Abomasal impaction in a goat - surgical approach

Background: The abomasum is glandular and has a bagpipe shape, with a capacity of 1 to 2 liters. It has a very acidic content with a pH ranging from 1.5 to 3, and although disturbances in this organ are uncommon in small ruminants, abomasal emptying defect is probably the most common abomasal problem in goats. The etiology of an abomasal emptying defect is unknown, however, abomasal impaction is the main cause of this condition. Since this disorder is associated with poor prognosis and information in goats is scarce, the aim of this report is to describe the success of abomasotomy as a treatment for abomasal impaction in goats, as well as to describe the clinical and laboratory aspects of this disease. Case: A 8-month-old male Anglo-Nubian goat, weighing 33 kg, presented with apathy and decreased appetite for 4 days due to digestive disorder. According to history, the diet consisted of crushed hay ad libitum and 300 g of ration bran. Clinical findings were apathy, pale mucous membranes, ruminal hypomotility, decreased fecal output, tense abdomen with distention of the ventral quadrants and loss of rumen stratification. The increase in chloride ion concentration (67 mEq/L) observed in the ruminal fluid analysis was indicative of abomasal-ruminal reflux, compatible with metabolic acidosis, as well as the dense hyperechogenic content in the ventral field of the left and right abdomen corresponding to the location of the entire abomasum on transabdominal ultrasound. Thus, clinical, laboratory and ultrasound findings were indicative of impaction of the abomasum, and the goat underwent exploratory laparotomy through the left flank, which revealed a distended and compacted abomasum. Differently from reports in the literature, due to severe distension of the abomasum, abomasotomy through the right flank was chosen to reverse the condition, followed by constant monitoring and supportive therapy with antimicrobial and analgesic medication. The goat defecated normally on the second postoperative day, however, on auscultation, there was persistence of abomasal emptying failure, suggesting a situation of posterior functional stenosis. With the suspicion of type III vagal indigestion, the atropine test, along with radiographic examination of the chest and abdomen were performed, and did not reveal any changes. In order to restore abomasal motility, intensive therapy with prokinetic drugs (bromopride, metoclopramide and promethazine) was associated, and on the fifth day the animal returned to normal appetite, abomasal motility and fecal production. The goat was discharged after 14 days of intensive care with recommendations to provide good quality food and water. Discussion: Abomasal impaction is rarely reported in goats, commonly resulting in animal death before or even a few days after surgical correction. The diagnosis of abomasal impaction was based on clinical, laboratory and ultrasound findings, and should be differentiated from other diseases that progress with abdominal distention and gradual weight loss, such as functional stenosis; duodenal obstruction; vagal nerve disorder; abomasite; generalized peritonitis, and granuloma associated with Actinobacillus lignieresii. Surgical correction by right paralombar access associated with visceral emptying and supportive therapy of impaction abomasal was performed and considered successful, without relapses and secondary complications long-term.

Experimental model of nephropathy associated with diabetes mellitus in mice

Purpose: Nontransmissible chronic diseases, such as diabetes mellitus (DM) and nephropathy, affect a significant portion of the population, often treated due to injuries that require healing and regeneration. To create an experimental model of associated comorbidities, for healing and regeneration studies, protocols for induction of nephropathy by ischemia and reperfusion (I/R) and induction of DM by injection of streptozotocin (STZ) were associated. Methods: Sixty-four mice (Mus musculus), female, adult, Swiss strain, weighing approximately 20 g, were divided into four groups: G1: control (n = 24), G2: nephropathy group (N) (n = 7), G3, DM (n = 9), and G4: N+DM (n = 24). Arteriovenous stenosis (I/R) of the left kidney was performed as the first protocol. The animals received a hyperlipidemic diet for 7 days after the injection of STZ (150 mg/kg, via i.p.) and an aqueous glucose solution (10%) for 24 h. The animals in the G3 and G4 groups were observed for 14 days before receiving the diet and STZ. The evolution of nephropathy was observed using a urine test strip and the DM, through the analysis of blood glucose with a reagent strip on a digital monitor. Results: The ischemic induction protocols of nephropathy and DM with STZ, associated, were sustainable, low-cost, and without deaths. There were alterations compatible with initial renal alterations, in the first 14 days, such as increased urinary density, pH alteration, presence of glucose, proteins and leukocytes, when compared to the control group. DM was confirmed by the presence of hyperglycemia 7 days after induction and its evolution after 14 days. The animals in the G4 group showed constant weight loss when compared to the other groups. It was possible to observe morphological alterations in the kidneys submitted to I/R, regarding coloration, during surgery and after the end of the observation period, in the volume and size of the left kidney, when compared to the contralateral kidney. Conclusion: It was possible to induce nephropathy and DM associated in the same animal, in a simple way, confirmed with rapid tests, without losses, providing a basis for future studies.

Técnica de dilatación con balón mediante procedimiento de endoscopia en un perro con estenosis esofágica: reporte de caso / Balloon dilatation technique via endoscopy procedure in a dog with esophageal stenosis: case report / Técnica de dilatação por balão via procedimento endoscópico em cão com estenose esofágica: relato de caso

La estenosis esofágica es una alteración morfofuncional que provoca una lesión inflamatoria en las capas submucosas y musculares del esófago, induciéndolas a la fibrosis y alterando el diámetro esofágico. El presente informe aborda el uso de un dilatador de balón como vía auxiliar para corregir la estenosis esofágica en un paciente canino, hembra, Pug, con antecedentes de vómitos recurrentes como principal síntoma. Mediante endoscopia se observó que el esófago torácico estaba inflamado, con mucosa engrosada y fibrótica, además de anillos fibrosos de color blanquecino, lo que dificultaba el paso de la sonda, lo que permitía determinar el diagnóstico de estenosis esofágica. En este informe se optó por el uso de balón dilatador, realizándose tres procedimientos con una semana de diferencia, para mejorar la condición sintomática. Tras el procedimiento dilatador, fue posible el desarrollo favorable del cuadro clínico presentado por el paciente.

Esophageal stenosis is a morphofunctional alteration that causes inflammatory lesion in the submucosal and muscular layers of the esophagus, inducing them to fibrosis and altering the esophageal diameter. The present report addresses the use of a balloon dilator as an auxiliary way to correct esophageal stenosis in a canine, female, Pug patient, with a history of recurrent vomiting as the main complaint. Through endoscopy, it was observed that the thoracic esophagus was inflamed, with thickened and fibrotic mucosa, in addition to whitish colored fibrous rings, which hindered the passage of the probe, enabling the determination of the diagnosis of esophageal stenosis. In this report, we opted for the use of a dilator balloon, with three procedures being performed one week apart, to improve the symptomatic condition. After the dilator procedure, the favorable development of the clinical condition presented by the patient was possible.

A estenose esofágica é uma alteração morfofuncional que ocasiona em lesão inflamatória das camadas submucosa e muscular do esôfago, induzindo-as a fibrose e que altera o diâmetro esofágico. O presente relato aborda a utilização de balão dilatador, como forma auxiliar de correção de estenose esofágica em paciente canino, fêmea, da raça Pug, apresentando histórico de vômitos recorrentes como queixa principal. Por meio da endoscopia, observou-se que o esôfago torácico estava inflamado, com a mucosa espessada e fibrótica, além de anéis fibrosos de coloração esbranquiçada, o que dificultava a passagem da sonda, possibilitando a determinação do diagnóstico de estenose esofágica. Nesse relato, optou-se pelo uso do balão dilatador, sendo feitos três procedimentos intervalados de uma semana entre eles, para a melhora da condição sintomática. Após o procedimento dilatador, foi possível o desenvolvimento favorável do quadro clínico apresentado pela paciente.

Use of balloon dilatation technique via endoscopy procedure in a canine patient with esophageal stenosis: case report / Uso da técnica de dilatação por balão via procedimento endoscópico em um paciente canino com estenose esofágica: relato de caso / Uso de la técnica de dilatación con balón mediante procedimiento de endoscopia en un paciente canino con estenosis esofágica: reporte de caso

Esophageal stenosis is a morphofunctional alteration that causes inflammatory lesion in the submucosal and muscular layers of the esophagus, inducing them to fibrosis and altering the esophageal diameter. The present report addresses the use of a balloon dilator as an auxiliary way to correct esophageal stenosis in a canine, female, Pug patient, with a history of recurrent vomiting as the main complaint. Through endoscopy, it was observed that the thoracic esophagus was inflamed, with thickened and fibrotic mucosa, in addition to whitish colored fibrous rings, which hindered the passage of the probe, enabling the determination of the diagnosis of esophageal stenosis. In this report, we opted for the use of a dilator balloon, with three procedures being performed one week apart, to improve the symptomatic condition. After the dilator procedure, the favorable development of the clinical condition presented by the patient was possible.

A estenose esofágica é uma alteração morfofuncional que ocasiona em lesão inflamatória das camadas submucosa e muscular do esôfago, induzindo-as a fibrose e que altera o diâmetro esofágico. O presente relato aborda a utilização de balão dilatador, como forma auxiliar de correção de estenose esofágica em paciente canino, fêmea, da raça Pug, apresentando histórico de vômitos recorrentes como queixa principal. Por meio da endoscopia, observou-se que o esôfago torácico estava inflamado, com a mucosa espessada e fibrótica, além de anéis fibrosos de coloração esbranquiçada, o que dificultava a passagem da sonda, possibilitando a determinação do diagnóstico de estenose esofágica. Nesse relato, optou-se pelo uso do balão dilatador, sendo feitos três procedimentos intervalados de uma semana entre eles, para a melhora da condição sintomática. Após o procedimento dilatador, foi possível o desenvolvimento favorável do quadro clínico apresentado pela paciente.

La estenosis esofágica es una alteración morfofuncional que provoca una lesión inflamatoria en las capas submucosas y musculares del esófago, induciéndolas a la fibrosis y alterando el diámetro esofágico. El presente informe aborda el uso de un dilatador de balón como vía auxiliar para corregir la estenosis esofágica en un paciente canino, hembra, Pug, con antecedentes de vómitos recurrentes como principal síntoma. Mediante endoscopia se observó que el esófago torácico estaba inflamado, con mucosa engrosada y fibrótica, además de anillos fibrosos de color blanquecino, lo que dificultaba el paso de la sonda, lo que permitía determinar el diagnóstico de estenosis esofágica. En este informe se optó por el uso de balón dilatador, realizándose tres procedimientos con una semana de diferencia, para mejorar la condición sintomática. Tras el procedimiento dilatador, fue posible el desarrollo favorable del cuadro clínico presentado por el paciente.

Estenose esofágica adquirida: relato de caso / Esophageal stenosis acquired: case report / Estenosis esofágica adquirida: informe de un caso

Refluxos gastroesofágicos podem ocorrer por diversos fatores como fármacos anestésicos, pré-disposição de raça, ausência de jejum, idade e sexo. A exposição da mucosa esofágica ao conteúdo gástrico é a principal causa de esofagites, que, por sua vez, podem evoluir para uma estenose do órgão, formando uma faixa circular intraluminal, causando estreitamento e comprometendo o lúmen esofágico. O presente trabalho tem por objetivo descrever um caso de estenose esofágica decorrente de ovariohisterectomia, dando ênfase às possíveis causas, formas de diagnóstico, tratamento e profilaxia da enfermidade. A cadela relatada foi atendida no setor de Clínica Médica de Animais de Companhia do Hospital Veterinário da UFVJM, Campus Unaí no dia 14 de novembro de 2019, aproximadamente um mês após receber o diagnóstico de estenose esofágica, obtido pelo histórico, sinais clínicos, achados radiográficos e, principalmente, por endoscopia esofágica. De acordo com dados da literatura, o animal apresentava diversos fatores que pré-dispõem ao refluxo gastroesofágico e, consequentemente, a estenose esofágica, como o histórico cirúrgico, idade e raça, dentre outros. Receitou-se tratamento clínico com antiácidos e inibidores da bomba de prótons para remissão clínica.

Gastroesophageal reflux may occur during anesthesia due to various factors such as anesthetic drugs, race disposition, absence of fasting, age and gender. Exposure of the esophageal mucosa to gastric contents is the main cause of esophagitis, which in turn may develop into esophageal stricture, forming an intraluminal circular band, causing narrowing and compromising the esophageal lumen. The objective of this work is to describe a case of esophageal stricture resulting from an ovariohysterectomy, emphasizing the possible causes, diagnosis, treatment and prophylaxis of the disease. The bitch of this report was attended of the group of Small Animals Medical Clinic II of UFVJM-Campus Unaí together with the teacher responsible for the discipline attended the reported animal on November 14, 2019, approximately one month of receiving diagnosis of esophageal etricture, obtained through history, signs radiographic findings and mainly by esophageal endoscopy. According to data from the literature, the animal had several factors that predispose to gastroesophageal reflux and consequently sophageal stricture, such as surgical history, age, race and others. Clinical treatment with antacids and proton pump inhibitors was prescribed for clinical remission.

Los reflujos gastroesofágicos pueden producirse durante la anestesia debido a varios factores como los fármacos anestésicos, la predisposición de la raza, la ausencia de ayuno, la edad y el sexo. La exposición de la mucosa esofágica al contenido gástrico es la principal causa de la esofagitis, que a su vez puede evolucionar hacia una estenosis esofágica, formando una banda circular intraluminal, provocando un estrechamiento y comprometiendo la luz esofágica.El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo describir un caso de estenosis esofágica resultante de una ovariohisterectomía, destacando las posibles causas, formas de diagnóstico, tratamiento y profilaxis de la enfermedad. La perra relatada fue atendida en el sector de Clínica Médica de Animales de Compañía del Hospital Veterinario de la UFVJM, Campus Unaí junto con el profesor responsable del sujeto el 14 de noviembre de 2019, aproximadamente un mes después de recibir el diagnóstico de estenosis esofágica, obtenido a través de la historia, los signos clínicos, los hallazgos radiográficos y principalmente por la endoscopia esofágica.De acuerdo con los datos de la literatura, el animal presentaba varios factores que predisponen al reflujo gastroesofágico y consecuentemente a la estenosis esofágica, como los antecedentes quirúrgicos, la edad, la raza entre otros. Se prescribió un tratamiento clínico con antiácidos e inhibidores de la bomba de protones para la remisión clínica.

Experimental model of portal hypertension and esophagogastric varices in minipigs: pressure and endoscopic pilot study

Introduction: Portal hypertension still represents an important health problem worldwide. In the search for knowledge regarding this syndrome, experimental studies with animal models have proven to be useful to point the direction to be taken in future randomized clinical trials. Purpose: To validate the experimental model of portal hypertension and esophagogastric varices in a medium-sized animal. Methods: This study included five minipigs br1. Midline laparotomy with dissection of the portal vein and production of a calibrated stenosis of this vein was performed. Measurement of pressure in the portal venous and digestive endoscopic were performed before and five weeks after the production of a stenosis. Results: All animals were 8 months old, average weight of 17 ± 2.5 kg. The mean pressure of the portal vein immediately before the partial ligation of the portal vein was 8.9 + 1.6 mm Hg, with 26.6 + 5.4 mm Hg in the second measurement five weeks later (p < 0.05). No gastroesophageal varices or hypertensive portal gastropathy were seen at endoscopy procedures in our sample at any time in the study. Conclusion: Portal vein ligation in minipigs has been validated in the production of portal hypertension, but not in the formation of esophageal varices.

Pulmonary choristoma in a new-born calf with multiple cranial and nervous malformations / Coristoma pulmonar em um bezerro recém-nascido com múltiplas malformações cranianas e neurológicas

Multiple congenital malformations can occur concomitantly in several species since the anomaly in one organ may lead directly to the malformation of another. Additionally, the etiology is not always clarified. Choristoma refers to an ectopic tissue that is histologically normal in an abnormal location. A case of pulmonary and nodal choristoma associated with cranioschisis, hydrocephalus, and syringomyelia in a new-born calf is reported here. Clinically, the calf had a mass in the frontal region of the head associated with local bone deformation. At necropsy, there was cranioschisis in the junction of the frontal bones and a 14 × 10 × 7 cm mass, grossly consistent with well-differentiated pulmonary tissue covered by skin, covering the opening between the frontal bones, and extending into the cranial cavity, leading to local cerebral compression. With the pulmonary choristoma, there was a well-differentiated lymphoid tissue. Additionally, in the central nervous system, there was severe hydrocephalus involving lateral ventricles and multiple areas of syringomyelia in the spinal cord.

Múltiplas malformações congênitas podem ocorrer concomitantemente em diversas espécies, uma vez que a anomalia em um órgão pode diretamente acarretar a malformação de outro. Ainda, a etiologia envolvida nem sempre é identificada. Coristomas são caracterizados por tecido ectópico histologicamente normal em uma localização anômala. Um caso de coristoma pulmonar e nodal associado a craniosquise, hidrocefalia e siringomielia em um bezerro recém-nascido é descrito neste trabalho. Clinicamente, o bezerro apresentava uma massa na região frontal da cabeça associada a deformação óssea local. No exame de necropsia, havia craniosquise na junção dos ossos frontais e tecido pulmonar bem diferenciado recoberto por pele, medindo 14 x 10 x 7 cm, recobrindo a abertura entre os ossos frontais e adentrando a cavidade craniana, acarretando o achatamento do córtex cerebral adjacente. Juntamente com o tecido pulmonar, havia um nódulo composto por tecido linfoide bem diferenciado. Adicionalmente, no sistema nervoso central, havia hidrocefalia severa envolvendo os ventrículos laterais e múltiplas áreas de siringomielia na medula espinhal.

Vagal indigestion in cattle: a retrospective study / Indigestão vagal em bovinos: estudo retrospectivo

This study aimed to carry out a retrospective study of vagal indigestion cases diagnosed in cattle admitted at the Garanhuns Bovine Clinic, Federal Rural University of Pernambuco campus. This syndrome, caused by dysfunctions of the vagus nerve and characterized by motility disorders of the pre-stomachs and abomasum, represented 5.5% (70/1279) of digestive cases diagnosed in a period of 10 years and had an unfavorable prognosis in 78.3% of cases. Type II vagal indigestion was the most prevalent, accounting for 40% of cases, followed by type I (24.3%) and types III and IV, which accounted for 18.6% and 10.0% of cases, respectively. Vagal indigestion in 67.1% (47/70) of cases occurred as a result of other illnesses, such as traumatic reticuloperitonitis (27.7%), lung diseases (12.8%), gastric impaction (10.6%), abomasal ulcer (10.6%), lymphosarcoma (6.4%), and liver abscesses (6.4%). Motor changes in the gastrointestinal tract, such as hypomotility, abdominal distension, and bloat, as well as their consequences, were the most frequent clinical signs. Laboratory, ultrasonographic, and anatomopathological alterations mainly originate from the primary illnesses present in each case. The approach of this disease is essential due to its clinical and economic importance for livestock to expand the knowledge of its etiopathogenesis, thus contributing to a more accurate diagnosis by veterinarians working in the field of internal medicine for cattle.

Objetivou-se realizar um estudo retrospectivo dos casos de indigestão vagal diagnosticados em bovinos atendidos na Clínica de Bovinos de Garanhuns, campus da Universidade Federal Rural de Pernambuco. Essa síndrome, causada por disfunções do nervo vago e caracterizada por transtornos de motilidade dos pré-estômagos e abomaso, representou 5,5% (70/1279) dos casos digestivos diagnosticados num período de 10 anos e apresentou prognóstico desfavorável em 78,3% dos casos. A indigestão vagal tipo II foi a mais prevalente, representando 40% dos casos, seguida do tipo I (24,3%) e dos tipos III e IV, que corresponderam a 18,6% e 10,0%, respectivamente. Em 67,1% (47/70) dos casos, a indigestão vagal ocorreu em consequência de outras enfermidades, tais como reticuloperitonite traumática (27,7%), doenças pulmonares (12,8%), compactação gástrica (10,6%), úlcera de abomaso (10,6%), linfossarcoma (6,4%) e abscessos hepáticos (6,4%). As alterações motoras do trato gastrointestinal, tais como hipomotilidade, distensão abdominal e timpania, assim como suas consequências foram os sinais clínicos mais frequentes. As alterações laboratoriais, de imagem e anatomopatológicas são oriundas principalmente das enfermidades primárias presentes em cada caso. Devido sua importância clínica e econômica para a bovinocultura, é primordial a abordagem dessa enfermidade, visando ampliar o conhecimento da sua etiopatogenia contribuindo dessa forma para um diagnóstico mais preciso pelos médicos veterinários atuantes na área de medicina interna de bovinos.

Ex vivo biomechanical testing of Funkquist B dorsal laminectomy between the sixth and seventh cervical vertebrae in dogs / Análise biomecânica ex vivo dos efeitos da laminectomia dorsal Funkquist B entre a sexta e a sétima vertebras cervicais em cães

Dorsal laminectomy is routinely performed for spinal cord compressions or stenosis of the cervical vertebral canal. However, despite good results, relevant complications have been described in dogs. Considering the incomplete understanding of the necessity for complementary surgical stabilization after performing laminectomies in the cervical region, this study compared the resistance and range of motion (ROM) of the cervical spinal column subjected to Funkquist B laminectomy between the sixth and seventh vertebrae in dogs. Forty-four cervical vertebral columns (C2-T1) of dogs, with an average weight of 26.2±3.8 kg, were selected using radiography and computed tomography. Four experimental groups (n=11) were established according to the mechanical test: two control groups (flexion and extension control) and two laminectomy groups (flexion and extension laminectomies). Numerical results of the maximum load for measuring the resistance and ROM of the columns of the two control groups and the two laminectomy groups were compared. The laminectomy groups showed a lower maximum load, regardless of the mechanical test performed (P<0.001). The ROM was not influenced by laminectomy, the type of mechanical test (ventral flexion or extension), or its interaction (P<0.05). There was no interaction between the effect of the laminectomy factors (yes or no) and the effect of the mechanical tests for ventral flexion or extension (P<0.05). In conclusion, Funkquist B dorsal cervical laminectomy between C6 and C7 decreases mechanical resistance with a supraphysiological loading force but does not alter the ROM, suggesting that it can be used without additional mechanical stabilization in dogs.

A laminectomia dorsal é realizada com frequência no tratamento de compressões medulares ou estenose do canal vertebral cervical. No entanto, complicações relevantes têm sido descritas em cães. Considerando que ainda não há entendimento completo da necessidade de estabilização cirúrgica complementar após a realização de uma ou múltiplas laminectomias na região cervical, o objetivo deste estudo foi comparar a resistência e amplitude de movimento (ADM) da coluna cervical submetida à laminectomia Funkquist B entre a sexta e a sétima vértebras em cães. Quarenta e quatro colunas vertebrais cervicais (C2-T1) de cães, com peso médio de 26,2 ± 3,8 kg, foram selecionadas por meio de radiografia e tomografia computadorizada. Quatro grupos experimentais (n = 11) foram estabelecidos de acordo com o teste mecânico realizado: dois grupos controle (flexão e extensão controle) e dois grupos laminectomia (flexão e extensão laminectomia). Os resultados numéricos da carga máxima para medir a resistência e ADM das colunas dos dois grupos de controle e dos dois grupos de laminectomia foram comparados. Os grupos de laminectomia apresentaram menores valores de carga máxima, independentemente do teste mecânico realizado (P < 0,001). A ADM não foi influenciada pela laminectomia, tipo de teste mecânico (flexão ou extensão ventral) ou sua interação (P < 0,05). Não houve interação entre o efeito do fator de laminectomia, sim ou não, ou o efeito do teste mecânico na flexão ou extensão ventral (P < 0,05). A laminectomia cervical dorsal Funkquist B entre C6 e C7 diminui a resistência mecânica com uma força de carga suprafisiológica, mas não altera a ADM, sugerindo que pode ser usada sem estabilização mecânica adicional em cães.

Brachycephalic syndrome in dogs - endoscopic findings in the airways

Background: Brachycephalic dogs have several abnormalities in the airways, which generate clinical manifestations that impair the quality of life of these animals. Primary alterations promote airflow obstruction and increase intraluminal negative pressure, causing secondary alterations due to a cycle of inflammation with consequent obstruction. With the onset of inflammation and other alterations in the airways, clinical manifestations can be observed, such as snoring, reverse sneezing, coughing, dyspnea, cyanosis, syncope, and vomiting. Endoscopic examination of the airways allows visualization and diagnosis of morphological changes in these animals. This study aimed to evaluate the endoscopic findings of the airways and determine the quantitative and qualitative assessment of the severity of clinical manifestations in 14 dogs with brachycephalic syndrome (BS). Materials, Methods & Results: Historical and anamnesis data and clinical, respiratory, and digestive manifestations were collected from the owners' reports. The clinical manifestations were classified as mild, moderate, or severe. All animals were subjected to endoscopy of the airways, and image findings were grouped according to the anatomical site where they were observed, then the abnormalities were correlated with the severity of the clinical manifestations. When comparing the frequency of endoscopic abnormalities with the severity of clinical manifestations, it is interesting to observe that animals with severe disease more frequently presented the following alterations: prolongation and thickening of the soft palate, laryngeal changes, presence of hyperemia, lymphoid hyperplasia and polyps in the nasopharynx, hypoplasia and presence of tracheal secretion and thickening of the dorsal tracheal muscle; bronchial collapse, hypoplasia of the main bronchi and bronchial hyperemia and the presence of aberrant nasal turbinates. Comparison between the means of nonparametric variables was performed using the Mann-Whitney test, with a 5% significance level. Discussion: A higher frequency of French Bulldog dogs included in the study was observed, probably due to their greater popularity, although any brachycephalic dog may be affected by BS. Considering that nostril stenosis is a congenital alteration, which is usually diagnosed early, and since the animals included in the study were dogs referred for the rhinoplasty procedure the higher frequency of young dogs in the study was not surprising. The results revealed a significant difference in the endoscopic findings with the severity of the clinical manifestations in different variables, such as prolongation and thickening of the soft palate, eversion of the laryngeal saccules, presence of laryngeal inflammation and collapse, presence of polyps or lymphoid hyperplasia in the nasopharynx, thickening of the dorsal muscle of the trachea, polyps in the trachea and hypoplasia in addition to bronchial hyperemia. The larynx was the most affected anatomical site, with alterations present in 92.8% of the evaluated dogs. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that airway obstruction caused by primary alterations can cause secondary alterations, with consequent clinical manifestations in brachycephalic dogs it is possible to suggest that dogs with this syndrome may present severe manifestations of the disease, regardless of age. Furthermore, it can be concluded that in this study, dogs with BS had frequent laryngeal alterations and that alterations in the main bronchi were present in all animals with severe manifestations of the disease.

Reconstrução prepucial com uso de enxerto combinado em cães / Preputial reconstruction combined with graft in dogs

Background: Preputial injuries are significant in the clinical routine. Traumas, conditions, and mass excision result in extensive and full-thickness defects that lead to chronic penile exposure and consequential injuries. Severe injuries may require preputial reconstructive surgery to restore function and aesthetics. The objective is to report the use of the preputial reconstruction technique using the caudal superficial epigastric axial standard flap associated with a single-stage, full-thickness oral mucosa graft in 3 dogs where the loss of the prepuce was significant. Cases: Three dogs were admitted to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital of UFMT with preputial lesions of different etiologies. All cases were referred for preventive reconstruction using a flap in the caudal axial epigastric pattern associated with a single-stage oral mucosa graft. In the 3 reported cases, changes that compromised surgical success, such as suture dehiscence, necrosis, or infection, were not observed during hospitalization. Cutaneous stitch dehiscence, however, was observed in all 3 cases. Dog 1. A small point of dehiscence and tissue necrosis was found and treated with chemical debridement and healed by second intention, which proved to be sufficient on the 30th day. Dog 2. A half-moon rotation flap was performed, which closed the defect. Dog 3. A new procedure using the reporting theme technique was necessary in order to cover the cranial portion of the foreskin. The dehiscence present in dogs 2 and 3 was significant. Flap retraction was observed in all 3 cases. In dogs 1 and 3, the retraction was slight, and the exposure of a small portion of the penile glans were observed, showing no changes that required intervention. In dog 2, retraction was important, leading to partial stenosis of the preputial ostium. A larger ostium was obtained by suturing the mucosa to the edge of the wedge. Considering the possibility of adhesion formation, "captons" were made in sterile silicone tubes, and sutures were placed in the dorsal and ventral aspects to prevent adherence of the oral mucosa graft located on the inside of the new foreskin. The captons were removed on the tenth post-operative day, revealing a good opening of the preputial orifice and adequate penile exposure. Discussion: The absence of a foreskin caused by trauma or surgical excision leads to chronic penile exposure, dryness, and ulcerations. The simple covering of the skin with an axial-type flap of the caudal superficial epigastric region tends to fail since only the graft edges are sutured into the abdominal skin. In these circumstances, the subcutaneous region on the penis is exposed and comes in direct contact with urine and the penile mucosa, causing the flap skin to grow to exacerbated retraction. The transplantation of a free-lip mucosa graft allows the subcutaneous region of the transposed skin flap to create adhesions in the fenestrated regions of the lip tissue through the formation of granulation tissue buds, which is performed in a single stage. The permanence of the penis protects the lower urinary system from the occurrence of infections relative to what is normally observed in cases where partial or total penile amputation is practiced in combination with adjunctive scrotal urethrostomy. Given the observations of the 3 cases described here, the technique of pre-facial reconstruction with an axial skin flap of the caudal superficial epigastric region, combined with free-labial mucosa graft, was found to be feasible for the single-stage foreskin technique, but that paraphimosis remanagement may be necessary when cutaneous portions of the penile skin caudal to the glans are removed.

Cordycepin prevents the esophageal stricture formation in the alkali-burn rat model by exerting anti-inflammatory and antifibrotic effects

Purpose To investigate the efficacy of cordycepin, an adenosine analogue, on prevention of esophageal damage and stricture formation due to esophageal caustic burns in rat model comparing with prednisolone. Methods Caustic esophageal burn was introduced by 37.5% of NaOH to distal esophagus. Thirty-two Wistar albino rats were divided in four groups: sham rats undergone laparotomy, treated with 0.9% NaCl; control rats injured with NaOH without cordycepin treatment; cordycepin group injured with NaOH, treated with 20 mg/kg cordycepin; prednisolone group injured with NaOH, treated with 1 mg/kg prednisolone for 28 days. Efficacy was assessed by histopathological and immunohistochemical analysis of esophageal tissues. Results Cordycepin treatment significantly decreased inflammation, granulation tissue and fibrous tissue formation and prevented formation of esophageal strictures shown by histopathological damage score and stenosis indexes compared to control group (p 0.01). These effects are relatively more substantial than prednisolone, probably based on attenuation of elevation of proinflammatory cytokines hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (HIF-1?), tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-?), proliferative and fibrotic factor fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) and angiogenic factor vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) (p 0.05). Conclusions The findings suggest that cordycepin has a complex multifactorial healing process in alkali-burned tissue, more successful than prednisolone in preventing the formation of esophageal strictures and may be used as a therapeutic agent in the acute phase of esophageal alkali-burn.(AU)

Cardiorespiratory and haematologicalparameters of healthy french bulldogs / Parâmetros cardiorrespiratórios e hematológicos de cães sadios da raça buldogue francês

Brachycephalic dogs have a normal lower jaw and a receded upper jaw, and these dogs are predisposed to nostril stenosis, elongated palate, tracheal hypoplasia and hyperthermia due to heat stress. Giventhese characteristics, these dogs are more predisposed to respiratory and cardiovascular disorders. The popularity of brachycephalic dogsthathave a greatertendency for cardiorespiratory disorders, such as French bulldogs,has increased recently; however, studies on the cardiorespiratoryand haematological parameters in this breedare lacking. Thus, the present study sought to evaluatethe cardiorespiratory and haematological parameters of healthy French bulldogs to standardize normal values forthisbreed. Thirty-six French bulldogs wereused without predilection for age or sex, and the following parameters were evaluated: temperature (T), heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), erythrogram, leukogram, total plasma protein, plasmatic fibrinogen, blood platelet count, urea, creatinine, alkaline phosphatase (AP) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT). The mean and standard deviation wereas follows: T°C (38.3±0.4), HR (111.1±27.0) beats per minute, RR (54.8±32.5) breaths per minute, erythrocyte count (7.3±1.2x106), haemoglobin (16.9±2.8 g/dL), haematocrit (48.9±7.7%), MCV (67.6±2.4fL), MCH (23.3±0.7 pg), MCHC (34.6±0.8%), RDW-CV (9.3±0.9; 9.2-12.0%), total leukocytes (11009.7±2907.3/mm3), band neutrophils (250.0±260.4/mm3), segmented neutrophils (7094.4±2307.3/mm3), eosinophils (589.7±561.3/mm3), lymphocytes (2020.8±1457.5/mm3), monocytes (987.6±528.4/mm3), total plasma protein (6.9±0.5 g/dL), plasmatic fibrinogen (274.1±96.5 mg/dL), blood platelet count (366.4±88.5/mm3), urea (35.2±12.6 mg/dL), creatinine (0.8±0.2/mg/dL), AP (49.1±25.8U/L),ALT (36.2±12.3U/L). The haematological parameters and heart rate were within the normal values for the species, but the respiratory rate values (54.8±32.5 breaths per minute)were greater than the normal averageof10 to 30 breaths per minute. We conclude thatthehaematological parameters and heart rateof healthy French bulldogs arewithin the normal limit for dogs; however, the respiratory rate is above referencevalues, reinforcing the notion that dogs of this breed, although healthy,exhibitan increasedrisk of respiratory disorders.

Cães braquicefálicosapresentam maxilar inferior normal, maxilar superior recuado, além disso, são predispostos à estenose de narina, palato alongado, hipoplasia traqueal e hipertermia por estresse por calor. Devido à essas características são mais predispostos à distúrbios respiratórios e cardiovasculares. A popularidade de cães braquicefálicos aumentou muito recentemente, como por exemplo, o Buldogue Francês, que possui uma maior tendência para transtornos cardiorrespiratórios, porém, não há estudos dos parâmetros cardiorrespiratórios e hematológicos nessa raça. Desta maneira, o presente estudo tem como objetivo avaliar os parâmetros cardiorrespiratórios e hematológicos de cães sadios da raça Buldogue Francês para padronização dos valores normais e servir de subsídios para a rotina clínica, cirúrgica, laboratorial e de futuros estudos nessa raça. Foram utilizados 36 cães da raça Buldogue Francês, sem predileção de idade, raça ou sexo e avaliados os seguintes parâmetros: temperatura (T), frequência cardíaca (FC), frequência respiratória (FR), eritrograma,leucograma, proteínas plasmáticas totais (PPT), fibrinogênio plasmático, contagem de plaquetas, ureia, creatinina, fosfatase alcalina (ALP) e alanino amino transferase (ALT). A média e desvio padrão foram: T°C (38,3±0,4), FC (111,1±27,0) batimentos/min, FR (54,8±32,5) movimentos/min, contagem de eritrócitos (7,3±1,2x106), Hb(16,9±2,8g/dL), VG(48,9±7,7%), VCM (67,6±2,4fL), HCM (23,3±0,7pg), CHCM (34,6±0,8%), RDW-CV (9,3±0,9; 9,2-12,0%), leucócitos totais (11009,7±2907,3/mm3), bastonetes (250,0±260,4/mm3), neutrófilos (7094,4±2307,3/mm3), eosinófilos (589,7±561,3/mm3), linfócitos (2020,8±1457,5/mm3), monócitos (987,6±528,4/mm3), PPT (6,9±0,5g/dL), fibrinogênio plasmático (274,1±96,5mg/dL), contagem de plaquetas (366,4±88,5/mm3), ureia (35,2±12,6mg/dL), creatinina (0,8±0,2/mg/dL), ALP (49,1±25,8U/L) e ALT (36,2±12,3U/L). Os parâmetros hematológicos e de frequência cardíaca ficaram dentro da normalidade, porém os valores da frequência respiratória (54,8±32,5) movimentos/min ficaram acima da média normal que é de 10 a 30 movimentos/min. Conclui-se que cães saudáveis da raça Buldogue Francês possuem parâmetros hematológicos e de frequência cardíaca dentro da normalidade para cães, porém, a frequência respiratória acima dos valores de referência, reforçando que cães dessa raça, mesmo saudáveis, possuem aumento do risco de transtornos respiratórios.

Penectomia em equino com parafimose / Partial penectomy in a horse with paraphimosis

Background: In horses, an increase in the volume of penis and foreskin can be caused by trauma. The resultant edema interferes with the retraction of the penis and cause paraphimosis. Surgical intervention through penectomy is indicated in cases wherein an alternative treatment is not feasible. Partial penectomy can prolong the life and reproductive function of many stallions. The present study aims to report on the methodological, functional, and economic feasibility of a successful case of the use of Williams technique for partial penectomy performed in the field in a horse with paraphimosis, preserving urinary, productive, and reproductive functions. Case: A 10-year-old horse weighing 500 kg had clinical signs of paraphimosis due to the formation of granulomatous tissue following trauma to the glans region. A surgical intervention, namely a partial penectomy was decided to be performed to prevent injury from priapism. Due to the limited resources provided by the owner and the impossibility of moving the animal to a surgical center in a veterinary hospital, the procedure was performed in the field, with prior sanitization and preparation of the environment used to perform surgery. The horse was tranquilized with intravenous xylazine hydrochloride and acepromazine, with subsequent induction of anesthesia with ready-to-use (RTU) guaifenesin bolus and maintenance of anesthesia with an intravenous association of RTU guaifenesin, xylazine hydrochloride, and ketamine. The distal third of the penis was amputated using the recommended Williams technique. Although the complications like dehiscence and emergence of granulation tissue occurred after surgery, these were controlled in the daily follow-up of the animal and post-surgical treatment. Discussion: Paraphimosis predisposed the horse to abrasions and edema of the exposed portion of the penis. However, there was no urine retention, which suggested that the urethral ostium and the urethra had no lesions. Because the granulomatous lesions were located in the distal third of the penis and the extent of penile exposure was small, the partial penectomy technique proved effective in solving the permanent exposure of the penis. The anesthetic protocol used was inexpensive, easy to execute, and effective, and no anesthetic complications occurred, proving this protocol to be efficient for the anesthetic induction of animals in the field. In addition to being reliable and widespread, the Williams technique was recommended to prevent possible urethral stenosis and the development of contact dermatitis by urine. This technique makes a rapid recovery of the animal possible, with improvement of its physiological parameters, and due to ease of being able to be done in the field, it is also inexpensive. The edema and the granulation tissue that occurred after surgery were controlled with medication. In general, post-penectomy animals are not used for reproduction. This makes the present report an important contribution, because in cases in which the lesions present a distal disposition and the penile exposure is small, stallions have a chance of maintaining reproductive function after surgery, even with a long period of evolution before surgical treatment. This was demonstrated in the present case, as the animal in this case later impregnated a mare, with the pregnancy confirmed by ultrasound examination. Partial penectomy is a resolution technique for cases of traumatic paraphimosis, in which exuberant granulation tissue is formed in the distal third of the penis, with a long period of evolution. The surgery can be done in the field, with a low surgical cost to the owner, and a good productive and reproductive prognosis for the animal.

Otite média e interna com extensão para tronco encefálico em buldogue francês / Otitis media and internal with brainstem extension in a French bulldog

Background: Otitis is a frequent condition in dogs, with a multifactorial etiology covering primary causes, predisposing and perpetuating factors. It is characterized by an inflammatory process of structures that make up the auditory system, with prevalence data ranging from 15 to 20%, which can occur in any age group and without sex predisposition. According to the location, it can be classified as uni or bilateral, affecting the outer, middle and / or inner ear, the latter two being associated with neurological changes such as vestibulopathy, facial nerve paresis and Horner's syndrome. The morbidity and mortality of otitis media and internal may increase with delay in diagnosis, resulting in delay in the correct treatment, and the extension to brainstem is described in felines and considered rare in dogs. The present study aims to report an atypical case of otitis media and internal, with extension to the brain parenchyma in a brachycephalic dog. Case: A 3-year-old bitch French Bulldog was seen, weighing 12 kg, with a history of vomiting, apathy, nystagmus, ataxia and acute evolution hemiparesis. As a result of adoption, it was not known about the animal's morbid past. On special physical and clinical examination, depressed mental status, changes in postural reactions, nostril stenosis with unilateral mucopurulent nasal discharge, corneal ulcer, palpebral and labial ptosis, absence of eyelid reflex and spontaneous strabismus were observed, all of these findings observed on the left side of the face. No signs of otitis external to otoscopy were found. The clinical signs found characterize left facial nerve paresis and peripheral and central vestibulopathy. Otitis media / internal and meningoencephalitis were suspected. Hemogram, serum biochemistry (glucose, urea, creatinine, alanine aminotransferase, total proteins, albumin, globulin, alkaline phosphatase, gamma glutamyltransferase, phosphorus, total bilirubin, cholesterol and total calcium), urinalysis, rapid tests for erlichiosis, anaplasms , borreliosis, heartworm, distemper and leishmaniasis, CSF analysis, neurological panel performed by PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) that tested the animal for Bartonellosis, Lyme Disease (Borrelia burgdorferi), Blastomyces dermatitidis, Cryptococcus sp., Virus West Nile, Distemper, Toxoplasmosis, Neosporose and Coccidioides sp. using conjunctival swab, whole blood, urine and CSF samples. The samples were negative for all of these tests. As an image exam, brain magnetic resonance was performed. In the latter, otitis media and left internal was observed with extension of the lesion to the brain parenchyma. CSF analysis showed cytological changes compatible with a non-suppurative inflammatory process, mild pleocytosis with predominantly mononuclear leukocyte infiltrate. As a form of treatment, antibiotic therapy and total ablation of the auditory canal with lateral bulectomy were performed, showing good results with reduced clinical symptoms. Discussion: It is concluded that although the diagnosis of otitis media and internal with extension to brainstem is more common in cats, it should be included as a differential for central vestibular disorders in dogs, and that the diagnosis together with early and effective treatment are important, since that the evolution of the infection to the central nervous system represents a risk to the patient.

Cardiorespiratory and haematologicalparameters of healthy french bulldogs / Parâmetros cardiorrespiratórios e hematológicos de cães sadios da raça buldogue francês

Brachycephalic dogs have a normal lower jaw and a receded upper jaw, and these dogs are predisposed to nostril stenosis, elongated palate, tracheal hypoplasia and hyperthermia due to heat stress. Giventhese characteristics, these dogs are more predisposed to respiratory and cardiovascular disorders. The popularity of brachycephalic dogsthathave a greatertendency for cardiorespiratory disorders, such as French bulldogs,has increased recently; however, studies on the cardiorespiratoryand haematological parameters in this breedare lacking. Thus, the present study sought to evaluatethe cardiorespiratory and haematological parameters of healthy French bulldogs to standardize normal values forthisbreed. Thirty-six French bulldogs wereused without predilection for age or sex, and the following parameters were evaluated: temperature (T), heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), erythrogram, leukogram, total plasma protein, plasmatic fibrinogen, blood platelet count, urea, creatinine, alkaline phosphatase (AP) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT). The mean and standard deviation wereas follows: T°C (38.3±0.4), HR (111.1±27.0) beats per minute, RR (54.8±32.5) breaths per minute, erythrocyte count (7.3±1.2x106), haemoglobin (16.9±2.8 g/dL), haematocrit (48.9±7.7%), MCV (67.6±2.4fL), MCH (23.3±0.7 pg), MCHC (34.6±0.8%), RDW-CV (9.3±0.9; 9.2-12.0%), total leukocytes (11009.7±2907.3/mm3), band neutrophils (250.0±260.4/mm3), segmented neutrophils (7094.4±2307.3/mm3), eosinophils (589.7±561.3/mm3), lymphocytes (2020.8±1457.5/mm3), monocytes (987.6±528.4/mm3), total plasma protein (6.9±0.5 g/dL), plasmatic fibrinogen (274.1±96.5 mg/dL), blood platelet count (366.4±88.5/mm3), urea (35.2±12.6 mg/dL), creatinine (0.8±0.2/mg/dL), AP (49.1±25.8U/L),ALT (36.2±12.3U/L). The haematological parameters and heart rate were within the normal values for the species, but the respiratory rate values (54.8±32.5 breaths per minute)were greater than the normal averageof10 to 30 breaths per minute. We conclude thatthehaematological parameters and heart rateof healthy French bulldogs arewithin the normal limit for dogs; however, the respiratory rate is above referencevalues, reinforcing the notion that dogs of this breed, although healthy,exhibitan increasedrisk of respiratory disorders.(AU)

Cães braquicefálicosapresentam maxilar inferior normal, maxilar superior recuado, além disso, são predispostos à estenose de narina, palato alongado, hipoplasia traqueal e hipertermia por estresse por calor. Devido à essas características são mais predispostos à distúrbios respiratórios e cardiovasculares. A popularidade de cães braquicefálicos aumentou muito recentemente, como por exemplo, o Buldogue Francês, que possui uma maior tendência para transtornos cardiorrespiratórios, porém, não há estudos dos parâmetros cardiorrespiratórios e hematológicos nessa raça. Desta maneira, o presente estudo tem como objetivo avaliar os parâmetros cardiorrespiratórios e hematológicos de cães sadios da raça Buldogue Francês para padronização dos valores normais e servir de subsídios para a rotina clínica, cirúrgica, laboratorial e de futuros estudos nessa raça. Foram utilizados 36 cães da raça Buldogue Francês, sem predileção de idade, raça ou sexo e avaliados os seguintes parâmetros: temperatura (T), frequência cardíaca (FC), frequência respiratória (FR), eritrograma,leucograma, proteínas plasmáticas totais (PPT), fibrinogênio plasmático, contagem de plaquetas, ureia, creatinina, fosfatase alcalina (ALP) e alanino amino transferase (ALT). A média e desvio padrão foram: T°C (38,3±0,4), FC (111,1±27,0) batimentos/min, FR (54,8±32,5) movimentos/min, contagem de eritrócitos (7,3±1,2x106), Hb(16,9±2,8g/dL), VG(48,9±7,7%), VCM (67,6±2,4fL), HCM (23,3±0,7pg), CHCM (34,6±0,8%), RDW-CV (9,3±0,9; 9,2-12,0%), leucócitos totais (11009,7±2907,3/mm3), bastonetes (250,0±260,4/mm3), neutrófilos (7094,4±2307,3/mm3), eosinófilos (589,7±561,3/mm3), linfócitos (2020,8±1457,5/mm3), monócitos (987,6±528,4/mm3), PPT (6,9±0,5g/dL), fibrinogênio plasmático (274,1±96,5mg/dL), contagem de plaquetas (366,4±88,5/mm3), ureia (35,2±12,6mg/dL), creatinina (0,8±0,2/mg/dL), ALP (49,1±25,8U/L) e ALT (36,2±12,3U/L). Os parâmetros hematológicos e de frequência cardíaca ficaram dentro da normalidade, porém os valores da frequência respiratória (54,8±32,5) movimentos/min ficaram acima da média normal que é de 10 a 30 movimentos/min. Conclui-se que cães saudáveis da raça Buldogue Francês possuem parâmetros hematológicos e de frequência cardíaca dentro da normalidade para cães, porém, a frequência respiratória acima dos valores de referência, reforçando que cães dessa raça, mesmo saudáveis, possuem aumento do risco de transtornos respiratórios.(AU)

A modified rabbit model of tracheal stenosis and a household endoscope: more simplicity and accessibility

Purpose: To develop a simpler animal model for benign tracheal stenosis and introduce a low-cost household endoscope for postmodeling endotracheal evaluation. Methods: Twenty rabbits were randomly divided into a model group (15 rabbits, subjected to transoral nylon brush scraping of the trachea) and a mock group (5 rabbits, merely exempted from scraping), a household endoscope was then introduced for weekly endoscopic examination. Meanwhile, other 15 rabbits (modeling like the model group) underwent batch tracheal resection at different postintervention times for pathological analysis. Results: The model group presented a low mortality and few complications. The endoscope could obtain adequate images for stenosis assessment, which showed that the models presented homogeneous injury after scraping and developed a mature scar stricture at 28 days postoperatively with a mean stenosis degree of 65.9%, and 71.4% (10/14) above MyerCottons grade II. The pathological findings were consistent with the clinicopathological process of human. No stenosis was found in mock group. Conclusion: The modified model is simpler, minimally invasive and reliable, while the household endoscope is competent for models follow-up, providing easily accessible and useful tools for facilitating more extensive studies of benign tracheal stenosis.(AU)

Estenose da artéria pulmonar em cães: revisão de literatura

A estenose da artéria pulmonar corresponde uma doença cardíaca congênita, de maior frequência na espécie canina. Caracteriza-se por estreitamento do lúmen arterial pulmonar. Nos cães, corresponde à terceira patologia cardíaca de maior frequência e acomete principalmente o Buldogue inglês. Os animais acometidos geralmente não apresentam sintomatologia, e em casos mais graves é possível observar sinais de insuficiência cardíaca congênita direita e ate mesmo sincope. O método de escolha para o correto diagnóstico da doença é o exame ecocardiográfico, o qual permite detectar a lesão, classifica-la e ainda determinar o se grau de gravidade e as alterações secundarias.(AU)

Pulmonary artery stenosis corresponds to a congenital heart disease, more frequent in the canine species. It is characterized by narrowing of the pulmonary arterial lumen. In dogs, it corresponds to the third most frequent cardiac pathology and affects mainly the English Bulldog. Affected animals generally do not show symptoms, and in more severe cases it is possible to observe signs of right congenital heart failure and even syncope. The method of choice for the correct diagnosis of the disease is the echocardiographic examination, which allows to detect the lesion, classify it and also determine its degree of severity and secondary changes.(AU)

Estenose da artéria pulmonar em cães: revisão de literatura

A estenose da artéria pulmonar corresponde uma doença cardíaca congênita, de maior frequência na espécie canina. Caracteriza-se por estreitamento do lúmen arterial pulmonar. Nos cães, corresponde à terceira patologia cardíaca de maior frequência e acomete principalmente o Buldogue inglês. Os animais acometidos geralmente não apresentam sintomatologia, e em casos mais graves é possível observar sinais de insuficiência cardíaca congênita direita e ate mesmo sincope. O método de escolha para o correto diagnóstico da doença é o exame ecocardiográfico, o qual permite detectar a lesão, classifica-la e ainda determinar o se grau de gravidade e as alterações secundarias.

Pulmonary artery stenosis corresponds to a congenital heart disease, more frequent in the canine species. It is characterized by narrowing of the pulmonary arterial lumen. In dogs, it corresponds to the third most frequent cardiac pathology and affects mainly the English Bulldog. Affected animals generally do not show symptoms, and in more severe cases it is possible to observe signs of right congenital heart failure and even syncope. The method of choice for the correct diagnosis of the disease is the echocardiographic examination, which allows to detect the lesion, classify it and also determine its degree of severity and secondary changes.

Pressure-induced left ventricular hypertrophy in canine model of aortic stenosis using nylon tie

The aim of this study was to develop an experimentally-induced canine model of left ventricular hypertrophy through banding of the ascending aorta using nylon ties. Seven clinically normal dogs free of cardiovascular disease were used. Nylon tie was used in banding the mid-ascending aorta. Clinical, radiographic and echocardiographic evaluations were done at 1.5, 3 and 6 months. Dogs were euthanized at 6 months for post mortem and histopathological evaluation. Clinically, dogs did not exhibit any signs of cardiovascular disease at 1.5 or 3 months, while at 6 months two dogs (28.6 %) exhibited mild weight loss, exercise intolerance and heart murmurs. Radiographic evaluation revealed significant increase in cardiac size only at 6 months based on measurement of the cardiothoracic area evaluation. Echocardiography revealed increased left ventricular wall thickness starting from 1.5 month, although this increase was statistically significant at 3 and 6 months (p > 0.05). Left ventricular hypertrophy was confirmed by post mortem examination. Histopathological sections of left ventricle in all dogs demonstrated myocyte hypertrophy and interstitial fibrosis. This model simulates the naturally occurring ventricular hypertrophy using a rapid and economic technique. Such models are required to understand pathogenesis of heart disease and to develop effective treatment strategy.