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1.
Ciênc. anim. bras. (Impr.) ; 24: e-74134E, 2023. ilus, tab
Artigo em Inglês, Português | VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1417856

Resumo

Good Laboratory Practice (GLP) is a management quality control system that encompasses the organizational process and conditions under which non-clinical health and environmental studies are carried out. According to the World Health Organization, GLP must contain five topics: resources, characterization, rules, results, and quality control. The aim of this work is to address a review according to WHO standard to the implementation of Good Laboratory Practices in zebrafish (Danio rerio) facility. Considering that the promotion of one health (animal, human, and environmental) associated with an education plan, protocols, and records are fundamental to guarantee the safety and integrity of employees, animals and the environment as well as reliability in the results generated. In a way, Brazil still needs improvements related to the wellfare of aquatic organisms (national laws, international agreements, corporate programs, and others); especially in relation to its use in research and technological development. In this way, the implementation of GLPs provide valuable guidance for improving animal welfare and worker safety, facilitating the standardization of research.


As Boas Práticas de Laboratório (BPL) são um sistema de controle de qualidade gerencial que abrange o processo organizacional e as condições sob as quais os estudos não clínicos de saúde e meio ambiente são desenvolvidos. Conforme a Organização Mundial da Saúde (OMS) as BPL devem conter cinco tópicos: recursos, caracterização, regras, resultados e controle de qualidade. O objetivo deste trabalho foi apresentar uma revisão conforme o padrão da OMS para a implementação das BPL em biotério de zebrafish. Considerando que a promoção da saúde única (animal, humana e ambiental) associada a um plano de educação, protocolos e registros são fundamentais para garantir a segurança e a integridade dos trabalhadores/pesquisadores, animais e meio ambiente assim como confiabilidade nos resultados gerados. De certa forma o Brasil ainda necessita de melhorias relacionadas ao bem-estar de organismos aquáticos (leis nacionais, acordos internacionais, programas corporativos e outros); especialmente em relação à utilização destes na pesquisa e desenvolvimento tecnológico. Desta forma, a implementação de BPL fornece uma orientação valiosa para a melhoria do bem-estar animal, e segurança do trabalhador vindo a facilitar a padronização da pesquisa.


Assuntos
Animais , Peixe-Zebra , Bem-Estar do Animal/legislação & jurisprudência , Experimentação Animal/legislação & jurisprudência , Animais de Laboratório , Padrões de Referência , Brasil
2.
Neotrop. ichthyol ; 21(2): e220098, 2023. mapas, tab, graf
Artigo em Inglês | VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1435621

Resumo

Understanding patterns of freshwater fish assemblage structure is key to protect them from ongoing human-induced threats to aquatic biodiversity. Yet, studies on associations between fish assemblages and habitat are lacking from many areas of high diversity in Middle America. We assessed fish assemblage structure and environmental associations from a portion of the Lacantún River sub-basin (Usumacinta River, Chiapas, Mexico). Based on environmental data and 17,462 individuals (56 species, 46 genera, and 22 families) captured from 13 sites sampled between 2017­2019, we found that stream order, distance to the Usumacinta, forest cover, temperature, and dissolved oxygen are key to explaining assemblage composition. Four clusters were found via multivariate regression tree analysis, with stream order and dissolved oxygen as defining variables. Our findings suggest that fish communities remain spatially structured even at small scales, in association to environmental gradients among habitats.(AU)


Comprender los patrones de estructuración en los ensamblajes de peces dulceacuícolas es una clave para protegerlos de las amenazas humanas a la biodiversidad acuática. No obstante, los estudios sobre asociaciones entre ensamblajes de peces y su hábitat son aún escasos en muchas áreas de alta diversidad de América Media. Evaluamos las asociaciones entre la estructura de los ensamblajes de peces y el ambiente de una porción de la subcuenca del Río Lacantún (cuenca del Río Usumacinta, Chiapas, México). Con base en datos ambientales y un total de 17,462 individuos (56 especies, 46 géneros, y 22 familias) capturados de 13 sitios muestreados entre 2017­2019, encontramos que el orden del cauce, distancia al Usumacinta, cobertura vegetal, temperatura y oxígeno disuelto son clave para explicar la composición de los ensamblajes. Cuatro grupos se detectaron utilizando un árbol de regresión multivariada, definidos por el orden del cauce y el oxígeno disuelto como variables definitorias. Nuestros hallazgos sugieren que las comunidades de peces retienen su estructura espacial aún a pequeñas escalas, en asociación a gradientes ambientales entre hábitats.(AU)


Assuntos
Animais , Peixes/anatomia & histologia , Peixes/fisiologia , Padrões de Referência , Variação Genética , México
3.
Acta sci. vet. (Impr.) ; 51: Pub. 1907, 2023. ilus, tab
Artigo em Português | VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1434997

Resumo

Background: The brachycephalic dog breeds have been increasing in Brazil, and these animals are predisposed to present the brachycephalic dog syndrome, consisting of anatomical defects that lead to physiological changes and clinical signs such as wheezing, dyspnea, and hypoxia. Electrocardiography (ECG) is a simple test that can detect disturbances in the electrical activity of the heart, including changes present in hypoxia. The brachycephalic dog syndrome can lead to pulmonary hypertension due to hypoxia. Based on this, the present work aimed to evaluate the ECG of brachycephalic dogs in search of significant changes in heart rhythm, ECG waves, and cardiac axis. Materials, Methods & Results: Twenty-nine dogs were evaluated in this study, 19 brachycephalic and 10 mesaticephalic, after approval by an ethics committee the animals were selected. Electrocardiographic examinations were performed in 2 stages, at rest and immediately after a 3-min trot. The exam was performed with a computerized electrocardiograph, with a standard time of 5 min. The standard positioning for performing the examination was the right lateral decubitus position. To improve the electrical conductivity, 70% alcohol was used between the animal's skin and the electrodes. In statistical analysis, paired t test was performed for comparison of the same group before and after exercise and unpaired t test between groups at the same moments, considering P < 0.05 as significant. Nineteen brachycephalic animals were evaluated, 10 Pugs and 9 French Bulldogs, 9 males and 10 females. The mean age was 3.4 ± 1.8 years; and the mean weight was 12.5 kg ± 2.7 kg. In the control group, consisting of ten mesaticephalic animals, all were non-breed, three males and seven females; the mean age and weight in this group were 4.4 ± 1.5 years and 7.5 kg ± 0.5 kg, respectively. There was a significant increase in heart rate (bpm) after exercise in brachycephalic dogs (baseline: 119.3 ± 4.3; after exercise: 135.1 ± 4.9; P = 0.0005). The same occurred for P wave amplitude (mV) (baseline: 0.20 ± 0.01; after exercise: 0.22 ± 0.01; P = 0.0001). These differences were not found in the control group. There were no alterations in the duration of the P wave, PR interval, QRS complex, and QT interval, and all were within normal values for the species in both groups. The R-wave amplitude remained unaltered and within normal values in both the control and brachycephalic groups. Discussion: The elevation in heart rate may be associated with the chemoreflex secondary to the increased demand for oxygenation during exercise and the hypoxia generated by it. The increase in P amplitude suggests right atrial overload. The P wave corresponds to the atrial depolarization and its amplitude corresponds to the electrical activity in the right atrium. Thus, it is possible to relate the increase in P amplitude and heart rate to the hypoxia caused by exercise in brachycephalic, since this hypoxia results in chemoreceptor activation that increases chronotropism and heart rate. Also, there may be increased pressure in the pulmonary trunk, this increased pressure occurs due to vasoconstriction generated as a reflex to hypoxia in the pulmonary alveoli, leading to a possible picture of acute pulmonary hypertension that, in a cascade effect, leads to hypertrophy and dilation of the right ventricle, increased strength of contractility and ejection affecting the tricuspid valve causing a reflux and consequent overload of the right atrium.


Assuntos
Animais , Cães , Exercício Físico/fisiologia , Craniossinostoses/fisiopatologia , Hipertensão Pulmonar/diagnóstico , Hipóxia/veterinária , Padrões de Referência , Eletrocardiografia/veterinária
4.
Rev. bras. ciênc. avic ; 24(1): eRBCA-2020-1438, 2022. tab, graf
Artigo em Inglês | VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1363522

Resumo

The present study aimed to assess egg quality by identifying quality grades and weight class classification of fresh commercial Table eggs marketed in the city of Riyadh during winter and the summer seasons, and comparing the measured traits rendering to the Gulf Cooperation Council Standardization Organization. A total of 480 eggs were purchased from two different channels of marketing, four supermarkets and four grocery stores located in different areas of the city of Riyadh during summer and the winter seasons. It appeared from the outcomes that the eggs purchased from the supermarkets had significantly higher AA and A Haugh units, albumin pH and AA air cell grades and medium egg weight class, and they also had lower B and C Haugh units, albumen pH, A and B air cell depth grades, and very large, large and small eggs weight classes percentages than those obtained from grocery stores. Over and above, the eggs obtained in the winter had significantly higher AA and A Haugh unit, albumin pH, AA air cell depth grades percentages, very large and large egg weight class percentages, and had less B and C Haugh unit and albumen pH and B air cell depth grades and small weight class percentages than those obtained in the summer. In summary, marketing channels and season play a significant role in affecting quality traits of Table eggs, also those procured from supermarkets and in the winter presented better quality than those obtained from groceries or in the summer, respectively. Grocery stores or small shops have to follow proper handling and storage conditions requirements to maintain good quality of Table eggs, especially in the summer season.(AU)


Assuntos
Animais , Estações do Ano , Albuminas , Ovos , Organizações
5.
Anim. Reprod. (Online) ; 19(1): e20210077, 2022. tab, graf
Artigo em Inglês | LILACS-Express | VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1360101

Resumo

Abstract Semen motility is the most widely recognized semen quality parameter used by Artificial Insemination (AI) centers. With the increasing worldwide export of semen between AI centers there is an increasing need for standardized motility assessment methods. Computer-Assisted Sperm Analysis (CASA) technology is thought to provide an objective motility evaluation; however, results can still vary between laboratories. The aim of present study was to verify the impact of different setting values of the CASA IVOS II on motility, concentration, and morphology of bovine semen samples frozen in an extender with or without egg yolk and then decide on optimal settings for a further validation step across AI centers. Semen straws from 30 different bulls were analyzed using IVOS II with twelve modified settings. No significant changes were observed in semen concentration, percentage of motile sperm or kinetic results for either extender type. However, increasing settings for both STR and VAP progressive (%) from Low, Medium, and High cut-off values significantly (p<0.05) reduced the percentage of detected progressive spermatozoa, in egg yolk extender from 49.5±15.2, 37.2±11.9 to 11.9±5.3%, and in clear extender from 51.9±9.1, 35.8±7.3 to 10.0±2.4%, respectively. In clear extender only, the modification of droplet proximal head length significantly affected the detection of normal sperm percentages (88.0± 4.7 to 95.0±0.6 and 96.0±0.6%) and of the percentage of detected proximal droplets (12.2±4.7, 2.5±2.7 to 0.6±0.2%) for Low, Medium and High values respectively (p<0.05). The identification of sensitivity within the CASA system to changes in set parameters then led to the determination of an optimal IVOS II setting. The existing variability among centers for these phenotypes was reduced when the standardized settings were applied across different CASA units. The results clearly show the importance of applied settings for the final CASA results and emphasize the need for standardized settings to obtain comparable data.

6.
Rev. Inst. Adolfo Lutz ; 81: e37165, mar.1, 2022. ilus
Artigo em Inglês | LILACS, CONASS, Coleciona SUS (Brasil), SES-SP, VETINDEX, SESSP-ACVSES, SES SP - Instituto Adolfo Lutz, SES-SP, SESSP-IALACERVO | ID: biblio-1393020

Resumo

The standardization and validation of a multiplex assay requires the combination of important parameters such as sensitivity and specificity, acceptable levels of performance, robustness, and reproducibility. We standardized a multiparametric Dot-blot aimed at the serological screening of paracoccidioidomycosis, histoplasmosis, and aspergillosis. A total of 148 serum were evaluated: 10 from healthy subjects, 36 from patients with paracoccidioidomycosis, 62 from patients with histoplasmosis, and 40 from patients with aspergillosis. It was found that the multiparametric Dot-blot showed a high percentage of cross-reactivity. However, when evaluated individually, in the serological screening of histoplasmosis, a good performance was observed when compared to the double immunodiffusion assay, considered the gold standard test, with 100% co-positivity and 83.3% co-negativity. The performance of serological screening for aspergillosis was not satisfactory when compared to double immunodiffusion, showing 71.4% co-positivity and 100% co-negativity. The evaluation of the stability of nitrocellulose membranes showed that membranes sensitized with H. capsulatum antigen remained stable for 90 days and those sensitized with A. fumigatus antigen for 30 days. We conclude that the use of crude antigens was not suitable for the standardization of the multiparametric Dot-blot assay, due to the high cross-reactivity, and that further tests should be performed with purified proteins (AU).


A padronização e validação de um ensaio multiplex requer a combinação de parâmetros importantes, como sensibilidade e especificidade, níveis aceitáveis de desempenho, robustez e reprodutibilidade. Este trabalho padronizou um Dot-blot multiparamétrico visando a triagem sorológica da paracoccidioidomicose, histoplasmose e aspergilose. Foram avaliadas 148 amostras de soro: 10 de indivíduos saudáveis, 36 de pacientes com paracoccidioidomicose, 62 de pacientes com histoplasmose e 40 de pacientes com aspergilose. Verificou-se que o Dot-blot multiparamétrico apresentou elevado percentual de reatividade cruzada. Entretanto, quando avaliado individualmente, na triagem sorológica da histoplasmose observou-se bom desempenho quando comparado ao ensaio de imunodifusão dupla, considerado o teste padrão ouro, com 100% de co-positividade e 83,3% de co-negatividade. O desempenho da triagem sorológica da aspergilose não foi satisfatório quando comparado a imunodifusão dupla, apresentando 71,4% de co-positividade e 100% de co-negatividade. A avaliação da estabilidade das membranas de nitrocelulose mostrou que membranas sensibilizadas com antígeno de H. capsulatum permaneceram estáveis por 90 dias e as sensibilizadas com antígeno de A. fumigatus, por 30 dias. Concluímos que o uso de antígenos brutos não foi adequado para a padronização do ensaio de Dot-blot multiparamétrico, devido ao alto índice de reatividade cruzada, e que novos testes devem ser realizados com proteínas purificadas (AU).


Assuntos
Paracoccidioidomicose , Aspergilose , Padrões de Referência , Testes Imunológicos , Saúde Pública , Metodologia como Assunto , Histoplasmose , Micoses/diagnóstico
7.
Artigo em Inglês | LILACS-Express | VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1493926

Resumo

ABSTRACT The proper operating conditions of the singeing machine on pig slaughterhouses to achieve good carcass quality are little reported. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of an automatic singeing machine on the quality of pig carcasses for better control in pork production. A two-factor (pressure and time) completely randomized design was used. The carcasses were subjected to four treatments using gas pressures of 0.6 and 0.8 kgf.cm-2 for 3.7 and 4.2 seconds of exposure to the flame. The carcasses were analyzed as for visual appearance, counts of Enterobacteriaceae and Escherichia coli, and temperature. Gas consumption was also assessed during the process. Carcasses subjected to 0.6 kgf.cm-2 for 4.2 s had a better visual appearance. Both pressure and time reduced the counts of Enterobacteriaceae and E. coli. Regarding gas consumption, exposure to the flame for 4.2 s consumed three times more gas than exposure for 3.7 s. Among the treatments tested, singeing using a pressure of 0.6 kgf.cm-2 for 4.2 s was sufficient to reduce microbial counts and improve visual appearance. This singeing standardization serves as a reference for slaughterhouses to produce pork with a visual appearance of better acceptability by consumers.


RESUMO As condições adequadas de operação do chamuscador para contribuir com o aspecto visual e qualidade microbiológica são pouco relatadas. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito do chamuscador automático na qualidade das carcaças, visando melhor controle na produção de carne suína. O delineamento experimental adotado foi inteiramente casualizado com dois fatores (pressão e tempo). As carcaças suínas foram submetidas a quatro tratamentos com 0,6 e 0,8 kgf.cm-2 de pressão de gás e 3,7 e 4,2 segundos de exposição à chama. As carcaças foram analisadas quanto ao aspecto visual, contagem de Enterobacteriaceae e Escherichia coli e temperatura. Além disso, o consumo de gás foi avaliado na operação. As carcaças submetidas a 0,6 kgf.cm-2 por 4,2 s apresentaram melhores resultados de aspecto visual. Em geral, tanto a pressão quanto o tempo reduziram a contagem de Enterobacteriaceae e E. coli. Quanto ao consumo de gás, o tempo de 4,2 s apresentou um gasto 3 vezes maior que o tempo de 3,7 s. Entre os tratamentos testados, o chamuscamento com pressão de 0,6 kgf.cm-2 e tempo de 4,2 s apresentou-se suficiente para redução das contagens microbiana e melhor aspecto visual. A padronização desta etapa de chamuscamento serve de referência para matadouros a fim de produzir carne suína com aspecto visual de melhor aceitabilidade pelo mercado consumidor.

8.
J. venom. anim. toxins incl. trop. dis ; 28: e20210099, 2022. tab, graf
Artigo em Inglês | LILACS, VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1375813

Resumo

Background: The intrinsic sensitivity limitations of basic parasitological methods, along with the particular biological characteristics of parasites, make these methods ineffective to differentiate morphologically indistinguishable species. Molecular detection and characterization techniques could be used to overcome these problems. The purpose of this work was to standardize molecular polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques, described in the literature, for the detection and molecular characterization of intestinal protozoa and other pathogens in humans. Methods: DNA was extracted from human or animal feces, previously washed or cultured in Boeck Drbohlav's Modified Medium. DNA extraction was performed with Machery-Nagel extraction kits. The standardization of the PCR, nested-PCR or RFLP techniques was carried out according to the literature. For each molecular technique performed, the sensitivity of the test was determined based on the minimun quantity required of DNA (sensitivity A) and the minimum quantity of life forms that the test detected (sensitivity B). Results: Sensitivity A was 10 fg for G. duodenalis, 12.5 pg for Entamoeba histolytica or Entamoeba dispar, 50 fg for Cryptosporidium spp., 225 pg for Cyclospora spp. and 800 fg or 8 fg for Blastocystis spp. after performing a 1780 bp PCR or 310 bp nested PCR, respectively. The sensitivity B was 100 cysts for G. duodenalis, 500 cysts for E. histolytica or E. dispar, 1000 oocysts for Cyclospora spp. and 3600 or four vegetatives forms for PCR or nested PCR of Blastocystis spp., respectively. Conclusions: The molecular detection of protozoa and chromist was achieved and the molecular characterization allowed the genotyping of some of the parasites such as Giardia duodenalis, Cryptosporidium spp., and Blastocystis spp. This study summarizes the molecular techniques for epidemiological studies in humans and animals, and helps in the investigation of their transmission sources in countries where intestinal parasites are a public health problem.(AU)


Assuntos
Humanos , Animais , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/normas , Enteropatias Parasitárias/diagnóstico , Intestinos/parasitologia , Polimorfismo de Fragmento de Restrição , Estudos Epidemiológicos , Giardia lamblia , Blastocystis , Cryptosporidium
9.
Rev. bras. zootec ; 51: e20210175, 2022. tab, graf
Artigo em Inglês | VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1442771

Resumo

The objective was to evaluate the existence of heterogeneity of variances and its impact on the genetic evaluation of ponderal performance in sires of the Nellore breed. We used records of adjusted body weights at 210 (W210), 365 (W365), and 450 (W450) days of age. Both W365 and W450 were combined by principal component analyses using the first component (PC). Average daily gain (ADG) was obtained by difference between W450 and W210. The classes of standard deviations (SD) for W210, PC, and ADG were obtained by the standardization of means of herd-year means subclasses, with positive values composing the high SD and values equal and less than zero composing the SD. The model included the fixed effects of contemporary group and age at calving as a covariate, random genetic additive, and maternal genetic (except for PC) effects, and the permanent maternal environment. Variance components were obtained by Gibbs sampling. Posterior means of heritability in analyses without considering heterogeneity of variances ranged from 0.15±0.01 to 0.31±0.01. Posterior means of genetic correlations between the two classes of SD for W210, PC, and ADG were equal to 0.85±0.04, 0.83±0.03, and 0.71±0.08, respectively. Spearman correlation to breeding values of sires for ADG as the selection intensity increased in them, and the correlations between breeding values in general analyses were more correlated with those predicted in the high DP. Therefore, when there is a higher selection intensity on the sires only for the ADG criterion, there is a significant presence of the heterogeneity of variances and impact on the genetic evaluation of the sires. Thus, for ADG, the predictions of breeding values obtained by the genetic evaluation model in which the heterogeneity of variances are not considered are more weighted by the class of greater heterogeneity.(AU)


Assuntos
Animais , Variação Genética , Peso Corporal/genética , Bovinos/anatomia & histologia
10.
Arq. bras. med. vet. zootec. (Online) ; 74(6): 1049-1058, 2022. ilus, tab, graf
Artigo em Inglês | VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1416155

Resumo

Crocodylus moreletii and Crocodylus acutus are two endangered crocodile species endemic to Mexico. In this descriptive cross-sectional study, a total of 58 crocodiles (30 females and 28 males) were examined to determine and evaluate 24 blood biochemical indicators associated with energy, lipid, protein, mineral and enzymatic metabolic processes. Most of the serum biochemistry parameters were similar among sexes by species. However, male crocodiles showed higher triacylglycerol concentration and alkaline phosphatase activity, and lower globulin concentration than females. There were some significant differences between species. Total bilirubin, triacylglycerol, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen carbonate were higher in Crocodylus moreletii, and urea nitrogen, creatinine, alanine aminotransferase, and aspartate aminotransferase were higher in Crocodylus acutus. These reference values are very important for the protection of crocodiles. The calculated confidence intervals could be used to detect alert situations when at least 5% of the sampled crocodiles would fall outside of the calculated reference interval for a given parameter.


Crocodylus moreletii e Crocodylus acutus são duas espécies de crocodilos ameaçadas de extinção endêmicas do México. Neste estudo transversal descritivo, um total de 58 crocodilos (30 fêmeas e 28 machos) foi examinado para determinar e avaliar 24 indicadores da bioquímica sanguínea associados a processos metabólicos energéticos, lipídicos, proteicos, minerais e enzimáticos. A maioria dos parâmetros bioquímicos séricos foram semelhantes entre os sexos da espécie. No entanto, os crocodilos machos apresentaram maior concentração de triacilgliceróis e atividade de fosfatase alcalina do que as fêmeas. Com uma concentração de globulina mais baixa do que as fêmeas, houve algumas diferenças significativas entre as espécies. A bilirrubina total, os triacilgliceróis, o dióxido de carbono e o bicarbonato de sódio foram maiores em Crocodylus moreletii, e o nitrogênio ureico, a creatinina, a alanina aminotransferase e o aspartato aminotransferase foram maiores em Crocodylus acutus. Esses valores de referência são muito importantes para a proteção dos crocodilos. Os intervalos de confiança calculados podem ser usados para detectar situações de alerta quando pelo menos 5% dos crocodilos amostrados estiverem fora do intervalo de referência calculado para um determinado parâmetro.


Assuntos
Animais , Padrões de Referência , Fatores Sexuais , Jacarés e Crocodilos/sangue , Análise Química do Sangue/veterinária , México
11.
Semina ciênc. agrar ; 43(6): 2415-2424, nov.-dez. 2022. tab
Artigo em Inglês | VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1418835

Resumo

The objective was to estimate the reference intervals of biochemical parameters of lactating ewes in the tropics. Information on up to 290 lactating ewes was compiled from 2006 to 2017. All animals were healthy and were not subjected to forced malnutrition. Animals were raised in different management systems (pasture, total confinement, partial confinement, collective and/or individual confinement). The biochemical profile consisted of information on cholesterol, triglycerides, fructosamine, HDL (high density lipoprotein), VLDL (very low-density lipoprotein), total protein (TP), uric acid, urea, albumin, creatinine, calcium, phosphorus and magnesium, AST (aspartate aminotransferase), GGT (gamma-glutamyl transferase) and alkaline phosphatase (ALP). Reference values were estimated using the Dixon test, when parametric, and by boostrap, when non-parametric, with a 95% confidence interval. Estimated intervals were 36.3 - 94; 262.22 - 450.66; 7 - 43; 18.6 - 69.4; 1.4 - 8.4; 0.61 - 1.66; 5.4 - 11; 0 - 1.4; 8.4 - 61.5; 1.9 - 3.57 for cholesterol, fructosamine, triglycerides, HDL, VLDL, creatinine, TP, uric acid, urea and albumin, respectively. For enzymes and mineral profile, 59 - 160; 37.9 - 127.8; 30 - 190; 8.23 - 12.45; 3.7 - 8.5; 1.7 - 3.8 for AST, GGT, ALP, Ca, P, and Mg, respectively. It can be concluded that the biochemical parameters of lactating ewes in the tropics are different from those determined in the literature.


Objetivou-se estimar os intervalos de referência dos parâmetros bioquímicos de ovelhas lactantes nos trópicos. Foram compiladas informações de até 290 ovelhas lactantes no período de 2006 a 2017. Todos os animais eram saudáveis e não passaram por condições de desnutrição forçada. Os animais foram criados em diferentes sistemas de manejo (pasto, confinamento total, semiconfinamento, confinamento coletivo e/ou individual). O perfil bioquímico constituiu informações de colesterol, triglicerídeos, frutosamina, HDL (lipoproteína de alta densidade), VLDL (lipoproteína de muito baixa densidade), proteínas totais, ácido úrico, ureia, albumina, creatinina, cálcio, fósforo e magnésio, AST (aspartato aminotransferase), GGT (gama glutamil transferase) e fosfatase alcalina (FA). Os valores de referência foram estimados através do teste de Dixon, quando paramétrico e por boostrap quando não paramétrico, sendo o intervalo de confiança a 95% de probabilidade. Os intervalos estimados foram 36,3 - 94; 262,22 - 450,66; 7 - 43; 18,6 - 69,4; 1,4 - 8,4; 0,61 - 1,66; 5,4 - 11; 0 - 1,4; 8,4 - 61,5; 1,9 - 3,57 para colesterol, frutosanima, trigligeríceos, HDL, VLDL, creatinina, PT, ácido úrico, ureia e albumina, respectivamente. Para as enzimas e o perfil mineral foram 59 - 160; 37,9 - 127,8; 30 - 190; 8,23 - 12,45; 3,7 - 8,5; 1,7 - 3,8 para AST, GGT, FA, Ca, P, e Mg, respectivamente. Conclui-se que os parâmetros bioquímicos das ovelhas lactantes nos trópicos são discrepantes aos determinados na literatura.


Assuntos
Animais , Padrões de Referência , Bioquímica , Ovinos , Ecossistema Tropical
12.
Anim. Reprod. ; 19(1): e20210077, 2022. ilus, graf, tab
Artigo em Inglês | VETINDEX | ID: vti-765784

Resumo

Semen motility is the most widely recognized semen quality parameter used by Artificial Insemination (AI) centers. With the increasing worldwide export of semen between AI centers there is an increasing need for standardized motility assessment methods. Computer-Assisted Sperm Analysis (CASA) technology is thought to provide an objective motility evaluation; however, results can still vary between laboratories. The aim of present study was to verify the impact of different setting values of the CASA IVOS II on motility, concentration, and morphology of bovine semen samples frozen in an extender with or without egg yolk and then decide on optimal settings for a further validation step across AI centers. Semen straws from 30 different bulls were analyzed using IVOS II with twelve modified settings. No significant changes were observed in semen concentration, percentage of motile sperm or kinetic results for either extender type. However, increasing settings for both STR and VAP progressive (%) from Low, Medium, and High cut-off values significantly (p<0.05) reduced the percentage of detected progressive spermatozoa, in egg yolk extender from 49.5±15.2, 37.2±11.9 to 11.9±5.3%, and in clear extender from 51.9±9.1, 35.8±7.3 to 10.0±2.4%, respectively. In clear extender only, the modification of droplet proximal head length significantly affected the detection of normal sperm percentages (88.0± 4.7 to 95.0±0.6 and 96.0±0.6%) and of the percentage of detected proximal droplets (12.2±4.7, 2.5±2.7 to 0.6±0.2%) for Low, Medium and High values respectively (p<0.05). The identification of sensitivity within the CASA system to changes in set parameters then led to the determination of an optimal IVOS II setting. The existing variability among centers for these phenotypes was reduced when the standardized settings were applied across different CASA units. The results clearly show the importance of applied settings for the final CASA results and emphasize the need for standardized settings to obtain comparable data.(AU)


Assuntos
Animais , Masculino , Bovinos , Bovinos , Sêmen , Motilidade dos Espermatozoides
13.
Acta sci. vet. (Impr.) ; 50: Pub. 1892, 2022. ilus
Artigo em Inglês | VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1401102

Resumo

Background: Pelvic limb claudication is a common problem in dogs. However, determining the location of the lesion can be challenging. Diagnostic imaging is essential for identifying and evaluating muscle injuries. Ultrasonographic evaluation is frequently performed to identify muscle injuries. Although some muscle changes have already been described as ultrasonography findings in veterinary studies, little is known about the standardization of these muscle structures, especially in hip muscles. The objective of this study was to describe the normal ultrasound anatomy of the lateral and medial muscles of the pelvic limb and establish an unprecedented protocol for the evaluation of these structures. Materials, Methods & Results: A total of 4 lateral and 4 medial musculatures of the pelvic limb of dogs were evaluated using ultrasound. An initial ex vivo study (1st phase) was performed to delineate anatomical and ultrasonographic assessments. The 2nd experimental phase proceeded with the application of in vivo scanning. The same operator performed all anatomical and ultrasonographic assessments. The gluteus medius, vastus lateralis, tensor fasciae latae, sartorius, pectineus, gracilis, adductor, and rectus femoris muscles were evaluated in longitudinal and transverse planes. Ten paired hips from 5 cadavers consisting of 3 females (60%) and 2 males (40%) were evaluated during the exvivo phase. The average age and weight of the dogs were 3.6 ± 0.87 years and 21.9 ± 5.2 kg, respectively. The invivo study included 4 females (40%) and 6 males (60%), for a total of 10 healthy animals consisting of 20 hips; the mean weight was 30.11 ± 7.45 kg and the average age was 4.5 ± 2.75 years. All muscles maintained the same ultrasound pattern when compared with each other and between different groups in the invivo study. The longitudinal section presented a hypoechoic structure permeated by thin hyperechoic longitudinal striations. The hypoechoic aspect was maintained, with striae identified as hyperechogenic points in the cross-sectional view. Discussion: B-mode ultrasonographic evaluation with a high-frequency transducer has facilitated the identification of the lateral and medial muscles of the pelvic limbs of medium and large dogs exvivo and invivo. This approach is an effective and safe way to access these muscles, and aids in the establishment of an unprecedented protocol for ultrasound evaluation of this region. Understanding the normal ultrasonographic anatomy is essential to identify muscle injuries such as contractures, tumors, ruptures, and stretch, which can lead to loss of muscle echogenicity and echotexture. Furthermore, ultrasound standardization reduces inter-observer error, facilitates technique reproducibility, assists in a more assertive assessment, and directs the patient's most appropriate therapy. In addition, anatomical dissection with the aid of acoustic gel injection into the evaluated musculature is essential to guide the examination because it allows the confirmation of the structures. In this study, the ultrasound scans of 6 fundamental muscles (gluteus medius, tensor fasciae latae, gracilis, adductor, pectineus, and rectus femoris) for hip mobility and 2 knee muscles (sartorius and vastus lateralis) were standardized. Exvivo evaluations facilitated the application of invivo techniques, and no difficulties were found during these evaluations.


Assuntos
Animais , Cães , Pelve/patologia , Pelve/diagnóstico por imagem , Músculos/anatomia & histologia , Neoplasias Pélvicas/veterinária , Ultrassonografia/métodos , Ultrassonografia/veterinária
14.
Rev. bras. saúde prod. anim ; 23: e202100372022, 2022. ilus, graf, tab
Artigo em Português | VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1363241

Resumo

The proper operating conditions of the singeing machine on pig slaughterhouses to achieve good carcass quality are little reported. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of an automatic singeing machine on the quality of pig carcasses for better control in pork production. A two-factor (pressure and time) completely randomized design was used. The carcasses were subjected to four treatments using gas pressures of 0.6 and 0.8 kgf.cm-2 for 3.7 and 4.2 seconds of exposure to the flame. The carcasses were analyzed as for visual appearance, counts of Enterobacteriaceae and Escherichia coli, and temperature. Gas consumption was also assessed during the process. Carcasses subjected to 0.6 kgf.cm-2 for 4.2 s had a better visual appearance. Both pressure and time reduced the counts of Enterobacteriaceae and E. coli. Regarding gas consumption, exposure to the flame for 4.2 s consumed three times more gas than exposure for 3.7 s. Among the treatments tested, singeing using a pressure of 0.6 kgf.cm-2 for 4.2 s was sufficient to reduce microbial counts and improve visual appearance. This singeing standardization serves as a reference for slaughterhouses to produce pork with a visual appearance of better acceptability by consumers.(AU)


As condições adequadas de operação do chamuscador para contribuir com o aspecto visual e qualidade microbiológica são pouco relatadas. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito do chamuscador automático na qualidade das carcaças, visando melhor controle na produção de carne suína. O delineamento experimental adotado foi inteiramente casualizado com dois fatores (pressão e tempo). As carcaças suínas foram submetidas a quatro tratamentos com 0,6 e 0,8 kgf.cm-2 de pressão de gás e 3,7 e 4,2 segundos de exposição à chama. As carcaças foram analisadas quanto ao aspecto visual, contagem de Enterobacteriaceae e Escherichia coli e temperatura. Além disso, o consumo de gás foi avaliado na operação. As carcaças submetidas a 0,6 kgf.cm-2 por 4,2 s apresentaram melhores resultados de aspecto visual. Em geral, tanto a pressão quanto o tempo reduziram a contagem de Enterobacteriaceae e E. coli. Quanto ao consumo de gás, o tempo de 4,2 s apresentou um gasto 3 vezes maior que o tempo de 3,7 s. Entre os tratamentos testados, o chamuscamento com pressão de 0,6 kgf.cm-2 e tempo de 4,2 s apresentou-se suficiente para redução das contagens microbiana e melhor aspecto visual. A padronização desta etapa de chamuscamento serve de referência para matadouros a fim de produzir carne suína com aspecto visual de melhor aceitabilidade pelo mercado consumidor.(AU)


Assuntos
Animais , Suínos , Enterobacteriaceae , Escherichia coli , Carne de Porco , Técnicas Microbiológicas
15.
Ciênc. rural (Online) ; 52(9): e20210275, 2022. tab, graf
Artigo em Inglês | VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1364731

Resumo

When modeling growth curves, it should be considered that longitudinal data may show residual autocorrelation, and, if this characteristic is not considered, the results and inferences may be compromised. The Bayesian approach, which considers priori information about studied phenomenon has been shown to be efficient in estimating parameters. However, as it is generally not possible to obtain marginal distributions analytically, it is necessary to use some method, such as the weighted resampling method, to generate samples of these distributions and thus obtain an approximation. Among the advantages of this method, stand out the generation of independent samples and the fact that it is not necessary to evaluate convergence. In this context, the objective of this work research was: to present the Bayesian nonlinear modeling of the coffee tree height growth, irrigated and non-irrigated (NI), considering the residual autocorrelation and the nonlinear Logistic, Brody, von Bertalanffy and Richard models. Among the results, it was found that, for NI plants, the Deviance Information Criterion (DIC) and the Criterion of density Predictive Ordered (CPO), indicated that, among the evaluated models, the Logistic model is the one that best describes the height growth of the coffee tree over time. For irrigated plants, these same criteria indicated the Brody model. Thus, the growth of the non-irrigated and irrigated coffee tree followed different growth patterns, the height of the non-irrigated coffee tree showed sigmoidal growth with maximum growth rate at 726 days after planting and the irrigated coffee tree starts its development with high growth rates that gradually decrease over time.


Na modelagem de curvas de crescimento deve-se considerar que dados longitudinais podem apresentar autocorrelação residual, sendo que, se tal característica não é considerada, os resultados e inferências podem ser comprometidos. A abordagem bayesiana, que considera informações à priori sobre o fenômeno em estudo tem se mostrado eficiente na estimação de parâmetros. No entanto, como geralmente não é possível obter as distribuições marginais de forma analítica, faz-se necessário a utilização de algum método, como o método de reamostragem ponderada, para gerar amostras dessas distribuições e assim obter uma aproximação para as mesmas. Dentre as vantagens desse método, destaca-se a geração de amostras independentes e o fato de não ser necessário avaliar convergência. Diante desse contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi apresentar a modelagem não linear bayesiana do crescimento em altura de plantas do cafeeiro, irrigadas e não irrigadas (NI), considerando a autocorrelação residual e os modelos não lineares Logístico, Brody, von Bertalanffy e Richards. Em vista dos resultados, verificou-se que, para as plantas NI, o DIC e CPOc, indicaram que, dentre os modelos avaliados, o modelo Logístico é o que melhor descreve o crescimento em altura do cafeeiro ao longo do tempo. E, para as plantas irrigadas, esses mesmos critérios indicaram o modelo Brody. Assim, o crescimento da planta do cafeeiro não irrigado e irrigado seguiram padrões de crescimento distintos, a altura do cafeeiro não irrigado apresentou crescimento sigmoidal com taxa máxima de crescimento aos 726 dias após o plantio, já o cafeeiro irrigado inicia seu desenvolvimento com altas taxas de crescimento que vão diminuindo aos poucos com o tempo.


Assuntos
Teorema de Bayes , Dinâmica não Linear , Coffea/crescimento & desenvolvimento , Padrões de Referência
16.
Anim. Reprod. (Online) ; 19(1): e20210121, 2022. graf, tab
Artigo em Inglês | VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1367888

Resumo

The controversial data about antral follicle count (AFC) may be partially explained by the different criteria used to determine what is high, intermediate and low AFC. This study evaluated different classification methods for AFC groups, relating them to the conception rate, dominant follicle size and body condition score (BCS) in cows submitted to timed artificial insemination (TAI). Nelore cows (Bos indicus; n = 935), received a reproductive program consisting of TAI and natural breeding. Conception rate, BCS and dominant follicle size during TAI were evaluated by three AFC methodologies: i) mean and standard deviation: low (≤ 15 follicles); intermediate (≥ 16 to ≤ 44 follicles) or high (≥ 45 follicles); ii) quartiles: low (≤ 15 follicles); intermediate (≥ 16 to ≤ 39 follicles), or high (≥ 40 follicles); and iii) AFC score: I (low; ≤ 15 follicles); II (intermediate; ≥ 16 to ≤ 30 follicles); III (high; ≥ 31 to ≤ 44 follicles) or IV (very high; ≥ 45 follicles). Data were analyzed by a GLIMMIX and Tukey test or binary logistic regression model (P ≤ 0.05). The conception rate to TAI was influenced (P < 0.05) by AFC in the three methods classification, being the highest conception rate observed in the low AFC group regardless of method utilized: Mean (low 61.73%a, intermediate 54.02%ab and high 49.48%b), Quartiles (low 61.73%a, intermediate 53.59%ab and 51.46%b) and Score (I 61.73%a, II 54.80%ab, III 53.23%ab and IV 49.48%b). There were variations (P < 0.05) in the conception rate within the 2.50 to 2.75 BCS range for all AFC classification methods, with the low AFC females presenting the best results, regardless of the method used. Also, females with low AFC showed larger (P < 0.05) diameters of dominant follicles at the TAI regardless of method. The different methodologies used (Mean, Quartile and Score) to AFC classification showed a consistency between the main findings, and we believe that this standardization will facilitate the interpretation of data involving AFC.(AU)


Assuntos
Animais , Bovinos , Inseminação Artificial , Fertilidade , Folículo Ovariano
17.
Arq. bras. med. vet. zootec. (Online) ; 74(3): 383-389, May-June 2022. tab
Artigo em Inglês | VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1383772

Resumo

This study aimed to evaluate copper sulfate solutions at 5% and 10% concentrations in footbaths from three dairy farms (A, B and C) with free stall and compost barn production systems, located in the municipality of Arapoti, Parana, Brazil. Farms A, B and C were composed of 537, 88 and 208 lactating cows, respectively, all conditioned to the use of a footbath. Every seven days, before and after the passage of each batch of cows through the footbath, samples of the solution were collected for the evaluation of pH, temperature, and the volume of the solution measured. Farms A and C had higher pH alkalinization due to the greater number of batch passages, from the third batch onwards, and also a reduction in the volume of the solution. It is concluded that the volume varied both with the number of animals that passed through the footbath and with the deposition of organic matter in the solution. The concentration of 10% copper sulfate solution was not able to inhibit pH changes. Furthermore, there was no standardization in the dimensions of the footbaths on the farms.


Objetivou-se avaliar as soluções de sulfato de cobre nas concentrações de 5% e 10%, em pedilúvios de três propriedades leiteiras (A, B e C), com sistemas de produção "free stall" e "compost barn", localizadas no município de Arapoti, Paraná, Brasil. As propriedades A, B e C eram compostas por 537, 88 e 208 vacas em lactação, respectivamente, todas condicionadas ao uso do pedilúvio. A cada sete dias, antes e após a passagem de cada lote de vacas pelo pedilúvio, foram colhidas amostras da solução para a avaliação do pH, da temperatura e do volume. As propriedades A e C tiveram alcalinização maior do pH devido ao maior número de passagem de lotes, a partir do terceiro lote, com redução também do volume da solução. Conclui-se que o volume variou tanto com o número de animais que passaram pelo pedilúvio quanto com a deposição de matéria orgânica na solução. A concentração da solução de sulfato de cobre a 10% não foi capaz de inibir as alterações de pH. Além disso, não houve padronização das dimensões dos pedilúvios nas fazendas.


Assuntos
Animais , Bovinos , Bovinos/lesões , Sulfato de Cobre
18.
Clín. Vet. (São Paulo, Ed. Port.) ; 27(159): 44-53, jul.-ago. 2022.
Artigo em Português | VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1391005

Resumo

A demodicidose é uma doença incomum na rotina clínico-dermatológica de felinos. Ela pode ser causada pelo ácaro Demodex gatoi ou pelo Demodex cati, e há relatos de uma nova espécie ainda não nomeada. Inúmeras formas de diagnóstico e protocolos terapêuticos relativos à demodicidose canina vêm sendo relatados há anos. Contudo, há poucos trabalhos atuais sobre o tema em felinos. Sendo assim, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo realizar uma revisão de literatura sobre essa dermatopatia, com a descrição da sua etiologia, da epidemiologia, dos sinais clínicos, do diagnóstico e das formas de tratamento atuais, pois a demodicidose felina é difícil de tratar e diagnosticar, por ser uma enfermidade rara e de baixa incidência. Ainda há necessidade de trabalhos futuros para que o estudo da doença possa ser aprofundado e para que se defina um protocolo terapêutico mais conciso, incluindo padronização de doses e frequência de administração.(AU)


Demodicosis is an uncommon disease in the clinical-dermatological routine of felines. It can be caused by the Demodex gatoi or Demodex cati, and a new, as yet unnamed species has been reported. Numerous forms of diagnosis and therapeutic protocols have been reported for canine demodicosis for years. However, there are few current studies on the subject in felines. Therefore, the present work aims to carry out a literature review on this skin disease, with a description of its etiology, epidemiology, clinical signs, diagnosis and current forms of treatment, as feline demodicosis still has a therapeutic and diagnostic difficulty because it is a rare and low-incidence disease. Future studies are still needed to reach a better understand of the disease and to define a more concise therapeutic protocol, including standardization of doses and frequency of administration.(AU)


La demodicosis es una enfermedad poco común en la rutina clínico- dermatológica de los felinos. Puede ser causada por los ácaros Demodex gatoi o Demodex cati, y se ha informado de una nueva especie, aún sin nombre. Numerosas formas de diagnóstico y protocolos terapéuticos para la demodicosis canina han sido utilizados durante años. Sin embargo, existen pocos trabajos actuales sobre el tema en felinos. El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo realizar una revisión bibliográfica sobre esta enfermedad de la piel, con una descripción de su etiología, epidemiología, signos clínicos, diagnóstico y formas de tratamiento actuales, ya que la demodicosis felina aún presenta una dificultad terapéutica y diagnóstica por ser una enfermedad rara y de baja incidencia. Se requiere estudo futuro para profundizar el conocimiento de la enfermedad y definir un protocolo terapéutico más conciso, que incluya estandarización de dosis y frecuencia de administración.(AU)


Assuntos
Animais , Dermatopatias/veterinária , Trombiculíase/diagnóstico , Gatos/parasitologia , Trombiculidae , Revisão
19.
Arq. bras. med. vet. zootec. (Online) ; 74(1): 93-100, Jan.-Feb. 2022. tab, ilus
Artigo em Inglês | VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1374397

Resumo

Platelet-rich plasma (PRP) has been proposed as an agent to accelerate the healing process and stimulate the regenerative capacity of tissues due to its abundance of growth factors. A large variety of kits and protocols are available to obtain PRP by different cell-separation systems. However, the lack of standardization may lead to inconsistent results. The aim of this study was to characterize cellular composition, platelet parameters using the ADVIA 120 flow cytometer, and TGF-ß1 concentration from the PRP product obtained through a closed system, using simple centrifugation. Six clinically healthy horses were used in this study. The protocol in the closed system resulted in approximately 1.6-fold higher platelet and approximately 2.0-fold lower white blood cell concentrations in comparison with whole blood values. The evaluated system was efficient in concentrating platelets and in retrieving a small number of leukocytes, using a protocol of single centrifugation at low speed.


O plasma rico em plaquetas (PRP) tem sido proposto como um agente para acelerar o processo de cicatrização e estimular a capacidade regenerativa dos tecidos, devido à sua abundância de fatores de crescimento. Uma grande variedade de kits e de protocolos está disponível para obtenção de PRP, utilizando-se diferentes sistemas de separação de células. No entanto, a falta de padronização pode levar a resultados inconsistentes. O objetivo deste estudo foi caracterizar a composição celular, os parâmetros plaquetários pelo citômetro de fluxo ADVIA 120 e a concentração de TGF-ß1 do PRP obtido em sistema fechado, por centrifugação simples. Seis cavalos clinicamente saudáveis ​​foram usados ​​neste estudo. O protocolo no sistema fechado resultou em concentrações de plaquetas aproximadamente 1,6 vez maior e concentrações de leucócitos aproximadamente 2,0 vezes menores em comparação com os valores do sangue total. O sistema avaliado foi eficiente na concentração de plaquetas e na recuperação de um pequeno número de leucócitos, utilizando um protocolo de centrifugação única em baixa velocidade.


Assuntos
Animais , Peptídeos e Proteínas de Sinalização Intercelular , Plasma Rico em Plaquetas , Cavalos/sangue , Centrifugação/métodos , Centrifugação/veterinária , Fator de Crescimento Transformador beta1
20.
Ciênc. rural (Online) ; 52(12): e20210747, 2022. tab, graf
Artigo em Inglês | VETINDEX | ID: biblio-1375161

Resumo

This study compared four methods for defining the ideal sample size per experimental unit to estimate the overall experimental mean for the total length, shoot length, root length, and the number of leaves of cauliflower seedlings. An experiment was carried out where the number of leaves, shoot, root, and total length were measured, and the general, perpendicular distance, linear response plateau, and spline methods were tested. While the general method may under or overestimate sample size and the sampling of 10 seedlings suggested by the spline method is still too far from the stabilization point of the curve, the perpendicular distance and linear plateau response methods are recommended to obtain results corresponding to narrower confidence interval widths. Therefore, according to the perpendicular distance method, at least 15 seedlings per experimental unit are required to estimate the overall experimental mean of cauliflower seedlings reliably for the traits here measured.


Este estudo comparou quatro métodos para definir o tamanho amostral ideal por unidade experimental para estimar a média experimental geral para o comprimento total, comprimento de parte aérea, comprimento de raiz e número de folhas de mudas de couve-flor. Um experimento foi conduzido no qual foram medidos o número de folhas, o comprimento total, de parte aérea e de radícula, e foram testados os métodos: geral, de distâncias perpendiculares, resposta linear platô e spline. Enquanto o método geral pode sub ou superestimar o tamanho amostral e a amostragem de 10 mudas sugerida pelo método spline ainda se encontra muito distante do ponto de estabilização da curva, os métodos de distâncias perpendiculares e resposta linear platô são recomendados por obterem resultados que corresponderam a amplitudes de intervalos de confiança menores. Portanto, de acordo com o método de distâncias perpendiculares, pelo menos 15 mudas por unidade experimental são necessárias para estimar a média experimental geral de mudas de couve-flor confiavelmente para as variáveis aqui mensuradas.


Assuntos
Brassica/anatomia & histologia , Brotos de Planta/anatomia & histologia , Padrões de Referência , 24444
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