Rise-Up mist-netting (RUM): a mobile protocol for trapping wary territorial birds

Abstract Many bird species avoid traditional traps such as mist nets, thus alternative trapping methods are often needed. The Rufous Hornero (Furnariidae: Furnarius rufus) is one such species that was captured so far using conventional mist netting in rural areas or using nest-targeted traps, which risk nest damage and abandonment. Here we describe the novel rise-up mist-netting (RUM) protocol and its catchability for the wary and territorial Rufous Hornero in an urban area. The RUM trap allowed us quickly capturing 40 Rufous Hornero individuals even in paved parking lots and streets during the birds breeding period. The RUM is an active and targeted protocol that demands a single and quickly trainable field assistant. Therefore, it should also enable the capture of many understudied territorial but wary species. Moreover, it has enough mobility to fit studies in urban areas, and whenever researchers may deal with limited space and, at the same time, should reduce negative visual impacts to the general public of birds capturing and banding procedures.

Report of an extra-pair copulation in the Rufous Hornero, Furnarius rufus (Aves: Furnariidae)

Abstract In the last decade, studies in bird breeding biology have shown that infidelity is prevalent in socially monogamous species. Here, we describe an extra-pair copulation (EPC) event in the Rufous Hornero (Furnarius rufus), a socially monogamous bird with year-round territoriality and low levels of extra-pair paternity. Before the EPC, a within-pair copulation (WPC) occurred inside the pairs territory. The WPC occurred on the ground and between a banded male (ca. 6 years-old) and an unbanded female. Ten minutes later this breeding pair invaded a neighboring territory, presumably to forage. The territorial male was chased back to its territory by an unbanded male neighbor after being detected. The male neighbor was paired with an unbanded female that did not participate in the aggressive interaction. When flying back to its territory the male neighbor copulated with the territorial female on the ground (ie. EPC). The territorial male flew, vocalized, and perched above the male neighbor, interrupting the EPC. The aggressive interaction then ceased as each pair resumed foraging in their respective territories. These observations suggest that Rufous Horneros can use EPC to obtain immediate benefits (food access in a neighbors territory). Moreover, WPC may be detected by neighbors and physical mate guarding and/or frequent WPC may be necessary to prevent EPC in the Rufous Hornero.

Report of an extra-pair copulation in the Rufous Hornero, Furnarius rufus (Aves: Furnariidae)

Abstract In the last decade, studies in bird breeding biology have shown that infidelity is prevalent in socially monogamous species. Here, we describe an extra-pair copulation (EPC) event in the Rufous Hornero (Furnarius rufus), a socially monogamous bird with year-round territoriality and low levels of extra-pair paternity. Before the EPC, a within-pair copulation (WPC) occurred inside the pair's territory. The WPC occurred on the ground and between a banded male (ca. 6 years-old) and an unbanded female. Ten minutes later this breeding pair invaded a neighboring territory, presumably to forage. The territorial male was chased back to its territory by an unbanded male neighbor after being detected. The male neighbor was paired with an unbanded female that did not participate in the aggressive interaction. When flying back to its territory the male neighbor copulated with the territorial female on the ground (ie. EPC). The territorial male flew, vocalized, and perched above the male neighbor, interrupting the EPC. The aggressive interaction then ceased as each pair resumed foraging in their respective territories. These observations suggest that Rufous Horneros can use EPC to obtain immediate benefits (food access in a neighbor's territory). Moreover, WPC may be detected by neighbors and physical mate guarding and/or frequent WPC may be necessary to prevent EPC in the Rufous Hornero.

Rise-Up mist-netting (RUM): a mobile protocol for trapping wary territorial birds

Many bird species avoid traditional traps such as mist nets, thus alternative trapping methods are often needed. The Rufous Hornero (Furnariidae: Furnarius rufus) is one such species that was captured so far using conventional mist netting in rural areas or using nest-targeted traps, which risk nest damage and abandonment. Here we describe the novel rise-up mist-netting (RUM) protocol and its catchability for the wary and territorial Rufous Hornero in an urban area. The RUM trap allowed us quickly capturing 40 Rufous Hornero individuals even in paved parking lots and streets during the bird’s breeding period. The RUM is an active and targeted protocol that demands a single and quickly trainable field assistant. Therefore, it should also enable the capture of many understudied territorial but wary species. Moreover, it has enough mobility to fit studies in urban areas, and whenever researchers may deal with limited space and, at the same time, should reduce negative visual impacts to the general public of birds’ capturing and banding procedures.

Rise-Up mist-netting (RUM): a mobile protocol for trapping wary territorial birds

Many bird species avoid traditional traps such as mist nets, thus alternative trapping methods are often needed. The Rufous Hornero (Furnariidae: Furnarius rufus) is one such species that was captured so far using conventional mist netting in rural areas or using nest-targeted traps, which risk nest damage and abandonment. Here we describe the novel rise-up mist-netting (RUM) protocol and its catchability for the wary and territorial Rufous Hornero in an urban area. The RUM trap allowed us quickly capturing 40 Rufous Hornero individuals even in paved parking lots and streets during the birds breeding period. The RUM is an active and targeted protocol that demands a single and quickly trainable field assistant. Therefore, it should also enable the capture of many understudied territorial but wary species. Moreover, it has enough mobility to fit studies in urban areas, and whenever researchers may deal with limited space and, at the same time, should reduce negative visual impacts to the general public of birds capturing and banding procedures.(AU)

Report of an extra-pair copulation in the Rufous Hornero, Furnarius rufus(Aves: Furnariidae)

In the last decade, studies in bird breeding biology have shown that infidelity is prevalent in socially monogamous species. Here, we describe an extra-pair copulation (EPC) event in the Rufous Hornero (Furnarius rufus), a socially monogamous bird with year-round territoriality and low levels of extra-pair paternity. Before the EPC, a within-pair copulation (WPC) occurred inside the pairs territory. The WPC occurred on the ground and between a banded male (ca. 6 years-old) and an unbanded female. Ten minutes later this breeding pair invaded a neighboring territory, presumably to forage. The territorial male was chased back to its territory by an unbanded male neighbor after being detected. The male neighbor was paired with an unbanded female that did not participate in the aggressive interaction. When flying back to its territory the male neighbor copulated with the territorial female on the ground (ie. EPC). The territorial male flew, vocalized, and perched above the male neighbor, interrupting the EPC. The aggressive interaction then ceased as each pair resumed foraging in their respective territories. These observations suggest that Rufous Horneros can use EPC to obtain immediate benefits (food access in a neighbors territory). Moreover, WPC may be detected by neighbors and physical mate guarding and/or frequent WPC may be necessary to prevent EPC in the Rufous Hornero.(AU)

Levantamento da avifauna presente em propriedade particular no município de Saudade do Iguaçu, Paraná / Survey of bird fauna on private property in the city of Saudade do Iguaçu, Paraná / Levantamiento de la avifauna presente en propiedad particular en el municipio de Saudade do Iguaçu, Paraná

O Brasil possui uma das mais ricas avifaunas do mundo. Vários estudos com esse grupo vêm sendo realizados na Região Sudoeste do Paraná e também no Brasil. No município de Saudade do Iguaçu não há estudos científicos sobre a comunidade de aves, o que evidencia a importância do presente estudo. Objetivou-se realizar um levantamento da avifauna presente em uma propriedade rural do município de Saudade do Iguaçu, Sudoeste do Paraná. O estudo foi realizado de novembro de 2016 a agosto de 2018. A área de estudo localiza-se em uma propriedade particular na Linha Biguá, que corresponde a 11 hectares; na área predominando a pecuária e a agricultura como atividade econômica e encontram-se fragmentos de mata secundária. Foram realizadas técnicas de observações visuais para identificação das espécies, bem como o registro fotográfico das mesmas. Ao total foram registradas 31 espécies distribuídas em 20 famílias e 10 ordens, as aves com maior frequência de ocorrência (FO) foram Vanellus chilensis (quero-quero) com 43,75%, e as espécies Furnarius rufus (joão-de-barro) com 46,87%, Turdus rufiventris (sabiá-laranjeira) com 46,87%, Sicalis flaveola (canário-da-terra-verdadeiro) com 31,25% e Cacicus haemorrhous (guaxe) com 34%. Esses dados contribuem com os demais estudos realizados no estado do Paraná.(AU)

Brazil has one of the richest avifauna in the world. Several studies with this group have been carried out in the Southwest Region of Paraná and also in the entire country. Nevertheless, no scientific studies have been performed in the municipality of Saudade do Iguaçu related to its bird community, which highlights the importance of this study. The aim of this study was to survey the bird fauna present in a rural property in the city of Saudade do Iguaçu, in the southwestern region of the state of Paraná. The study was held from November 2016 to August 2018. The study area is located on a private property in the Biguá Line, which corresponds to 11 hectares; the area is exploited predominantly for livestock and agriculture, and it holds fragments of secondary forest. Visual observation techniques were used to identify the species, in addition to photographic record of the species. A total of 31 species were recorded, belonging to 20 families and 10 orders. The birds with the highest prevalence were Vanellus chilensis (Southern lapwig) with 43.75%; Furnarius rufus (rufous hornero) with 46.87%; Turdus rufiventris (rufous-bellied thrush) with 46.87%; Sicalis flaveola (saffron finch) with 31.25%; and Cacicus haemorrhous (red-rumped cacique) with 34%. These data contribute to the other studies carried out in the state of Paraná.(AU)

Brasil posee una de las más ricas avifaunas del mundo. Varios estudios con ese grupo vienen siendo realizados en la Región Suroeste de Paraná y también en Brasil. En el municipio de Saudade do Iguaçu no hay estudios científicos sobre la comunidad de aves, lo que evidencia la importancia del presente estudio. Se objetivó realizar un levantamiento de la avifauna presente en una propiedad rural del municipio de Saudade do Iguaçu, Sudoeste de Paraná. El estudio se realizó de noviembre de 2016 a agosto de 2018. El área de estudio se ubica en una propiedad privada en la Línea Biguá, que corresponde a 11 hectáreas; en el área predominando la ganadería y la agricultura como actividad económica y se encuentran fragmentos de mata secundaria. Se realizaron técnicas de observaciones visuales para identificación de las especies, así como el registro fotográfico de las mismas. En total se registraron 31 especies distribuidas en 20 familias y 10 órdenes, las aves con mayor frecuencia fueron Vanellus chilensis (tero-tero) con el 43,75%, y las especies Furnarius rufus (hornero) con el 46,87%, Turdus rufiventris (zorzal colorado) con 46,87%, Sicalis flaveola (semillero basto) con 31,25% y Cacicus haemorrhous (boyero cacique) con 34%. Esos datos contribuyen con los demás estudios realizados en el estado de Paraná.(AU)

Levantamento da avifauna presente em propriedade particular no município de Saudade do Iguaçu, Paraná / Survey of bird fauna on private property in the city of Saudade do Iguaçu, Paraná / Levantamiento de la avifauna presente en propiedad particular en el municipio de Saudade do Iguaçu, Paraná

O Brasil possui uma das mais ricas avifaunas do mundo. Vários estudos com esse grupo vêm sendo realizados na Região Sudoeste do Paraná e também no Brasil. No município de Saudade do Iguaçu não há estudos científicos sobre a comunidade de aves, o que evidencia a importância do presente estudo. Objetivou-se realizar um levantamento da avifauna presente em uma propriedade rural do município de Saudade do Iguaçu, Sudoeste do Paraná. O estudo foi realizado de novembro de 2016 a agosto de 2018. A área de estudo localiza-se em uma propriedade particular na Linha Biguá, que corresponde a 11 hectares; na área predominando a pecuária e a agricultura como atividade econômica e encontram-se fragmentos de mata secundária. Foram realizadas técnicas de observações visuais para identificação das espécies, bem como o registro fotográfico das mesmas. Ao total foram registradas 31 espécies distribuídas em 20 famílias e 10 ordens, as aves com maior frequência de ocorrência (FO) foram Vanellus chilensis (quero-quero) com 43,75%, e as espécies Furnarius rufus (joão-de-barro) com 46,87%, Turdus rufiventris (sabiá-laranjeira) com 46,87%, Sicalis flaveola (canário-da-terra-verdadeiro) com 31,25% e Cacicus haemorrhous (guaxe) com 34%. Esses dados contribuem com os demais estudos realizados no estado do Paraná.

Brazil has one of the richest avifauna in the world. Several studies with this group have been carried out in the Southwest Region of Paraná and also in the entire country. Nevertheless, no scientific studies have been performed in the municipality of Saudade do Iguaçu related to its bird community, which highlights the importance of this study. The aim of this study was to survey the bird fauna present in a rural property in the city of Saudade do Iguaçu, in the southwestern region of the state of Paraná. The study was held from November 2016 to August 2018. The study area is located on a private property in the Biguá Line, which corresponds to 11 hectares; the area is exploited predominantly for livestock and agriculture, and it holds fragments of secondary forest. Visual observation techniques were used to identify the species, in addition to photographic record of the species. A total of 31 species were recorded, belonging to 20 families and 10 orders. The birds with the highest prevalence were Vanellus chilensis (Southern lapwig) with 43.75%; Furnarius rufus (rufous hornero) with 46.87%; Turdus rufiventris (rufous-bellied thrush) with 46.87%; Sicalis flaveola (saffron finch) with 31.25%; and Cacicus haemorrhous (red-rumped cacique) with 34%. These data contribute to the other studies carried out in the state of Paraná.

Brasil posee una de las más ricas avifaunas del mundo. Varios estudios con ese grupo vienen siendo realizados en la Región Suroeste de Paraná y también en Brasil. En el municipio de Saudade do Iguaçu no hay estudios científicos sobre la comunidad de aves, lo que evidencia la importancia del presente estudio. Se objetivó realizar un levantamiento de la avifauna presente en una propiedad rural del municipio de Saudade do Iguaçu, Sudoeste de Paraná. El estudio se realizó de noviembre de 2016 a agosto de 2018. El área de estudio se ubica en una propiedad privada en la Línea Biguá, que corresponde a 11 hectáreas; en el área predominando la ganadería y la agricultura como actividad económica y se encuentran fragmentos de mata secundaria. Se realizaron técnicas de observaciones visuales para identificación de las especies, así como el registro fotográfico de las mismas. En total se registraron 31 especies distribuidas en 20 familias y 10 órdenes, las aves con mayor frecuencia fueron Vanellus chilensis (tero-tero) con el 43,75%, y las especies Furnarius rufus (hornero) con el 46,87%, Turdus rufiventris (zorzal colorado) con 46,87%, Sicalis flaveola (semillero basto) con 31,25% y Cacicus haemorrhous (boyero cacique) con 34%. Esos datos contribuyen con los demás estudios realizados en el estado de Paraná.

Levantamento da avifauna presente em propriedade particular no município de Saudade do Iguaçu, Paraná / Survey of bird fauna on private property in the city of Saudade do Iguaçu, Paraná / Levantamiento de la avifauna presente en propiedad particular en el municipio de Saudade do Iguaçu, Paraná

O Brasil possui uma das mais ricas avifaunas do mundo. Vários estudos com esse grupo vêm sendo realizados na Região Sudoeste do Paraná e também no Brasil. No município de Saudade do Iguaçu não há estudos científicos sobre a comunidade de aves, o que evidencia a importância do presente estudo. Objetivou-se realizar um levantamento da avifauna presente em uma propriedade rural do município de Saudade do Iguaçu, Sudoeste do Paraná. O estudo foi realizado de novembro de 2016 a agosto de 2018. A área de estudo localiza-se em uma propriedade particular na Linha Biguá, que corresponde a 11 hectares; na área predominando a pecuária e a agricultura como atividade econômica e encontram-se fragmentos de mata secundária. Foram realizadas técnicas de observações visuais para identificação das espécies, bem como o registro fotográfico das mesmas. Ao total foram registradas 31 espécies distribuídas em 20 famílias e 10 ordens, as aves com maior frequência de ocorrência (FO) foram Vanellus chilensis (quero-quero) com 43,75%, e as espécies Furnarius rufus (joão-de-barro) com 46,87%, Turdus rufiventris (sabiá-laranjeira) com 46,87%, Sicalis flaveola (canário-da-terra-verdadeiro) com 31,25% e Cacicus haemorrhous (guaxe) com 34%. Esses dados contribuem com os demais estudos realizados no estado do Paraná.(AU)

Brazil has one of the richest avifauna in the world. Several studies with this group have been carried out in the Southwest Region of Paraná and also in the entire country. Nevertheless, no scientific studies have been performed in the municipality of Saudade do Iguaçu related to its bird community, which highlights the importance of this study. The aim of this study was to survey the bird fauna present in a rural property in the city of Saudade do Iguaçu, in the southwestern region of the state of Paraná. The study was held from November 2016 to August 2018. The study area is located on a private property in the Biguá Line, which corresponds to 11 hectares; the area is exploited predominantly for livestock and agriculture, and it holds fragments of secondary forest. Visual observation techniques were used to identify the species, in addition to photographic record of the species. A total of 31 species were recorded, belonging to 20 families and 10 orders. The birds with the highest prevalence were Vanellus chilensis (Southern lapwig) with 43.75%; Furnarius rufus (rufous hornero) with 46.87%; Turdus rufiventris (rufous-bellied thrush) with 46.87%; Sicalis flaveola (saffron finch) with 31.25%; and Cacicus haemorrhous (red-rumped cacique) with 34%. These data contribute to the other studies carried out in the state of Paraná.(AU)

Brasil posee una de las más ricas avifaunas del mundo. Varios estudios con ese grupo vienen siendo realizados en la Región Suroeste de Paraná y también en Brasil. En el municipio de Saudade do Iguaçu no hay estudios científicos sobre la comunidad de aves, lo que evidencia la importancia del presente estudio. Se objetivó realizar un levantamiento de la avifauna presente en una propiedad rural del municipio de Saudade do Iguaçu, Sudoeste de Paraná. El estudio se realizó de noviembre de 2016 a agosto de 2018. El área de estudio se ubica en una propiedad privada en la Línea Biguá, que corresponde a 11 hectáreas; en el área predominando la ganadería y la agricultura como actividad económica y se encuentran fragmentos de mata secundaria. Se realizaron técnicas de observaciones visuales para identificación de las especies, así como el registro fotográfico de las mismas. En total se registraron 31 especies distribuidas en 20 familias y 10 órdenes, las aves con mayor frecuencia fueron Vanellus chilensis (tero-tero) con el 43,75%, y las especies Furnarius rufus (hornero) con el 46,87%, Turdus rufiventris (zorzal colorado) con 46,87%, Sicalis flaveola (semillero basto) con 31,25% y Cacicus haemorrhous (boyero cacique) con 34%. Esos datos contribuyen con los demás estudios realizados en el estado de Paraná.(AU)

Climate and nest opening orientation in Furnarius rufus (Furnariidae)

The Rufous Hornero (Furnarius rufus) is one of the most common bird species in Brazil. Anecdotal information indicates that nest opening orientation in this species is contrary to wind or rainfall direction. To check for the existence of such a pattern, F. rufus nests were randomly sampled within an urban area in central Brazil to assess whether factors such as wind and vegetation cover influence nest opening orientation. Using circular statistics, no evidence was found that nest-opening orientation was important for the species. These results refuse the expected pattern for tree hollow or enclosed nests. The results suggest that factors such as nesting architecture, nest material, nest microclimate or a combination of these, instead of local climate, must be conditioning nesting behavior in this species.

O joão-de-barro (Furnarius rufus) é uma das espécies de aves mais comuns do Brasil. Informações sugerem que a orientação da abertura dos ninhos desse furnarídeo seria direcionada em posição contrária das direções de incidência dos ventos e das chuvas. Para averiguar tal padrão de nidificação, ninhos de F. rufus foram aleatoriamente amostrados em uma área urbana da região Centro-Oeste do Brasil para verificar se fatores como vento e cobertura vegetal exerciam influência sobre a orientação de suas aberturas. Testes envolvendo estatística circular revelaram que a abertura dos ninhos refletiu um padrão aleatório de orientação, algo não esperado para aquelas espécies que nidificam em ocos de árvores ou que constroem seus ninhos de maneira a proteger a câmara de incubação. Ao invés do clima da região, os resultados sugerem que a arquitetura e o material de construção do ninho, o microclima dentro do ninho ou uma combinação desses fatores possam estar condicionando o comportamento de nidificação dessa espécie.

Climate and nest opening orientation in Furnarius rufus (Furnariidae)

The Rufous Hornero (Furnarius rufus) is one of the most common bird species in Brazil. Anecdotal information indicates that nest opening orientation in this species is contrary to wind or rainfall direction. To check for the existence of such a pattern, F. rufus nests were randomly sampled within an urban area in central Brazil to assess whether factors such as wind and vegetation cover influence nest opening orientation. Using circular statistics, no evidence was found that nest-opening orientation was important for the species. These results refuse the expected pattern for tree hollow or enclosed nests. The results suggest that factors such as nesting architecture, nest material, nest microclimate or a combination of these, instead of local climate, must be conditioning nesting behavior in this species.

O joão-de-barro (Furnarius rufus) é uma das espécies de aves mais comuns do Brasil. Informações sugerem que a orientação da abertura dos ninhos desse furnarídeo seria direcionada em posição contrária das direções de incidência dos ventos e das chuvas. Para averiguar tal padrão de nidificação, ninhos de F. rufus foram aleatoriamente amostrados em uma área urbana da região Centro-Oeste do Brasil para verificar se fatores como vento e cobertura vegetal exerciam influência sobre a orientação de suas aberturas. Testes envolvendo estatística circular revelaram que a abertura dos ninhos refletiu um padrão aleatório de orientação, algo não esperado para aquelas espécies que nidificam em ocos de árvores ou que constroem seus ninhos de maneira a proteger a câmara de incubação. Ao invés do clima da região, os resultados sugerem que a arquitetura e o material de construção do ninho, o microclima dentro do ninho ou uma combinação desses fatores possam estar condicionando o comportamento de nidificação dessa espécie.