Chondrodysplasia Bulldog type in cattle in the state of Bahia, Brazil

Chondrodysplasia is a congenital or hereditary disorder of the endochondral ossification that results in several degrees of disproportionate dwarfism. Reports of this disease are scarce in the national literature and do not emphasize radiographic characteristics. The goal of this study was to describe the clinicopathological and radiographic aspects of a case of Bulldog type chondrodysplasia in a crossbred bovine fetus in the state of Bahia, Brazil. The fetus exhibited arounded and disproportionate skull, bilateral exophthalmos, inferior brachygnathism, partial tongue protrusion, extremely short limbs, short vertebral column and ventral abdominal hernia. Radiographic evaluation revealed that the diaphysis were the only calcified bone portions of the limbs, that the vertebral column was shortened without vertebral spinal processes and that there was craniofacial disproportion. Microscopic of the femur showed an irregular epiphyseal plaque, formed by denseclusters of chondrocytes with absence of growth plate zones. The metaphysis was markedly short and consisted of thick bony trabeculae, surrounded by cartilaginous islands. It was concluded that fetuses with Bulldog type chondrodysplasia exhibit slight morphological and radiographic variation according to the affected breed and that the gene carrier of chondrodysplasia is present in the miniature Jersey and Punganur population in the state of Bahia.(AU)

Chondrodysplasia Bulldog type in cattle in the state of Bahia, Brazil

Chondrodysplasia is a congenital or hereditary disorder of the endochondral ossification that results in several degrees of disproportionate dwarfism. Reports of this disease are scarce in the national literature and do not emphasize radiographic characteristics. The goal of this study was to describe the clinicopathological and radiographic aspects of a case of Bulldog type chondrodysplasia in a crossbred bovine fetus in the state of Bahia, Brazil. The fetus exhibited arounded and disproportionate skull, bilateral exophthalmos, inferior brachygnathism, partial tongue protrusion, extremely short limbs, short vertebral column and ventral abdominal hernia. Radiographic evaluation revealed that the diaphysis were the only calcified bone portions of the limbs, that the vertebral column was shortened without vertebral spinal processes and that there was craniofacial disproportion. Microscopic of the femur showed an irregular epiphyseal plaque, formed by denseclusters of chondrocytes with absence of growth plate zones. The metaphysis was markedly short and consisted of thick bony trabeculae, surrounded by cartilaginous islands. It was concluded that fetuses with Bulldog type chondrodysplasia exhibit slight morphological and radiographic variation according to the affected breed and that the gene carrier of chondrodysplasia is present in the miniature Jersey and Punganur population in the state of Bahia.

The Investigation of the Relationship Between HSP-27 Release and Oxidative DNA Damage in Broiler Chickens with Tibial Dyschondroplasia by Using Histopathological and Immunohistochemical Methods

Tibial dyschondroplasia (TD) is a skeletal disorder that occurs in the proximal metaphyses of tibiotarsus and sometimes tarsometatarsus, resulting in the development of avascularized and non-mineralized abnormal cartilage and causing significant economic loss. In this study, we aimed to show the histopathological changes and the relationship between the release of Heat-Shock Protein 27 (HSP-27) and oxidative DNA damage in broiler chickens with tibial dyschondroplasia, using histopathologic and immunohistochemical methods. Our study material consisted of totally 20 animals out of 42 days old 205 Ross 308 broiler chickens, 10 with TD lesions and 10 healthy control subjects. Tissue samples taken from animals performed necropsy was exposed to routine tissue follow-up. Macroscopically, unilateral and bilateral thickening and swelling were observed in the growth plates of tibiotarsal joints of the broiler chickens diagnosed with tibial dyscondroplasia. Histopathologic examination of the tibiotarsal joints of broiler chickens affected by TD revealed an increase in the number of immature chondrocytes, as well as deficiencies in vascularization and calcification. In the immunohistochemical study; HSP-27 and 8-OHDG release was positive in the chondrocytes located on the Proliferative Zone, Maturation Zone and Hypertrophic Zone. However, the positivity was the most profound in the PZ and MZ, while less in the HZ chondrocytes. As a result; we demonstrated by immunohistochemical methods that the increase in the HSP-27 release is parallel to the increase in 8-OHDG release in TD lesioned areas and this may be related to oxidative stress.

The Investigation of the Relationship Between HSP-27 Release and Oxidative DNA Damage in Broiler Chickens with Tibial Dyschondroplasia by Using Histopathological and Immunohistochemical Methods

Tibial dyschondroplasia (TD) is a skeletal disorder that occurs in the proximal metaphyses of tibiotarsus and sometimes tarsometatarsus, resulting in the development of avascularized and non-mineralized abnormal cartilage and causing significant economic loss. In this study, we aimed to show the histopathological changes and the relationship between the release of Heat-Shock Protein 27 (HSP-27) and oxidative DNA damage in broiler chickens with tibial dyschondroplasia, using histopathologic and immunohistochemical methods. Our study material consisted of totally 20 animals out of 42 days old 205 Ross 308 broiler chickens, 10 with TD lesions and 10 healthy control subjects. Tissue samples taken from animals performed necropsy was exposed to routine tissue follow-up. Macroscopically, unilateral and bilateral thickening and swelling were observed in the growth plates of tibiotarsal joints of the broiler chickens diagnosed with tibial dyscondroplasia. Histopathologic examination of the tibiotarsal joints of broiler chickens affected by TD revealed an increase in the number of immature chondrocytes, as well as deficiencies in vascularization and calcification. In the immunohistochemical study; HSP-27 and 8-OHDG release was positive in the chondrocytes located on the Proliferative Zone, Maturation Zone and Hypertrophic Zone. However, the positivity was the most profound in the PZ and MZ, while less in the HZ chondrocytes. As a result; we demonstrated by immunohistochemical methods that the increase in the HSP-27 release is parallel to the increase in 8-OHDG release in TD lesioned areas and this may be related to oxidative stress.(AU)

Artroplastia total não cimentada da articulação coxofemoral em cães / Cementless total hip arthroplasty in dogs / Artroplastia total coxofemoral no cementada en perros

A artroplastia total da articulação coxofemoral é uma opção amplamente aceita no tratamento cirúrgico para displasia coxofemoral grave e outras causas de dor ou disfunção da articulação coxofemoral em cães. A artroplastia não cimentada foi desenvolvida com o objetivo de eliminar as limitações de durabilidade do sistema cimentado. A técnica baseia-se no conceito de fixação biológica e consiste na substituição da articulação coxofemoral com componentes acetabular e femoral, os quais são inicialmente encaixados por pressão em leitos preparados precisamente, de forma a promover estabilidade até a osteointegração completa do implante. O sucesso do procedimento envolve o paciente, a conformação e qualidade do implante e a precisão da elaborada técnica cirúrgica. Os índices de complicação são baixos, especialmente quando comparados aos do procedimento cimentado. Portanto, uma série de considerações e cuidados deve ser tomada para obterem-se resultados correspondentes com a alta taxa de sucesso da técnica. Objetiva-se com o presente trabalho apresentar uma revisão da literatura disponível sobre a utilização das próteses não cimentadas da articulação coxofemoral em cães. Esta técnica mostra-se efetiva no tratamento das disfunções graves da articulação coxofemoral com vantagens significativas quando comparada aos métodos anteriormente descritos.

The total hip replacement is widely accepted for the treatment of severe hip dysplasia and other causes of pain or hip dysfunction in dogs. Cementless arthroplasty was developed in order to remove the durability limitations of the cemented system. The concept of this technique is based on the biological fixation. Acetabular and femoral implants are precisely fitted by pressure in a way to promote stability until the osteointegration has been completed. The success of this procedure involves the patient, the conformation of the hip joint, the precision of the implants and the quality of surgical technique. The complication rate is low, specially when it is compared to cemented procedures. Therefore, a number of considerations and care must be taken to obtain results corresponding with the high success rate of the technique. The goal of this study is to present a review of the available literature about the use of uncemented hip prosthesis in dogs. This technique is shown to be effective in the treatment of serious disorders of the canine hip with significant advantages compared to previously described methods.

La artroplastia total coxofemoral es una opción ampliamente aceptada para el tratamiento quirúrgico de la displasia coxofemoral grave y otras causas de dolor o disfunción de la articulación de la cadera en perros. La artroplastia no cementada fue desarrollada para eliminar las limitaciones de la durabilidad del sistema cementado. La técnica se basa en el concepto de la fijación biológica y consiste en la sustitución de la articulación coxofemoral con los componentes acetabulares y femorales, que inicialmente están equipados por la presión en las camas preparadas precisamente con el fin de promover la estabilidad para completar la osteointegración del implante. El éxito del procedimiento implica en el paciente, la conformación, la calidad del implante y la precisión de la técnica desarrollada. Las tasas de complicaciones son bajas, especialmente en comparación con el procedimiento de cementado. Por lo tanto, se deben tomar una serie de consideraciones y cuidados para obtener los resultados correspondientes, con una alta tasa de éxito de la técnica. El objetivo de este trabajo fue presentar una revisión de literatura disponible sobre el uso de prótesis no cementadas de la articulación coxofemoral en perros. Esta técnica ha demostrado ser eficaz en el tratamiento de los trastornos graves de la articulación coxofemoral con ventajas significativas en comparación con los métodos descritos anteriormente.

Condrodisplasia em bovinos no Sul do Rio Grande do Sul / Chondrodysplasia in cattle in Southern Brazil

Descrevem-se 14 casos de condrodisplasia em bovinos. Os dados epidemiológicos e clínicos foram obtidos de protocolos de necropsia e o estudo histológico das lesões foi realizado em fragmentos de ossos longos e ossos da base do crânio dos 14 casos estudados. Onze casos eram de condrodisplasia tipo Telemark e três, tipo bulldog (Dexter). Treze dos 14 bovinos afetados eram da raça Jersey e um era da raça Shorthorn. Concluiu-se que o gene transmissor das condrodisplasias encontra-se presente na população Jersey da região e medidas, como utilização de reprodutores de outras regiões e/ou com teste de progênie ou identificação de genes indesejáveis por meio de técnicas moleculares, devem contribuir para diminuir a ocorrência destes casos na população Jersey da região. (AU)

Fourteen cases of chondrodysplasia in cattle are described. Epidemiological and clinical data were obtained from filed necropsy protocols. A histological study of the lesions was performed on long and skull base bones. Eleven cases of chondrodysplasia Telemark type and three Bulldog (Dexter) type were observed. Thirteen out of 14 cases occurred in Jersey cattle and one in Shorthorn. It was concluded that the gene carrier of chondrodysplasia is present in the Jersey population of the region, and breeding measures such as the use of bulls from other regions and/or progeny testing or identification of undesirable genes using molecular techniques should help reduce the occurrence of these cases in the Jersey population of the region. (AU)

Acompanhamento imaginológico do desenvolvimento esquelético da pelve, fêmur e tíbia associado a métodos de diagnóstico da displasia coxofemoral em gatos.

Os objetivos deste trabalho foram acompanhar por meio de exame radiográfico o desenvolvimento esquelético da pelve, das articulações coxofemorais e fêmoro-tíbio-patelares até o fechamento das placas de crescimento e verificar a viabilidade da ultrassonografia (US), do método radiográfico em distração (MRD), do método radiográfico convencional (MRC) e da tomografia computadorizada (TC) no diagnóstico da displasia coxofemoral (DCF) em gatos. Os exames radiográficos foram obtidos da pelve, das articulações coxofemorais e fêmoro-tíbio-patelares de 15 gatos domésticos em intervalos semanal durante o primeiro mês e quinzenal até os quatros meses de idade, quando os exames foram realizados mensalmente. A US e o MRD foram realizados em 17 gatos com idade média respectivamente de 21,4 e 107,83 dias; e o MRC e a TC em 15, na faixa etária de 559,07 dias. Na TC foram mensurados o ângulo da borda centro-lateral do acetábulo (LCEA), o índice da distância central (DC), o ângulo da borda acetabular dorsal (DARA) e a subluxação dorsolateral (DLS). A placa de crescimento ísquiopúbica fechou aos dois meses de idade, seguida pela fusão das placas íliopúbicas e ílioisquiais, da epífise proximal do fêmur, do trocânter maior e da epífise proximal da fíbula. As placas de crescimento distal do fêmur e proximal da tíbia foram as últimas com a fusão aos 18 meses. O tempo de fechamento das placas de crescimento foi menor nas fêmeas. Os centros de ossificação surgiram na ordem crescente de tempo, iniciando pelo trocânter menor e em sequência trocânter maior, epífise proximal da fíbula, tuberosidade tibial, patela, tuberosidade isquiática e osso sesamóide lateral do músculo poplíteo. Os valores médios dos ângulos e obtidos pela US foram respectivamente 62,41º e 44,94º. O valor médio do índice de distração (ID) foi de 0,13 e o valor médio do ângulo de Norberg (AN) obtido pelo MRC foi de 96, 57º. Os valores médios de LCEA, DC, DARA e DLS foram de 86º, 0,34, 21,6 e 44,61%, respectivamente. Correlações positivas foram encontradas entre LCEA e DLS e entre DLS e massa corporal. Os valores de AN, LCEA e DLS foram maiores nos machos e o DARA maior nas fêmeas. O ID correlacionou-se negativamente com o AN. Concluiu-se que os gatos domésticos completam o fechamento das placas de crescimento aproximadamente aos 18 meses de idade e que os exames de imagem, cada um em idade apropriada, auxiliam no diagnóstico da DCF e podem nortear a conduta clínica.

The objectives of this study were to monitor radiographically the skeletal development of the hip and stifle joints until the closure of the growth plates and to evaluate the viability of the ultrasonography (US), radiographic distraction method (RDM), conventional radiographic method (CRM) and computed tomography (CT) in the diagnosis of the hip dysplasia (HD) in cats. Radiographic examinations were obtained from the hip and stifle joints of 15 domestic cats at weekly intervals during the first month and biweekly until four months of age, when the tests started to be performed monthly. US and RDM were performed in 17 cats with mean age of 21.4 and 107.83 days, respectively. CRM and CT were performed in 15 cats with a mean age of 559.07 days. In the CT, the lateral center edge angle (LCEA), the center distance index (CD), the dorsal acetabular rim angle (DARA) and the dorsolateral subluxation score (DLS) were measured. The ischiopubic growth plate closed at two months of age, followed by fusion of the iliopubic and ilioischial plates, the proximal femoral epiphysis, the greater trochanter, and the proximal fibular epiphysis. The distal femur and proximal tibial growth plates were the last to close with fusion at 18 months. The closure time of the growth plates were smaller in females. The ossification centers appeared, in time ascending order, beginning with the lesser trochanter and followed by the sequence of greater trochanter, proximal fibular epiphysis, tibial tuberosity, patella, ischiatic tuberosity, lateral fabella, and lateral sesamoid of the popliteus muscle. The mean values of the and angles were respectively 62,41º e 44,94º. The mean distraction index (DI) was 0.13 and the mean value of the Norberg angle (NA) obtained by CRM was 96, 57º. The mean values of LCEA, CD, DARA and DLS were 86º, 0.34, 21.6 and 44.61%, respectively. Positive correlations were found between LCEA and DLS and between DLS and body mass. The NA, LCEA and DLS values were higher in males but females presented higher DARA. DI correlated negatively with NA. It was concluded that the closure of the hip and stifle joints growth plates occurs approximately at 18 months of age and that the imaging tests, each of them in an appropriate age, help in the diagnosis of HD and can guide the clinical conduct

Estudo do membro pélvico do avestruz: considerações anatômicas, radiográficas e histológicas da rotação tibiotársica / Study of hind limb in ostrich: anatomical, radiographic and histological considerations of tibiotarsal rotation

Várias doenças músculo esqueléticas foram observadas em aves de rápido crescimento, sendo o elevado peso corporal, associado a uma estrutura óssea em formação, citados como as principais causas responsáveis pela ocorrência destas doenças, resultando em disfunções do aparelho locomotor. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo fazer um estudo anátomo-patológico e radiográfico das estruturas envolvidas na rotação tibiotársica, assim como estudar as alterações articulares por meio de artrografias e histologia fazendo uma descrição das considerações anatômicas, macroscópicas, microscópicas e radiográficas do membro pélvico do avestruz (African Black). Dessa forma, será possível contribuir para o entendimento desta enfermidade, que tem causado perdas para a estrutiocultura.(AU)

Many skeletal muscle diseases were observed in fast growth birds, and the high body weight, associated to a bone structure in formation are named to be the principal responsible causes for the occurrence of these diseases, which results in dysfunction of the locomotor apparatus. This present research intends to make an anatomical, pathological and radiographic study of the structures involved in the tibiotarsal rotation, besides the study of the joint alterations by arthrography and histology, giving a description with anatomical, macroscopic, microscopic and radiographic considerations of the ostrichs hind limbs (African Black). This way, itll be possible to contribute to the comprehension of this disease that has caused many losses on the ostrich farm.(AU)

Clinical and radiographic aspects of elbow dysplasia in Labrador Retrievers dogs in Rio de Janeiro, RJ / Aspectos clínicos e radiográficos da displasia de cotovelo em cães da raça retriever do labrador no rio de janeiro, rj

Elbow dysplasia is a common manifestation of osteochondrosis in young dogs from large to giant breeds with risk factors including nutrition, genetics and handling. Clinical and radiographic evaluations of 30 Labrador Retrievers, at random, were performed. The study included animals above 12 months of age. Exceptions were symptomatic dogs below 12 months of age. Radiographic signs of elbow dysplasia were identified in 36,1% of individuals (11/30). Elbow incongruency and fragmented coronoid process were the main causes and coexisted in most of the cases. Joint effusion and creptation were the clinical signs which better associated with the disease. Even though it was not statistically significant, semiflexed mediolateral projection allowed identification of most of the radiographical findings. Osteophytes on radial head were the most common finding of degenerative articular disease (10/11). The investigation confirmed elbow dysplasia as one of the main growth skeletal disturbance in this breed and calls for the necessity of a rigorous reproductive selection of those animals.

A displasia de cotovelo é uma osteocondrose comum em cães jovens de raças grandes a gigantes cujos fatores de riscos incluem nutrição, genética e manejo. Avaliações clínicas e radiográficas foram feitas em 30 cães da raça Retriever do Labrador com idade acima de 12 meses, independentemente de sintomatologia. Também foram incluídos animais com idade inferior a 12 meses de idade, caso sintomáticos. Os sinais radiográficos de displasia de cotovelo foram identificados em 36,1% dos animais (11/30). A incongruência articular e a fragmentação do processo coronóide medial da ulna foram as principais causas identificadas e coexistiram na maioria dos casos (9/11). A efusão e crepitação articulares foram os sinais clínicos que melhor se associaram à doença. Embora não tenha sido possível comprovar estatisticamente, a projeção mediolateral em semiflexão foi aquela que permitiu identificar o maior número de alterações radiográficas. A presença de osteófitos na cabeça do rádio foi o sinal mais freqüente de doença articular degenerativa (10/11). O estudo confirma a displasia de cotovelo como um freqüente distúrbio do desenvolvimento esquelético na raça e alerta para a necessidade de rigorosa seleção reprodutiva destes animais.

Superalimentação e desenvolvimento do esqueleto de cães da raça Dogue Alemão: aspectos clínicos e radiográficos / Overfeeding and skeletal development in Great Dane puppies: clinical and radiographic aspects

Estudou-se o efeito da superalimentação no desenvolvimento do esqueleto de 14 cães da raça Dogue Alemão, utilizando dieta hipercalórica (ração super-premium) associada ao método de alimentação à vontade. Os animais foram distribuídos em dois tratamentos, sendo a ração fornecida à vontade ou restrita. O consumo de alimento foi registrado diariamente e realizaram-se, mensalmente, radiografias do cotovelo e, bimestralmente, do ombro, do quadril e do carpo, visando acompanhar alterações do esqueleto, especificamente quanto ao aparecimento da osteocondrose do ombro e da metáfise distal da ulna, da osteodistrofia hipertrófica e da displasia coxofemoral (DCF). Ao final do experimento, seis cães do grupo que recebeu alimentação à vontade apresentaram-se gordos (87,7%) e um animal obeso (14,3%). Do grupo de alimentação restrita, três filhotes mostraram condição corporal ideal (42,8%), e quatro apresentaram-se magros (57,2%). O exame radiológico revelou alterações compatíveis com o diagnóstico de DCF nos dois grupos; nos alimentados à vontade, a prevalência foi de 51,1% e nos restritos, de 28,6%. A osteocondrose na metáfise distal da ulna, conhecida como retenção do núcleo cartilaginoso, foi observada apenas nos cães alimentados à vontade (57,1%). A superalimentação provocada pelo método de alimentação à vontade, associada com dieta de alta palatabilidade e alta densidade energética em filhotes da raça Dogue Alemão, induziu ao aparecimento de osteocondrose na metáfise distal da ulna e de displasia coxofemoral.(AU)

The effects of overfeeding on growing Great Dane puppies were examined by ad libitum feeding of a hypercaloric diet (super premium ration). Fourteen puppies from six litters were divided into two groups, with representation from each litter in each group. The dogs in the overfed group were provided ad libitum access to the diet from 8 AM to 6 PM daily, while the restricted group received the same feed but in amounts recommended by the manufacturer at 7 AM, 12:30 PM and 5 PM. Daily intake was individually recorded. To monitor skeletal changes due to osteochondrosis, hypertrophic osteodystrophy and hip dysplasia, elbow radiographs were taken monthly and shoulder, pelvis and corpus radiographs were taken bi-monthly. Weekly feed consumption and weight gain were greater in ad libitum than in restricted puppies (P<0.01). At the end of the experiment, 85.7% of the ad libitum group was over weight and 14.3% was obese, whereas 57.2% of restricted puppies were slim and 42.8% had ideal body weight. None of the dogs had hypertrophic osteodystrophy. Radiographic examination showed alterations compatible with hip dysplasia in both groups, but such observations were more frequent and more severe in the ad libitum group. Osteochondrosis of metaphisis distal ulna, known by the retention of cartiloginous nucleus, was observed only in the ad libitum group, at a rate of 57.1%. The thickness of the cortical and diameter of the ulna were greater (P<0.01) in ad libitum dogs than in those fed a restricted amount of the same diet. In summary, overfeeding caused by ad libitum access to a highly palatable and high energy food caused osteochondrosis and hip dysplasia in Great Dane puppies.(AU)

Clinical and radiographic aspects of elbow dysplasia in Labrador Retrievers dogs in Rio de Janeiro, RJ / ASPECTOS CLÍNICOS E RADIOGRÁFICOS DA DISPLASIA DE COTOVELO EM CÃES DA RAÇA RETRIEVER DO LABRADOR NO RIO DE JANEIRO, RJ

Elbow dysplasia is a common manifestation of osteochondrosis in young dogs from large to giant breeds with risk factors including nutrition, genetics and handling. Clinical and radiographic evaluations of 30 Labrador Retrievers, at random, were performed. The study included animals above 12 months of age. Exceptions were symptomatic dogs below 12 months of age. Radiographic signs of elbow dysplasia were identified in 36,1% of individuals (11/30). Elbow incongruency and fragmented coronoid process were the main causes and coexisted in most of the cases. Joint effusion and creptation were the clinical signs which better associated with the disease. Even though it was not statistically significant, semiflexed mediolateral projection allowed identification of most of the radiographical findings. Osteophytes on radial head were the most common finding of degenerative articular disease (10/11). The investigation confirmed elbow dysplasia as one of the main growth skeletal disturbance in this breed and calls for the necessity of a rigorous reproductive selection of those animals.

A displasia de cotovelo é uma osteocondrose comum em cães jovens de raças grandes a gigantes cujos fatores de riscos incluem nutrição, genética e manejo. Avaliações clínicas e radiográficas foram feitas em 30 cães da raça Retriever do Labrador com idade acima de 12 meses, independentemente de sintomatologia. Também foram incluídos animais com idade inferior a 12 meses de idade, caso sintomáticos. Os sinais radiográficos de displasia de cotovelo foram identificados em 36,1% dos animais (11/30). A incongruência articular e a fragmentação do processo coronóide medial da ulna foram as principais causas identificadas e coexistiram na maioria dos casos (9/11). A efusão e crepitação articulares foram os sinais clínicos que melhor se associaram à doença. Embora não tenha sido possível comprovar estatisticamente, a projeção mediolateral em semiflexão foi aquela que permitiu identificar o maior número de alterações radiográficas. A presença de osteófitos na cabeça do rádio foi o sinal mais freqüente de doença articular degenerativa (10/11). O estudo confirma a displasia de cotovelo como um freqüente distúrbio do desenvolvimento esquelético na raça e alerta para a necessidade de rigorosa seleção reprodutiva destes animais.