Optimization of oxalic acid production by fungi for biotechnological solubilization of rock phosphate

This study describes a biotechnological strategy for producing and applying oxalic acid to solubilize phosphorus (P) from rock phosphate (RP). We evaluated six fungal species (Aspergillus niger FS1, Penicillium islandicum FS41, Pleurotus ostreatus PO1, Rhizoctonia solani Rhiz555, Sclerotium rolfsii Sr25, and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum Scl134) and three culture media (potato dextrose broth, Tsao and Strasser media) to maximize oxalic acid production. Among the fungal isolates tested and culture media, S. rolfsii Sr25 and Tsao medium showed efficient oxalic acid production. Tsao medium was optimized following a response surface methodology after initial screening of factors affecting RP solubilization. The optimized concentrations were 1 g L-1 NaNO3, 100 g L-1 glucose, 2 g L-1 KH2PO4, 4.5 g L-1 yeast extract, and 25 mg L-1 MgSO4·7H2O used for 20 days of incubation. Under these conditions, 71 mmol L-1 oxalic acid was obtained, representing a three-fold increase over production under non-optimized conditions (20 mmol L-1). Under optimized conditions, oxalic acid produced by S. rolfsii Sr25 reacted with low-solubility RP and solubilized 100 % of the P contained in ore. Thus, using S. rolfsii Sr25 to produce oxalic acid seems a promising biotechnological alternative for P solubilization from RP.(AU)

Phosphorus acquisition from phosphate rock by soil cover crops, maize, and a buckwheat-maize cropping system

Alternatives to enhance the consensual low phosphorus (P) use efficiency of agriculture may include use of phosphate rock (PR) and plant species with unequal ability to get soil and rock P interplanted in cropping systems to allow plants with higher ability to facilitate access to P of plants with lower ability. This study investigated (i) the maize and three soil cover crops on their capacity to acquire P from PR and (ii) measured P acquisition of maize interplanted with the soil cover crop with the highest capacity to acquire P shown in (i). Experiments were carried out in a greenhouse, with plants grown in single and mixed cropping in pots containing a sandy, low-P soil amended with Monocalcium Phosphate (McP) or the Brazilian PR Itafós. Plant biomass production with PR, in relation to McP, was 83.7 % for buckwheat, 83.6 % for forage radish, 51.8 % for maize, and 0.3 % for pigeon pea. Buckwheat showed capacity of acquiring P from PR; nevertheless, it did not increase growth or P nutrition of maize interplanted in the soil amended with PR, showing no significant P facilitation. The soil amended with McP showed competition between the two plants in the pots. Maize had a greater growth in mixed than in single cropping and this occurred at the expenses of buckwheat. Despite the P mobilization potential of buckwheat, its simple interplanting with maize did not produce positive results.

Maize yields and carbon pools in response to poultry litter, rock phosphate and P-solubilizing microorganisms

The acid release of phosphates from rock phosphates (RP) and the retention of ammonium by inorganic phosphates have been studied separately in composting; however, there is a gap in the knowledge of combined application of RP with organic residues and microorganisms. The objectives were to evaluate the combined application of fresh poultry litter (PL) with RP and P-solubilizing microorganisms (M) on soil organic matter pools, microbial biomass C (MB-C) and on whole-plant silage maize and grain yields. Two field experiments tested the effects of timing of applications of PL (8 Mg ha–1), RP (4 Mg ha–1) and microorganisms on soil organic matter pools, nutritional aspects and productive components of maize crop whole-plant silage. A second experiment evaluated the effects of RP doses (0, 3, 6 and 9 Mg ha–1) with a fixed dose of PL (8 Mg ha–1) on maize grains. Application of PL+RP decreased soil organic C, while RP alone increased the humin fraction C compared to the control. The MB-C in soil with PL and PL+RP+M increased in comparison to the control and the RP. The application of PL, based on an average of fall and spring, increased leaves + stem dry matter, while in the fall on its own, the highest cob yield was observed in the combination of PL+RP, showing synergistic effects. The best ratio of poultry litter to rock phosphate combination is 2:1 in the anticipated fall application on the maize silage crop or immediate application on the maize grain crops.

Maize yields and carbon pools in response to poultry litter, rock phosphate and P-solubilizing microorganisms

The acid release of phosphates from rock phosphates (RP) and the retention of ammonium by inorganic phosphates have been studied separately in composting; however, there is a gap in the knowledge of combined application of RP with organic residues and microorganisms. The objectives were to evaluate the combined application of fresh poultry litter (PL) with RP and P-solubilizing microorganisms (M) on soil organic matter pools, microbial biomass C (MB-C) and on whole-plant silage maize and grain yields. Two field experiments tested the effects of timing of applications of PL (8 Mg ha–1), RP (4 Mg ha–1) and microorganisms on soil organic matter pools, nutritional aspects and productive components of maize crop whole-plant silage. A second experiment evaluated the effects of RP doses (0, 3, 6 and 9 Mg ha–1) with a fixed dose of PL (8 Mg ha–1) on maize grains. Application of PL+RP decreased soil organic C, while RP alone increased the humin fraction C compared to the control. The MB-C in soil with PL and PL+RP+M increased in comparison to the control and the RP. The application of PL, based on an average of fall and spring, increased leaves + stem dry matter, while in the fall on its own, the highest cob yield was observed in the combination of PL+RP, showing synergistic effects. The best ratio of poultry litter to rock phosphate combination is 2:1 in the anticipated fall application on the maize silage crop or immediate application on the maize grain crops.(AU)

Characterization of associative diazotrophic bacteria in torch ginger / Caracterização de bactérias diazotróficas associativas em bastão-do-imperador

Associative diazotrophic bacteria perform several processes that promote increased plant development and production, allowing a reduction in the use of agricultural inputs and costs. However, for some species, such as torch ginger, there are still no reports of studies aimed at identifying diazotrophic bacteria associated with this species. On this basis, this study proposes to isolate and characterize associative diazotrophic bacteria in rhizospheric soils and roots of torch ginger as well as analyze the potential of these isolates in solubilizing phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) and producing indole-3- acetic acid (IAA). Soil and roots samples of torch ginger were inoculated into five different semi-solid and semi-selective culture media, namely, NFb, JNFb, LGI, JMV and FAM, where bacterial growth was diagnosed by the formation of a characteristic film on the surface of the media. Subsequently, the bacterial isolates were analyzed for their ability to solubilize P and K in liquid medium, using phosphate rock powder (AO-15) and potassium rock powder (phonolite) as sources of P and K, respectively. All culture media showed bacterial growth, making this the first report of isolation of diazotrophic bacterial strains in this species. Eight of the obtained strains originated from rhizospheric soils and four from roots of torch ginger. Of these, 10 solubilized P, with the UNIFENAS 100-340, UNIFENAS 100-342 and UNIFENAS 100-348 strains standing out. Six strains showed K solubilizing ability, UNIFENAS 100-346 being the most efficient. All strains were able to produce the IAA phytohormone, both in the presence and absence of tryptophan, with superior results obtained by UNIFENAS 100-344 and UNIFENAS 100-351.

As bactérias diazotróficas associativas realizam diversos processos que promovem o maior desenvolvimento e produção vegetal, reduzindo o uso de insumos agrícolas e custos. No entanto, para algumas espécies, como o bastão-do-imperador, ainda não existem relatos de estudos visando identificar as bactérias diazotróficas associadas à esta espécie. Objetivou-se isolar e caracterizar bactérias diazotróficas associativas em solos rizosféricos e raízes de bastão-do-imperador e analisar o potencial destes isolados em solubilizar fósforo (P) e potássio (K) e produzir ácido 3-indol acético (AIA). As amostras de solos e raízes do bastão-do-imperador foram inoculadas em cinco diferentes meios de cultura semi-sólidos e semisseletivos, NFb, JNFb, LGI, JMV e FAM, em que o crescimento bacteriano foi diagnosticado pela formação de película característica na superfície dos meios. Posteriormente, os isolados bacterianos foram analisados quanto à capacidade de solubilizar P e potássio K em meio líquido, utilizando pó de rocha fosfatada, AO-15 e potássica, fonolito, como fontes de P e K, respectivamente. Todos os meios de cultivo utilizados apresentaram crescimento bacteriano, sendo este o primeiro relato de isolamento de estirpes bacterianas diazotróficas desta espécie. Das estirpes obtidas, oito foram de solos rizosféricos e quatro das raízes do bastão-do-imperador. Destas, 10 solubilizaram P, sendo as estirpes UNIFENAS 100-340 UNIFENAS 100-342 e UNIFENAS 100-348 as que se destacaram. Quanto a solubilização de K, seis estipes apresentaram a capacidade de solubilização, sendo a estirpe UNIFENAS 100-346 a mais eficiente. Em relação à produção de AIA, todas foram capazes de produzir esse fitormônio, tanto na presença quanto ausência do triptofano, com destaque para as estirpes UNIFENAS 100-344 e UNIFENAS 100-351.

Characterization of associative diazotrophic bacteria in torch ginger / Caracterização de bactérias diazotróficas associativas em bastão-do-imperador

Associative diazotrophic bacteria perform several processes that promote increased plant development and production, allowing a reduction in the use of agricultural inputs and costs. However, for some species, such as torch ginger, there are still no reports of studies aimed at identifying diazotrophic bacteria associated with this species. On this basis, this study proposes to isolate and characterize associative diazotrophic bacteria in rhizospheric soils and roots of torch ginger as well as analyze the potential of these isolates in solubilizing phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) and producing indole-3- acetic acid (IAA). Soil and roots samples of torch ginger were inoculated into five different semi-solid and semi-selective culture media, namely, NFb, JNFb, LGI, JMV and FAM, where bacterial growth was diagnosed by the formation of a characteristic film on the surface of the media. Subsequently, the bacterial isolates were analyzed for their ability to solubilize P and K in liquid medium, using phosphate rock powder (AO-15) and potassium rock powder (phonolite) as sources of P and K, respectively. All culture media showed bacterial growth, making this the first report of isolation of diazotrophic bacterial strains in this species. Eight of the obtained strains originated from rhizospheric soils and four from roots of torch ginger. Of these, 10 solubilized P, with the UNIFENAS 100-340, UNIFENAS 100-342 and UNIFENAS 100-348 strains standing out. Six strains showed K solubilizing ability, UNIFENAS 100-346 being the most efficient. All strains were able to produce the IAA phytohormone, both in the presence and absence of tryptophan, with superior results obtained by UNIFENAS 100-344 and UNIFENAS 100-351.(AU)

As bactérias diazotróficas associativas realizam diversos processos que promovem o maior desenvolvimento e produção vegetal, reduzindo o uso de insumos agrícolas e custos. No entanto, para algumas espécies, como o bastão-do-imperador, ainda não existem relatos de estudos visando identificar as bactérias diazotróficas associadas à esta espécie. Objetivou-se isolar e caracterizar bactérias diazotróficas associativas em solos rizosféricos e raízes de bastão-do-imperador e analisar o potencial destes isolados em solubilizar fósforo (P) e potássio (K) e produzir ácido 3-indol acético (AIA). As amostras de solos e raízes do bastão-do-imperador foram inoculadas em cinco diferentes meios de cultura semi-sólidos e semisseletivos, NFb, JNFb, LGI, JMV e FAM, em que o crescimento bacteriano foi diagnosticado pela formação de película característica na superfície dos meios. Posteriormente, os isolados bacterianos foram analisados quanto à capacidade de solubilizar P e potássio K em meio líquido, utilizando pó de rocha fosfatada, AO-15 e potássica, fonolito, como fontes de P e K, respectivamente. Todos os meios de cultivo utilizados apresentaram crescimento bacteriano, sendo este o primeiro relato de isolamento de estirpes bacterianas diazotróficas desta espécie. Das estirpes obtidas, oito foram de solos rizosféricos e quatro das raízes do bastão-do-imperador. Destas, 10 solubilizaram P, sendo as estirpes UNIFENAS 100-340 UNIFENAS 100-342 e UNIFENAS 100-348 as que se destacaram. Quanto a solubilização de K, seis estipes apresentaram a capacidade de solubilização, sendo a estirpe UNIFENAS 100-346 a mais eficiente. Em relação à produção de AIA, todas foram capazes de produzir esse fitormônio, tanto na presença quanto ausência do triptofano, com destaque para as estirpes UNIFENAS 100-344 e UNIFENAS 100-351.(AU)

Efeito de diferentes fontes e solubilidades de fósforo no desenvolvimento e nutrição do capim Mombaça / Effect of different phosphorus sources and solubilities in Mombaça grass development and nutrition

O fósforo é primordial para as pastagens e a adubação combinada com fontes fosfatadas podem aumentar qualidade nutricional e produtiva do Mombaça. Objetivou-se avaliar as características morfológicas, produtivas e nutricionais do capim Mombaça submetido a combinações de fontes de fósforo solúvel e natural. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado, com dez tratamentos e quatro repetições. Os tratamentos consistiram de três fontes e seis combinações de fontes de fosforo equivalente a 90 kg ha-1 de P2O5, sendo: Controle, Rejeito de rocha fosfática (RJ), Superfosfato triplo (ST), Yoorin Master 1 (YR), RJ + ST (70% e 30%), RJ + ST (50% e 50%), RJ + YR (70% e 30%), RJ + YR (50% e 50%), YR + ST (70% e 30%), YR + ST (50% e 50%). O capim Mombaça foi cultivado durante três cortes (60, 105 e 150 DAS).  As combinações YR + ST (50% e 50%), YR + ST (70% e 30%) e RJ + YR (50% e 50%) proporcionaram resultados positivos para caracteres agronômicos e as fontes RJ, RJ + ST (50% e 50%) e RJ + YR (50% e 50%) para teor de P. A adubação fosfatada, independentemente da fonte e mistura, propiciou incremento no capim Mombaça.

Phosphorus is primordial for pasture and fertilization combined with phosphate sources that can increase the nutritional and productive quality of Mombasa. With that, the objective of this study was to evaluate the morphological, productive and nutritional characteristics of Mombaça grass submitted to combinations of soluble and natural phosphorus sources. The experimental design was randomized with ten treatments and four replications. Controls consist of three sources and six combinations of phosphorus sources equivalent to 90 kg ha-1 of P2O5, namely: Control, Phosphate Rock Tailings (RJ), Triple Superphosphate (ST), Yoorin Master 1 (YR), RJ + ST (70% and 30%), RJ + ST (50% and 50%), RJ + YR (70% and 30%),RJ + YR (50% and 50%), YR + ST (70% and 30) %), YR + ST (50% and 50%). Mombasa grass was grown in three cuts (60, 105 and 150 DAS). As combinations YR + ST (50% and 50%), YR + ST (70% and 30%) and RJ + YR (50% and 50%) provided positive results for agronomic characters and as RJ, RJ + ST (50 % and 50%) and RJ + YR (50% and 50%) for the P content. The phosphate addition, the source reduction and the mixture increased the Mombaça grass.

Efeito de diferentes fontes e solubilidades de fósforo no desenvolvimento e nutrição do capim Mombaça / Effect of different phosphorus sources and solubilities in Mombaça grass development and nutrition

O fósforo é primordial para as pastagens e a adubação combinada com fontes fosfatadas podem aumentar qualidade nutricional e produtiva do Mombaça. Objetivou-se avaliar as características morfológicas, produtivas e nutricionais do capim Mombaça submetido a combinações de fontes de fósforo solúvel e natural. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado, com dez tratamentos e quatro repetições. Os tratamentos consistiram de três fontes e seis combinações de fontes de fosforo equivalente a 90 kg ha-1 de P2O5, sendo: Controle, Rejeito de rocha fosfática (RJ), Superfosfato triplo (ST), Yoorin Master 1 (YR), RJ + ST (70% e 30%), RJ + ST (50% e 50%), RJ + YR (70% e 30%), RJ + YR (50% e 50%), YR + ST (70% e 30%), YR + ST (50% e 50%). O capim Mombaça foi cultivado durante três cortes (60, 105 e 150 DAS).  As combinações YR + ST (50% e 50%), YR + ST (70% e 30%) e RJ + YR (50% e 50%) proporcionaram resultados positivos para caracteres agronômicos e as fontes RJ, RJ + ST (50% e 50%) e RJ + YR (50% e 50%) para teor de P. A adubação fosfatada, independentemente da fonte e mistura, propiciou incremento no capim Mombaça.(AU)

Phosphorus is primordial for pasture and fertilization combined with phosphate sources that can increase the nutritional and productive quality of Mombasa. With that, the objective of this study was to evaluate the morphological, productive and nutritional characteristics of Mombaça grass submitted to combinations of soluble and natural phosphorus sources. The experimental design was randomized with ten treatments and four replications. Controls consist of three sources and six combinations of phosphorus sources equivalent to 90 kg ha-1 of P2O5, namely: Control, Phosphate Rock Tailings (RJ), Triple Superphosphate (ST), Yoorin Master 1 (YR), RJ + ST (70% and 30%), RJ + ST (50% and 50%), RJ + YR (70% and 30%),RJ + YR (50% and 50%), YR + ST (70% and 30) %), YR + ST (50% and 50%). Mombasa grass was grown in three cuts (60, 105 and 150 DAS). As combinations YR + ST (50% and 50%), YR + ST (70% and 30%) and RJ + YR (50% and 50%) provided positive results for agronomic characters and as RJ, RJ + ST (50 % and 50%) and RJ + YR (50% and 50%) for the P content. The phosphate addition, the source reduction and the mixture increased the Mombaça grass.(AU)

Endophytic Bacillus strains enhance pearl millet growth and nutrient uptake under low-P

Abstract Bacterial endophytes are considered to have a beneficial effect on host plants, improving their growth by different mechanisms. The objective of this study was to investigate the capacity of four endophytic Bacillus strains to solubilize iron phosphate (Fe-P), produce siderophores and indole-acetic acid (IAA) in vitro, and to evaluate their plant growth promotion ability in greenhouse conditions by inoculation into pearl millet cultivated in a P-deficient soils without P fertilization, with Araxá rock phosphate or soluble triple superphosphate. All strains solubilized Fe-P and three of them produced carboxylate-type siderophores and high levels of IAA in the presence of tryptophan. Positive effect of inoculation of some of these strains on shoot and root dry weight and the N P K content of plants cultivated in soil with no P fertilization might result from the synergistic combination of multiple plant growth promoting (PGP) traits. Specifically, while B1923 enhanced shoot and root dry weight and root N P content of plants cultivated with no P added, B2084 and B2088 strains showed positive performance on biomass production and accumulation of N P K in the shoot, indicating that they have higher potential to be microbial biofertilizer candidates for commercial applications in the absence of fertilization.

Endophytic Bacillus strains enhance pearl millet growth and nutrient uptake under low-P

Bacterial endophytes are considered to have a beneficial effect on host plants, improving their growth by different mechanisms. The objective of this study was to investigate the capacity of four endophytic Bacillus strains to solubilize iron phosphate (Fe-P), produce siderophores and indole-acetic acid (IAA) in vitro, and to evaluate their plant growth promotion ability in greenhouse conditions by inoculation into pearl millet cultivated in a P-deficient soils without P fertilization, with Araxá rock phosphate or soluble triple superphosphate. All strains solubilized Fe-P and three of them produced carboxylate-type siderophores and high levels of IAA in the presence of tryptophan. Positive effect of inoculation of some of these strains on shoot and root dry weight and the N P K content of plants cultivated in soil with no P fertilization might result from the synergistic combination of multiple plant growth promoting (PGP) traits. Specifically, while B1923 enhanced shoot and root dry weight and root N P content of plants cultivated with no P added, B2084 and B2088 strains showed positive performance on biomass production and accumulation of N P K in the shoot, indicating that they have higher potential to be microbial biofertilizer candidates for commercial applications in the absence of fertilization.(AU)

Use of Gafsa rock phosphate and poultry litter in organic system of potato production / Uso de fosfato natural Gafsa e cama de aviário em sistema orgânico de produção de batata

This work was carried out in São Joaquim, Santa Catarina, Brazil, during the 2009/2010 crop cycle, in order to evaluate the use of Gafsa rock phosphate combined with poultry litter on tuber yield and leaf mineral composition of organically grown potatoes. The experimental design was a completely randomized block with five replications testing four rates of Gafsa rock phosphate (0; 1.333; 2.666 and 4,000 kg ha-1) combined with the single application of 8 t ha-1 of poultry litter. Regardless of rate applied, the tuber production was not affected by rock phosphate fertilization. Even with the maximum rate of Gafsa rock phosphate, tuber yield was similar to the control with just poultry litter, indicating that the rock phosphate solubility was low during a single crop cycle. Except for P and Ca contents, the poultry litter rate of 8 t ha-1 promoted adequate concentrations for the other nutrients evaluated in the leaves. Due the low P content in the leaves, it was inferred that P was the main limiting nutrient for potato tuber yield in our study.

O trabalho foi realizado no município de São Joaquim, Santa Catarina, durante o ciclo de cultivo 2009/2010, com o objetivo de avaliar a utilização fosfato natural Gafsa combinado com cama de aviário sobre a produtividade de tubérculos e a composição mineral das folhas em um sistema orgânico de produção de batata consumo. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos ao acaso com cinco repetições e foram testadas quatro doses de fosfato natural Gafsa (0, 1333, 2666 e 4000 kg ha-1) combinadas à dose única de 8 t ha-1 de cama de aviário. Independentemente da dose utilizada, não houve incremento na produção de tubérculos de batata com a adição de fosfato natural Gafsa. A produtividade obtida mesmo com a dose máxima do fosfato natural foi igual em relação a quando se adubou somente com cama de aviário, indicando que a solubilização do fosfato natural Gafsa foi baixa durante um único ciclo de produção da batata. A dose de 8 t ha-1 de cama de aviário propiciou concentrações adequadas dos nutrientes nas folhas, exceto para P e Ca. Devido à baixa concentração de P encontrada nas folhas, presume-se que este nutriente foi o que mais limitou o rendimento de tubérculos.

Use of Gafsa rock phosphate and poultry litter in organic system of potato production / Uso de fosfato natural Gafsa e cama de aviário em sistema orgânico de produção de batata

This work was carried out in São Joaquim, Santa Catarina, Brazil, during the 2009/2010 crop cycle, in order to evaluate the use of Gafsa rock phosphate combined with poultry litter on tuber yield and leaf mineral composition of organically grown potatoes. The experimental design was a completely randomized block with five replications testing four rates of Gafsa rock phosphate (0; 1.333; 2.666 and 4,000 kg ha-1) combined with the single application of 8 t ha-1 of poultry litter. Regardless of rate applied, the tuber production was not affected by rock phosphate fertilization. Even with the maximum rate of Gafsa rock phosphate, tuber yield was similar to the control with just poultry litter, indicating that the rock phosphate solubility was low during a single crop cycle. Except for P and Ca contents, the poultry litter rate of 8 t ha-1 promoted adequate concentrations for the other nutrients evaluated in the leaves. Due the low P content in the leaves, it was inferred that P was the main limiting nutrient for potato tuber yield in our study.(AU)

O trabalho foi realizado no município de São Joaquim, Santa Catarina, durante o ciclo de cultivo 2009/2010, com o objetivo de avaliar a utilização fosfato natural Gafsa combinado com cama de aviário sobre a produtividade de tubérculos e a composição mineral das folhas em um sistema orgânico de produção de batata consumo. O delineamento experimental foi o de blocos ao acaso com cinco repetições e foram testadas quatro doses de fosfato natural Gafsa (0, 1333, 2666 e 4000 kg ha-1) combinadas à dose única de 8 t ha-1 de cama de aviário. Independentemente da dose utilizada, não houve incremento na produção de tubérculos de batata com a adição de fosfato natural Gafsa. A produtividade obtida mesmo com a dose máxima do fosfato natural foi igual em relação a quando se adubou somente com cama de aviário, indicando que a solubilização do fosfato natural Gafsa foi baixa durante um único ciclo de produção da batata. A dose de 8 t ha-1 de cama de aviário propiciou concentrações adequadas dos nutrientes nas folhas, exceto para P e Ca. Devido à baixa concentração de P encontrada nas folhas, presume-se que este nutriente foi o que mais limitou o rendimento de tubérculos.(AU)

Distribution and morphology of root system of Eucalyptus dunnii in response to phosphorus fertilization / Distribuição e morfologia do sistema radicular de Eucalyptus dunnii em resposta à aplicação de fósforo

A utilização de fosfatos solúveis e fosfatos naturais é prática usual na adubação de eucalipto. Como a adubação fosfatada é localizada próximo às plantas, o fósforo (P) pode interferir no crescimento e na morfologia do sistema radicular. O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o crescimento e as características morfológicas do sistema radicular de Eucalyptus dunnii com o uso de fosfato solúvel e natural. As amostras foram coletadas no ano de 2013 de um experimento instalado em 2010 no município de Otacílio Costa (SC).  Foram coletadas amostras de quatro tratamentos: 1) testemunha sem P, 2) adubação com 60 kg ha-1 de P2O5, na forma de fosfato natural; 3) 75 kg ha-1 de P2O5, na forma de superfosfato triplo e; 4) 60 kg ha-1 de P2O5 de fosfato natural mais 75 kg ha-1 de P2O5 de fosfato solúvel (doses escolhidas por representar o usual nos reflorestamentos da região). A coleta de raízes ocorreu 28 meses após o plantio das mudas e aplicação dos tratamentos com o auxílio de uma sonda de 40 mm de diâmetro. As amostras de solo e raízes foram coletas em três distâncias a partir do fuste (10, 60 e 120 cm) e em duas profundidades (0-10 e 10-20 cm). As raízes foram separadas em duas classes de diâmetro: 0 a 2 mm e 2 a 5 mm. Foram caracterizadas a massa seca de raízes, raio radicular, comprimento, volume e área radicular. No solo foi determinado o teor de P disponível. O fosfato natural não estimulou o crescimento radicular e o fosfato solúvel foi a fonte que proporcionou melhor crescimento e desenvolvimento de raízes finas no Eucalyptus dunnii, sendo que a maior concentração dessas raízes está localizada próximo ao fuste e na camada mais superficial do solo.(AU)

The use of soluble phosphates and rock phosphates is a normal practice in Eucalyptus fertilization. As the phosphorus fertilizer is located near the plant, phosphorus (P) may interfere with the growth and morphology of the root system. The objective of this work was to evaluate the growth and morphological characteristics of root system of Eucalyptus dunnii using soluble and rock phosphate. Samples were collected in 2013 from an experiment established in 2010 in the city of Otacílio Costa, SC. Samples were collected from four treatments: 1) control without P; 2) fertilization with 60 kg ha-1 of P2O5 in the form of phosphate rock; 3) 75 kg ha-1 of P2O5 in the form of triple superphosphate and; 4) 60 kg ha-1 rock phosphate P2O5 plus 75 kg ha-1 P2O5 soluble phosphate (these doses being chosen because it represents the usual practice in the reforestation of the region). The collection of roots occurred 28 months after planting of the seedlings and application of treatment with a 40 mm in diameter and 100 mm high probe. The soil and root samples were collected at three distances from the shaft (10, 60 and 120 cm) and two layers (0-10 and 10-20 cm). The roots were separated in two diameter classes: 0 to 2 mm and 2 to 5 mm. Dry matter of roots were characterized, root radius, length, volume and root area. Rock phosphate did not stimulate root growth and the soluble phosphate was the source that improved growth and development of fine roots in Eucalyptus dunnii, with the highest concentration of these roots being located near the shaft and in the most superficial layer of soil.(AU)

ADUBAÇÃO FOSFATADA NO DIFERIMENTO E REBROTA DO CAPIM MARANDU

Objetivou-se avaliar o potencial da adubação fosfatada como estratégia para produzir um pasto diferido e verificar o potencial de efeito residual desta adubação para a rebrota do capim Marandu na próxima estação de chuvas. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi em blocos casualizados com os tratamentos dispostos em um fatorial 2 x 5 + 1, sendo duas fontes de fósforo (superfosfato simples e fosfato natural reativo de Arad) e cinco doses de fósforo (0, 25, 50, 75 e 100 kg ha-1 de P2O5), com quatro repetições e mais um tratamento adicional sem qualquer tipo de adubação (testemunha). As variáveis avaliadas foram: altura, densidade populacional de perfilhos, massa seca de forragem, massa seca total, massa seca de raízes, relação folha:colmo, porcentagem de material morto e porcentagem de cobertura do solo. O crescimento e a produção do capim Marandu no diferimento foram beneficiados pela adubação e principalmente pela inclusão do fósforo junto ao nitrogênio e potássio (N e K2O). A fonte superfosfato simples se mostrou superior ao Arad para beneficiar o desenvolvimento da forrageira no diferimento. A adubação fosfatada favoreceu o acúmulo de biomassa pelo capim Marandu, contribuindo para a recuperação da pastagem degradada. A adubação do capim marandu no diferimento apresentou efeito residual sobre a altura, perfilhamento e produção de forragem na rebrota. O capim Marandu apresentou respostas positivas em relação as fontes de fósforo. O fosfato natural de Arad pode ser uma alternativa a longo prazo para o uso conjunto com fonte solúvel a fim de complementar o fornecimento de P2O5. O adiantamento da adubação com Arad melhora sua solubilização e o desempenho da forrageira na próxima estação das chuvas.

The objective was to evaluate the potential of phosphate fertilization as a strategy to produce a deferred pasture and to verify the potential residual effect of this fertilization for the regrowth of Marandu grass in the next rainy season. The experimental design used was a randomized block design with treatments arranged in a 2 x 5 + 1 factorial, with two phosphorus sources (simple superphosphate and Arad reactive natural phosphate) and five phosphorus doses (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100 kg ha-1 of P2O5), with four repetitions and one additional treatment without any type of fertilization (control). The variables evaluated were: height, tiller population density, forage dry mass, total dry mass, root dry mass, leaf: stem ratio, percentage of dead material and percentage of soil cover. The growth and production of Marandu grass in the deferral were benefited by fertilization and mainly by the inclusion of phosphorus together with nitrogen and potassium (N and K2O). The single superphosphate source was shown to be superior to Arad in benefiting forage development at deferral. Phosphate fertilization favored the accumulation of biomass by Marandu grass, contributing to the recovery of degraded pasture. Fertilization of Marandu grass at deferral had a residual effect on height, tillering and forage production at regrowth. Marandu grass showed positive responses in relation to phosphorus sources. Arad rock phosphate can be a long-term alternative for use in conjunction with a soluble source to supplement the supply of P2O5. Advance fertilization with Arad improves its solubilization and forage performance in the next rainy season.

Rock biofertilizer and earthworm compost on sugarcane performance and soil attributes in two consecutive years

The deployment of soluble fertilizers has been one of the most commonly applied agricultural practices in the bid to increase crop yield. However, the production of soluble fertilizers has a considerable economic cost and consumes a substantial amount of energy. In general, soil organic matter provides the nutrients needed for plant growth in organic agriculture. However, these nutrients are not sufficient if the best yield is to be obtained. The aim of our field experiment was to evaluate the effectiveness of phosphate and potassic sources (rocks, bio-fertilizers and soluble fertilizers) based on several sugarcane characteristics and soil attributes. Our experiment was conducted over two consecutive years, and we assessed the effect of using sugarcane filter mud cake (SFMC). In addition, we mixed the phosphate and potassic sources with earthworm compost enriched in N by inoculation with diazotrophic bacteria (OM) and applied at 50, 100 and 150 % of the recommended dosage rate (RDR). The PK biofertilizer with OM enriched in N positively affected sugarcane height, yield, and industrial characteristics. The application of SFMC greatly increased available P and K in the soil and plant characteristics with residual effect in the two consecutive harvests. We conclude that the biofertilizer has the potential to increase sugarcane characteristics and may represent an alternative to soluble fertilizers.

Rock biofertilizer and earthworm compost on sugarcane performance and soil attributes in two consecutive years

The deployment of soluble fertilizers has been one of the most commonly applied agricultural practices in the bid to increase crop yield. However, the production of soluble fertilizers has a considerable economic cost and consumes a substantial amount of energy. In general, soil organic matter provides the nutrients needed for plant growth in organic agriculture. However, these nutrients are not sufficient if the best yield is to be obtained. The aim of our field experiment was to evaluate the effectiveness of phosphate and potassic sources (rocks, bio-fertilizers and soluble fertilizers) based on several sugarcane characteristics and soil attributes. Our experiment was conducted over two consecutive years, and we assessed the effect of using sugarcane filter mud cake (SFMC). In addition, we mixed the phosphate and potassic sources with earthworm compost enriched in N by inoculation with diazotrophic bacteria (OM) and applied at 50, 100 and 150 % of the recommended dosage rate (RDR). The PK biofertilizer with OM enriched in N positively affected sugarcane height, yield, and industrial characteristics. The application of SFMC greatly increased available P and K in the soil and plant characteristics with residual effect in the two consecutive harvests. We conclude that the biofertilizer has the potential to increase sugarcane characteristics and may represent an alternative to soluble fertilizers.(AU)

Minjingu phosphate rock availability in low-pH highly weathered soil as affected by added salts

Concentrations and identity of ions in the soil solution may affect soil phosphorus (P) reactions and P availability. In this study, the magnitude of these reactions was evaluated following the application of Minjingu phosphate rock (MPR) combined with chloride and carbonate salts of Na and Ca within an incubation experiment. Twenty-one days later NaOH-P and HCl-P were determined. This investigation was undertaken with the aim of identifying the role of Ca-ion activity in the liquid phase on the solubilization of MPR and formation of insoluble Ca-P phases. The increase in pH was higher with Na2CO3 than with CaCO3, while both CaCl2 and NaCl resulted in slight decreases in pH. The dissolution of MPR was higher overall when MPR was applied singularly than for the combined application of the phosphate rock with salts of calcium or sodium after 60 days of incubation. Dissolution of MPR decreased as levels of CaCO3 or CaCl2 increased but the decrease was more pronounced in CaCO3-treated than in CaCl2-treated soils. Ca-ion activity in the liquid phase is the main factor responsible for the insolubilization of MPR and the formation of insoluble Ca-P phases (HCl P). The formation of Ca-P solid phases increased with the concentration of Ca-ions, and was governed by the pH and nature of the accompanying anion. For soils with low levels of exchangeable cations and where liming is a recommended intervention measure, Ca from lime will form insoluble P phases and reduce the dissolution of PR and P availability to plants.

Minjingu phosphate rock availability in low-pH highly weathered soil as affected by added salts

Concentrations and identity of ions in the soil solution may affect soil phosphorus (P) reactions and P availability. In this study, the magnitude of these reactions was evaluated following the application of Minjingu phosphate rock (MPR) combined with chloride and carbonate salts of Na and Ca within an incubation experiment. Twenty-one days later NaOH-P and HCl-P were determined. This investigation was undertaken with the aim of identifying the role of Ca-ion activity in the liquid phase on the solubilization of MPR and formation of insoluble Ca-P phases. The increase in pH was higher with Na2CO3 than with CaCO3, while both CaCl2 and NaCl resulted in slight decreases in pH. The dissolution of MPR was higher overall when MPR was applied singularly than for the combined application of the phosphate rock with salts of calcium or sodium after 60 days of incubation. Dissolution of MPR decreased as levels of CaCO3 or CaCl2 increased but the decrease was more pronounced in CaCO3-treated than in CaCl2-treated soils. Ca-ion activity in the liquid phase is the main factor responsible for the insolubilization of MPR and the formation of insoluble Ca-P phases (HCl P). The formation of Ca-P solid phases increased with the concentration of Ca-ions, and was governed by the pH and nature of the accompanying anion. For soils with low levels of exchangeable cations and where liming is a recommended intervention measure, Ca from lime will form insoluble P phases and reduce the dissolution of PR and P availability to plants.(AU)

CINÉTICA RUMINAL DE TRÂNSITO DA FIBRA DO BRIQFENO EM FUNÇÃO DA ADIÇÃO DE DIFERENTES FONTES DE FÓSFORO NA DIETA

Objetivou-se com este estudo, avaliar de forma comparativa, a cinética de trânsito da fibra do resíduo da colheita de sementes forrageiras processado (briqfeno), em função da adição, ou não, de fosfatos de diferentes fontes. Utilizou-se cinco fêmeas mestiças (holandês x gir) com peso inicial médio de 150 kg, distribuídas aleatoriamente num quadrado latino 5x5 (quatro fontes de fósforo + Controle x cinco períodos experimentais). Os cinco tratamentos constituíram-se de: 1- Controle sem fósforo suplementar, 2- Fosfato bicálcico: rocha ígnea, acidulação sulfúrica e neutralização com carbonato de cálcio (calcáreo); Forma física Micro granulado (FBRIASNLSM), 3- Fosfato bicálcico: rocha ignea, acidulação sulfúrica e neutralização com óxido de cálcio (cal hidratada), Forma física Pó (FBRIASNHLP), 4- Fosfato bicálcico: rocha sedimentar, acidulação clorídrica e neutralização com carbonato de cálcio (calcáreo), Forma física - Micro granulado (FBRSACNLSM), 5- Fosfato Monobicálcico convertido à bicálcico com adição de cal hidratada e concentração de fósforo ajustada com ácido fosfórico, Forma física - Pó (FMCBADHLCAFP). Os animais foram mantidos estabulados em baias individuais, recebendo uma dieta padrão, composta por briqfeno, amido de batata, óleo de soja, uréia e o núcleo mineral, onde a variação nas cinco dietas foi apenas às fontes de fósforo, que caracterizaram cada tratamento. Determinou-se os parâmetros da cinética de trânsito de partículas por meio da utilização do marcador cromo (Cr-mordante), fixado à parede celular do briqfeno e posterior recuperação do marcador nas fezes dos animais. A dieta contendo (FBRIASNLSM) resultou em maior (p<0,05) taxa de passagem das partículas da fase sólida para a líquida no rúmen-retículo. Também, maior (p<0,05) taxa de passagem das partículas da fase líquida até o escape do rúmen-retículo, quando comparado com a dieta CONTROLE (sem fósforo), porém, não diferiu (p>0,05) das demais. Não houve diferença (p>0,05) entre as dietas para o tempo que as partículas indigeríveis gastam, desde o escape ruminal, até o primeiro aparecimento nas fezes (tt). O maior tempo (p<0,05) de retenção das partículas sólidas no rúmen retículo foi detectado nos animais que receberam a dieta sem fósforo. Conclui-se que, animais que não recebem fósforo suplementar têm um pior processamento da fibra. E, que animais que receberam como fósforo suplementar, o fosfato bicálcico de origem ígnea com acidulação sulfúrica e neutralização com carbonato de cálcio (calcáreo) na forma física microgranulada, de forma geral, tiveram melhores parâmetros de cinética de trânsito da fibra.

The objective of this study was to evaluate, in a comparative way, the transit kinetics of the fiber of the processed forage seed harvest residue (briqfeno), depending on the addition, or not, of different sources of phosphate. Five crossbred females (Dutch x gir) with an average initial weight of 150 kg were used, randomly distributed in a 5x5 Latin square (four sources of phosphorus + Control x five experimental periods). The five treatments consisted of: 1- Control without supplemental phosphorus, 2- Bicalcium phosphate: igneous rock, sulfuric acidulation and neutralization with calcium carbonate (limestone); Physical form - Micro granules (FBRIASNLSM), 3- Bicalcium Phosphate: igne rock, sulfuric acidulation and neutralization with calcium oxide (hydrated lime), Physical form - Powder (FBRIASNHLP), 4- Bicalcium phosphate: sedimentary rock, hydrochloric acidulation and neutralization with calcium carbonate (limestone), Physical form - Micro granules (FBRSACNLSM), 5- Monobiccalcium phosphate converted to bicalcium with the addition of hydrated lime and phosphoric acid concentration adjusted, Physical form - Powder (FMCBADHLCAFP). The animals were kept in individual stalls, receiving a standard diet, consisting of briqfeno, potato starch, soybean oil, urea and the mineral core, where the variation in the five diets was only to the sources of phosphorus, which characterized each treatment. Particle transit kinetics parameters were determined using the chromium marker (Cr-mordant), attached to the briqfeno cell wall and subsequent recovery of the marker in the animals' feces. The diet containing (FBRIASNLSM) resulted in a higher (p <.05) rate of passage of particles from the solid phase to the liquid in the rumen-reticulum and also higher (p <0.05) rate of passage of particles from the liquid phase to the escape from the rumen-reticulum, when compared to the CONTROL diet (without phosphorus), however, did not differ (p> 0.05) from the others. There was no difference (p> 0.05) between the diets for the time that the indigestible particles spend, from the ruminal escape, until the first appearance in the feces (tt). The highest retention time (p <0.05) of the solid particles in the rumen reticulum was detected in the animals that received the phosphorus-free diet.

Blood and bone parameters of cattle fed diets containing different phosphates and phosphorus: fluorine relations

p>Forty-nine male calves were allotted in a randomized design, being that initially were performed seven replicates per treatment. At the end of the experiment were slaughtered four animals per treatment. The treatments were designed as following: CONT: control diet; DC120: Dicalcium Phosphate 120:1 ratio P: F; MDCP60: Monodicalcium Phosphate 60:1 ratio P: F; DC30: Dicalcium Phosphate 30:1 ratio P: F; TSP30: Triple Superphosphate 30:1 ratio P: F; DC10: Dicalcium Phosphate 10:1 ratio P: F; PRC10: phosphate rock concentrate of 10:1 of relation P: F. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) of animals who consumed PRC10 diet was greater than the ALP of animals that consumed TSP30, DC10 and DC120. This result was obtained with animals with 650 days of confinement. The ALP of the animals that consumed PRC10 was greater at 866 days than in the animals consuming TSP30 and DC120 diets. The ash content was greater in the DC10 diet and the diets CAR10 and DC120 achieved the lowest value. The fluorine content in bone was higher in diet DC10, while the diets DC120, PRC10 and MDCP60 obtained the lower values. The area of Haversian canals and the relation Havers/Osteon area were higher in the diet DC30 and the lowest value was encountered in DC10. The mottled teeth were more intensely observed in the treatments DC10 and PRC10. It was concluded that high fluorine content in the diet increases the deposition of fluorine in bones, which negatively affects in the histological parameters of teeth and bones of beef cattle. /p>

p>Quarenta e nove novilhos machos foram distribuídos em delineamento casualizado, sendo que inicialmente foram efetuadas sete repetições por tratamento e, ao final do experimento, foram abatidos quatro animais por tratamento. Os tratamentos foram; CONT: Dieta controle; FBC120: Fosfato Bicálcico 120:1 de relação P: F; MBC60: Fosfato monobicálcico 60:1 de relação P:F; FBC30: Fosfato Bicálcico 30:1 de relação P:F; SFT30: Super Fosfato Triplo 30:1 de relação P:F; FBC10: Fosfato Bicálcico 10:1 de relação P:F; CAR10: Concentrado de Rocha 10:1 de relação P:F. A fosfatase alcalina (FA) dos animais aos 650 dias de confinamento, os quais consumiram dieta CAR10, foi maior dos que a FA naqueles que consumiram SFT30 e FBC10 e FBC120. A FA dos animais que consumiram CAR10 foi maior, aos 866 dias, do que àquela observada nos tratamentos com SFT30 e FBC120. O teor de cinza foi maior na dieta FBC10 e as dietas CAR10 e FBC120 representaram o menor valor. O teor de flúor no osso foi maior nos animais da dieta FBC10 em relação àqueles das dietas CAR10, sendo que as dietas FBC120 e MBC60 obtiveram menores teores. A área dos canais de Havers e a relação Havers/área do Osteon foram maiores na dieta FBC30, sendo que o respectivo menor valor foi FBC10. A presença de dentes mosqueados foi superior nos animais tratados com FBC10 e CAR10. Concluiu-se que o alto teor de flúor na dieta aumenta a deposição de flúor nos ossos, o que afeta negativamente nos parâmetros histológicos de dentes e ossos de bovinos de corte. /p>