nível de retenção do conteúdo teórico de um curso de capacitação para manipuladores de alimentação escolar da rede pública do município de Jaboticabal, SP. Essa análise foi feita por meio da aplicação de um questionário anteriormente à ministração do curso e, o mesmo questionário, imediatamente após. O teste não paramétrico Wilcoxon e o teste de associação de Spearman permitiram observar um aumento da pontuação (P=0,0002199/ P<0,05) nos questionários após a ministração do treinamento; no entanto, quando analisado questão a questão, esse aumento não se mostrou significativo na maioria das questões, ocorrendo apenas na pergunta cuja resposta foi abordada de forma lúdica. Recomenda-se a adoção de metodologias ativas em futuros treinamentos de manipuladores de alimentos e em outras ações de Educação Permanente em Saúde e Educação popular em Saúde.(AU)

The safety of our food is a basic right of every Brazilian citizen, therefore, the State must ensure the prevention of food-borne diseases. These may be associated with food contamination by microorganisms or chemical substances. Contamination can occur in all the productive chain, so it is necessary to training people involved in this process. The present work analyzed the level of retention of the theoretical content of a training course for school food handlers in the public network in the municipality of Jaboticabal. This analysis was carried out by applying a questionnaire prior to the course delivery and the same questionnaire immediately after. The non-parametric Wilcoxon test and Spearman's association test allowed us to observe an increase in the scores of the questionnaires after the training; however, when analyzed question by question, this increase was not significant in most questions, occurring only in the question whose answer was approached in a playful way. It is recommended that active methodologies be adopted in future training of food handlers and in other Continuing Health Education and popular Health Education actions.(AU)

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Background: Micrurus mipartitus is a coral snake of public health concern in Colombia. Its venom is mainly composed of three-finger toxins (3FTxs), Mipartoxin-1 being the most abundant protein partially responsible for its lethal effect. In this work, we present the production of Mipartoxin-1 in a recombinant form and evaluate its immunogenic potential. Methods: A genetic construct HisrMipartoxin-1 was cloned into the pET28a vector and heterologous expression was obtained in E. coli BL21 (DE3). The recombinant HisrMipartoxin-1 protein was extracted from inclusion bodies, refolded in vitro, and isolated by affinity and RP-HPLC chromatography. The lethal effect of HisrMipartoxin-1 was tested, and antibodies against HisrMipartoxin-1 were produced by immunization in rabbits. The antibody titers were monitored by an ELISA test. The neutralizing ability of the antibodies, against the lethal effect of native toxins and M. mipartitus venom, was also assessed. Results: HisrMipartoxin-1 was detected on SDS-PAGE, with a molecular mass of around 11 kDa. The retention time was 16.0 minutes. HisrMipartoxin-1 did not exhibit lethality in mice; however, antibodies against HisrMipartoxin-1 recognized the native toxin, the whole venom of M. mipartitus, and a 3FTx from another species within the Micrurus genus. Furthermore, antibodies against HisrMipartoxin-1 completely neutralized the lethal effect of native Mipartoxin-1 in mice but not M. mipartitus whole venom. Conclusion: These findings indicate that HisrMipartoxin-1 might be used as an immunogen to develop anticoral antivenoms or complement them. This work is the first report of the heterologous expression of 3FTx from M. mipartitus.

Resumo

This study aimed to develop and assess a deterministic mathematical model for predicting the impacts of varying sow replacement rates on the performance of farms producing weaned piglets. Initially, the influence of replacement rate on herd structure was examined using two equations, which accounted for the percentage of sows replaced (55, 45, and 35%), retention rates between parities (13, 9, and 5%), and number of last parities in the herd (6, 7, and 8). The model then estimated sow development throughout the reproductive cycle, starting with an initial weight of 140 kg at first mating and adjusting for weight gains during gestation and losses during lactation, influenced by the varying number of live-born piglets across parities. Energy requirements were calculated using the factorial method, which included maintenance, protein and fat gains, and milk production. The generated data formed various scenarios to derive productive values. These scenarios were analyzed using analysis of variance with the general linear model procedure, treating each scenario as a separate treatment. Early parities (up to P3) contributed 42% in SC-35, 51% in SC-45, and 60% in SC-55. Significant differences were noted in variables such as average parity, birth weight, feed intake during gestation, and average piglet weight gain. The developed model, incorporating replacement gilt modules, gestation, and lactation, can effectively predict herd structure by parity and assess the impact of annual sow replacement rates on the productivity of farms rearing weaned piglets.(AU)

Resumo

Plants have profound therapeutic benefits, more economical treatments, fewer side effects, and a relatively cheap cost, making them a source of drugs for protective, preventative, curative, or conducive purposes and creating novel phytomedicines. Plant derived medicines are relatively safe compared to synthetic medicines. Many plants have proved to successfully aid in the treatment of diabetes including Filago hurdwarica (Wall. ex DC.) Wagenitz. The current investigations were therefore designed to assess the phytochemical, antioxidant, antidiabetic, and antihyperlipidemic activities of F. hurdwarica. The phytochemical investigations and antioxidant activities of different extracts were carried out using standard chemical tests, DPPH, and H2O2 scavenging assays. F. hurdwarica plant extract in Hydromethanolic solution were prepared by Soxhletation method and stored in refrigerator at 4°C for two days before use. Swiss Albino mice were made diabetic by a single dose of alloxan (150 mg/kg). Hydromethanolic plant extract and fractions of F. hurdwarica were screened for antidiabetic activity and given to the alloxan-induced diabetic mice at a concentration of 150-250 mg/kg of body weight in different groups of 6 diabetic mice each orally once a day for 15 days. Glibenclamide is also given to another group to as a standard drug to support the result at a dose of 10 mg/kg of body weight orally once a day for 15 days. Blood glucose levels and body weights of mice were measured on 0, 4, 7, 11 and 15th days. The study found that the extract was safe up to the dose level of 2000 mg/kg and the dose response effect of chloroform extract (150-250 mg/kg) of F. hurdwarica showed expressive antihyperglycemic effects and also improved other altered biochemical parameters associated with diabetes. The FTIR and XRD spectra demonstrated the occurrence of phenols, alcohols, alkenes, alkyl halides, ketones, and aromatic compounds and confirmed the amorphous nature of the extract. GC-MS spectral analysis showed the tentative presence of 31 phytochemical constituents in the chloroform extract of F. hurdwarica with different retention time. To conclude, the chloroform extract (250 mg/kg) of F. hurdwarica revealed considerable antioxidant, antihyperglycemic, and antihyperlipidemic potential and is safe for treating diabetes and related complications.

As plantas têm profundos benefícios terapêuticos, tratamentos mais econômicos, menos efeitos colaterais e um custo relativamente barato, tornando-as uma fonte de medicamentos para fins protetores, preventivos, curativos ou propícios e criando novos fitomedicamentos. Medicamentos derivados de plantas são relativamente seguros em comparação com medicamentos sintéticos. Muitas plantas provaram ajudar com sucesso no tratamento de diabetes, incluindo Filago hurdwarica (Wall. ex DC.) Wagenitz. As investigações atuais foram, portanto, projetadas para avaliar as atividades fitoquímicas, antioxidantes, antidiabéticas e anti-hiperlipidêmicas de F. hurdwarica. As investigações fitoquímicas e atividades antioxidantes de diferentes extratos foram realizadas usando testes químicos padrão, DPPH e ensaios de eliminação de H2O2. O extrato da planta F. hurdwarica em solução hidrometanólica foi preparado pelo método Soxhletation e armazenado em geladeira a 4 °C por dois dias antes do uso. Camundongos Swiss Albino foram tornados diabéticos por uma única dose de aloxana (150 mg/kg). Extrato de planta hidrometanólica e frações de F. hurdwarica foram rastreados quanto à atividade antidiabética e administrados aos camundongos diabéticos induzidos por aloxana em uma concentração de 150-250 mg/kg de peso corporal em diferentes grupos de 6 camundongos diabéticos cada, por via oral, uma vez ao dia por 15 dias. A glibenclamida também é administrada a outro grupo como medicamento padrão para apoiar o resultado na dose de 10 mg/kg de peso corporal por via oral uma vez ao dia por 15 dias. Os níveis de glicose no sangue e os pesos corporais dos camundongos foram medidos em 0, 4, 7, 11 e 15 dias. O estudo descobriu que o extrato era seguro até o nível de dose de 2.000 mg/kg e o efeito dose-resposta do extrato de clorofórmio (150-250 mg/kg) de F. hurdwarica mostrou efeitos anti-hiperglicêmicos expressivos e também melhorou outros parâmetros bioquímicos alterados associados com diabete. Os espectros de FTIR e DRX demonstraram a ocorrência de fenóis, álcoois, alcenos, haletos de alquila, cetonas e compostos aromáticos e confirmaram a natureza amorfa do extrato. A análise espectral por GC-MS mostrou a presença tentativa de 31 constituintes fitoquímicos no extrato clorofórmio de F. hurdwarica com diferentes tempos de retenção. Para concluir, o extrato de clorofórmio (250 mg/kg) de F. hurdwarica revelou considerável potencial antioxidante, anti-hiperglicêmico e anti-hiperlipidêmico e é seguro para o tratamento de diabetes e complicações relacionadas.

Resumo

The aim of this study was to evaluate the inclusion of different levels of soybean meal in pirarucu's diet. 200 pirarucu juveniles (152.15 ± 0.8 g) were distributed in 20 polyethylene tanks with a continuous water flow system. A completely randomized experimental design was used, with five treatments (n = 4) containing 0, 10, 20, 30 and 40% of soybean meal inclusion levels. Growth performance was measured as specific growth rate, feed conversion, weight gain and survival. Body composition, protein retention rate and histopathological changes in the intestine were analyzed. The different treatments did not affect weight gain, specific growth rate and survival. The body composition of the fish was affected by treatments for ash and ether extract and the IHS was also affected. The diet with 40% soybean meal compromised feed conversion rate. Additionally, the distal intestine of fish fed with the same diet showed a reduction in the height of mucosal folds and a loss of supranuclear vacuolation in enterocytes. Based on these results, the inclusion of up to 30% of soybean meal in the diet of juvenile pirarucu is possible without negative effects on performance and enteric morphology.(AU)

Resumo

For the first time, on the basis of complex research, scientifically based and experimentally proven zootechnical feasibility of using the Prevention-N-A biologics developed by us based on the polysaccharide complex of yeast cells Saccharomyces cerevisiae and the aminoglycoside group bactericidal preparation in the technology of obtaining and growing calves in comparison with the previously approved PS-2 preparation. It is proved that three-time intramuscular injection of PS-2 and Prevention-N-A biologics to down-calvers 45-40, 25-20 and 15-10 days before calving in a dose of 10 ml prevents gynecological diseases and increases reproductive function. Under the influence of preparations in cows, the time of separation of the fetal membranes was reduced by 6.0 and 6.4 hours, retention of placenta, post-parturient complications and breast diseases were prevented. The risk of subinvolution of the uterus and endometritis in the first case decreased by 3.0 and 2.0 times, respectively, and in the second ­ was excluded (P<0.05). Against the background of immunocorrection in cows, the time of onset of heat by 11.6 and 14.2 days, the insemination index by 1.6 and 1.8 times, the service period by 22.4 and 28.4 days, and fertilization in 1 oestrus increased by 2.5 and 3.0 times (P<0.05-0.01). It was found that twice intramuscular injection of PS-2 and Prevention-N-A to calves on 2...3rd and 7... 9th day of life in a dose of 3 ml stimulates their growth and development, reduces the incidence. By the end of the growing period, the animals of the 1st and 2nd experimental groups were superior in live weight to control peers by 4.6 and 7.0 kg, rearing - 13.8 and 17.0 kg, and fattening - by 19.4 and 24.2 kg, respectively (P<0.05-0.01). A similar pattern occurred in the nature of changes in exterior measurements and the growth coefficient of animals of the compared groups. In calves of the experimental groups, the incidence of respiratory and digestive organs decreased by 2.3 and 7.0 times, the recovery time - by 1.3 and 4.3 days, respectively, compared to the control (P<0.05).

Pela primeira vez, fundamentado em pesquisas complexas, apresentamos a viabilidade zootécnica com base científica e experimentalmente comprovada do uso dos produtos biológicos Prevention-N-A desenvolvidos por nós a partir do complexo polissacarídeo de células de levedura Saccharomyces cerevisiae, em conjunto com a solução bactericida do grupo aminoglicosídeo para a tecnologia de obtenção e criação de bezerros em comparação com a solução PS-2 previamente aprovada. Está provado que a aplicação da injeção tripla dos produtos biológicos PS-2 e Prevention-N-A em parturientes 45-40, 25-20 e 15-10 dias antes do parto em uma dose de 10 ml por via intramuscular previne doenças ginecológicas e aumenta a função reprodutiva. Sob a influência desta substância, o tempo de ruptura das membranas foi reduzido em 6,0 e 6,4 horas, prevenindo a retenção de placenta, complicações pós-parto e doenças mamárias nas vacas testadas no presente estudo. O risco de subinvolução uterina e endometrite no primeiro caso diminuiu 3,0 e 2,0 vezes, respectivamente e, no segundo, foi eliminado (P<0,05). No contexto da imunocorreção em vacas, foi observado um aumento de 11,6 e 14,2 dias em relação ao tempo de início do cio, 1,6 a 1,8 vezes na taxa de inseminação, 22,4 e 28,4 dias no período de serviço, e a fertilização em 1 estro aumentou 2,5 e 3,0 vezes (P<0,05-0,01). Verificou-se que a injeção dupla de PS-2 e Prevention-N-A em bezerros após 2-3 e 7-9 dias de vida na dose de 3 ml por via intramuscular estimula o crescimento e desenvolvimento, reduzindo a incidência de doenças. Ao final do período de crescimento, os animais do 1º e 2º grupos experimentais apresentaram ganhos de peso em carcaça superiores aos grupo de controle em 4,6 e 7,0 kg, assim como um aumento relacionado à recria - 13,8 e 17,0 kg e engorda - em 19,4 e 24,2 kg, respectivamente (P <0,05-0,01). Um padrão semelhante ocorre na natureza das mudanças de medidas externas e no coeficiente de crescimento dos animais dos grupos estudados. Nos bezerros dos grupos experimentais, a incidência de órgãos respiratórios e digestivos diminuiu 2,3 e 7,0 vezes, e o tempo de recuperação reduziu em 1,3 e 4,3 dias, respectivamente, em comparação ao grupo de controle (P<0,05).