Efeitos da tosquia no conforto térmico e desempenho produtivo de coelhos (Oryctolagus cuniculus f. domesticus) / Effects of shearing on thermal comfort and productive performance of rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus f. domesticus) / Efectos de la esquila sobre el confort térmico y el rendimiento productivo de conejos (Oryctolagus cuniculus f. domesticus

O coelho é uma das espécies mais sensíveis às condições do meio que vivem, sendo a temperatura e umidade os fatores que mais têm influência no seu ambiente. O objetivo com este trabalho foi avaliar a tosquia como alternativa para melhorar o conforto térmico e o desempenho produtivo de coelhos criados de forma intensiva em uma região de clima semiárido. Foram utilizados 26 coelhos mestiços, sadios e em fase de engorda, sendo divididos em gaiolas individuais em dois grupos: treze animais submetidos a tosquia (G1) e treze sem tosquia (G2). O conforto térmico foi avaliado todos os dias pelo cálculo de Índice de Temperatura e Umidade (ITH) e pela análise e comparação dos parâmetros: frequência respiratória (FR), temperatura retal (TR) e temperaturasuperficial (TS). A temperatura e umidade do ambiente foram verificadas em todos os dias do experimento, às 6:00, 9:00, 12:00, 15:00 e 18:00 horas, com um termo-higrômetro. O desempenho dos animais foi avaliado pela pesagem nos dias 0, 10, 20 e 30 do experimento. Como resultado, a FR e TS apresentaram diferença estatística (P<0,05), o grupo dos animais tosquiados apresentou média inferior de FR (221,6 ± 15,4) em relação aos não tosquiados (240,2 ± 26,1). Em relação à TS, houve menores temperaturas nos animais tosquiados (33,8°C ± 0,3) quando comparados com os não tosquiados (35,0°C ± 0,2). Quanto à TR, ficou próximo de 39,5 ºC, inferindo assim que os mecanismos de regulação térmica interno dos animais conseguiram manter a homeotermia desejada. O ganho de peso obteve média de 771,4 gramas no grupo dos animais tosquiados, e 705,2 gramas no grupo dos não tosquiados. Em relação à TR e desempenho dos animais, não foram observadas diferenças estatísticas (P > 0,05). De acordo com os dados obtidos, conclui-se que atosquia pode ser um meio de melhorar o conforto térmico de coelhos.(AU)

The rabbit is one of the most sensitive species to the conditions of the environment in which they live, with temperature and humidity being the factors that most influence their environment. The objective of this work was to evaluate shearing as an alternative to improve the thermal comfort and productive performance of rabbits raised intensively in a region with a semi-arid climate. Twenty-six mixed, healthy and fattening stage rabbits were used and divided into individual cages into two groups: thirteen animals submitted to shearing (G1) and thirteen without shearing (G2). Thermal comfort was evaluated every day by calculating the Temperature and Humidity Index (THI) and by analyzing and comparing the parameters: respiratory rate (RR), rectal temperature (RT) and superficial temperature (ST). The temperature and humidity of the environment were checked every day of the experiment, at 6:00, 9:00, 12:00, 15:00 and 18:00 hours, with a thermo-hygrometer. The performance of the animals was evaluated by weighingon 0, 10, 20 and 30 days of the experiment. As a result, the RR and ST showed a statistical difference (P<0.05), the group of sheared animals had a lower mean of RR (221.6 ± 15.4) in relation to the no sheared animals (240.2 ± 26.1). Regarding the ST, there were lower temperatures in the sheared animals (33.8°C ± 0.3) when compared to the no sheared animals (35.0°C ± 0.2). As for the RT was close to 39.5 ºC, inferring that the thermal regulation mechanisms of the animals managed to maintain the desired homeothermia. Weight gain averaged 771.4 grams in the sheared group, and 705.2 grams in the no sheared group. Regarding the RT and performance of the animals, no statistical differences were observed (P>0.05). According to the data obtained, it is concluded that shearing can improve the thermal comfort of rabbits.(AU)

El conejo es una de las especies más sensibles a las condiciones del medio en el que vive, siendo la temperatura y la humedad los factores que más influyen en su entorno. El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la esquila como alternativapara mejorar el confort térmico y el desempeño productivo de conejos criados de forma intensiva en una región de clima semiárido. Se utilizaron 26 conejos mestizos, sanos y en fase de engorde, divididos en jaulas individuales en dos grupos: trece animalessometidos a esquila (G1) y trece sin esquila (G2). El confort térmico se evaluó diariamente mediante el cálculo del Índice de Temperatura y Humedad (ITH) y mediante el análisis y comparación de los parámetros: frecuencia respiratória (FR), temperatura rectal (TR) y temperatura superficial (TS). La temperatura y humedad del ambiente se verificado todos los días del experimento, a las 6:00, 9:00, 12:00, 15:00 y 18:00 horas, con un termohigrómetro. El rendimiento de los animales se evaluó mediante pesaje los días 0, 10, 20 y 30 del experimento. Como resultado, el FR y el TS mostraron diferencia estadística (P<0,05), el grupo de animales esquilados tuvo una media de FR más baja (221,6 ± 15,4) en relación a los animales no esquilados (240,2 ± 26,1). En cuanto a la TS, hubo temperaturas más bajas en los animales esquilados (33,8 °C ± 0,3) en comparación con los animales no esquilados (35,0 °C ± 0,2). En cuanto a la TR, fue cercana a los 39,5 ºC, infiriendo que los mecanismos internos de regulación térmica de los animales lograron mantener la homeotermia deseada. El aumento de peso promedió 771,4 gramos en el grupo esquilado y 705,2 gramos en el grupo no esquilado. En cuanto al TR y rendimiento de los animales, no se observaron diferencias estadísticas (P > 0,05). De acuerdo con los datos obtenidos, se concluye que las esquila puede ser un medio para mejorar el confort térmico de los conejos.(AU)

Cutaneous asthenia in a domestic cat (Felis silvestris catus)

Background: Cutaneous asthenia or Ehlers-Danlos syndrome is an inherited and rare disease. This infirmity is from an autosomal mutation that influences the collagen synthesis of the carrier. Thus, its skeleton, formed of fibers, is structurally defective. The disease is characterized by hyperelasticity and skin fragility, leading to lesions throughout the skin. The lesions may manifest in specific places or in a generalized way, being more frequent in the limbs, neck, and back. This disease does not have a specific treatment, only management care to avoid new traumas. Case: A 3-year-old male castrated, no defined race cat, was attended at one veterinary clinic with a history of intense itching. The rapid tests for feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and feline leukemia virus (FeLV) were negative. On physical examination, infestation by fleas, lesions all over the body, and skin hyperelasticity were observed. Topical treatment for ectoparasites as well as for body wounds was established. After the treatment, he returned without itching, but with the complaints of new lesions that did not heal. The patient underwent a total shearing to facilitate the treatment of the skin, and then he underwent blood tests, biochemistry, hormonal tests, and ultrasound, which showed no suggestive changes for hyperadrenocorticism and diabetes mellitus. His clinical signs, besides not matching with these diseases, also did not indicate skin fragility due to his history of age and balanced diet. The confirmation of the cutaneous asthenia syndrome was acquired through biopsy of skin fragment, in which it was observed disarray of collagen fibers, hypertrophy, and fibroblast hyperplasia, together with the rate of extensibility of the skin where the value reached the mark of 27.5%. Throughout the hospitalization, it was noted the progression of the disease with the appearance of new lesions, where there was no bleeding and they appeared even with the patient wearing padded clothes. Its progression lasted one year until the patient's euthanasia. Discussion: For the disposal of diabetes mellitus and hyperadrenocorticism as causes of the appearance of lesions by the body in the patient, he was submitted to the suppression tests with dexamethasone, in which he presented normality, in the biochemical examination it was dosed with fructosamine and glucose. The fructosamine was in the reference value, but the glucose was slightly altered, this increase may have been a result of stress at the time of blood collection. In addition to the patient not showing specific clinical signs such as polyphagia, polyuria, polydipsia, and weight loss, these are characteristic clinical signs of the disease. For the diagnosis of Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, histological examination, and calculation of the skin extensibility index were used, where the results obtained confirmed the suspicion. This genetic anomaly has no treatment, being progressive, so only environmental management is done to mitigate the appearance of the lesions and provide animal welfare. This case report contributes to aggregating the scientific literature in the area of veterinary medicine since skin asthenia is a rare disease and when its extent is total it becomes even more atypical. The availability of this article will provide a vision of palliative treatment for other cases, demonstrating the progressive nature of the lesions and the methods of diagnosis.

Curativo de hidrocoloide em lesões por arrastamento na região distal dos membros pélvicos em cães / Hydrocolloid membrane dressing in shearing injuries in the distal part of the pelvic limbs in dogs

Background: Shearing wounds on the limbs of dogs usually affect the regions distally from the radiocarpal joint at thethoracic limb and from the tibiotarsal joint at the pelvic limb. The tissue coverage and re-epithelialization of the injuredregion are important factors that should be considered in the definitive surgical treatment. The hydrocolloid membranepromotes selective autolytic debridement and accelerates the formation of granulation tissue and epithelialization. Thepresent study aims to describe the treatment with hydrocolloid membrane dressing of three cases of shearing wounds withconcomitant orthopedic injuries in the pelvic limbs of dogs.Case: Three dogs with pelvic limb injuries after vehicular trauma were selected for treatment. Two patients had shearinglesions on the medial aspect of the pelvic limb with exposure of the tibia and fibula, the talus and the tibiotarsal joint,associated with bone loss on the medial surface of the limb and rupture of the medial collateral ligament of the tarsus.Another patient had a shearing wound on the dorsal surface of the distal region of the pelvic limb, with injury of the digitalextensor tendons and bone exposure of the second and third metatarsals. Initially, the surgical debridement of the lesionwas performed and during the first five days after trauma the wound was cleansed with chlorhexidine solution and topicalapplication of crystallized sugar daily. In this initial period a dry adherent dressing was used on the lesions, without bandagesfor immobilization of the pelvic limb. In all dogs, the hydrocolloid membrane was applied from the sixth day after initialwound management. Immediately after the application of the hydrocolloid membrane, temporary immobilization of theaffected pelvic limb with a padded Robert Jones bandage was performed. The first changes of the hydrocolloid membraneswere performed after five days of their use. Subsequently, the membranes changes...

Curativo de hidrocoloide em lesões por arrastamento na região distal dos membros pélvicos em cães / Hydrocolloid membrane dressing in shearing injuries in the distal part of the pelvic limbs in dogs

Background: Shearing wounds on the limbs of dogs usually affect the regions distally from the radiocarpal joint at thethoracic limb and from the tibiotarsal joint at the pelvic limb. The tissue coverage and re-epithelialization of the injuredregion are important factors that should be considered in the definitive surgical treatment. The hydrocolloid membranepromotes selective autolytic debridement and accelerates the formation of granulation tissue and epithelialization. Thepresent study aims to describe the treatment with hydrocolloid membrane dressing of three cases of shearing wounds withconcomitant orthopedic injuries in the pelvic limbs of dogs.Case: Three dogs with pelvic limb injuries after vehicular trauma were selected for treatment. Two patients had shearinglesions on the medial aspect of the pelvic limb with exposure of the tibia and fibula, the talus and the tibiotarsal joint,associated with bone loss on the medial surface of the limb and rupture of the medial collateral ligament of the tarsus.Another patient had a shearing wound on the dorsal surface of the distal region of the pelvic limb, with injury of the digitalextensor tendons and bone exposure of the second and third metatarsals. Initially, the surgical debridement of the lesionwas performed and during the first five days after trauma the wound was cleansed with chlorhexidine solution and topicalapplication of crystallized sugar daily. In this initial period a dry adherent dressing was used on the lesions, without bandagesfor immobilization of the pelvic limb. In all dogs, the hydrocolloid membrane was applied from the sixth day after initialwound management. Immediately after the application of the hydrocolloid membrane, temporary immobilization of theaffected pelvic limb with a padded Robert Jones bandage was performed. The first changes of the hydrocolloid membraneswere performed after five days of their use. Subsequently, the membranes changes...(AU)

Valor nutritivo do capim-xaraés em três intensidades luminosas / Nutritive value of xaraés palisade grass in three light intensities

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o valor nutritivo e a força de cisalhamento da cultivar de Urochloa brizantha (syn Brachiaria brizantha) cv Xaraés submetida a três intensidades luminosas e quatro cortes. O experimento foi conduzido na FMVZ - Unesp de Botucatu, com delineamento experimental em blocos ao acaso, sendo os tratamentos: luminosidade natural, redução de 30% e 60% de luz, com quatro cortes e três repetições. As análises realizadas foram: composição bromatológica, digestibilidade e a força de cisalhamento. Não houve diferença na digestibilidade entre os tratamentos em nenhum dos cortes, mas a qualidade forrageira foi influenciada pelos níveis de intensidade de luz, tendo o tratamento com 60% de redução de luminosidade apresentado maiores concentrações de proteína bruta e cinzas, menores teores de fibra em detergente neutro, hemicelulose, celulose e força de cisalhamento. Em relação aos cortes estudados, o primeiro teve o menor intervalo de corte e produziu forragem com qualidade superior em comparação ao último, pois obteve menor teor de fibra em detergente ácido, lignina, hemicelulose, celulose e consequente menor força de cisalhamento. Portanto, a redução de 60% de luminosidade é benéfica à qualidade e à força de cisalhamento da cultivar Xaraés.(AU)

This study aimed to evaluate the nutritive value and shear strength of the Xaraés grass (Urochloa brizantha) under the three intensities of light and four cuts. The experiment was conducted at FMVZ - UNESP, Botucatu, with a randomized block design, with the following treatments: natural luminosity, 30% and 60% light reduction, with four cuts and three replications. The analyzes were bromatological composition, digestibility, and shearing strength. There was no difference in digestibility between the treatments in any of the cuts, forage quality was influenced by the light intensity levels, and the treatment with 60% of light reduction produced higher concentrations of crude protein and ash, lower levels of neutral detergent fiber, hemicellulose, cellulose and shear strength. According to the studied cuts, the first one had the lowest cut interval and produced superior forage compared with the last one, as it obtained lower fiber content in acid detergent, lignin, hemicellulose, cellulose and consequent lower shear force. Therefore, the reduction of 60% of luminosity is beneficial to the quality and shear force of the Xaraés palisade grass.(AU)

Valor nutritivo do capim-xaraés em três intensidades luminosas / Nutritive value of xaraés palisade grass in three light intensities

Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o valor nutritivo e a força de cisalhamento da cultivar de Urochloa brizantha (syn Brachiaria brizantha) cv Xaraés submetida a três intensidades luminosas e quatro cortes. O experimento foi conduzido na FMVZ - Unesp de Botucatu, com delineamento experimental em blocos ao acaso, sendo os tratamentos: luminosidade natural, redução de 30% e 60% de luz, com quatro cortes e três repetições. As análises realizadas foram: composição bromatológica, digestibilidade e a força de cisalhamento. Não houve diferença na digestibilidade entre os tratamentos em nenhum dos cortes, mas a qualidade forrageira foi influenciada pelos níveis de intensidade de luz, tendo o tratamento com 60% de redução de luminosidade apresentado maiores concentrações de proteína bruta e cinzas, menores teores de fibra em detergente neutro, hemicelulose, celulose e força de cisalhamento. Em relação aos cortes estudados, o primeiro teve o menor intervalo de corte e produziu forragem com qualidade superior em comparação ao último, pois obteve menor teor de fibra em detergente ácido, lignina, hemicelulose, celulose e consequente menor força de cisalhamento. Portanto, a redução de 60% de luminosidade é benéfica à qualidade e à força de cisalhamento da cultivar Xaraés.(AU)

This study aimed to evaluate the nutritive value and shear strength of the Xaraés grass (Urochloa brizantha) under the three intensities of light and four cuts. The experiment was conducted at FMVZ - UNESP, Botucatu, with a randomized block design, with the following treatments: natural luminosity, 30% and 60% light reduction, with four cuts and three replications. The analyzes were bromatological composition, digestibility, and shearing strength. There was no difference in digestibility between the treatments in any of the cuts, forage quality was influenced by the light intensity levels, and the treatment with 60% of light reduction produced higher concentrations of crude protein and ash, lower levels of neutral detergent fiber, hemicellulose, cellulose and shear strength. According to the studied cuts, the first one had the lowest cut interval and produced superior forage compared with the last one, as it obtained lower fiber content in acid detergent, lignin, hemicellulose, cellulose and consequent lower shear force. Therefore, the reduction of 60% of luminosity is beneficial to the quality and shear force of the Xaraés palisade grass.(AU)

Micronization and extrusion processing on the physicochemical properties of dietary fiber / Efeito dos processos de micronização e extrusão nas propriedades físico-químicas da fibra alimentar

Dietary fiber plays an important physiological role, which is directly linked to its physicochemical properties, water-holding, oil-binding, and cation-exchange capacities. These properties can be altered by employing enzymatic, mechanical, and physical processes. Enzymatic and chemical processes require solvents and special conditions that make it unfeasible to use. Thus, the use of physical methods, such as micronization and extrusion, make promising options to change the physicochemical properties of dietary fiber. In this way, this review aimed to approach relevant information about the use of physical processes, specifically micronization and extrusion, for this purpose. Furthermore, conceptual aspects, such as definition, classification, and properties of dietary fiber and mainly characteristics about the micronization and extrusion processes, are reported. Micronization and extrusion are based on the decrease of the particle size to a micro scale and on the combination of high temperature, mechanical shearing and pressure, respectively. Applying these methods, modifications on the food matrix occurred by increasing the surface area and disruption of the glycosidic bonds. Consequently, there is a change in physicochemical properties of dietary fiber, which predict the physiological effect associated with dietary fiber consumption, such as decrease in blood cholesterol and glucose levels and improvement of intestinal transit. Moreover, these changes increase the bio accessibility of bioactive compounds present in the food matrix and improve the antioxidant capacity of products.(AU)

A fibra alimentar desempenha importante papel fisiológico, o qual está diretamente ligado às suas propriedades físico-químicas de capacidade de retenção de água, ligação ao óleo e a cátions. Estas propriedades podem ser alteradas empregando-se métodos enzimáticos, químicos e físicos. Métodos enzimáticos e químicos requerem solventes e condições específicas que inviabilizam sua utilização. Assim, o emprego dos métodos físicos, tais como micronização e extrusão, tornam-se alternativas promissoras para alterar as propriedades físico-químicas da fibra alimentar. Desta forma, este trabalho visa abordar informações relevantes sobre o uso dos processos físicos, especificamente micronização e extrusão para essa finalidade. Além disso, aspectos conceituais como definição, classificação e propriedades da fibra alimentar e as principais características dos processos de micronização e extrusão são relatados. Micronização e extrusão baseiam-se na diminuição do tamanho de partícula para microescala e na combinação de alta temperatura, pressão e força de cisalhamento, respectivamente. Aplicando-se estes métodos, modificações na matriz alimentícia ocorrem pelo aumento da área superficial e rompimento das ligações glicosídicas da matriz alimentar. Consequentemente, são observadas alterações nas propriedades físico-químicas da fibra alimentar, as quais predizem o efeito fisiológico associado ao seu consumo, como diminuição dos níveis de colesterol e glicose sanguíneos e a melhora do trânsito intestinal. Ademais, essas alterações aumentam a bioacessibilidade dos compostos bioativos presentes na matéria-prima alimentícia e melhoram a capacidade antioxidante dos produtos obtidos.(AU)

Carcass traits and meat quality of steers on pasture submitted to different dietary supplementation / Características de carcaça e qualidade de carne de novilhos submetidos a diferentes estratégias de suplementação

This study aimed at evaluating carcass traits and meat quality of Nellore steers on pasture submitted to different dietary supplementation strategies. The 32 Nellore animals tested (8 ± 0.6 months) were raised under rotational grazing on Brachiaria brizantha cv. Piatã (syn. Urochloa brizantha cv. Piatã) pasture and distributed in four treatments: supply of mineral salt ad libitum in the growth and finishing phases (MSGF); concentrate supplementation only during the growth phase (CG); concentrate supplementation only during the finishing phase (CF) and concentrate supplementation the growth and finishing phases (CGF). The concentrated supplement was supplied at 0.5% of body weight and mineral ad libitum. The steers were slaughtered when more than 50% of the lot of each treatment reached 450 kg body weight. The mean the hot and cold carcass weight and subcutaneous fat thickness did not differ between treatments (P > 0.05). The calves the treatment CF and CGF showed a larger rib-eye area and higher ether extract levels in the Longissimus dorsi muscle than in MSGF and CG (P < 0.05). Mean shearing force was similar between treatments (P > 0.05). The use of feeding strategies on pasture with concentrate supplementation in the growth and finishing phases of Nellore cattle anticipates slaughter in 92 days and produces carcasses and meat with satisfactory traits.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar as características de carcaça e qualidade de carne de novilhos Nelore submetidos à diferentes estratégias de suplementação à pasto. Foram utilizados 32 bezerros Nelore (idade inicial de 8 ± 0,6 meses) mantidos em pastagem Brachiaria brizantha cv. Piatã (syn. Urochloa brizantha cv. Piatã) manejados em sistema rotacionado e distribuídos em quatro tratamentos: suplementação com sal mineral durante a recria e terminação (MSGF), suplementação com concentrado somente na fase de recria (CG), suplementação com concentrado somente na fase de terminação (CF) e suplementação concentrada durante a recria e terminação (CGF). O suplemento concentrado foi fornecido a 0,5% do peso corporal e o mineral ad libitum. Os animais foram abatidos quando mais de 50% do lote de cada tratamento atingiu 450 kg de peso corporal. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas entre as médias de peso da carcaça quente e fria e a espessura de gordura subcutânea de novilhos entre os tratamentos (P > 0,05). Os animais do tratamento CF e CGF apresentaram maior área de olho de lombo e maior teor de extrato etéreo no músculo Longissimus dorsi do que os tratamentos MSGF e CG (P < 0,05). As médias de força de cisalhamento foram similares entre os tratamentos (P > 0,05). O uso de estratégias de suplementação concentrada na fase de recria e terminação para novilhos Nelore criados à pasto pode antecipar o abate em até 92 dias, melhorar a composição física da carcaça e carne e garantir a produção de carcaças com características satisfatórias.(AU)

Mid-pregnancy ewe shearing and the effects on fetus liver and muscle glycoprotein deposits

The reason why shearing ewes in midpregnancy does increase the lamb birth weight is not completely clears. Therefore, we focused on the analyses of the deposition of glycogen in different fetal tissues to investigate this issue. Thirteen pregnant Australian Merino ewes, raised in native pasture, were separated in two groups. One group (n = 7) was shorn (SE) at 70 days of pregnancy, whereas another group (n = 6) remained unshorn (NSE). Cesarean section was conducted in all the ewes at near parturition, when placenta and fetuses sampling were collected. Placenta, liver and muscle samples were fixed and stained with glycoproteinreactive acid-Schiff acid for analysis under light microscopy. The quantification of these glycoproteins was performed with the support of a program that analyzes the measurement of the intensity of staining by field. Five random fields from each sample were used, where statistical analyzes was used as normal test T. Among the analyzed regions, the deposition of glycoprotein between SE and NSE groups was statistically different in the hepatic portal vein (54,499.23 µm2 in SE and 34,830.73 µm2 in NSE) and in the total muscle area of the sample fragment (41,128, 7 µm2 and 31,942.7 µm2 , respectively; P < 0.05). We conclude that shearing ewes at the 70th day of gestation lead to accumulation of glycoproteins in the liver and muscle of fetuses, which may be responsible for the increase in birth weights in that group.(AU)

Mid-pregnancy ewe shearing and the effects on fetus liver and muscle glycoprotein deposits

The reason why shearing ewes in midpregnancy does increase the lamb birth weight is not completely clears. Therefore, we focused on the analyses of the deposition of glycogen in different fetal tissues to investigate this issue. Thirteen pregnant Australian Merino ewes, raised in native pasture, were separated in two groups. One group (n = 7) was shorn (SE) at 70 days of pregnancy, whereas another group (n = 6) remained unshorn (NSE). Cesarean section was conducted in all the ewes at near parturition, when placenta and fetuses sampling were collected. Placenta, liver and muscle samples were fixed and stained with glycoproteinreactive acid-Schiff acid for analysis under light microscopy. The quantification of these glycoproteins was performed with the support of a program that analyzes the measurement of the intensity of staining by field. Five random fields from each sample were used, where statistical analyzes was used as normal test T. Among the analyzed regions, the deposition of glycoprotein between SE and NSE groups was statistically different in the hepatic portal vein (54,499.23 µm2 in SE and 34,830.73 µm2 in NSE) and in the total muscle area of the sample fragment (41,128, 7 µm2 and 31,942.7 µm2 , respectively; P < 0.05). We conclude that shearing ewes at the 70th day of gestation lead to accumulation of glycoproteins in the liver and muscle of fetuses, which may be responsible for the increase in birth weights in that group.

Illumina sequencing and assessment of new cost-efficient protocol for metagenomic-DNA extraction from environmental water samples

Abstract In this study, the development and assessment of a modified, efficient, and cost-efficient protocol for mDNA (metagenomic DNA) extraction from contaminated water samples was attempted. The efficiency of the developed protocol was investigated in comparison to a well-established commercial kit (Epicentre, Metagenomic DNA Isolation Kit for Water). The comparison was in terms of degree of shearing, yield, purity, duration, suitability for polymerase chain reaction and next-generation sequencing in addition to the quality of next-generation sequencing data. The DNA yield obtained from the developed protocol was 2.6 folds higher than that of the commercial kit. No significant difference in the alpha (Observed species, Chao1, Simpson and PD whole tree) and beta diversity was found between the DNA samples extracted by the commercial kit and the developed protocol. The number of high-quality sequences of the samples extracted by the developed method was 20% higher than those obtained by the samples processed by the kit. The developed economic protocol successfully yielded high-quality pure mDNA compatible with complex molecular applications. Thus we propose the developed protocol as a gold standard for future metagenomic studies investigating a large number of samples.

Illumina sequencing and assessment of new cost-efficient protocol for metagenomic-DNA extraction from environmental water samples

In this study, the development and assessment of a modified, efficient, and cost-efficient protocol for mDNA (metagenomic DNA) extraction from contaminated water samples was attempted. The efficiency of the developed protocol was investigated in comparison to a well-established commercial kit (Epicentre, Metagenomic DNA Isolation Kit for Water). The comparison was in terms of degree of shearing, yield, purity, duration, suitability for polymerase chain reaction and next-generation sequencing in addition to the quality of next-generation sequencing data. The DNA yield obtained from the developed protocol was 2.6 folds higher than that of the commercial kit. No significant difference in the alpha (Observed species, Chao1, Simpson and PD whole tree) and beta diversity was found between the DNA samples extracted by the commercial kit and the developed protocol. The number of high-quality sequences of the samples extracted by the developed method was 20% higher than those obtained by the samples processed by the kit. The developed economic protocol successfully yielded high-quality pure mDNA compatible with complex molecular applications. Thus we propose the developed protocol as a gold standard for future metagenomic studies investigating a large number of samples.(AU)

Microscopic sperm head damage and abnormalities as heat stress indicators in Australian Merino rams (Ovis aries) in Northern Patagonia, Argentina / Danos e anormalidades microscópicas das cabeças espermáticas como indicadores de estresse por calor em carneiros Merino Australiano (Ovis aries) da Patagônia Norte, Argentina

In Northern Patagonia, the mating season starts on March 15th, when rams are submitted to summer temperatures. Exposure of rams to heat stress increases the prevalence of microscopic damage to spermatozoa, morphological abnormalities, and reductions in fertility. This study assesses the adaptive capabilities of six unshorn and six shorn Australian Merino rams, half of which were treated in a heat chamber for eight hours for five days, gradually reaching a temperature of up to 40 °C. Microscopic damage, abnormalities and ultramicroscopic alterations of the plasma membrane and the acrosome of sperm head were analysed. There were significant differences in the percentage of tailless spermatozoa and proximal cytoplasmic droplets between post-treatment periods. Temperature primarily affected the shorn rams and the sperm heads during spermiogenesis. Submicroscopic alterations were observed when the plasma membrane was present in the anterior segment. These alterations can be intact, waved, or dilated. When the plasma membrane was absent, the acrosome might be intact, dilated, and waved. In addition, the outer acrosomal membrane may completely lose its contents or have a nude nucleus. The plasma membrane assumes a waved shape as a result of the effect of temperature on the epididymis. According to this study, the tailless head, proximal cytoplasmic droplets, and the ultramicroscopic categories studied were robust indicators of semen heat stress. After ten weeks, the sperm head recovered its normal shape. Unshorn rams are better adapted to summer heat stress than shorn ones. Microscopy and transmission electron microscopy alterations have been shown to be excellent indicators of thermal stress in Australian Merino rams and may be useful tools to help sheep farmers choose when to begin the mating season, which will vary depending on the environmental conditions of the summer.(AU)

Na Patagônia Norte, os ovinos têm sua estação de acasalamento iniciada em 15 de março, portanto, ficam sujeitos às temperaturas do verão. A exposição de carneiros a estresse térmico aumenta a prevalência de danos microscópicos e anomalias morfológicas nos espermatozoides, que implica uma redução na fertilidade. Este trabalho avaliou a capacidade adaptativa de carneiros Merino Australiano com lã (N = 6) e tosquiados (N = 6): metade ficou ao ar livre e outra metade foi mantida em uma câmara climática por oito horas, durante cinco dias, chegando gradualmente a uma temperatura máxima de 40 °C. Foram analisados danos microscópicos, anormalidades e alterações ultramicroscópicas da membrana plasmática e do acrossoma da cabeça dos espermatozoides. Os resultados microscópicos confirmaram a existência de diferença significativa na porcentagem de espermatozoides sem cauda e com gota citoplasmática proximal, entre os ejaculados pós-tratamento. A temperatura afetou os carneiros tosquiados, principalmente a cabeça de seus espermatozoides, durante a espermatogênese. Alterações submicroscópicas foram observados na membrana plasmática quando ela estava presente no segmento anterior: quando não intacta, ficava ondulada ou dilatada. Quando a membrana plasmática estava ausente, o acrossoma podia se apresentar ondulado ou dilatado. Além disso, sob efeito do calor, a membrana acrossomal externa pode perder completamente seu conteúdo ou apresentar núcleo desnudo. A membrana plasmática assume uma forma ondulada pelo efeito da temperatura no epidídimo. Depois de dez semanas, a cabeça dos espermatozoides recuperou sua forma normal. Como demonstrado neste estudo, a cabeça sem cauda, as gotas citoplasmáticas proximais e as categorias ultramicroscópicas estudadas são indicadores do efeito do estresse térmico no sêmen, e os carneiros com maior cobertura de lã se adaptam melhor ao estresse por calor. Alterações de microscopia e de microscopia eletrônica de transmissão têm se mostrado excelentes indicadores de estresse por calor em carneiros Merino Australiano e podem ser ferramentas úteis para ajudar criadores de ovelhas a escolher quando começar a época de acasalamento, o que irá variar de acordo com as condições ambientais do verão.(AU)

Microscopic sperm head damage and abnormalities as heat stress indicators in Australian Merino rams (Ovis aries) in Northern Patagonia, Argentina / Danos e anormalidades microscópicas das cabeças espermáticas como indicadores de estresse por calor em carneiros Merino Australiano (Ovis aries) da Patagônia Norte, Argentina

In Northern Patagonia, the mating season starts on March 15th, when rams are submitted to summer temperatures. Exposure of rams to heat stress increases the prevalence of microscopic damage to spermatozoa, morphological abnormalities, and reductions in fertility. This study assesses the adaptive capabilities of six unshorn and six shorn Australian Merino rams, half of which were treated in a heat chamber for eight hours for five days, gradually reaching a temperature of up to 40 °C. Microscopic damage, abnormalities and ultramicroscopic alterations of the plasma membrane and the acrosome of sperm head were analysed. There were significant differences in the percentage of tailless spermatozoa and proximal cytoplasmic droplets between post-treatment periods. Temperature primarily affected the shorn rams and the sperm heads during spermiogenesis. Submicroscopic alterations were observed when the plasma membrane was present in the anterior segment. These alterations can be intact, waved, or dilated. When the plasma membrane was absent, the acrosome might be intact, dilated, and waved. In addition, the outer acrosomal membrane may completely lose its contents or have a nude nucleus. The plasma membrane assumes a waved shape as a result of the effect of temperature on the epididymis. According to this study, the tailless head, proximal cytoplasmic droplets, and the ultramicroscopic categories studied were robust indicators of semen heat stress. After ten weeks, the sperm head recovered its normal shape. Unshorn rams are better adapted to summer heat stress than shorn ones. Microscopy and transmission electron microscopy alterations have been shown to be excellent indicators of thermal stress in Australian Merino rams and may be useful tools to help sheep farmers choose when to begin the mating season, which will vary depending on the environmental conditions of the summer.(AU)

Na Patagônia Norte, os ovinos têm sua estação de acasalamento iniciada em 15 de março, portanto, ficam sujeitos às temperaturas do verão. A exposição de carneiros a estresse térmico aumenta a prevalência de danos microscópicos e anomalias morfológicas nos espermatozoides, que implica uma redução na fertilidade. Este trabalho avaliou a capacidade adaptativa de carneiros Merino Australiano com lã (N = 6) e tosquiados (N = 6): metade ficou ao ar livre e outra metade foi mantida em uma câmara climática por oito horas, durante cinco dias, chegando gradualmente a uma temperatura máxima de 40 °C. Foram analisados danos microscópicos, anormalidades e alterações ultramicroscópicas da membrana plasmática e do acrossoma da cabeça dos espermatozoides. Os resultados microscópicos confirmaram a existência de diferença significativa na porcentagem de espermatozoides sem cauda e com gota citoplasmática proximal, entre os ejaculados pós-tratamento. A temperatura afetou os carneiros tosquiados, principalmente a cabeça de seus espermatozoides, durante a espermatogênese. Alterações submicroscópicas foram observados na membrana plasmática quando ela estava presente no segmento anterior: quando não intacta, ficava ondulada ou dilatada. Quando a membrana plasmática estava ausente, o acrossoma podia se apresentar ondulado ou dilatado. Além disso, sob efeito do calor, a membrana acrossomal externa pode perder completamente seu conteúdo ou apresentar núcleo desnudo. A membrana plasmática assume uma forma ondulada pelo efeito da temperatura no epidídimo. Depois de dez semanas, a cabeça dos espermatozoides recuperou sua forma normal. Como demonstrado neste estudo, a cabeça sem cauda, as gotas citoplasmáticas proximais e as categorias ultramicroscópicas estudadas são indicadores do efeito do estresse térmico no sêmen, e os carneiros com maior cobertura de lã se adaptam melhor ao estresse por calor. Alterações de microscopia e de microscopia eletrônica de transmissão têm se mostrado excelentes indicadores de estresse por calor em carneiros Merino Australiano e podem ser ferramentas úteis para ajudar criadores de ovelhas a escolher quando começar a época de acasalamento, o que irá variar de acordo com as condições ambientais do verão.(AU)

Pork: profile of the West of Paraná consumers and physical evaluation of chop / Carne suína: perfil de consumidores do Oeste do Paraná e avaliação física de bisteca

Pork consumption in Brazil is still low despite its productive importance. Relevant issues such as swine breeding, meat quality, and evaluation of aspects and attributes considered important by pork consumers at the time of purchase allows identifying consumer market demands. Moreover, physical parameters evaluation or pork cuts are suggested to certify the meat quality. The aim of this study was to identify the current situation of pig farming and determine the main aspects considered by consumers when buying pork in the Western region of Paraná state, Brazil. Furthermore, the physical properties of five pork chop brands marketed in the region were determined. Initially, an exploratory research was conducted involving ten pig farming sector professionals. This research allowed identifying that professionals understand the factors affecting meat quality and that some municipalities in the region are beyond their absorption capacity for pig production market. A descriptive research involving one hundred pork consumers showed that, although most prefer beef, 41% reported to consume pork 2 to 3 times a week. Pork chops and ribs are the preferred cuts, either fried or roasted. Details such as expiration date and federal inspection register were considered the most important aspects at the time of purchase, while price was the least important one. The meat color was the most mentioned sensory attribute. The physical analyses of five pork chop brands showed no pH difference (p > 0.05), water holding capacity, and cooking loss results, distinctive from the one observed for color (L*, a* and b*) and shearing force, which showed differences among the brands (p ≤ 0.05). Comparing pH and L*, it can be suggested that two brands showed normal meat characteristics, one DFD meat (pH > 6.0 and L* 50).

O consumo de carne suína no Brasil ainda é baixo, apesar da importância produtiva. Questões relevantes a suinocultura, qualidade da carne e avaliação de aspectos e atributos considerados importantes por consumidores no momento da compra possibilitam identificar a demanda do mercado consumidor. Além disso, a avaliação dos parâmetros físicos de cortes é sugerida para atestar a qualidade. Este trabalho teve como objetivo identificar a situação atual da suinocultura e determinar os principais aspectos e atributos considerados pelos consumidores no momento da compra de carne suína na região Oeste do Paraná. De forma adicional, os parâmetros físicos de cinco marcas de bistecas suínas comercializadas na região foram determinados. Inicialmente, uma pesquisa exploratória foi realizada com dez profissionais do setor suinícola, que demonstraram conhecer os fatores que interferem na qualidade da carne obtida e que algumas cidades da região estão ultrapassando a capacidade de absorção do mercado de produção de suínos. Uma pesquisa descritiva com cem consumidores mostrou que apesar de a maioria preferir carne bovina, 41% declararam consumir carne suína de 2 a 3 vezes por semana. Os cortes preferidos foram bisteca e costela, consumidos na maioria das vezes fritos ou assados. Itens como validade e registro de inspeção federal foram considerados os de maior importância no ato da compra enquanto o preço foi o menos importante.

Attitudes of South Brazilian sheep farmers to animal welfare and sentience / Atitudes de ovinocultores do sul do Brasil em relação a bem-estar e senciência animal

We investigated self-reported attitudes of 148 South Brazilian sheep farmers to animal welfare and sentience. Many farmers (73.0%) knew animal welfare superficially. Farmers that worked for longer in the sheep industry and that raised sheep for commercial purposes mentioned more commonly that they had knowledge about animal welfare (P 0.05). Terms related to freedom from hunger, thirst and malnutrition were the most used to define animal welfare, cited 24.9% of the times. The majority claimed that their animals experience good levels of welfare (93.2%), especially farmers that kept bigger flocks (P 0.05). However, many respondents believed that sheep welfare could be improved on their farms (71.6%), mainly farmers with less experience in the sheep industry (P 0.01). High scores of sentience were attributed to sheep by farmers with frequent contact with their animals (P 0.05). According to the farmers, castration causes the highest levels of suffering to sheep (32.4%) and shearing, the lowest (50.0%). South Brazilian farmer knowledge about animal welfare, attitudes to sentience and recognition of suffering need improvement.

Objetivou-se estudar as atitudes de 148 ovinocultores do sul do Brasil em relação a bem-estar e senciência animal. A maioria dos produtores (73,0%) conhecia bem-estar animal superficialmente. Produtores que trabalhavam mais tempo na indústria ovina e que criavam ovinos para fins comerciais mencionaram mais comumente que tinham conhecimento sobre bem-estar animal (P 0,05). Termos relacionados à liberdade de fome, sede e desnutrição foram os mais usados para definir bem-estar animal, citado 24,9% das vezes pelos produtores. A maioria afirmou que seus animais possuem níveis adequados de bem-estar (93,2%), especialmente produtores que mantinham rebanhos maiores (P 0,05). No entanto, muitos respondentes acreditavam que o bem-estar dos ovinos poderia ser melhorado em suas fazendas (71,6%), principalmente produtores com menos experiência na indústria ovina (P 0,01). Altos escores de senciência foram atribuídos a ovinos por produtores com contato frequente com seus animais (P 0,05). De acordo com os produtores, a castração causa os maiores níveis de sofrimento aos ovinos (32,4%) e a tosquia, os menores (50,0%). O conhecimento de produtores do sul do Brasil sobre bem-estar animal, as atitudes em relação à senciência e o reconhecimento do sofrimento precisam ser melhorados.

Attitudes of South Brazilian sheep farmers to animal welfare and sentience / Atitudes de ovinocultores do sul do Brasil em relação a bem-estar e senciência animal

We investigated self-reported attitudes of 148 South Brazilian sheep farmers to animal welfare and sentience. Many farmers (73.0%) knew animal welfare superficially. Farmers that worked for longer in the sheep industry and that raised sheep for commercial purposes mentioned more commonly that they had knowledge about animal welfare (P 0.05). Terms related to freedom from hunger, thirst and malnutrition were the most used to define animal welfare, cited 24.9% of the times. The majority claimed that their animals experience good levels of welfare (93.2%), especially farmers that kept bigger flocks (P 0.05). However, many respondents believed that sheep welfare could be improved on their farms (71.6%), mainly farmers with less experience in the sheep industry (P 0.01). High scores of sentience were attributed to sheep by farmers with frequent contact with their animals (P 0.05). According to the farmers, castration causes the highest levels of suffering to sheep (32.4%) and shearing, the lowest (50.0%). South Brazilian farmer knowledge about animal welfare, attitudes to sentience and recognition of suffering need improvement.(AU)

Objetivou-se estudar as atitudes de 148 ovinocultores do sul do Brasil em relação a bem-estar e senciência animal. A maioria dos produtores (73,0%) conhecia bem-estar animal superficialmente. Produtores que trabalhavam mais tempo na indústria ovina e que criavam ovinos para fins comerciais mencionaram mais comumente que tinham conhecimento sobre bem-estar animal (P 0,05). Termos relacionados à liberdade de fome, sede e desnutrição foram os mais usados para definir bem-estar animal, citado 24,9% das vezes pelos produtores. A maioria afirmou que seus animais possuem níveis adequados de bem-estar (93,2%), especialmente produtores que mantinham rebanhos maiores (P 0,05). No entanto, muitos respondentes acreditavam que o bem-estar dos ovinos poderia ser melhorado em suas fazendas (71,6%), principalmente produtores com menos experiência na indústria ovina (P 0,01). Altos escores de senciência foram atribuídos a ovinos por produtores com contato frequente com seus animais (P 0,05). De acordo com os produtores, a castração causa os maiores níveis de sofrimento aos ovinos (32,4%) e a tosquia, os menores (50,0%). O conhecimento de produtores do sul do Brasil sobre bem-estar animal, as atitudes em relação à senciência e o reconhecimento do sofrimento precisam ser melhorados.(AU)

Pork: profile of the West of Paraná consumers and physical evaluation of chop / Carne suína: perfil de consumidores do Oeste do Paraná e avaliação física de bisteca

Pork consumption in Brazil is still low despite its productive importance. Relevant issues such as swine breeding, meat quality, and evaluation of aspects and attributes considered important by pork consumers at the time of purchase allows identifying consumer market demands. Moreover, physical parameters evaluation or pork cuts are suggested to certify the meat quality. The aim of this study was to identify the current situation of pig farming and determine the main aspects considered by consumers when buying pork in the Western region of Paraná state, Brazil. Furthermore, the physical properties of five pork chop brands marketed in the region were determined. Initially, an exploratory research was conducted involving ten pig farming sector professionals. This research allowed identifying that professionals understand the factors affecting meat quality and that some municipalities in the region are beyond their absorption capacity for pig production market. A descriptive research involving one hundred pork consumers showed that, although most prefer beef, 41% reported to consume pork 2 to 3 times a week. Pork chops and ribs are the preferred cuts, either fried or roasted. Details such as expiration date and federal inspection register were considered the most important aspects at the time of purchase, while price was the least important one. The meat color was the most mentioned sensory attribute. The physical analyses of five pork chop brands showed no pH difference (p > 0.05), water holding capacity, and cooking loss results, distinctive from the one observed for color (L*, a* and b*) and shearing force, which showed differences among the brands (p ≤ 0.05). Comparing pH and L*, it can be suggested that two brands showed normal meat characteristics, one DFD meat (pH > 6.0 and L* < 45), and other two brands PSE (pH < 5.8 and L* > 50).(AU)

O consumo de carne suína no Brasil ainda é baixo, apesar da importância produtiva. Questões relevantes a suinocultura, qualidade da carne e avaliação de aspectos e atributos considerados importantes por consumidores no momento da compra possibilitam identificar a demanda do mercado consumidor. Além disso, a avaliação dos parâmetros físicos de cortes é sugerida para atestar a qualidade. Este trabalho teve como objetivo identificar a situação atual da suinocultura e determinar os principais aspectos e atributos considerados pelos consumidores no momento da compra de carne suína na região Oeste do Paraná. De forma adicional, os parâmetros físicos de cinco marcas de bistecas suínas comercializadas na região foram determinados. Inicialmente, uma pesquisa exploratória foi realizada com dez profissionais do setor suinícola, que demonstraram conhecer os fatores que interferem na qualidade da carne obtida e que algumas cidades da região estão ultrapassando a capacidade de absorção do mercado de produção de suínos. Uma pesquisa descritiva com cem consumidores mostrou que apesar de a maioria preferir carne bovina, 41% declararam consumir carne suína de 2 a 3 vezes por semana. Os cortes preferidos foram bisteca e costela, consumidos na maioria das vezes fritos ou assados. Itens como validade e registro de inspeção federal foram considerados os de maior importância no ato da compra enquanto o preço foi o menos importante.(AU)

Reproductive performance of Ile de France ewes under dietary supplementation before and during the breeding season / Desempenho reprodutivo de ovelhas Ile de France submetidas à suplementação alimentar antes e durante a estação de monta

The aim of this study was to evaluate the reproductive performance of Ile de France ewes undergoing dietary supplementation before and during the breeding season, with and without association with management conditions (pre-mating shearing). Thirty-six ewes with an average body weight of 66 kg were used in the experiment. Treatments involved ewes receiving or not receiving concentrate supplementation (flushing), with groups subdivided according to the management condition to which animals were subjected: shearing or lack of it. Thus, ewes were divided into four treatments: flushed and shorn; flushed and unshorn; unflushed and shorn; and unflushed and unshorn. Flushing increased weight gain and body condition score, and when associated with shearing, it promoted anticipation of estrus. Fertility rate (86.05%), calving rate (77.77%), birth rate (113.83%), and type of birth (single: 82.29% and twin: 17.71%) were not influenced. Birth weight (3.96 kg) and prolificacy (1.25%) also were not affected. Despite the lack of changes in reproductive traits, flushing adopted during the breeding season associated with shearing anticipated estrus in ewes.(AU)

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho reprodutivo de ovelhas Ile de France submetidas à suplementação alimentar antes e durante a estação de monta associado ou não a condições de manejo (tosquia pré-acasalamento). Foram utilizadas 36 ovelhas, com peso corporal médio de 66 kg. Os tratamentos envolveram ovelhas para receber ou não suplementação concentrada, sendo os grupos ainda subdivididos de acordo com a condição de manejo em que foram submetidos, tosquiados ou não. Assim, as ovelhas foram distribuídas em quatro tratamentos: suplementadas e tosquiadas; suplementadas e não tosquiadas; não suplementadas e tosquiadas e não suplementadas e não tosquiadas. A suplementação alimentar aumentou o ganho de peso e o escore corporal e quando associada à tosquia favoreceu a antecipação do estro. Os índices de fertilidade (86,05%), parição (77,77%) e natalidade (113,83%), assim como o tipo de parto (simples: 82,29% e duplo: 17,71%) não foram influenciados. O peso ao nascer (3,96 kg) e a prolificidade (1,25%) também não foram afetados. Embora não se tenha verificado alteração nas características reprodutivas, a suplementação alimentar na estação de monta associada à tosquia antecipou o estro das ovelhas.(AU)

Pituitary-adrenal axis responses to routine management procedures in sheep (Ovis aries)

Background: Shearing is considered as a stressful factor in sheep, capable of causing some behavioural changes including variations of body condition and hormonal and haematochemical parameters. On these basis, circulating ACTH and cortisol concentrations were determined in sheep before and after exposure to aversive stimuli in order to evaluate the potential use of these hormones to objectively measure physical and mental stress responses to isolation, restraint and shearing. Materials, Methods & Results: Forty Pinzirita sheep, used as experimental group, were evaluated in baseline conditions, 24 h before isolation, restraint and shearing (T0), after isolation (T1), after restraint and shearing (T2), by taking into account the influence of previous shearing experience (just shorn). A control group of forty sheep (intact) was evaluated in baseline condition (T0). According to previous experience the experimental subjects were divided in two groups, respectively group A represented by 20 sheep (10 males and 10 females), aged 1-2 years, without previous shearing experience (intact); and group B represented by 20 sheep (10 males and 10 females), aged older than 2 years, previously exposed to shearing (just shorn). A control group C of 40 sheep splitted into two sub-groups represented by 10 intact males and 10 intact females, aged 1-2 years, and 10 males and 10 females just [...](AU)