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Data from 83,088 Hereford and Braford cattle were used to compare parameters and breeding values obtained using linear and threshold models for visual scores of limb conformation (LCW and LCY), breed traits (BTW and BTY), sexual traits (STW and STY), eye pigmentation (EPW and EPY), and navel size (NSW and NSY) at weaning and yearling, respectively. Additionally, principal component analysis was applied to investigate the relationship among the estimated breeding values. Higher direct heritability were estimated using the threshold model (ranging from 0.134±0.021 to 0.194±0.023) compared with the linear model (ranging from 0.085±0.008 to 0.120±0.009). Rank correlations between breeding values predicted using linear and threshold models ranged from 0.61 to 0.88 (LCW), 0.53 to 0.91 (BTW), 0.66 to 0.87 (STW), 0.80 to 0.96 (EPW), 0.87 to 0.95 (NSW), 0.70 to 0.92 (LCY), 0.49 to 0.93 (BTY), 0.56 to 0.95 (STY), 0.88 to 0.97 (EPY), and 0.80 to 0.95 (NSY). The low genetic variability of the studied traits suggests a small genetic gain in the morphology and adaptation. According to the results obtained in the rank correlation, the percentage of coincident animals and the cross-validation analyses, it is recommended to use the threshold model for limb conformation, breed, and sexual traits. For eye pigmentation and navel size scores, both models can be used. In practical terms, the producer will be able to carry out his own selection, considering other traits that are not currently incorporated in the selection indexes, but that can lead to simultaneous gains in the morphology and adaptation of Hereford and Braford cattle.(AU)

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The objective of this study was to investigate the relationships between energy, protein, enzymatic metabolism, and residual feed intake (RFI) in purebred Nellore bulls. A total of 120 Nellore bulls, individually housed, underwent performance trials while being fed a high-concentrate diet. The study utilized data from the 10 most efficient, least efficient, and moderately efficient animals. Blood samples were collected via venipuncture for a complete blood count, and serum was analyzed for albumin, total protein, urea, creatinine, glucose, cholesterol, gamma GT, AST, and alkaline phosphatase. The data were subjected to a completely randomized design with three treatments and 10 replicates, and treatment means were compared using the Tukey test. Pearson's linear correlation analysis was performed. The most efficient animals demonstrated a 27.62% reduction in feed intake compared to the least efficient ones. No significant differences were observed in the serum biochemistry between different RFI classes. Inefficient animals exhibited elevated mean corpuscular hemoglobin (MCH), a red blood cell index, which correlated with RFI, gain-to-feed ratio, and dry matter intake (r = 0.46, 0.42, and -0.42, respectively). Hemoglobin concentration showed correlations with RFI and gain-to-feed ratio (r = 0.36, -0.41, respectively). These findings suggest potential variations in oxygen-carrying capacity. Red blood cell parameters could serve as biomarkers for identifying inefficient animals.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar as associações entre o metabolismo energético, proteico e enzimático com o consumo alimentar residual (CAR) de touros Nelore puros. Um total de 120 touros Nelore, alojados individualmente, passaram por provas de desempenho enquanto eram alimentados com uma dieta rica em concentrado. O estudo utilizou dados dos 10 animais mais eficientes, menos eficientes e moderadamente eficientes. Amostras de sangue foram coletadas por punção venosa para hemograma e o soro foi analisado para albumina, proteína total, ureia, creatinina, glicose, colesterol, gama GT, AST e fosfatase alcalina. Os dados foram submetidos a um delineamento completamente casualizado com três tratamentos e 10 repetições, e as médias dos tratamentos foram comparadas usando o teste de Tukey. Foi realizada uma análise de correlação linear de Pearson. Os animais mais eficientes demonstraram uma redução de 27,62% no consumo de materia seca em comparação com os menos eficientes. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas na bioquímica serica entre diferentes classes de RFI. Animais ineficientes apresentaram aumento na hemoglobina corpuscular média (HCM), um índice hematimetrico, que se correlacionou com RFI, eficiencia alimentar e consumo de matéria seca (r = 0,46; 0,42 e -0,42; respectivamente). A concentração de hemoglobina mostrou correlações com RFI e eficiencia alimentar (r = 0,36; -0,41, respectivamente). Esses achados sugerem variações potenciais na capacidade de transporte de oxigênio. O hemograma e seus parâmetros de células vermelhas do sangue podem servir como biomarcadores para identificar animais ineficientes.(AU)

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The growth hormone (GH) gene plays a vital role in regulating animal metabolism and body size, making it a potential candidate for influencing livestock performance. This study aimed to investigate the polymorphisms within the GH gene and their associations with 10 biometric traits in the Sumbawa cattle population of Indonesia. Biometric trait data and blood samples were collected from 112 Sumbawa cattle individuals, and their GH gene sequences were analyzed using two sets of primers for amplification. Seven single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were identified in the GH gene: g.442C>T, g.446G>C, g.558C>T, g.649C>A, g.1492C>A, g.1510C>A, and g.1578G>A. All SNPs were located in the intronic region except for SNP g.558C>T, which was found in the coding sequence (CDS) region. The SNP g.558C>T is classified as a synonymous variant. Haplotype analysis revealed a strong linkage disequilibrium between SNPs g.558C>T and g.649C>A. Distributions of genotypes and alleles of all SNPs were in agreement with the Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (p > 0.05, χ2 < 15.56), except for SNPs g.446G>C and g.1492C>A. The association study showed that the SNP g.442C>T significantly (p < 0.05) affected HL, BL, SH, and PH traits in Sumbawa cattle. Additionally, the g.446G>C and g.558C>T were also found to be associated with PH and CC traits, respectively. The polymorphisms detected in the GH gene could have implications for selection programs to enhance desired biometric traits in Sumbawa cattle. Improving livestock productivity can be done by understanding genetic diversity and its relationship with phenotypic characteristics.

O gene do hormônio de crescimento (GH) desempenha um papel vital na regulação do metabolismo animal e do tamanho corporal, tornando-se um potencial candidato para influenciar o desempenho do gado. Este estudo teve como objetivo investigar os polimorfismos dentro do gene GH e suas associações com 10 características biométricas na população de gado Sumbawa da Indonésia. Dados de características biométricas e amostras de sangue foram coletados de 112 indivíduos de gado Sumbawa, e suas sequências genéticas do gene GH foram analisadas usando dois conjuntos de primers para amplificação. Sete polimorfismos de nucleotídeo único (SNPs) foram identificados no gene GH: g.442C>T, g.446G>C, g.558C>T, g.649C>A, g.1492C>A, g.1510C>A e g.1578G>A. Todos os SNPs estavam localizados na região intrônica, exceto o SNP g.558C>T, que foi encontrado na região da sequência de codificação (CDS). O SNP g.558C>T é classificado como uma variante sinônima. A análise de haplótipos revelou um forte desequilíbrio de ligação entre os SNPs g.558C>T e g.649C>A. As distribuições de genótipos e alelos de todos os SNPs estavam de acordo com o equilíbrio de Hardy-Weinberg (p > 0,05, χ2 < 15,56), exceto para os SNPs g.446G>C e g.1492C>A. O estudo de associação mostrou que o SNP g.442C>T afetou significativamente (p < 0,05) as características HL, BL, SH e PH no gado Sumbawa. Além disso, o g.446G>C e o g.558C>T também foram encontrados associados às características PH e CC, respectivamente. Os polimorfismos detectados no gene GH podem ter implicações para programas de seleção visando melhorar as características biométricas desejadas no gado Sumbawa. A melhoria da produtividade pecuária pode ser feita através da compreensão da diversidade genética e sua relação com as características fenotípicas.

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As malformações congênitas surgem no desenvolvimento embrionário e podem ser funcionais ou estruturais, afetando diversos órgãos e tecidos, podendo ter como causas fatores ambientais, genéticos ou iatrogênicos. Dentre essas malformações, pode-se citar a microtia, que se caracteriza pela malformação da pina, resultando em uma hipoplasia de pavilhão auricular externo, apresentando anormalidade no tamanho, contorno ou ausência total da aurícula e lóbulo, condição que na maioria dos casos é unilateral e resulta em perda auditiva, especialmente quando associada à atresia do canal auditivo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi relatar os principais achados clínicos em um caso de microtia e atresia do conduto auricular externo, congênito em um bovino no estado do Amazonas-BR. Foi atendido pelo Serviço Médico Veterinário do Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Amazonas - IFAM, campus Lábrea, uma bezerra mestiça (Jersey + Girolando), para manejo neonatal. Durante o exame físico do animal foi observada alteração anatômica na pina esquerda, caracterizada por microtia de pina e ausência do conduto auditivo externo. Não foram observadas alterações anatômicas na orelha direita. Este caso destaca a necessidade de exame físico e avaliação clínica minuciosa em neonatos, pois anomalias auditivas podem não apresentar sinais neurológicos evidentes.(AU)

Congenital malformations arise during embryonic development and can be functional or structural, affecting various organs and tissues, and may be caused by environmental, genetic, or iatrogenic factors. Among these malformations, microtia can be mentioned, which is characterized by malformation of the pinna, resulting in hypoplasia of the external ear, which presents as an abnormality in the size, contour, or total absence of the auricle and lobe, a condition that in most cases is unilateral and often results in hearing loss, especially when associated with atresia of the auditory canal. The objective of this study was to report the main clinical findings in a case of microtia and atresia of the external ear canal, congenital in a bovine in the state of Amazonas. A crossbred (Jersey + Girolando) heifer was treated by the Veterinary Medical Service of the Federal Institute of Education, Science, and Technology of Amazonas - IFAM, Lábrea campus, for neonatal management. During the physical examination of the animal, an anatomical alteration was observed in the left pinna, characterized by pinna microtia and the absence of the external auditory canal. No anatomical alterations were observed in the right ear. This case highlights the need for thorough physical examination and clinical evaluation in neonates, as hearing anomalies may not present with obvious neurological signs.(AU)

Las malformaciones congénitas surgen en el desarrollo embrionario y pueden ser funcionales o estructurales, afectando diversos órganos y tejidos, y pueden ser causadas por factores ambientales, genéticos o iatrogénicos. Entre estas malformaciones podemos mencionar la microtia, que se caracteriza por la malformación del pabellón auricular, dando lugar a una hipoplasia del pabellón auricular externo, presentando una anomalía en el tamaño, contorno o ausencia total del pabellón auricular y lóbulo de la oreja, condición que en la mayoría En algunos casos es unilateral y produce pérdida de audición, especialmente cuando se asocia con atresia del canal auditivo. El objetivo de este trabajo fue relatar los principales hallazgos clínicos en un caso de microtia y atresia del conducto auditivo externo, congénita en un bovino en el estado de Amazonas-BR. Un ternero mestizo (Jersey + Girolando) fue atendido por el Servicio Médico Veterinario del Instituto Federal de Educación, Ciencia y Tecnología de Amazonas - IFAM, campus Lábrea, para manejo neonatal. Durante el examen físico del animal se observaron cambios anatómicos en el pabellón auricular izquierdo, caracterizados por microtia del pabellón auricular y ausencia del conducto auditivo externo. No se observaron cambios anatómicos en el oído derecho. Este caso resalta la necesidad de un examen físico y una evaluación clínica exhaustiva en los recién nacidos, ya que las anomalías auditivas pueden no presentar signos neurológicos obvios.(AU)

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Standardizing trimming the brain for histological diagnosis of neurological diseases is challenging for veterinary pathologists. The striatum is a set of subcortical nuclei of the forebrain, formed by bundles of nerve fibers and gray matter, which consist of the internal and external capsules, caudate, lentiform, and claustrum nuclei. The striatum is related to motricity, which refers to the neural circuits of the extrapyramidal pathways. In domestic animals, the extrapyramidal pathways are of great importance in gait. From the ventral surface of the brain, they are located deep in a strip of the telencephalon corresponding to the olfactory trigone. Bovine and equine brains were routinely formalin-fixed, weighed and measured. Herein, we report a guide for bovine and equine brains' neuroanatomic trimming and striatum histomorphology. Trimming was performed, and the sections were routinely processed for histology. We used the cross-section rostral to the optic chiasm as the site of choice for histologic sampling to identify the striatum structures. The forebrains were sectioned, and the standard histologic cassette was positioned horizontally or vertically to frame a greater diversity of structures. The histologic slides were labeled with structures of the striatum (caudate nucleus, internal capsule, lentiform nucleus, external capsule and claustrum). Regarding the brain size, handing the cassette orientation over to the forebrain allows the verification to shift the position or collect a second striatum sample for histology.

Padronizar a clivagem do encéfalo para diagnóstico histológico de doenças neurológicas é um desafio para os patologistas veterinários. O corpo estriado é um conjunto de núcleos subcorticais do prosencéfalo, formado por feixes de fibras nervosas e substância cinzenta, que consistem nas cápsulas interna e externa, núcleos caudado, lentiforme e claustro. O corpo estriado está relacionado à motricidade, que se refere aos circuitos neurais das vias extrapiramidais. Nos animais domésticos, as vias extrapiramidais são de grande importância na marcha. Da superfície ventral do cérebro, eles estão localizados profundamente em uma faixa do telencéfalo correspondente ao trígono olfatório. Encéfalos de bovinos e equinos foram rotineiramente fixados em formalina, pesados e medidos. Neste trabalho, relatamos um guia para a clivagem neuroanatômica e histomorfológica do corpo estriado dos cérebros de bovinos e equinos. A clivagem foi realizada e as seções foram processadas rotineiramente para histologia. Utilizamos o corte rostral e tangente ao quiasma óptico como local de escolha para amostragem histológica para identificar as estruturas do corpo estriado. Os prosencéfalos foram seccionados e o cassete histológico padrão foi posicionado horizontal ou verticalmente para enquadrar uma maior diversidade de estruturas. As estruturas do corpo estriado foram identificadas nas lâminas histológicas (núcleo caudado, cápsula interna, núcleo lentiforme, cápsula externa e claustro). Conforme o tamanho do encéfalo, o manuseio do cassete sobre o prosencéfalo permite orientar a necessidade de alterar a posição ou a coleta de uma segunda amostra do corpo estriado para histologia.

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The present study presents a comparative evaluation of the transit kinetics of straw briquette in response to the dietary addition of non-protein nitrogen sources in the form of a mineral supplement. Four rumen-cannulated, castrated Holstein-Gir crossbred cattle, weighing an average of 380±22.64 kg, were distributed into a 4 × 4 Latin square design (four supplements with non-protein nitrogen sources × four experimental periods). The following non-protein nitrogen sources were studied: conventional urea, slow-release urea, extruded urea, and monoammonium phosphate. During the experiment, the animals were housed in individual stalls with concrete floors where they received a basal diet consisting of straw briquette, potato starch, and the mineral supplement, the latter whose variation was only in the non-protein nitrogen source, which characterized the treatments. The different non-protein nitrogen sources did not affect the parameters of transit or degradation kinetics of straw fiber briquette. These results can be associated with the low nitrogen content limited by the types of supplements and the particle size of straw briquette, which is smaller due to processing.(AU)

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This trial was designed to evaluate the effect of processing method of rehydrated corn grain silage (RCGS) on feed intake, performance, carcass traits, feeding behavior, rumen morphology, and blood metabolites of cattle in the finishing phase. Thirty-eight F1 Angus × Nellore bulls (365±22 kg) raised under grazing conditions were housed in individual pens (2 × 4 m) for the feeding trial. At the end of the adaptation period, animals were weighed after a 16-h fast, blocked by shrunk body weight, and randomly assigned to one of two dietary treatments: GRC, consisting of RCGS that was ground before ensiling using a hammer mill with a uniform 8-mm screen (1.52 mm geometric mean particle size); and RRC, consisting of RCGS that was rolled before ensiling in a roller mill mounted in a bagging machine (2.18 mm geometric mean particle size). Diet ingredients were mixed manually twice daily, at 09:00 and 15:00 h, and offered as total mixed rations in amounts approximately 50 g/kg in excess of daily intake. The experimental diets contained a forage:concentrate ratio of 130:870 g/kg, with 644 g/kg of RCGS. The GRC resulted in greater daily variation in dry matter intake, total-tract digestibility (dry and organic matter), fecal pH, rumen papillae width, and lower first meal duration, meal length, fecal starch, and rumen papillae height than the RRC. However, grinding or rolling RCGS did not affect dry matter intake, growth performance, carcass traits, or health (liver abscesses, ruminitis, serum D-lactate) of finishing beef cattle. Therefore, the processing equipment to make RCGS might be preferable based on equipment availability, milling yield, energy consumption, and diet composition.(AU)

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The impact of GnRH treatment on the day of TAI in beef cows has received limited investigation, especially concerning its association with estrus expression. Consequently, two experiments were conducted to assess the potential of GnRH treatment on the day of TAI to enhance fertility according to the expression or not of estrus in beef cows. Experiment 1 aimed to determine ovulation rate and luteal function, while Experiment 2 aimed to determine the effect of the two GnRH treatment approaches on pregnancy rate. In Experiment 1, multiparous Brangus suckling cows (n = 17) were submitted to an 8-day TAI protocol. Estrus occurrence was evaluated based on chalk removal on D10 (TAI) and cows were assigned to receive GnRH (25µg lecirelin; im) according to the group: GnRH (n = 7), regardless of estrus expression; or selectGnRH (n = 10), only cows not detected in estrus. Ovulation rate occurring until 77h after IVD removal did not differ (p = 0.17) between GnRH (85.7%; 6/7) and selectGnRH (100%; 10/10). Also, corpus luteum size and serum progesterone concentration were not affected (p>0.05) by treatments. In Experiment 2, crossbred taurine suckled cows (n = 384) were submitted to the same protocol as described in Experiment 1 and were randomly allocated to GnRH or selectGnRH groups. There was no difference in P/AI between groups (selectGnRH = 55.6%; GnRH = 54.3%; p = 0.7) 30 days after TAI. As expected, there was a pronounced effect (p<0.0001) of estrus expression on P/AI (Estrus = 61.5%; No estrus = 33.0%), regardless of group. In summary, ovulation timing and rate and luteal function did not differ between groups. Also, GnRH administration only in cows that do not show estrus is recommended, considering hormone savings and similar conception rate.(AU)

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The objectives were to analyze the genealogical information of Gyr (GY) and Nelore (NL) cattle from Costa Rica. Analyzed: pedigree integrity (GY, 13272; NL, 18153); number of complete, maximum traced and equivalent complete generations; inbreeding (FI); generation interval (GI) through four selection routes; average additive genetic ratio (AGR); effective number of founders (fe); effective number of ancestors (fa); effective population size (Ne). The analysis was performed with the ENDOG software. The maximum proportion of unknown parents, grandparents, and great-grandparents was 18.6%, 39.9%, and 59.3%, respectively. The average FI for NL was 8.87% and 2.85% in GY. The average consanguineous population (%) and FI was 53.9 and 16.5% in NL, 28.9 and 9.9% in GY. The average and maximum values of AGR for NL were 3.5 and 12.8, 1.4 and 5.6 in GY. The fe and fa for NL were 65.0 and 38.0, in GY 145.7 and 59.0. The Ne indicated increases in FI in the range of 1 to 2% in GY, for NL greater than 2%, with a status of care to monitor the evolution of F and AGR and their possible implications in genetic improvement. The GI ranged from 6.3 to 7.9 years with a general average of 6.9 years. These results show a summary of the genetic and reproductive management those breeders have carried out.

Os objetivos foram analisar as informações genealógicas de bovinos Gir (GY) e Nelore (NL) da Costa Rica. Foram considerados: integridade do pedigree (GY, 13272; NL, 18153); número de gerações completas, máximas traçadas e equivalentes completas; endogamia (FI); intervalo de geração (GI) por meio de quatro rotas de seleção; razão genética aditiva média (AGR); número efetivo de fundadores (fe); número efetivo de ancestrais (fa); tamanho efetivo da população (Ne). A análise foi realizada com o software ENDOG. A proporção máxima de pais, avós e bisavós desconhecidos foi de 18,6%, 39,9% e 59,3%, respectivamente. O FI médio para NL foi de 8,87% e 2,85% no GY. A média da população consanguínea (%) e FI foi de 53,9 e 16,5% em NL, 28,9 e 9,9% em GY. Os valores médios e máximos de AGR para NL foram 3,5 e 12,8, 1,4 e 5,6 no GY. Os fe e fa para NL foram 65,0 e 38,0, no GY 145,7 e 59,0. O Ne indicou aumentos de FI na faixa de 1 a 2% no GY, para NL superiores a 2%, com status de cuidado para acompanhar a evolução de F e AGR e suas possíveis implicações no melhoramento genético. O IG variou de 6,3 a 7,9 anos com média geral de 6,9 anos. Esses resultados mostram um resumo do manejo genético e reprodutivo realizado por esses criadores.

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The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of milking hygiene practices, herd size, water hardness, and temperature-humidity index (THI) on the physicochemical and microbiological characteristics of raw milk, and standard plate count (SPC) in milking machines of dairy farms in the central region of Mexico. Data were collected from fifty-three dairy farms during one year. The evaluated effects included milking hygiene conditions (good, medium, poor), herd size (1-50, 51-100, 101-150, ≥151 heads), water hardness (soft or moderately hard), and THI (comfortable or stressful). The increase in milking hygiene produced greater milk yield (MY) and energy corrected milk (ECM) but lower protein content, and decreased the individual bacterial count (IBC) and somatic cell count (SCC). The MY, ECM, protein content, IBC, and SCC were higher on bigger farms. The use of soft water reduced MY, IBC, and SCC, but improved fat, lactose, total solids (TS), and non-fat solids (NFS). Heat stress negatively affected fat, protein, TS, NFS, acidity, freezing point (FP), SCC, and methylene blue dye reduction test. Poor milking hygiene contributes to higher SPC in milking machine parts. Water hardness and THI did not affect SPC in all milking machine parts. Proper milking hygiene practices, larger herd size, softer water, lower THI, and adequate cleaning and disinfection of the milking machine parts benefits the physicochemical and microbiological quality of the milk.

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Litter size is one of the crucial factors in livestock production and is of high economic value, which is affected by ovulation rate, hormones, and growth factors.Growth factors play a multifaceted role in reproductive physiology. This review aims to investigate the association of bone morphogenetic protein 15 (BMP15) and growth differentiation factor 9 (GDF9)with litter size in livestock.The transforming growth factor ß(TGF-ß) superfamily includes more than 34 members; GDF9 and BMP15 are among the most significantfactors for regulating fertility and litter size in most livestock species. Ovarian follicles release BMP15 and GDF9 that are involved in the maturation of primary follicles into the basal form, proliferation of granulosa and theca cells, steroidogenesis, ovulation, and formation of the corpus luteum. Besides, these factors are highly expressed in oocytes and are necessary for female fertility and multiple ovulation in several livestock species. Animals with two inactive copies of these factors are sterile, while those with one inactive copy are fertile. Thus, the present reviewprovides valuable information on the association of BMP15 and GDF9with litter size in livestock that can be used as biological markers of multiple ovulation or for improving fertility in livestock.(AU)

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The objective of this study was to evaluate the relationships between preovulatory follicle (POF) and corpus luteum (CL) diameters, and POF and CL vascular perfusion with progesterone production, ovulation, and pregnancy in Nellore cows subjected to timed artificial insemination (TAI). Nellore cows (n = 201) were subjected to ovulation synchronization and later to ultrasound evaluation of POF and CL at the time of insemination (D0) and seven days later (D7), respectively. Females were divided into three categories according to the POF diameter assessed at the time of insemination: small (SF), medium (MF), and large (LF) follicles. The LF group had a greater number and intensity of pixels in the POF ultrasound exam compared with the SF group. The CL flow intensity and progesterone concentration were also higher in the LF group. The SF group showed lower flow intensity and lower ovulation rate compared with the others. When non-pregnant females were compared to pregnant ones, no difference was observed in any of the analyzed variables. The results show for the first time in Nellore cattle the relationship between the size of ovarian structures and blood flow (quantity and intensity) as well as the ability of the CL to produce progesterone. The intensity of the POF pixels proved to be relevant, demonstrating correlations with the size and flow of the CL, which were not found when evaluating only the number of pixels, thus revealing the importance of evaluating complementary characteristics of the flow.(AU)

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A fertilidade pode ser definida como a capacidade de gerar filhos normais, o que é essencial para o progresso genético, desde que os ascendentes tenham capacidade de transmitir características que venham impactar positivamente os índices zootécnicos e econômicos. Apesar do aumento expressivo do uso de biotécnicas reprodutivas, a maior parte das fêmeas bovinas aptas à reprodução no Brasil ainda são acasaladas por meio da monta natural. Torna-se importante então, não somente, a estimativa da saúde reprodutiva do touro, mas também a avaliação da sua qualidade genética que pode ser feita, por exemplo, pelo acesso os índices dos reprodutores nos diversos programas de melhoramento genético nacional ou pela utilização de escores de avaliação visual.(AU)

Fertility can be defined as the ability to generate normal descendants, which is essential for genetic progress, as long as the ancestors have the ability to transmit characteristics that will positively impact zootechnical and economic indices. Despite the significant increase in the use of reproduction biotechniques, most bovine females capable of reproduction in Brazil are still mated through natural mating. Therefore, it becomes important not only to estimate the reproductive health of the bull, but also to evaluate its genetic quality, which can be done, for example, by accessing the indices of the bulls in the various national genetic improvement programs or by using visual assessment scores.(AU)

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The proposed study was to determine if the silver nanoparticles can be used as potential antimicrobial agents and can replace the use of conventional antibiotics in semen without affecting the motility and fertility of semen. The silver nanoparticles prepared by chemical reduction method were confirmed by determination of the wavelength of surface plasmon resonance peak and further characterized using Zetasizer by determining their size, polydispersity index, and zeta potential. The nanoparticles were assessed for antibacterial activity and their concentration was optimized for use in semen extender for cryopreservation. Cryopreserved semen was further evaluated for seminal parameters, antioxidant parameter, and microbial load. Prepared silver NPs showed a plasmon resonance peak at 417 nm wavelength. NPs were found to possess antibacterial activity and were supplemented in semen extender @ 125 and 250 µg/ml for semen cryopreservation. There was a significant increase in pre and post-freezing motility and other seminal parameters. The microbial load of frozen-thawed semen of control and supplemented groups were well within the permissible limits. Lipid peroxidation levels were reduced in NPs supplemented groups, and reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were significantly reduced in semen supplemented with 125 µg/ml NPs. Thus it can be conclude that silver NPs can be successfully used as a substitute for antibiotics in cattle bull semen cryopreservation with good antimicrobial activity and no adverse effects on sperm characteristics.(AU)

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The main objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of phenotypic, genotypic, and auction characteristics that may influence the selling prices of bulls. Data from 1,540 Braford and 1,179 Brangus bulls sold at auctions in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, were collected and evaluated individually. Body condition score (BCS), muscularity, frame, foreskin size, presence or absence of horns, and data regarding the auction such as name/venue, event edition, forms of payment, among others, were considered. Information such as weight at the time of sale, scrotal circumference (SC), expected profit differences, selection indexes, and date of birth were collected from the catalogs supplied at the auctions. To obtain the influence of the selected explanatory variables throughout the conditional distribution of bull prices, a quantile regression was used, and the quantiles were established as follows: 10th, 25th, 50th, 75th, and 90th. The buyers of Braford and Brangus bulls valued characteristics such as age, weight, and SC in relation to frame, muscularity, BCS, and foreskin size. In addition, the price behavior at different auctions was positively related to the operation time of the auction in this market and with the reputation of the seller. Regarding genetic variables of Brangus bulls, these had little or no influence on the selling price. There was a positive influence on the weaning index in the 90th quantile and on the final index in the 50th and 75th quantiles. Buyers of synthetic bull breeds at auctions value the phenotypic characteristics of bulls more than they do genetic characteristics, which may not reflect permanent gains in the cattle herd.(AU)

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Visando atender às exigências legais nacionais e internacionais, empresas brasileiras do setor de carne bovina investem na realização de análises de resíduos químicos em carne e derivados. A escassez de estudos nacionais sobre determinação da amostragem, ocorrência e fatores de risco associados aos resíduos em carne e derivados geram incertezas sobre a situação do País, o que resulta em gastos desnecessários às empresas e aos órgãos governamentais fiscalizadores. Neste contexto, o presente estudo teve o objetivo de analisar, criticamente, a representatividade amostral do sistema de monitoramento de resíduos e contaminantes, executado pelo Ministério da Agricultura e Pecuária (Mapa). Foi aplicada análise estatística multivariada, utilizando-se bancos de dados disponibilizados pelo Mapa relativo às análises de resíduos químicos em porções musculares da carcaça, fígado, rim e urina do animal, no período de 2015 e 2019. Nesse período, em média, 73,7% dos animais abatidos no Brasil, foram abatidos em estabelecimentos com Serviço de Inspeção Federal (IBGE, 2023). Assim, 23,3%, em média, dos animais abatidos não foram amostráveis pelo Programa Nacional de Controle de Resíduos e Contaminantes (PNCRC). A existência, associada à dimensão desse segmento não amostrável, introduz viés que resulta na perda de acurácia da amostra, comprometendo o objetivo inicial do monitoramento no PNCRC, que pressupõe amostra representativa dos alimentos de origem animal produzidos no Brasil (BRASIL, 1999). Essa perda de acurácia não pode ser minimizada com aumento do tamanho da amostra, uma vez que esse procedimento não resolveria a impossibilidade de a amostra conter animais cujo abate ocorreu em estabelecimentos com Serviço de Inspeção Estadual ou municipal. A amostra pode ser considerada representativa apenas dos animais abatidos em estabelecimentos com Serviço de Inspeção Federal e não do total de animais abatidos no Brasil. Portanto, a análise crítica do plano de amostragem, representatividade e tamanho da amostra permitiu concluir que a amostragem realizada pelo PNCRC não é representativa da população total de bovinos abatidos no Brasil, o que poderia comprometer, sem invalidar o programa, o atingimento de um dos principais objetivos do PNCRC, que é promover a segurança dos alimentos, em relação ao perigo químico, na carne bovina produzida no Brasil (BRASIL, 1999). Desse modo, sugere-se a realização de estudos posteriores utilizando-se de sistemas de vigilância baseados em risco, que tenham sido estruturados, considerando-se a exposição ao risco e os métodos de avaliação desse risco em associação aos sistemas tradicionais de vigilância epidemiológica, incluindo-se amostragem representativa da população de animais abatidos em estabelecimentos com Serviço de Inspeção Estadual e Municipal, além do Federal, assegurando-se, assim, coleta de dados adequada e com boa relação custo efetividade.(AU)

To meet national and international legal requirements, Brazilian companies in the beef sector invest in carrying out analyses of chemical residues in meat and its products. The scarcity of national studies on the determination of sampling, occurrence and risk factors associated with residues in meat and meat products generate uncertainties about the situation in the country, which results in the generation of unnecessary expenses for companies in the sector and for government inspection bodies. In this context, the present study aims to critically analyze the sample representativeness of the waste and contaminant monitoring system carried out by the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Supply. Multivariate statistical analysis was applied using databases provided by Ministry with the results of chemical residue analysis. Samples were collected and analyzed between 2015 and 2019 in muscle portions of the animal's carcass, liver, kidney, and urine. During this period, on average, 73.7% of the animals slaughtered in Brazil were slaughtered in establishments with a Federal Inspection Service (IBGE, 2023). Thus, 23.3%, on average, of slaughtered animals were not sampleable by the PNCRC. The existence, associated with the size of this non-sampleable segment, introduces a bias that results in the loss of accuracy of the sample, compromising the initial objective of monitoring in the PNCRC, which assumes a representative sample of food of animal origin produced in Brazil (BRASIL, 1999). This loss of accuracy cannot be minimized by increasing the sample size, since this procedure would not solve the impossibility of the sample containing animals whose slaughter took place in establishments with State or Municipal Inspection Services. The sample can be considered representative only of animals slaughtered in establishments with a Federal Inspection Service and not of the total number of animals slaughtered in Brazil. Therefore, the critical analysis of the sampling plan, representativeness and sample size led to the conclusion that the sampling carried out by the PNCRC is not representative of the total population of cattle slaughtered in Brazil, which could compromise, without invalidating the program, the achievement of one of the main objectives of the PNCRC, which is to promote food safety, in relation to chemical hazard, in beef produced in Brazil (BRASIL, 1999). Thus, it is suggested that further studies be carried out using risk-based surveillance systems, which have been structured considering risk exposure and risk assessment methods in association with traditional epidemiological surveillance systems, including A representative sampling of the population of animals slaughtered in establishments with a State and Municipal Inspection Service, in addition to the Federal one, is used, thus ensuring adequate data collection and with a good cost-effectiveness ratio.(AU)

Resumo

Background: Squamous cell carcinomas (SCC) are malignant tumors of the spinous layer of the cellular epithelium. The main risk factor associated with its formation is solar radiation, therefore, despite appearing anywhere on the body, it is more commonly observed in depigmented regions, mainly mucocutaneous junctions. In small lesions, the use of hyperthermia, cryotherapy, and surgical excision associated to topical (mitomycin C and 5-fluouracil) or intralesional (interleukin-2, BCG and cisplatin) drugs is advisable. In large and invasive lesions, associating surgical excision with other treatments (multimodal approach) is recommended. The present study aimed to report the radical surgical excision followed by vulvoplasty in the treatment of extensive vulvar SCC in a Girolando cow. In addition, the successful use of a waterproof surgical drape, aiming to reduce surgical site contamination in the postoperative period, is also reported. Case: A 6-year-old Girolando cow, weighing 400 kg, was referred to the Veterinary Hospital care after a clinical evolution of 5 months. At physical examination, vital parameters were within the physiological parameters for cattle. Dermatological evaluation revealed an ulcerated tumor-like lesion with irregular shape and firm consistency affecting both vulvar lips, reaching approximate dimensions of 10 x 15 cm. Two 8 mm punch biopsies were performed at the borderline junction between affected tissue and healthy vulvar skin. Histological examination confirmed the diagnosis of keratinizing SCC. Therefore, the cow was submitted to radical surgical excision followed by vulvoplasty. After removal of the bilaterally affected tissue, the dead space was obliterated by simple separated size 2-0 polyglactin stitches. Dermorrhaphy was ac-complished by separated size 0 captonated Wolf pattern with nylon thread. In order to reduce post-surgical contamination, we opted for fixing a waterproof surgical drape above the dorsal commissure of the vulva with size 0 nylon continuous suture. Despite surgical margins involvement, no recurrences were reported within 6 months after the surgical procedure. Discussion: Hereford and Holstein breeds, as well as their crosses, due to their hypopigmented skin, are more prone to develop SCC. In the present report, it is believed that the main risk factor was high sun exposure, since the herd was raised extensively, and the Girolando cow had vulvar areas of depigmentation. Despite the epidemiology and clinical findings being suggestive of SCC, histological confirmation is essential, as this is an invasive neoplasm and its histological characteristics allow the differentiation from other types of vulvar neoplasms, helping in the treatment choice and determining prognosis. In cases of very extensive, infiltrative and poorly differentiated neoplasms, radical surgical treatment is recommended, but there is great concern about recurrences. Therefore, the earlier the surgical intervention, the better the prognosis, since the SCC tends to have invasive growth, which increases the risk of compromising the surgical margins by tumor cells. Additionally, the use of a waterproof surgical drape fixed in the perineal region provided less contamination of the surgical site. In this case, healing occurred without major complications, and hospital discharge occurred on the 18th postoperative day. Thus, in the present report, radical excision followed by vulvoplasty in the treatment of SCC in the Girolando cow was a successful approach. We reiterate the use of waterproof plastic surgical drapes in the postoperative period of genital surgeries in cows, given its low cost and adjuvant action in reducing post-surgical complications, such as infections and dehiscence.

Resumo

Background: The brain is an organ that serves as the center of the nervous system in all vertebrate and most invertebrate animals. Aim: The study examined the expression of Neuroglobin (Ngb) and Hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (Hif-1α) in adult and young yak brain tissues, and provided researchers with meaningful insight into the anatomy, physiology, and biochemistry of this mammal. Method: The study employed immunohistochemistry (IHC), quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR), and Western blot (WB) to obtain the results. Results: Ngb and Hif-1α were significantly (P<0.05) expressed in the cerebellar cortex, piriform lobe, medulla, and corpus callosum of the adult yak while in the young yak brain tissues, the protein expressions were significantly found in the white matter of the cerebellum, pineal gland, corpus callosum, and cerebellar cortex. The Ngb and Hif-1α expression showed similarities and differences. This may have resulted from similar animal species, source of nutrition, age factors, brain size, emotional activities, and communication. The findings documented that Ngb and Hif-1α are commonly expressed in various adult and young yak brain tissues. Multiple roles in the brain tissues of the adult and young yaks are involved in the expression and distribution and are proposed to play a significant role in the adaptation of the yak to the high altitude environment. Conclusion: This study provides meaningful data to understand the adaptive mechanism to hypoxia and recommended researchers to expand on the adaptive mechanism and brain tissues that are not recorded.

Contexto: O cérebro é um órgão que funciona como o centro do sistema nervoso em todos os animais vertebrados e na maioria dos invertebrados. Objetivo: O estudo examinou a expressão de neuroglobina (Ngb) e fator-1α indutível por hipóxia (Hif-1α) em tecidos cerebrais de iaques adultos e jovens e forneceu aos pesquisadores uma visão significativa da anatomia, fisiologia e bioquímica desse mamífero. Método: O estudo utilizou imuno-histoquímica (IHC), PCR quantitativo em tempo real (qRT-PCR) e western blot (WB) para a obtenção dos resultados. Resultados: Ngb e Hif-1α foram significativamente (P < 0,05) expressos no córtex cerebelar, lobo piriforme, medula e corpo caloso do iaque adulto, enquanto nos tecidos cerebrais do iaque jovem as expressões proteicas foram encontradas significativamente na substância branca do cerebelo, glândula pineal, corpo caloso e córtex cerebelar. A expressão de Ngb e Hif-1α apresentou semelhanças e diferenças. Isso pode ter resultado de espécies animais semelhantes, fonte de nutrição, fatores de idade, tamanho do cérebro, atividades emocionais e comunicação. Os resultados documentaram que o Ngb e o Hif-1α são comumente expressos em vários tecidos cerebrais de iaques adultos e jovens. Múltiplos papéis nos tecidos cerebrais de iaques adultos e jovens estão envolvidos na expressão e distribuição e são propostos para desempenhar um papel significativo na adaptação do iaque ao ambiente de alta altitude. Conclusão: Este estudo fornece dados significativos para compreender o mecanismo adaptativo à hipóxia e recomendou que os pesquisadores expandissem o mecanismo adaptativo e os tecidos cerebrais que não foram registrados.

Resumo

We aimed to determine the herd and animal levels seroprevalence and associated factors for Toxoplasma gondii infections in cattle from the state of Paraíba, Northeastern Brazil. Herds (n = 434) and cows aged ≥ 24 months (n = 1,895) were randomly selected, and serum samples were tested with the immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT) using as cutoff of 64. Of the 434 farms investigated, 197 had at least one seropositive cow (prevalence of 49.0%; 95% CI = 44.3%-53.8%), and the prevalence at animal level was 18.0% (95% CI = 5.3%-21.1%). The antibody titers ranged from 64 to 1024, with the most frequent titers being 64 (10.8%) and 128 (3.7%). The risk factors identified were property located in Sertão region (odds ratio [OR] = 3.07), property located in Agreste/Zona da Mata regions (OR = 2.00), animal purchasing (OR = 2.68), herd size of 34-111 animals (OR = 2.91) and herd size > 111 animals (OR = 6.97). The results suggest the wide distribution of T. gondii infections in cattle throughout the state of Paraíba, and the risk factors identified are not possible to correct.(AU)

Objetivou-se determinar a soroprevalência do rebanhos e de animais e os fatores associados à infecção por Toxoplasma gondii em bovinos do estado da Paraíba, Nordeste do Brasil. Rebanhos (n = 434) e vacas com idade ≥ 24 meses (n = 1.895) foram selecionados aleatoriamente, e as amostras de soro foram testadas com o teste de imunofluorescência (RIFI), usando-se como ponto de corte 64. Das 434 fazendas investigadas, 197 tiveram pelo menos uma vaca soropositiva (prevalência de 49%; IC 95% = 44,3%-53,8%), e a prevalência em nível de animais foi de 18% (IC 95% = 5,3%-21,1%). Os títulos de anticorpos variaram de 64 a 1024, sendo os títulos mais frequentes 64 (10,8%) e 128 (3,7%). Os fatores de risco identificados foram na propriedade localizada na região do Sertão ("odds ratio" [OR] = 3,07), na propriedade localizada na região do Agreste/Zona da Mata (OR = 2,00), na compra de animais (OR = 2,68), no tamanho do rebanho de 34-111 animais (OR = 2,91) e no tamanho do rebanho > 111 animais (OR = 6,97). Os resultados sugerem a ampla distribuição de infecções por T. gondii em bovinos em todo o estado da Paraíba, e os fatores de risco identificados não são passíveis de correção.(AU)

Resumo

In order to plan the fight against bovine brucellosis in the state of Alagoas, Brazil, a cross-sectional study was carried out between April and October 2018 to estimate the prevalence of infected herds and animals, as well as the risk factors associated with the disease. Through a two-stage sampling design, blood samples were collected from 3,046 bovine females aged ≥ 24 months from 634 herds, in two different regions of the state. A questionnaire was applied at each farm to assess the association of possible risk factors with the disease. All selected animals were screened by the Rose Bengal test followed by retesting of positives by the Complement Fixation test. For the state, the prevalence of infected herds was estimated at 3.2% [2.1; 4.9] and that of seropositive animals at 0.9% [0.5; 1.4], with no statistical difference between regions. The risk factors identified were pasture rent (OR = 3.11 [1.28; 7.37]) and herd size equal to or greater than 14 females aged ≥ 24 months (OR=4.91 [2.02; 11.66]). It was recommended that the state of Alagoas develop health education action with the beef and dairy cattle production chains, so that producers avoid renting pastures or start practicing it with sanitary care for brucellosis and that they also observe these same concerns when introducing animals in their herds. In addition, the state should consider the convenience of structuring a surveillance system aiming at the eradication of bovine brucellosis, given the low prevalence of infected herds and seropositve animals.(AU)

Para planejar o combate à brucelose bovina no estado de Alagoas, Brasil, entre abril e outubro de 2018 foi realizado um estudo seccional para estimar a prevalência de focos e de animais, além dos fatores de risco associados à doença. Através de amostragem em dois estágios foram coletadas amostras de sangue de 3.046 fêmeas bovinas com idade de ≥ 24 meses de 634 propriedades, oriundas de duas regiões do estado. Um questionário foi aplicado em cada propriedade para avaliar a associação de possíveis fatores de risco com a doença. Os animais selecionados foram submetidos ao diagnóstico sorológico para brucelose (teste Rosa Bengala e Fixação do Complemento, em série). Para o estado, a prevalência de focos foi estimada em 3,2% [2,1; 4,9] e a de animais soropositivos em 0,9% [0,5; 1,4], não havendo diferença estatística entre as regiões. Os fatores de risco identificados foram o aluguel do pasto (OR = 3,11 [1,28; 7,37]) e o tamanho do rebanho igual ou superior a 14 fêmeas com idade ≥ 24 meses (OR=4,91 [2,02; 11,66]). Foi recomendado que o estado de Alagoas desenvolvesse ações de educação sanitária para que os criadores de bovinos evitem o arrendamento de pastagens ou passem a praticá-lo com cuidados sanitários para a brucelose e que também observem esses mesmos cuidados ao introduzir animais em seus rebanhos. Além disso, o estado deve considerar a conveniência de estruturar um sistema de vigilância visando a erradicação da brucelose bovina, tendo em vista a baixa prevalência de focos e de animais soropositivos.(AU)