Feral dogs in Chitral gol national park, Pakistan: a potential threat to the future of threatened Kashmir Markhor (Capra falconeri cashmiriensis) / Cães ferozes no parque nacional Chitral gol, Paquistão: uma ameaça potencial para o futuro do Markhor da Caxemira ameaçado (Capra falconeri cashmiriensis)

Abstract Feral dogs are well-organized hunters of ungulates in many parts of the world, causing great damage to wildlife populations and ultimately to the ecosystem. In Pakistan, the impacts of feral dogs on the wildlife have not been documented yet. In a period of fifteen years (2006-2020), feral dogs have killed hundreds of threatened markhor in Chitral gol national park (CGNP), Pakistan. Despite direct predation other impacts including disturbance and competition with other natural predators, could compromise conservation and management efforts. The population of feral dogs seems to have been increased with the increase of dumping sites by communities. Our findings suggest that there are pressing needs of controlling the feral dogs population and eradicating them from the core zone of CGNP and surrounding buffer communities. Conventional culling of dogs should be coupled with modern techniques like castration and sterilization. Communities should be educated regarding the clean environment, proper disposal of home wastes and, biodiversity conservation.

Resumo Os cães ferozes são caçadores bem organizados de ungulados em muitas partes do mundo, causando grandes danos à população de animais selvagens e, em última instância, ao ecossistema. No Paquistão, os impactos dos cães selvagens na vida selvagem ainda não foram documentados. Em um período de 15 anos (2006-2020), cães selvagens mataram centenas de markhor ameaçados no parque nacional Chitral gol (CGNP), Paquistão. Apesar da predação direta, outros impactos, incluindo distúrbios e competições com outros predadores naturais podem comprometer os esforços de conservação e manejo. A população de cães selvagens parece ter aumentado com o aumento dos locais de despejo pelas comunidades. Nossas descobertas sugerem que há necessidades urgentes para controlar a população de cães selvagens e erradicá-los da zona central do CGNP e das comunidades-tampão vizinhas. O abate convencional de cães deve ser combinado com técnicas modernas como castração e esterilização. As comunidades devem ser educadas sobre o meio ambiente limpo, o descarte adequado de resíduos domésticos e a conservação da biodiversidade.

Diagnosis of transmissible venereal tumors in bitches - platelet indices are a remarkable marker?

Background: Hematological analyses are seen as more preferred laboratory analyses in canine transmissible venereal tumor studies. There is no information about the availability of platelets and their indices in routine practice in canine transmissible venereal tumor cases. Taking this as a starting point, this study analyzed the usefulness of platelet indices in dogs with transmissible venereal tumor in clinical laboratory diagnosis as well as examined the relationship between white blood cells, red blood cells, platelets (PLT), main platelet volume (MPV), platelet distribution width (PDW), plateletcrit (PCT), and the ratio of main platelet volume to platelets (MPV/PLT). Materials, Methods & Results: In the study, a total of 42 bitches of various breeds were used. Nineteen healthy bitches were used as a control group, and the others 23 with cTVT as a study group. Metastasis was not observed in any of the bitches involved in the study. History, clinical findings, and cytological examinations were evaluated for the diagnosis of cTVT. In animals with hemorrhagic discharge and neoplastic lesions, a vaginal cytological examination was performed. Typical TVT cells with large nuclei and intracytoplasmic vacuoles were observed in the vaginal cytological examinations, and the diagnosis of TVT was made. Healthy bitches (19) and those with TVT (23) were 39.16 5.37 months and 47.61 5.14 months old, respectively. From all animals, 2 mL blood samples were collected from V. cephalica to evaluate PIs in the complete blood count (CBC). Collected blood samples were analyzed using an automated hematology analyzer. As a result of the analysis, WBC, RBC, HGB, HCT, MCV, MCHC, RDW, PLT, MPV, PDW, PCT, and MPV/PLT data were obtained. Mild leukocytosis, an increase in PLT, and a decrease in MCV and MPV/PLT were determined in the study group compared to the control group. Cut-off values in CBC of bitches with TVT were determined as WBC: 13.35 (sensitivity: 78%; specificity: 90%); MCV: 67 (sensitivity: 57%; specificity: 95%); PLT: 315.50 (sensitivity: 65%; specificity: 74%); and MPV/PLT: 0.028 (sensitivity: 78%; specificity: 58%). In CBC analyses, a strong negative correlation between PLT and MPV/PLT was detected in both groups. Discussion: Canine transmissible venereal tumors are common in both stray and pet dogs. It is naturally transferred from animal to animal during mating by live tumor cells. This tumor can commonly affect the external genitalia and internal organs in some cases. It generally has the look of cauliflower, and its surface is ulcerated, inflammatory, hemorrhagic, and infectious. More preferred laboratory analyses are complete blood count and blood chemistry analysis in cTVT for to evaluate the success of treatments. Platelet indices have been investigated in many diseases such as endotoxemia, chronic enteropathy, mammary tumor, parvoviral enteritis, septic peritonitis, lymphoma, pyometra, visceral leishmaniasis, and babesiosis in dogs. There is no information available for either diagnostic or prognostic use of the PIs in canine TVT cases. Ultimately, in light of the presented study's results, platelet indices, especially PLT and the MPV/PLT ratio, seem to be notable laboratory markers in terms of easy accessibility and low-cost assessment techniques in canine transmissible venereal tumor cases. New data, however, should be established by a thorough follow-up study using a larger sample size and addressing its usefulness as a diagnostic or prognostic marker in canine transmissible venereal tumors.

Cryptosporidium spp. in dogs - prevalence and genotype distribution

Background: Cryptosporidium spp. is a zoonotic protozoan parasite that affects the gastrointestinal tract of humans and animals. The disease can cause acute and chronic diarrhoea and even death in both humans and animals. In this study, it was aimed to determine the prevalence and genotype distribution of Cryptosporidiosis in shelter dogs in Diyarbakir province located in the Southeastern Anatolia Region of Turkey. Materials, Methods & Results: The animal material of the study consisted of 100 dogs of different breeds and sexes. Faecal samples were collected from the rectum with disposable latex gloves and placed in individual sample containers. All of the samples were examined for Cryptosporidium spp. by Kinyoun Acid Fast and Nested PCR methods. In the Kinyoun Acid Fast staining method, firstly, smear preparations were prepared from fresh faecal samples, fixed in pure methanol for 1 min and allowed to dry. The slides were kept in Kinyoun Carbol-Fuxin for 5 min, dipped in 50% ethyl alcohol, shaken, washed in tap water, kept in 1% sulphuric acid for 2 min and washed in tap water. The slides were kept in methylene blue for 1 min, washed in tap water and allowed to dry. After drying, immersion oil was dripped and examined under a microscope at 100 magnification. DNA extraction was performed from all samples using GeneMATRIX Stool DNA Purification Kit according to the manufacturer's protocol. After Nested PCR analysis was performed. In the PCR step, primers 5'-TTCTAGAGCTAATACATGCG-3' and 5'- CCCATTTCCTTCCTTCGAAACAGGA-3' were used to amplify the 1325 bp gene region. In the nested PCR step, primers 5'- GGAAGGGTTGTATTTATTTATTAGATAAAG-3' and 5'-AAGGAGTAAGGAACAACCTCCA-3' were used to amplify the 826-864 bp gene region. As a result of both methods, a prevalence of 3% was determined. The infection rate was higher in males (3.57%) than females (2.27%) and in younger than 1 year (5.56%) than in older than 1 year (1.56%). The DNA sequences obtained from the sequence analysis of 3 positive PCR samples were analysed in BioEdit software. A phylogenetic tree was constructed with the data set created by using the 18s rRNA gene sequences obtained from the NCBI genbank database and the DNA sequences obtained as a result of the study, and it was shown which Cryptosporidium species the study samples were related to. Today, many Cryptosporidium species have been identified and most of these species have host adaptation. Although C. canis is the most common species in dogs, C. muris, C. meleagridis, and C. parvum have also been detected. Among these species, C. parvum is recognized as a zoonotic species infecting a wide range of mammals. In this study, DNA sequencing of nested PCR positive samples revealed that 3 samples were zoonotic C. parvum. Discussion: This suggests that dogs may be a reservoir for zoonotic transmission of Cryptosporidium. Consequently, it is recommended that people should be informed about the potential for transmission of this protozoan to humans and animals and that control programmes should be implemented, including the prevention of free entry of stray dogs into public places and homes.

First molecular detection of Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum chagasi in a domestic cat (Felis catus) from an urban area in eastern Amazon

Background: Domestic cats have been implicated as accidental hosts of Leishmania sp. However, in recent years, the recurrent description of new cases in endemic and nonendemic areas draw attention to the potential epidemiological role of cats as reservoir hosts. Although dogs are considered urban reservoirs, cats could act as a secondary natural reservoirs in these areas. Thus, feline leishmaniasis has become an emerging disease in several countries worldwide. Case presentation: This study aimed to describe the first case of feline leishmaniasis in a stray animal that presented lesions compatible with the disease in Belém, Pará, Brazil, an important urban area in eastern Amazon. Serological tests for Leishmania infantum (ELISA and IFA) were nonreactive, whereas histopathological examination indicated infectious dermatitis caused by Leishmania spp. or Toxoplasma gondii. Cytopathological study of lesion aspirate confirmed the presence of Leishmania sp. amastigotes within macrophages. Finally, molecular analyses revealed that the feline infection was caused by Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum chagasi. Conclusion: To the best of the authors' knowledge, this study reports the first case of natural infection by Leishmania (Leishmania) infantum chagasi in a feline from eastern Amazon. These findings suggest domestic cats as potential secondary reservoir hosts of Leishmania spp. in Belém, which reinforces the importance of further epidemiological investigation of feline leishmaniasis, especially in urban areas with human cases.(AU)

Epidemiological, clinical, and therapeutic aspects of canine transmissible venereal tumor in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (2015-2020) / Aspectos epidemiológicos, clínicos e terapêuticos do tumor venéreo transmissível canino no Rio de Janeiro, Brasil (2015-2020)

Canine transmissible venereal tumors (TVT) have a high incidence in Brazil. This is partly due to the large population of stray dogs and the ineffectiveness of epidemiological control programs. This study aimed to describe the epidemiological data, clinical manifestations, and treatments used in dogs affected by TVT. Data were retrospectively collected from the 2015-2020 records of the Veterinary Hospital of the Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro. A total of 252 dogs were diagnosed with TVT during the study period. Of these, 81.3% were mixed-breed, 50.4% were males, and 88.9% were young or adult animals. The genital region only was affected in 77.3% of cases. Exclusively extragenital lesions were observed in 22.6% of cases. Among the animals seen, 40.1% received no treatment. Of those treated, 99.3% underwent a vincristine sulfate protocol, and in 77.2%, the treatment resulted in total remission of the neoplasm after 4 to 6 chemotherapy sessions. It was concluded that TVT is a neoplasm most often seen in mixed-breed dogs and located in the genital region, with hemorrhagic secretion being the main clinical sign reported by owners. Vincristine sulfate is currently the most used therapy, with high efficacy. However, despite the good prognosis, there was a high rate of non-adherence or abandonment of treatment, and this is an important factor to be considered and addressed by veterinarians.

O tumor venéreo transmissível (TVT) apresenta elevada incidência no Brasil, relacionada a elevada população de caninos errantes e a ineficácia dos programas de controle epidemiológicos. O objetivo do estudo foi descrever dados epidemiológicos, manifestação clínica e o tratamento empregado em cães acometidos pelo TVT no Hospital Veterinário da Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro entre os anos de 2015 e 2020. Foram diagnosticados 252 cães com TVT durante o período do estudo, sendo 81,3% cães sem raça definida, 50,4% machos e 49,6% fêmeas, e com 88,9% animais jovens ou adultos. A região genital foi acometida em 77,3% dos casos. Lesões exclusivamente extragenitais foram observadas em 22,6% dos casos. Quanto ao tratamento, 40,1% dos cães não receberam tratamento. Entre os animais tratados, 99,3% utilizaram protocolo com sulfato de vincristina e em 77,2% o tratamento resultou em remissão total da neoplasia, com a realização de 4 a 6 sessões do quimioterápico. Conclui-se que o TVT é uma neoplasia frequentemente relacionada a cães sem raça definida, localizados na região genital, com secreção hemorrágica sendo o principal sinal clínico reportado pelos proprietários. O sulfato de vincristina é a terapia mais empregada, com alta eficácia. Entretanto, apesar de ser uma neoplasia com bom prognóstico, o alto índice de não adesão ou abandono ao tratamento representa um importante fator a ser considerado e trabalhado pelos médicos veterinários.

The importance of the dog (Canis lupus familiaris) in cocoa farms as carriers of helminths potentially transmissible to humans and wildlife in the Southern Bahia, Brazil / A importância do cão (Canis lupus familiaris) nas fazendas de cacau como portador de helmintos potencialmente transmissíveis ao homem e à vida selvagem no sul da Bahia, Brasil

Domestic dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) can be considered an invasive species as they have been introduced by humans in different parts of the world and represent a risk to wildlife conservation. Large extensions of agroforestry systems, where cocoa is grown under the shade of native trees, contribute to wildlife conservation in southern Bahia, Brazil. However, this system can increase contact between species of the native fauna and domestic dogs, which are frequently taken to the fields by rural workers. The aims of this study were to investigate the presence of domestic dogs inside cocoa agroforestry systems and the occurrence of helminths in dogs from cocoa farms near two protected areas: the Una Biological Reserve (REBIO-Una) and the Serra das Lontras National Park in Una, Bahia. We also investigated general characteristics of the dogs such as age, sex, breed, feeding frequency, vaccination, deworming and others, and evaluated possible risks of wildlife and human contamination by the domestic dog parasites. Camera traps were set up on eight cocoa agroforestry systems and three adjacent forest fragments. For parasitological investigation, fecal samples were collected from domestic dogs that lived on the eight cocoa farms. A total of 539 photos of 12 mammals were registered, of which 15% were of domestic dogs. The parasitological research was carried out with fecal samples from 32 of the 39 dogs that lived in the cocoa farms. We found one genus of cestode, Dipylidium sp. (7.7%), and five genera of nematodes, Ancylostoma sp. (80.7%), Strongyloides sp. (38.4%), Toxocara sp. (30.7%), Spirocerca sp. (15.4%) and Trichuris sp. (11.5%). Regarding animal care, all dogs were in poor body condition, 49% were fed twice a day, 90% defecated in the forest or cocoa agroforestry systems, only 33% were periodically dewormed, 64% were vaccinated against rabies in less than 12 months, and only one dog was vaccinated against other viruses. The results showed that domestic dogs share the same environment as wild animals yet lack some basic health care, increasing the possibility of parasitic transmission between domestic dogs, wildlife and humans from environmental contamination. We highlight the need for responsible pet ownership and the monitoring the health of wild animals and the human population living in this region.

Cães domésticos (Canis lupus familiaris) podem ser considerados espécies invasoras introduzidas pelo ser humano em diversos lugares do mundo, representando risco para a conservação da fauna. Grandes extensões de sistemas agroflorestais, onde o cacau é cultivado sob a sombra de árvores nativas, contribuem para a conservação da vida selvagem no sul da Bahia, Brasil. Entretanto, esse sistema pode aumentar o contato entre espécies da fauna nativa e cães domésticos, frequentemente levados para o campo por trabalhadores rurais. Os objetivos deste estudo foram investigar a presença de cães domésticos em sistemas agroflorestais de cacau e a ocorrência de helmintos em cães de fazendas de cacau nas proximidades de duas áreas protegidas: a Reserva Biológica de Una (REBIO-Una) e o Parque Nacional da Serra das Lontras, em Una, Bahia. Também foram investigadas as características gerais dos cães como idade, sexo, raça, frequência de alimentação, vacinação, vermifugação e outros, e avaliados os possíveis riscos de contaminação da vida selvagem e seres humanos por parasitas de cães domésticos. Armadilhas fotográficas foram instaladas em oito sistemas agroflorestais de cacau e três fragmentos florestais adjacentes. Para investigação parasitológica, foram coletadas amostras fecais de cães domésticos que viviam nas oito fazendas de cacau. Foram registradas 539 fotos de 12 mamíferos, onde 15% das fotos pertenciam à cães domésticos. A pesquisa parasitológica foi realizada com amostras fecais de 32 dos 39 cães que viviam nas fazendas de cacau. Encontramos um gênero de cestóide: Dipylidium sp. (7,7%), e cinco gêneros de nematóides: Ancylostoma sp. (80,7%), Strongyloides sp. (38,4%), Toxocara sp. (30,7%), Spirocerca sp. (15,4%) e Trichuris sp. (11,5%). Em relação aos cuidados com os animais, todos estavam com score corporal baixo, 49% dos cães eram alimentados duas vezes ao dia, 90% defecam na floresta ou em sistemas agroflorestais de cacau, apenas 33% foram vermifugados periodicamente, 64% vacinados contra a raiva em menos de 12 meses e apenas um cão foi vacinado contra outros vírus. Os resultados mostram que os cães domésticos compartilham o mesmo ambiente que os animais silvestres e carecem de alguns cuidados básicos de saúde, aumentando a possibilidade de trânsito parasitário entre cães domésticos, animais silvestres e humanos por contaminação ambiental. Destaca-se a necessidade de atividades de posse responsável de animais de estimação e o monitoramento da saúde dos animais silvestres e da população humana que vive nesta região.

Thoracic evaluation and cardiac measurement using radiography in opossums (Didelphis albiventris) / Avaliação radiográfica de toráx e mensuração cardíaca de gambás (Didelphis albiventris)

Cardiac measurement by chest X-ray is very important in the cardiac characterization of dogs and cats, however, the wild animal clinic has a different reality. Opossums (Didelphis albiventris) are part of the Brazilian fauna and are frequently referred for clinical and radiographic evaluation. The objective of this research was to evaluate the thorax of skunks and establish the average of VHS and VLAS for these animals. Chest radiographs were performed in lateral and ventrodorsal projections to measure the VHS and VLAS, thoracic depth and tracheal diameter. The mean VHS was 7.85 (± 0.3) for males and 8.12 (± 0.5) for females and the measured VLAS was 1.19 (± 0.2) for both sexes. The mean value for thoracic depth was 1.13 (± 0.03) and the ratio between the diameter of the chest inlet and the diameter of the trachea was 0.25 (± 0.02), with no significant differences between the sexes. This is the first study that addresses the thoracic evaluation by tracheal and cardiac measurements of skunks through radiographic examination.(AU)

A mensuração cardíaca por meio de radiografia de tórax é muito importante na caracterização cardíaca de cães e gatos, porém, a clínica de animais silvestres tem uma realidade diferente. Os gambás (Didelphis albiventris) fazem parte da fauna brasileira e são frequentemente encaminhados para avaliação clínica e para avaliação radiográfica. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar o tórax de gambás e estabelecer a média de VHS e VLAS para esses animais. Foram realizadas radiografias de tórax em projeções laterais e ventro dorsais, para mensuração do VHS e VLAS, a profundidade torácica e o diâmetro traqueal. O VHS médio foi de 7,85 (± 0,3) para os machos e 8,12 (± 0,5) para as fêmeas e o VLAS mensurado foi de 1,19 (± 0,2) para ambos os sexos. O valor médio da profundidade torácica foi 1,13 (± 0,03) e a relação entre o diâmetro da entrada do tórax e o diâmetro da traqueia foi de 0,25 (± 0,02), sem diferenças significativas entre os sexos. Este é o primeiro estudo que aborda a avaliação torácica a medida traqueal e cardíaca de gambás por meio de exame radiográfico.(AU)

Dioctophyme renale in wandering dogs in Pelotas, South of Brasil / Dioctophyme renale em cães errantes no município de Pelotas, Sul do Brasil

Abstract This study aimed to verify the occurrence of Dioctophyme renale in stray dogs in the city of Pelotas, in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The Laboratório Regional de Diagnóstico of the Universidade Federal de Pelotas received 146 wandering dogs for necropsy, sent by the City Hall of Pelotas from March 2012 to January 2020. Among the necropsied animals, seventeen dogs (11.64%) were diagnosed with dioctophymosis. Among these dogs, 11 were parasitized with one specimen in the right kidney, two dogs presented two specimens in the right kidney, and in other two dogs, the parasites were in the abdominal cavity. In one dog, two parasites were found in the left kidney; in another dog, both kidneys were parasitized, with two parasites in the right kidney and one in the left kidney. The data obtained in this study showed that the occurrence of D. renale in stray dogs in the city of Pelotas is high, and D. renale mainly parasitizes the right kidney.

Resumo Este trabalho possui como objetivo verificar a ocorrência de D. renale em cães errantes do município de Pelotas, no Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil. O Laboratório Regional de Diagnóstico da Universidade Federal de Pelotas recebeu 146 cães errantes para necropsia, encaminhados pela Prefeitura Municipal de Pelotas, no período de março de 2012 a janeiro de 2020. Dentre os cães necropsiados, 17 animais foram diagnosticados com dioctofimose, determinando uma ocorrência de 11,64%. Desses animais, onze estavam parasitados com um exemplar no rim direito, dois animais possuíam dois exemplares no rim direito. Em dois animais, os parasitas estavam na cavidade abdominal; em um animal havia, dois parasitas no rim esquerdo e noutro animal os dois rins estavam parasitados, tendo dois exemplares no rim direito e um exemplar no rim esquerdo. Os dados obtidos neste trabalho permitem concluir que é elevada a ocorrência de D. renale nos cães errantes do município de Pelotas, parasitando principalmente o rim direito.

Percepção da sociedade em relação ao controle populacional de vertebrados em condições de sinantropia no município de Niterói, RJ / Perception of society about the management of synanthropic vertebrates populations in the municipality of Niterói, RJ / Percepción de la sociedad sobre el control poblacional de los vertebrados en condiciones sinópticas en el municipio de Niterói, RJ

Esse estudo seccional, realizado no período 2014-2015, com aplicação de questionários, teve por objetivo conhecer a percepção sobre vertebrados em condição de sinantropia e a opinião sobre controle populacional para a população do município de Niterói, RJ. Dentre os 474 entrevistados, 76,8% aceitavam o controle populacional para ratos, 63,3% para pombos, 40,5% para cães, 33,8% para gatos, 25,5% para morcegos, 16,5% para serpentes e 14,1% para gambás. As serpentes foram os animais mais associados ao medo (59,1%) e risco de agressão (47,7%), pombos (89,2%) e morcegos ao risco de doenças (57,4%), ratos à nojo/repulsa (56,6%), gambás à natureza (73,8%), cães à companhia (79,8%), e gatos à amizade (57,4%). O estudo demonstrou que as relações dos humanos com os animais podem ser complexas, ambíguas e paradoxais, e fornece dados que poderão ser utilizados para políticas públicas de manejo dessas espécies.(AU)

This study (sectional investigation), in the 2014-2015, using questionnaires, aimed to understand the perception of vertebrates in synanthropic conditions and the opinion about their population control for the population of the municipality the Niterói, RJ. Among the 474 people interviewed, 76.8% accepted population control for rats, 63.3% for pigeons, 40.5% for dogs, 33.8% for cats, 25.5 % for bats, 16.5% for snakes and 14.1% for possums. Snakes were the animals most associated with the representation of fear (59.1%) and risk of aggression (47.7%), pigeons (89.2%) and bats with risk of disease (57.4%), rats with disgust and repulsion (56.6%), possums with nature (73.8%), dogs with company (79.8%), and cats with friendship (57.4%). In addition to demonstrating how complex human relations with animals can be ambiguous and paradoxical, this study provides data that can be used for public policies for the management of these species.(AU)

El objetivo de este estudio fue conocer la percepción de los vertebrados en condiciones de sinantropía y la opinión sobre el control poblacional de la población del municipio de Niterói, RJ. Entre los 474 entrevistados, el 76,8% aceptó el control de la población de ratas, el 63,3% de palomas, el 40,5% de perros, el 33,8% de gatos, el 25,5% de murciélagos, el 16,5% de serpientes y el 14,1% de zarigüeyas. Las serpientes fueron los animales más asociados al miedo (59,1%) y al riesgo de agresión (47,7%), las palomas (89,2%) y los murciélagos al riesgo de enfermedad (57,4%), las ratas al asco/repulsión (56,6%), las zarigüeyas a la naturaleza (73,8%), los perros a la compañía (79,8%) y los gatos a la amistad (57,4%). El estudio demostró que las relaciones de los humanos con los animales pueden ser complejas, ambiguas y paradójicas, y aporta datos que podrían utilizarse para las políticas públicas de gestión de estas especies.(AU)

Hyperadrenocorticism in a crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous) kept under human care / Hiperadrenocorticismo em cachorro-do-mato (Cerdocyon thous) mantido sob cuidados humanos

Hyperadrenocorticism is a relatively common endocrine disease affecting the adrenal glands of domestic dogs. However, there are few reports of this disease in wild canids. A crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous) kept under human care was diagnosed with the disease after detection of conformational abnormalities in the adrenal glands visualized by ultrasonography, a cortisol suppression test after low-dose dexamethasone, and the detection of proteinuria and bacteria in urinalysis. After the diagnosis, the patient was treated with trilostane with a satisfactory clinical response. This report aims to report the sonographic and laboratory findings of hyperadrenocorticism and its treatment in a specimen of the species.

O hiperadrenocorticismo é uma doença endócrina que acomete as glândulas adrenais relativamente comum em cães domésticos. Porém, em canídeos selvagens, poucos são os relatos descritos dessa enfermidade. Um exemplar de cachorro-do-mato (Cerdocyon thous), mantido sob cuidados humanos, foi diagnosticado com a doença após detecção de anormalidades conformacionais em glândulas adrenais visibilizadas via ultrassonografia, teste de supressão de cortisol após uso de baixa dose de dexametasona, além de detecção de proteinúria e bactérias em urinálise. Após o diagnóstico, instituiu-se tratamento medicamentoso a base de trilostano com resposta clínica satisfatória. Este relato objetiva reportar os achados ultrassonográficos e laboratoriais de hiperadrenocosticismo e seu tratamento em um exemplar da espécie.

Degeneração mixomatosa das válvulas atrioventriculares em cachorro-do-mato (Cerdocyon thous) - diagnóstico ecocardiográfico / Myxomatous degeneration of atrioventricular valves in a crab-eating fox (Cerdocyon thous) - echocardiography diagnosis

Background: The myxomatosis degeneration is a degenerative cardiac valve disease, with a higher incidence in maleand senile canids. The diagnosis is made by a doppler echocardiography exam. Although there are few reports on the occurrence of cardiopathies in wild dogs (Cerdocyon thous), some studies on their cardiological parameters can be found.Considering this, and knowing that the cardiopathies in wild canids are common post mortem findings, the objective of thisstudy is to describe the echocardiography diagnosis of a case of myxomatous degeneration of the atrioventricular valvesin 1 wild dog (Cerdocyon thous) living in captivity.Case: It was treated at the Diagnostic Imaging Department of the Veterinary Hospital of the Federal University of Mato Grosso(HOVET-UFMT), 1 wild dog (C. thous), male, living in captivity with approximately 10-year-old, directed by the Center ofMedicine and Research in Wild Animals of Cuiabá, to perform echocardiography exam. The patient was submitted to anesthesiafor proper examination, which was used Esaote® machine model MyLabFive VET with sector scan transducer (4.0 -7.5 MHz).The longitudinal, transverse and apical scan planes were obtained through left and right parasternal windows. The evaluation ofM mode exposed ejection fraction and shortening increased, of 81% and 47%, respectively, however it showed no increase insystolic and diastolic values of left ventricle, nor in right cavities on subjective evaluation. The relation between the left atrium(LA) and the aorta (Ao) remained normal, at 1.2 mm, with dimensions of 13.4 mm from the AO and 16.3 mm from LA, compatible with species parameters or domestic canines. The atrioventricular valves showed thickening and irregularities in their cusps,with great intensity in the left atrioventricular valve (LAV). The Doppler mode analysis revealed a turbulent systolic flow into the...

Cinomose em canídeos silvestres no Brasil / Distemper in wild canids in Brazil

A cinomose é uma doença viral multissistêmica causada por um Morbillivirus. No Brasil, existem seis espécies de canídeos silvestres vulneráveis a essa enfermidade. Dessa forma, este trabalho tem como objetivo apresentar uma revisão sobre a situação da cinomose em canídeos silvestres no Brasil e os impactos causados na fauna brasileira. A transmissão do vírus ocorre através do contato com amostras contaminadas, a exemplo dos aerossóis, excretas e secreções de indivíduos infectados. Os sinais clínicos mais prevalentes são de ordem neurológica, entretanto, também podem ser identificadas manifestações respiratórias, cutâneas e gastrointestinais. Portanto, o diagnóstico consiste na avaliação da sintomatologia apresentada em conjunto com testes específicos, como isolamento viral, ELISA, imunofluorescência e RT-PCR. Atualmente, não existe tratamento específico. Desta forma, são realizados apenas cuidados paliativos. Os grandes carnívoros são os mamíferos mais ameaçados do mundo, sobretudo, em consequência dos impactos causados pela redução do habitat natural, associada à expansão territorial humana. As epidemias também justificam as altas taxas de mortalidades desses animais, o que pode estar relacionado com comportamentos sociais e de farejamento, assim como o crescente contato entre animais silvestres e domésticos devido à urbanização e à proximidade genética que os canídeos silvestres têm com os cães domésticos, tornando-os suscetíveis às infecções. Visto que a cinomose é uma patologia emergente em populações de carnívoros silvestres e que a presença de cães domésticos não vacinados em áreas de conservação representa um grande risco de contaminação, conclui-se que a não vacinação está diretamente associada à perpetuação do vírus no meio selvagem.

Distemper is a multisystem viral disease caused by a Morbillivirus. In Brazil, there are six species of wild canids, vulnerable to this disease. Therefore, the present work aims to develop a review on the situation of distemper in wild canids in Brazil and the impacts caused on the Brazilian fauna. The virus transmission occurs through contact with contaminated samples, such as aerosols, excreta, and secretions from infected individuals. The most prevalent clinical signs are neurological; however, respiratory, cutaneous and gastrointestinal manifestations can also be identified. Thus, the diagnosis consists of evaluating the symptoms presented together with specific tests, such as viral isolation, ELISA, immunofluorescence, and RT-PCR. Currently, there is no specific treatment. Therefore, only palliative care is performed. Large carnivores are the most threatened mammals in the world, mainly as a result of the impacts caused by the reduction of natural habitat, associated with human territorial expansion. Epidemics also justify the high mortality rates of these animals, which may be related to social and sniffing behaviors, as well as the increasing contact between wild and domestic animals due to urbanization and the genetic proximity that wild canids have with domestic dogs, making them susceptible to infections. Since distemper is an emerging pathology in populations of wild carnivores and the presence of unvaccinated domestic dogs in conservation areas represents a great risk of contamination, it is concluded that non-vaccination is directly associated with the perpetuation of the virus in the wild.

Prevalence and factors associated with Dirofilaria immitis infection in dogs in Sertão Paraibano, Northeast Brazil / Prevalência e fatores associados à infecção por Dirofilaria immitis em cães no Sertão Paraibano, Nordeste do Brasil

Dirofilaria immitis is a heart and large vessel parasite that mainly affects domestic dogs and has shown a re-emerging zoonosis in recent years. The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence, associated factors, and geographic areas of D. immitis in dogs in the city of Sousa, Paraíba, Northeast Brazil. A total of 320 dogs were selected and evaluated, 160 domiciled and 160 wandering, from the 32 districts of the city. Clinical examination, blood collection, and epidemiological data retrieval were performed for each animal. The sanitation conditions of the environment were visually observed at the time of evaluation. Three methods were used to investigate the morphometric diagnosis of microfilariae: capillary blood smear (ESC), peripheral blood smear (ESP), and modified Knott test. The data were subjected to univariate and multivariate statistics for the observation of risk factors and qualitative assessment of the examinations. Of the 17.5% (56/320) of animals testing positive for D. immitis, 25% (40/160) were wandering and 10% (16/160) were domiciled dogs. Positive dogs were found in 24 of the 32 neighborhoods evaluated, with Angelim and Doutor Zezé having the highest percentages of 1.56% (5/320) each. Only the categories of cardiac alterations (OR 6.231 [1,539-25,236]) and stray dogs (OR 2.463 [1,281-4,735]) demonstrated potential risk factors for infection. Of the 56 positive animals, 28 were positive in the three tests, and another 28 showed variance between methods and/or between prepared slides. No other filaridae were observed. The city of Sousa is considered to have a significant prevalence of infection by D. immitis, and forms of control and prophylaxis are required to reduce the risks of transmission to animals, as well as to humans.

Dirofilaria immitis é um parasito de coração e de grandes vasos que acomete principalmente cães domésticos, também causador de uma zoonose reemergente nos últimos anos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi determinar a prevalência, fatores associados e áreas geográficas de D. immitis em cães na cidade de Sousa, Paraíba, Nordeste do Brasil. Para isso, foram selecionados e avaliados 320 cães, sendo 160 domiciliados e 160 errantes, provenientes dos 32 bairros da cidade. Foi realizado o exame clínico, coleta de sangue e dados epidemiológicos de cada animal. O ambiente foi observado visualmente quanto as condições de saneamento no momento de avaliação. Para pesquisa de microfilárias, foram realizados três métodos: esfregaço sanguíneo capilar (ESC), periférico (ESP) e teste de Knott-modificado, associado ao diagnóstico morfométrico das microfilárias. Os dados foram submetidos a estatísticas uni e multivariadas para observação de fatores de risco e avaliação qualitativa dos exames. Obteve-se prevalência de 17,5% (56/320) de animais positivos para D. immitis, sendo 25% (40/160) errantes e 10% (16/160) domiciliados. Dos 32 bairros avaliados, em 24 foram encontrados cães positivos, sendo Angelim e Doutor Zezé, os bairros com maior percentual 1,56% (5/320) cada. Somente as categorias de alterações cardíacas (OR 6,231 [1.539-25.236]) e cães errantes (OR 2,463 [1.281-4.735]) demonstraram potencial fator de risco para infecção. Dos 56 animais positivos, 28 apresentaram positividade nos três testes, e outros 28 demonstraram variância entre métodos e/ou entre lâminas confeccionadas. Não foram observados outros filarídeos. Considerou-se que a cidade de Sousa apresenta prevalência significativa de infecção por D. immitis, sendo necessário estabelecer formas de controle e profilaxia, para reduzir os riscos da transmissão para animais, como também para humanos.

Canine transmissible venereal tumor with spontaneous remission: case study with emphasis on clinical and cytopathological exams to monitor tumor evolution / Tumor venéreo transmissível canino com remissão espontânea: estudo de caso com ênfase aos exames clínico e citopatológico para monitoramento da evolução tumoral

The canine transmissible venereal tumor (TVTC) is a neoplasm transmitted mainly through copulation and with a high incidence in stray dogs in Brazil. In the process of tumor evolution of TVTC, the progression, stationary and regression phases are recognized. The host immunity is related to the disease's biological behavior, however, spontaneous regression observation in cases of naturally occurring TVTC is uncommon. A canine patient was attended, after beeing rescued from the street, due to an ulcerated mass in the external genitália and tick infestation. Cytopathological examination, which diagnosed TVTC, and laboratory tests that showed mild anemia and severe thrombocytopenia were performed. In view of the impossibility of carrying out other exams, it was made the presumptive diagnosis of canine monocytic ehrlichiosis (CME), and treatment was instituted. During follow-up it was observed quick improvement in clinical signs and laboratory changes, as well as a reduction in tumor mass. A new cytopathological evaluation was carried out, and was verified increase in mature lymphocytes and plasmocytes in the midst of the tumor cells, finding compatible with the stationary phase of the disease. From that moment on, it was decided to perform only clinical and cytopathological follow-up. In the following evaluations, continuous clinical remission and cytopathological findings compatible with those described in the regression phase were observed, until its complete remission. It is considered that the improvement in the general health of the patient after the treatment of CME is related to the spontaneous regression of TVTC, and that simultaneous performance of serial clinical and cytopathological exams may be feasible and useful for monitoring the stages of evolution of TVTC.

O tumor venéreo transmissível canino (TVTC) é uma neoplasia transmitida principalmente através da cópula, com elevada incidência em cães errantes no Brasil. No processo de evolução tumoral do TVTC, são reconhecidas as fases de progressão, estacionária e de regressão. O estado imunológico do hospedeiro está relacionado ao comportamento biológico da doença, contudo, a observação de regressão espontânea em casos de TVTC de ocorrência natural é incomum. Foi atendida uma paciente canina, resgatada da rua, por apresentar massa ulcerada na genitália externa e infestação por carrapatos. Foram realizados exame citopatológico, que diagnosticou TVTC, e exames laboratoriais que evidenciaram anemia discreta e grave trombocitopenia. Com isso e diante da impossibilidade de realizar outros exames, foi também estabelecido o diagnóstico presuntivo de erlichiose monocítica canina (EMC) e instituído tratamento para a hemoparasitose. Durante o acompanhamento, foi observada rápida melhora dos sinais clínicos e das alterações laboratoriais, bem como a redução espontânea da massa tumoral. Em sequência, foi realizada nova avaliação citopatológica do TVTC e verificado o aumento quantitativo de linfócitos maduros e plasmócitos, em meio as células tumorais, achado compatível com a fase estacionária da doença. A partir desse momento, optou-se por realizar apenas acompanhamento clínico e avaliação citopatológica da neoplasia. Foram observados contínua remissão clínica e achados microscópicos compatíveis com a fase de regressão do tumor, até sua remissão completa. Pondera-se que a melhora na saúde geral da paciente após o tratamento da EMC esteja relacionada à regressão espontânea do TVTC, e que realização simultânea de exames clínico e citopatológico seriados pode ser viável e útil ao acompanhamento das fases de evolução do TVTC.

Occurrence of tick-borne pathogens in dogs in a coastal region of the state of Ceará, northeastern Brazil / Ocorrência de patógenos transmitidos por carrapatos em cães em uma região litorânea do estado do Ceará, nordeste do Brasil

Abstract The aim of this study was to determine the occurrence of tick-borne pathogens (Ehrlichia canis, Babesia vogeli, Hepatozoon spp. and Rickettsia spp.) in dogs in Vila de Jericoacoara, coastal region of Ceará, Brazil. Blood samples were collected from 153 animals and analyzed using molecular and serological methods. Sixty animals were found to be infected or exposed to at least one of the pathogens studied. Babesia vogeli was the most prevalent pathogen (15%), followed by E. canis (13.7%) and Hepatozoon spp. (11.8%), which was identified as Hepatozoon canis through sequencing. Twenty dogs (13%) were seroreactive to Rickettsia spp. Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato was observed on 11.8% of the animals. There were associations between age (< 3 years old) and positivity for B. vogeli, and between habitation (stray dogs) and positivity for H. canis. There were also associations between anemia and infection with H. canis, and between leukopenia and exposure to Rickettsia spp. No association was detected between clinical alterations and infection with or exposure to the pathogens studied. The results confirmed that pathogens of veterinary importance are circulating in northeastern Brazil and showed that dogs are exposed to Rickettsia species with zoonotic potential, thus indicating a need for vector control measures.

Resumo O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar a ocorrência de patógenos transmitidos por carrapatos (Ehrlichia canis, Babesia vogeli, Hepatozoon spp. e Rickettsia spp.) em cães na Vila de Jericoacoara, região costeira do Ceará, Brasil. Amostras de sangue foram coletadas de 153 animais e analisadas por métodos moleculares e sorológicos. Sessenta animais foram encontrados infectados ou expostos a pelo menos a um dos patógenos estudados. Babesia vogeli foi o patógeno mais prevalente (15%), seguido por E. canis (13,7%) e Hepatozoon spp. (11,8%), que foi identificado como Hepatozoon canis por sequenciamento. Vinte cães (13%) foram sororreativos à Rickettsia spp. Rhipicephalus sanguineus sensu lato foi observado em 11,8% dos animais. Houve associações entre idade (<3 anos) e positividade para B. vogeli, e entre habitação (cães de rua) e positividade para H. canis. Também houve associações entre anemia e infecção por H. canis, e entre leucopenia e exposição a Rickettsia spp. Não foi detectada associação entre alterações clínicas e infecção ou exposição aos patógenos estudados. Os resultados confirmaram que patógenos de importância veterinária estão circulando no nordeste do Brasil e mostraram que cães estão expostos a espécies de Rickettsia com potencial zoonótico, indicando a necessidade de medidas de controle do vetor.

Aspectos legais da prática da eutanásia em centros de controle de zoonoses / Legal aspects of euthanasia practice in zoonosis control centers

A eutanásia é um procedimento realizado sob indicação e supervisão de um médico-veterinário e se destina a cessar a vida do animal utilizando técnica aceitável e cientificamente comprovada. Até o final do século XX, a eutanásia indiscriminada de animais de rua era praticada sob o aval de instituições públicas de saúde. Contudo, com o avanço do debate público, científico e educacional, e a cobrança de diferentes grupos sociais, esse procedimento passou a não ser mais recomendado e houve o incentivo do desenvolvimento de ações de proteção e promoção do bem-estar animal. A legislação brasileira proíbe a eutanásia de cães e gatos em Centros de Controle de Zoonoses e canis públicos, exceto em casos específicos. O Ministério da Saúde do Brasil recomenda a eutanásia de animais em situações estritas. A realização do procedimento de eutanásia pode gerar transtornos psicológicos e emocionais em médicos-veterinários. Diante do exposto, este estudo objetivou realizar uma revisão de literatura sobre o emprego da eutanásia e sua aplicação em Centros de Controle de Zoonoses.

Euthanasia is a procedure performed by the indication and supervision of a veterinarian and is intended to terminate the animal's life using an acceptable and scientifically proven technique. Until the end of the 20th century, the indiscriminate euthanasia of stray animals was practiced under the endorsement of public health institutions. However, with the advancement of public, scientific, and educational debate and the demand from different social groups, this procedure was no longer recommended and the development of actions to protect and promote animal welfare began to be encouraged. Brazilian legislation prohibits the euthanasia of dogs and cats in Zoonoses Control Centers and public kennels, except in specific cases. The Brazilian Ministry of Health recommends euthanasia in strict situations. The performance of the euthanasia procedure can cause psychological and emotional disturbances in veterinarians. Thus, this study aimed to conduct a literature review about the use of euthanasia and its application in Zoonoses Control Centers.

Evaluation of hip joint laxity in crab-eating foxes (Cerdocyon thous) / Avaliação da lassitude da articulação coxofemoral em cachorro-do-mato (Cerdocyon thous)

Like canids, crab-eating foxes may probably be predisposed to similar orthopedic diseases of domestic dogs, such as hip dysplasia. However, for the adequate hip dysplasia diagnosis in wild animals, the normality characteristics of each species must be determined. This study aimed to estimate radiographic and computed tomographic (CT) values of hip joint laxity in healthy crab-eating foxes. Fifteen intact crab-eating foxes, eight males and seven females, ages 1 to 5 and mean body mass of 6.66kg were used. Norberg angle (NA) was calculated from ventrodorsal hip-extended radiographs. To calculate the dorsolateral subluxation (DLS) score, the center distance (CD) index, the lateral center edge angle (LCEA), and the dorsal acetabular rim angle (DARA), measurements obtained from transverse CT images were used. No statistically significant differences were observed between the right and left sides in the radiographic and tomographic parameters. The mean NA was 107.57°. The mean DLS score, the CD index, the LCEA, and the DARA were 60.79%, 0.16, 98.25° and 13.47°, respectively. The data obtained are helpful in characterizing mean values of the hip joint in healthy crab-eating foxes, and can contribute to the knowledge of the species.(AU)

Como canídeos, os cachorros-do-mato podem estar predispostos a doenças ortopédicas semelhantes aquelas de cães domésticos, tais como a displasia coxofemoral. No entanto, para o diagnóstico adequado da displasia coxofemoral em animais selvagens, os padrões de normalidade de cada espécie precisam ser determinados. Sendo assim, o presente estudo teve como objetivo estimar os valores radiográficos e tomográficos (TC) da lassitude da articulação coxofemoral em cachorros-do-mato hígidos. Foram utilizados quinze cachorros-do-mato não castrados, oito machos e sete fêmeas, com idades entre 1 e 5 anos e massa corporal média de 6,66kg. O ângulo de Norberg (NA) foi calculado a partir de radiografias na projeção ventrodorsal com os membros estendidos. Para calcular o escore de subluxação dorsolateral (DLS), o índice de distância central (CD), o ângulo da margem central lateral (LCEA) e o ângulo da borda dorsal acetabular (DARA), foram utilizadas as mensurações obtidas a partir de imagens transversais da TC. Não foram observadas diferenças estatísticas entre os lados direito e esquerdo nos parâmetros radiográficos e tomográficos. A média do NA foi de 107,57°. As médias do escore do DLS, do índice de CD, e dos ângulos LCEA e DARA foram, respectivamente, 60,79%, 0,16, 98,25° e 13,47°. Os dados obtidos são úteis para a caracterização dos valores médios referentes à articulação coxofemoral de cachorros-do-mato e podem contribuir para o conhecimento da espécie.(AU)

Evaluation of hip joint laxity in crab-eating foxes (Cerdocyon thous) / Avaliação da lassitude da articulação coxofemoral em cachorro-do-mato (Cerdocyon thous)

Like canids, crab-eating foxes may probably be predisposed to similar orthopedic diseases of domestic dogs, such as hip dysplasia. However, for the adequate hip dysplasia diagnosis in wild animals, the normality characteristics of each species must be determined. This study aimed to estimate radiographic and computed tomographic (CT) values of hip joint laxity in healthy crab-eating foxes. Fifteen intact crab-eating foxes, eight males and seven females, ages 1 to 5 and mean body mass of 6.66kg were used. Norberg angle (NA) was calculated from ventrodorsal hip-extended radiographs. To calculate the dorsolateral subluxation (DLS) score, the center distance (CD) index, the lateral center edge angle (LCEA), and the dorsal acetabular rim angle (DARA), measurements obtained from transverse CT images were used. No statistically significant differences were observed between the right and left sides in the radiographic and tomographic parameters. The mean NA was 107.57°. The mean DLS score, the CD index, the LCEA, and the DARA were 60.79%, 0.16, 98.25° and 13.47°, respectively. The data obtained are helpful in characterizing mean values of the hip joint in healthy crab-eating foxes, and can contribute to the knowledge of the species.(AU)

Como canídeos, os cachorros-do-mato podem estar predispostos a doenças ortopédicas semelhantes aquelas de cães domésticos, tais como a displasia coxofemoral. No entanto, para o diagnóstico adequado da displasia coxofemoral em animais selvagens, os padrões de normalidade de cada espécie precisam ser determinados. Sendo assim, o presente estudo teve como objetivo estimar os valores radiográficos e tomográficos (TC) da lassitude da articulação coxofemoral em cachorros-do-mato hígidos. Foram utilizados quinze cachorros-do-mato não castrados, oito machos e sete fêmeas, com idades entre 1 e 5 anos e massa corporal média de 6,66kg. O ângulo de Norberg (NA) foi calculado a partir de radiografias na projeção ventrodorsal com os membros estendidos. Para calcular o escore de subluxação dorsolateral (DLS), o índice de distância central (CD), o ângulo da margem central lateral (LCEA) e o ângulo da borda dorsal acetabular (DARA), foram utilizadas as mensurações obtidas a partir de imagens transversais da TC. Não foram observadas diferenças estatísticas entre os lados direito e esquerdo nos parâmetros radiográficos e tomográficos. A média do NA foi de 107,57°. As médias do escore do DLS, do índice de CD, e dos ângulos LCEA e DARA foram, respectivamente, 60,79%, 0,16, 98,25° e 13,47°. Os dados obtidos são úteis para a caracterização dos valores médios referentes à articulação coxofemoral de cachorros-do-mato e podem contribuir para o conhecimento da espécie.(AU)

High seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora spp. in stray dogs from Rolim de Moura, Rondônia state, Western Brazilian Amazon / Alta soroprevalência de Toxoplasma gondii e Neospora spp. em cães errantes de Rolim de Moura, estado de Rondônia, Amazônia Ocidental Brasileira

Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora spp. are important apicomplexan pathogens that can infect dogs and result in a neurological syndrome. The aim of this study was to evaluate the seroprevalence of T. gondii and Neospora spp. in stray dogs in the state of Rondônia, Brazil. A cross-sectional study was conducted from June 2014 to April 2016. A total of 458 dogs blood samples were collected at the Center for Control of Zoonosis (CCZ), and anti-T. gondii and anti-N. spp. antibody levels were detected and measured using indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT). The seroprevalence of T. gondii and Neospora spp. in dogs it was 82.20% and 73.85%, respectively. The seroprevalence of coinfections was 47.59%. This is the first report of anti-T. gondii and anti-Neospora spp. antibodies detected in stray dogs in Rolim de Moura, state of Rondônia, Western Brazilian Amazon. Male dogs showed a higher frequency of anti-T. gondii antibodies than female dogs (88.0% vs. 75.3%; p < 0.001), presenting 2.41 times more chances of having the disease. High seroprevalence of infection (92.4%: T. gondii and 89.2%: Neospora spp.) was detected in the group ≥ 1-year-old dogs, in all collections, with OR 7.35 and OR 10.27 for the presence of anti-T. gondii and antiNeospora spp., respectively. In conclusion, the serological results indicate an important circulation of T. gondii and Neospora spp. in wandering dogs hailing from Rolim de Moura, state of Rondônia, Western Brazilian Amazonia.(AU)

Toxoplasma gondii e Neospora spp. são importantes patógenos apicomplexos que podem infectar cães e ocasionar síndrome neurológica. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a soroprevalência de T. gondii e Neospora spp. em cães errantes do estado de Rondônia, Brasil. Um estudo transversal foi realizado durante o período de junho de 2014 a abril de 2016. Um total de 458 amostras de sangue de cães foram colhidas no Centro de Controle de Zoonoses (CCZ) e a detecção de anticorpos contra T. gondii e N. spp. foram realizados pela reação de imunofluorescência indireta (RIFI). A soroprevalência de T. gondii e Neospora spp. em cães foi 82,20% e 73,85%, respectivamente. A soroprevalência de coinfecções foi 47,59%. Este é o primeiro relato de anti-T. gondii e anti-Neospora spp. anticorpos detectados em cães errantes em Rolim de Moura, estado de Rondônia, Amazônia Ocidental Brasileira. Os cães machos apresentaram maior frequência de anticorpos anti-T. gondii do que as fêmeas (88,0% vs. 75,3%; p < 0,001), apresentando 2,41 vezes mais chance de ter a doença. Alta soroprevalência de infecção (92,4%: T. gondii e 89,2%: Neospora spp.) foi detectada no grupo ≥ cães com 1 ano de idade, em todas as coletas, com OR 7,35 e OR 10,27 para presença do anti-T. gondii e anti-Neospora spp., respectivamente. Em conclusão, os resultados sorológicos indicam uma importante circulação de T. gondii e Neospora spp. em cães errantes de Rolim de Moura, estado de Rondônia, Amazônia Ocidental Brasileira.(AU)

Ocular echobiometry and resistivity Index of external ophthalmic artery in agoutis (Dasyprocta prymnolopha)

Veterinary Ophthalmology provides complementary information for the diagnosis of ocular pathologies. Studies in wild species are essential. Among the diagnostic techniques in ophthalmology, two-dimensional ultrasonography stands out. The agouti is a rodent belonging to the Dasyproctidae family that has been widely used as an experimental model. For these animals, sight is one of the crucial senses for their survival. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of the two-dimensional ocular ultrasound technique to obtain anatomical measurements and the external ophthalmic artery resistivity index, presumably normal in the species Dasyprocta prymnolopha. Forty eye bulbs of 20 adult rodents of the species were evaluated by ultrasonography. In these animals, B-mode echobiometry was performed using the transpalpebral approach and the hemodynamic study of the external ophthalmic artery using the color Doppler technique. All examinations were initiated by the left eye bulb and all measurements were performed by only one examiner. The collected data related to echobiometry were analyzed using Bioest 5.0 for Windows. Initially, normality was tested using the Shapiro-Wilk test for each parameter, then the paired t-test was performed, comparing right and left eyes, and a significance level of 5% (P < 0.05) was adopted. Based on the methodology used, the following values were obtained for the right and left eyeballs, respectively: anterior chamber thickness - mean of 1.28 ± 0.3 mm and 1.22 ± 0.1 mm; lens thickness - 8.27 ± 0.9 mm and 8.11 ± 0.9 mm; vitreous chamber thickness - 5.35 ± 0.48 mm and 5.30 ± 0.47 mm and axial length - 12.7 ± 0.9 mm and 13 ± 0.68 mm. The mean external ophthalmic artery resistivity values were 0.4305 ± 0.0390 and 0.4258 ± 0.0387 (right and left eye, respectively), characterizing a low resistance. There was no statistical difference between the right and left eyeballs in any of the studied parameters. The use of the convex transducer was feasible, promoting adequate contact with the ocular surface and images of satisfactory quality for obtaining measurements, similar to what was observed in studies evaluating the ocular biometry of primates and dogs. The anterior chamber thickness values in this experiment did not differ statistically between the antimers, as well as observed for dogs. The data obtained for lens thickness did not differ statistically for antimers, like those obtained for other rodent species evaluated with the same methodology. The mean values of vitreous chamber thickness were like those observed in chinchillas but correspond to about half of that obtained for capybaras. In this study, the external ophthalmic artery was characterized in all animals, but obtaining the spectral tracing was difficult due to its fine caliber. In wild animals, and especially in wild rodents, there are few data reporting the resistivity of the ophthalmic artery, and there is a lack of studies, which can be explained by the behavioral characteristics of defense and by the high susceptibility to stress in capture, since the performing the technique requires, as in other procedures, the use of chemical containment. (AU)