First report of sunflower chlorotic mottle virus infecting sunflower plants in Brazil

Sunflower (Helianthus annuus) plants showing symptoms of chlorosis, mosaic, chlorotic ringspot, and necrosis on younger leaves were found in a small experimental plot in Piracicaba, in the state of São Paulo, Brazil. Preliminary examinations by transmission electron microscopy of symptomatic leaf tissue revealed flexuous filamentous particles 13-15 nm wide and 700-750 nm long, and cytoplasmatic cylindrical inclusions typical of those found in plant cells infected by members of the Potyvirus genus. Total RNA extracted from symptomatic leaves and subjected to RT-PCR followed by partial nucleotide sequencing confirmed the presence of a potyvirus in the affected plants, which was identified as sunflower chlorotic mottle virus (SuCMoV), a member of the Sunflower chlorotic mottle virus (genus Potyvirus, family Potyviridae) species. Mechanical transmission assays with extracts of symptomatic sunflower leaves reproduced the original symptoms in sunflowers, mosaic symptoms in Zinnia elegans, and chlorotic local lesions in Chenopodium amaranticolor and C. quinoa. Sunflower and zinnia plants became infected after aphid transmission experiments with Myzus persicae. RT-PCR tests using specific primers for SuCMoV confirmed the presence of this virus in experimentally infected plants, meeting the criteria of Koch's postulate. This is the first report of SuCMoV infecting sunflower plants in Brazil.

Use of ozonized sunflower oil in the treatment of skin injury in golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus): case report / Uso de óleo de girassol ozonizado no tratamento de lesão cutânea em hamster sírio (Mesocricetus auratus): relato de caso

Hamster breeding is becoming increasingly popular, mainly because of the simplicity of breeding, low cost, and characteristics of these animals: they are small, quiet, and do not require a large space. Because of this ease of keeping, some people choose to keep more than one animal of the same species in a single enclosure. In some cases, this sociability can lead to fights, because hamsters are extremely territorial animals, which can cause significant injuries. Knowledge of the most efficient methods for wound healing is essential in medicine for wild and exotic animals, as it allows faster clinical treatment and thus, stress reduction. The present case report refers to the therapeutic treatment of an extensive skin lesion in a golden hamster (Mesocricetus auratus) using ozonized sunflower oil. The treatment, which lasted 23 days, allowed complete healing of the lesion.

A criação de hamsters tem se tornado cada vez mais popular, especialmente pela facilidade de criação, pelo baixo custo e pelas características desses animais: são pequenos, silenciosos, e não necessitam de um grande espaço. Por essa facilidade de manejo, algumas pessoas decidem manter mais de um animal da mesma espécie em um único recinto. Em alguns casos, esse convívio pode causar brigas, visto que hamsters são animais extremamente territorialistas, podendo resultar em injúrias cutâneas significativas. O conhecimento sobre os métodos mais eficientes para a cicatrização de lesões é fundamental na medicina de animais silvestres e exóticos, possibilitando um manejo clínico mais rápido, consequentemente, redução do estresse. O presente relato refere-se ao manejo terapêutico de uma extensa lesão cutânea em um hamster sírio (Mesocricetus auratus) com o uso do óleo de girassol ozonizado. O tratamento, que teve 23 dias de duração, possibilitou a cicatrização total da lesão.

Desempenho agronômico de variedades de girassol em função de populações de plantas / Agronomic performance of sunflower varieties as a function of plant populations

O girassol é uma planta que se adapta em diversas condições edafoclimáticas, sendo utilizada para alimentação humana e animal, bem como para fins ornamentais. Objetivou-se neste trabalho avaliar o desempenho agronômico de variedades de girassol cultivadas em diferentes densidades de plantas. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental de blocos completos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 3x4, envolvendo 3 variedades de girassol (Embrapa 122, IAC Iarama, IAC Uruguai) e 4 populações de plantas (30, 45, 60 e 75 mil plantas por hectare), com 4 repetições. Cada parcela foi composta por 4 fileiras de plantas com 5 metros de comprimento e espaçamento de 0,70 m entre fileiras de plantas. Na colheita foram avaliados: altura de plantas; diâmetro do caule; diâmetro do capítulo; peso de 1000 aquênios; número de capítulos. Verificou-se efeito significativo das diferentes variedades de girassol na altura de plantas, diâmetro de capítulo, número de capítulos pequenos, número de capítulos normais, e número total de capítulos. Também foi verificado efeito significativo da população de plantas sobre o diâmetro do capítulo, altura de plantas, número total de capítulos e número de capítulos pequenos. A interação entre variedades e população foi significativa apenas para o número de capítulos normais e produtividade. A densidade de plantas ideal para o desempenho agronômico da cultura do girassol depende da variedade utilizada. A maior densidade de plantas possibilita maior produtividade da variedade Embrapa 122.(AU)

Sunflower is a plant that adapts to different soil and climatic conditions, being used for human and animal food, and ornamental purposes. The objective of this work was to evaluate the agronomic performance of sunflower varieties grown in different plant densities. A randomized complete block experimental design was used, in a 3x4 factorial, with 3 sunflower varieties (Embrapa 122, IAC Iarama, IAC Uruguay) and 4 plant populations (30, 45, 60 and 75 thousand plants per hectare), with 4 repetitions. Each plot consisted of 4 rows of plants with 5 meters in length and spacing of 0.70 m between rows of plants. At harvest were evaluated: plant height; stem diameter; capitulum size; one thousand achenes weight; number of capitulum. There was a significant effect of different sunflower varieties on plant height, capitulum diameter, number of small capitulum, number of normal capitulum, and total number of capitulum. There was also a significant effect of plant population on capitulum diameter, plant height, total number of capitulum and number of small capitulum. The interaction between varieties and population was significant only for the number of normal capitula and productivity. The ideal plant density for the agronomic performance of the sunflower crop depends on the variety used. The higher density of plants allows for greater productivity of the variety Embrapa 122.(AU)

Energy values and metabolizability of lipid sources of plant and animal origin in the diet of Japanese quail

The objective of this study was to determine the energy values and metabolizability of different lipid sources in the diet of Japanese quail at the laying phase. The quail were distributed in a completely randomized design with ten replications of seven poultry per treatment, totaling six treatments: basal feed (control) and basal feed containing 10% soybean oil, corn oil, canola oil, sunflower oil, and poultry fat. The values of nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy (AMEn) and the metabolizability coefficient (MC%) were evaluated. No significant difference was found between the different lipid sources for AMEn (kcal/kg) and MC (%). The value of metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen for soybean oil was 8,790 kcal/kg; 8,773 kcal/kg for corn oil; 8,784 kcal/kg for canola oil; 8,788 kcal/kg for sunflower oil; and 8,681 kcal/kg for poultry fat in laying Japanese quail. The digestibility coefficients were 93.88% for soybean oil, 93.53% for corn oil, 93.32% for canola oil, 93.74% for sunflower oil, and 93.06% for poultry fat.

Effect of Sunflower Kernel Peptides Produced by Dual-Degradation on the Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestibility, and Health Status of Broilers

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of sunflower kernel peptides produced by enzymatic digestion, fermentation, or both on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and health status of broilers. Four diets contained 20% of sunflower kernel meal as its raw form (CON) or degraded by protease (ESM), Bacillus pumilus (FSM), or both (DSM). A total of 480 yellow broilers at one day old were randomly distributed to 4 groups with 6 replicates of 20 chicks each. The feeding trial lasted for 63 d. Results showed that peptide content was increased (p<0.001) from 3.97% (CON) to 32.5% (ESM), 24.2% (FSM), and 39.1% (DSM). The three sunflower peptide groups improved (p≤0.001) feed intake and body weight gain. The peptide groups increased (p≤0.015) ileal apparent digestibility of dry matter, energy, crude protein, and amino acids (methionine, lysine, tryptophan, and threonine). Furthermore, the peptide groups improved (p≤0.029) the health status by increasing serum immunoglobulins (IgA, IgG) and glutathione peroxidase. Additionally, among the peptide groups, DSM showed more pronounced effects (p<0.05) on these parameters than ESM or FSM. It is concluded that dual-degradation by enzymolysis and fermentation has a better improvement in the nutrition and application of sunflower kernel meal in broilers.(AU)

Associação da ozonioterapia com itraconazol para tratamento das lesões de esporotricose felina: relato de caso / Association of ozoniotherapy with itraconazole for the treatment of feline sporotricosis lesions: case report / Asociación de ozonoterapia con itraconazol para el tratamiento de lesiones de esporotricosis felina: reporte de caso

A esporotricose é uma micose de difícil tratamento e tem os gatos como seu principal hospedeiro. Suas manifestações clínicas são caracterizadas, principalmente por lesões de continuidade ulcerativas na pele e subcutâneo, linfocutânea, disseminada, com presença de sinais extracutâneo e sistêmica fatal. Seu tratamento baseia-se na administração de antifúngicos sistêmicos e tópicos, porém causam danos expressivos ao organismo e ao ambiemte. Com poucas opções de tratamento, a ozonioterapia pode ser indicada para o tratamento de afecções infecciosas para esporotricose, devido a ação fungicida, analgésica e anti-inflamatória. Objetivou-se em descrever o caso clínico de um felino, macho, castrado de 1 ano e 8 meses, que apresentava lesões ulcerativas no membro pélvico esquerdo e coxim plantar, diagnosticado com esporotricose. Uma vez que não havia a regressão das lesões com o tratamento convencional, foi instituído a ozonioterapia pela técnica de insuflação de bag's. Após 12 sessões, as feridas estavam parcialmente cicatrizadas, manteve-se o tratamento convencional com a adição do uso de óleo de girassol ozonizado até a regressão total das lesões.

Sporotrichosis is a mycosis that is difficult to treat and has cats as main hosts. Its clinical manifestations are characterized mainly by ulcerative skin lesions and subcutaneous, lymphocutaneous, disseminated, with the presence of extracutaneous and fatal systemic signs. Its treatment is based on the administration of systemic and topical antifungals, but they cause significant damage to the organism and the environment. With few treatment options, ozone therapy can be indicated for the treatment of infectious conditions for sporotrichosis, due to its fungicidal, analgesic and anti-inflammatory action. The objective was to describe the clinical case of a feline, male, castrated 1 year and 8 months old, who had ulcerative lesions on the left pelvic limb and foot pad, diagnosed with sporotrichosis. Since there was no regression of the lesions with conventional treatment, ozone therapy was instituted using the bag inflation technique. After 12 sessions, the wounds were partially healed, the conventional treatment was maintained with the addition of the use of ozonated sunflower oil until the total regression of the lesions.

La esporotricosis es una micosis de difícil tratamiento que tiene al gato como uno de sus principales huéspedes. Sus manifestaciones clínicas se caracterizan principalmente por lesiones ulcerativas continuas en piel y subcutáneas, linfocutáneas, diseminadas, con presencia de signos extracutáneos y sistémicos fatales. Su tratamiento se basa en la administración de antifúngicos sistémicos y tópicos, pero provocan importantes daños al organismo y al medio ambiente. Con pocas opciones de tratamiento, la ozonoterapia puede estar indicada para el tratamiento de cuadros infecciosos por esporotricosis, debido a su acción fungicida, analgésica y antiinflamatoria. El objetivo fue describir el caso clínico de un felino, macho, castrado de 1 año y 8 meses de edad, que presentaba lesiones ulcerativas en miembro pélvico izquierdo y almohadilla plantar, diagnosticado de esporotricosis. Dado que no hubo regresión de las lesiones con el tratamiento convencional, se instauró ozonoterapia mediante la técnica de bolsa inflada. Después de 12 sesiones, las heridas cicatrizaron parcialmente, se mantuvo el tratamiento convencional con la adición del uso de aceite de girasol ozonizado hasta la regresión total de las lesiones.

Determination of water content in grains with microwave oven / Determinação do teor de água em grãos com forno micro-ondas

The determination of water content is essential for the maintenance of grain quality, and an evaluation of alternative methods for quantification allows to increase the efficiency of the process and bring benefits to the productive sector. The study aimed to analyze the efficiency of using microwave ovens to determine the water content in grains. The studywas carried out in a completely randomized design in a 5x6 factorial scheme, with fivespecies (peanut, sunflower, corn, soybean and wheat) and six microwave drying periods (0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, and 3 min), with four replications. Data were subjected to descriptive analysis to characterize the samples, and regression analysis to analyze differences between methods as a function of drying time. The determination of water content in peanut, sunflower,corn,soybean and wheat grains in microwave is technically feasible, showing correlation with the determination in an oven by the standard method. The drying time in the microwave influences the water removal capacity of the grains. For peanut, sunflower,corn,soybean and wheat grains, the microwave drying time of 3 min showed greater similarity with the determination by the standard method.(AU)

A determinação do conteúdo de água é fundamental para manutenção da qualidade de grãos, sendo que a avaliação de métodos alternativos para quantificação permite elevar a eficiência do processo e ocasionar benefícios ao setor produtivo. O estudo teve como objetivo analisar a eficiência da utilização de forno micro-ondas para determinação do teor de água em grãos. O estudo foi conduzido em delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 5x6, sendo cincoespécies (amendoim, girassol, milho, soja e trigo) e seis períodos de secagem em micro-ondas (0,5; 1; 1,5; 2; 2,5 e 3 min), com quatro repetições. Osdados foram submetidos a análise descritiva para caracterização das amostras, e análise de regressão para análise das diferenças entre métodos em função do tempo de secagem. A determinação do teor de água em grãos de amendoim, girassol,milho,soja e trigo em micro-ondas é tecnicamente viável, apresentando correlação com a determinação em estufa pelo método padrão. O tempo de secagem no micro-ondas influencia na capacidade de remoção de água dos grãos. Para os grãos de amendoim, girassol,milho,soja e trigo, o tempo de secagem por micro-ondas de 3 min apresentou maior similaridade com a determinaçãopelo método padrão.(AU)

Vegetable lipid sources in the diet of japanese quails in the rearing phase and effects on the initial phase of production / Fontes lipídicas vegetais na alimentação de codornas japonesas em fase de recria e sua repercussão na fase inicial de produção

This study aims to evaluate the residual effect of different lipid sources in the diet of Japanese quails (Coturnix japonica) in the rearing phase on the performance and egg quality in the initial phase of egg-laying. In the first stage, 400 Japanese quails aged 21 days were used, being distributed in a completely randomized experimental design, with five treatments and ten replicates of eight birds/replicate Treatments consisted of basal ration (BR) with 2.5% soybean oil; BR with 2.5% corn oil; BR with 2.5% cottonseed oil; BR with 2.5% sunflower oil; and BR with 2.5% canola oil.At 42 days, maintaining the initial design, all quails received a basal ration with soybean oil, in order to evaluate the residual effect of the previous phase on the performance and egg quality in the initial phase of egg-laying (43 - 84 days). The different lipid sources did not affect the performance of quails in the initial phase of production. For egg quality, yolk height, yolk diameter, yolk index, gravity, and Haugh unit (HU) showed better results in the treatment using sunflower oil. There was a residual effect of the use of lipid sources of vegetable origin in the rearing phase diet of Japanese quails on egg quality traits. Lipid sources from soybean, corn, cottonseed, canola, and sunflower seeds can be used as energy sources in the rearing diet of egg-laying quails for not being harmful to their initial performance. The longevity in egg production of quails fed with different lipid sources in the rearing phase was similar.

A pesquisa foi conduzida com objetivo de avaliar o efeito residual de diferentes fontes lipídicas na dieta de codornas japonesas (Coturnix japonica) na fase de recria sob o desempenho e a qualidade de ovos na fase inicial de postura. Na primeira etapa foram utilizadas 400 codornas japonesas com idade de 21 dias, as aves foram distribuídas em tratamentos seguindo um delineamento inteiramente casualizado com dez repetições, de oito aves, em cinco tratamentos: ração basal (RB) com 2,5% de óleo de soja, RB com 2,5 % de óleo de milho, RB com 2,5% de óleo algodão, RB com 2,5% de óleo de girassol e RB com 2,5% de óleo de canola. Aos 42 dias mantendo o delineamento inicial, todas aves receberam ração basal com óleo de soja, para que fosse avaliado o efeito residual da fase anterior sobre o desempenho e a qualidade dos ovos na fase inicial de postura (43 - 84 dias). As diferentes fontes lipídicas não afetaram o desempenho das aves na fase inicial de produção. Para a qualidade dos ovos, os parâmetros de altura, diâmetro e índice de gema, gravidade e UH foram melhores no tratamento com utilização de óleo de girassol. Houve efeito residual da utilização de fontes lipídicas de origem vegetal na dieta em fase de recria de codornas japonesas sobre as características da qualidade dos ovos. As fontes lipídicas oriundas das sementes de soja, milho, algodão, canola e girassol podem ser utilizadas como ingredientes energéticos na dieta de recria de codornas poedeiras por não serem prejudiciais ao desempenho inicial das aves. A longevidade na produção dos ovos das aves alimentadas com diferentes fontes lipídicas na fase de recria foi semelhante.

Lesão facial grave em um gambá-de-orelha-branca (Didelphis albiventris) - tratamento com ozonioterapia / Severe facial wound in a white-eared opossum (Didelphis albiventris) - treatment with ozone therapy

Background: Ozone therapy (OT) is a type of treatment that uses ozone gas, which has high oxidizing power. OT has been utilized for various diseases and to accelerate the wound healing process and reduce inflammation. Additionally, OT is a low-cost treatment recommended for patients that can be easily restrained. There are several methods of ozone administration, including topical use through bagging, cupping, or rectal insufflation, in addition to ozonated autohemotherapy. Based on the benefits of OT and the scarcity of reports describing its effects on white-eared opossums (Didelphis albiventris), we report on the use of ozone in the treatment of a severe facial wound in a white-eared opossum. Case: An adult female white-eared opossum weighing 1.6 kg was rescued from a fire. The patient was pregnant, dehydrated, hypothermic and had an extensive burn wound in the facial region. Due to the stress of captivity and its aggressive behavior, the animal needed to be chemically restrained with dexmedetomidine and butorphanol. Following sedation, the cephalic vein was catheterized and intravenous fluid therapy with ringer lactate was started to treat dehydration. Next, enrofloxacin, meloxicam, and tramadol hydrochloride were administered. Body rewarming was performed with thermal bags. The microbial load of the wound was reduced with chlorhexidine degerming solution followed by washing with saline solution. A thin layer of silver sulfadiazine cream was applied to the wound area. Over the following days the patient was treated with OT using the cupping technique combined with ozonated sunflower oil. After the first applications there was an improvement in the appearance of the wound, which initially had a purulent aspect. After 20 days of treatment the wound showed good granulation and there were no signs of infection, and at 45 days of treatment it was completely healed. The patient was then released with her baby. Discussion: Ozone therapy was included in the patient's treatment plan to enhance the tissue repair process in order to reintroduce the animal to the wild in the shortest possible time. The strategy was successful in improving healing and reducing tissue inflammation and infection. Ozone is known to cause the inactivation of microorganisms as a result of the oxidation of phospholipids and lipoproteins present in the cell membrane of bacteria and to interrupt viral replication. Ozone helps in the perfusion of injured tissues, contributing to the entry of humoral components, which control inflammation. Moreover, ozone contributes to increase supply of oxygen and nutrients to tissues and to stimulate increased production of fibrinogen and formation of granulation tissue. Ozone increases the enzymatic antioxidant response, while also playing a role in immunoregulation. Ozone can be used in several ways and via various methods with potential routes including intravenous, urethral, intramuscular, subcutaneous, or intra-articular, in addition to rectal and intramammary insufflation. Immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, and antiseptic effects can be achieved with different doses and concentrations, which enables its application in different types of pathologies. Because of the aggressive behavior of the animal, in the current case we opted for the cupping technique combined with ozonated oil, both techniques which can be administered easily with only physical restraint of the patient. Cupping allows for the provision of a higher concentration of ozone gas locally whereas the ozonated oil maintains the effect of the gas for slightly longer, enhancing its effect and promoting tissue repair. The present report showed that OT is an effective alternative for the treatment of burn wounds in opossums, without causing adverse effects to the patient or her baby.

Efeitos do óleo de girassol ozonizado no tratamento de ferida cirúrgica em gatas submetidas a ovariohisterectomia eletiva / Effects of ozonized sunflower oil on the treatment of surgical wound in cats submitted to elective ovariohisterectomy / Efectos del aceite de girasol ozonizado sobre el tratamiento quirúrgico de heridas en gatos sometidos a ovariohisterectomía electiva

Pesquisas recentes comprovam a eficácia da ozonioterapia no estímulo à cicatrização de feridas em animais. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o efeito cicatrizante do óleo de girassol ozonizado na ferida cirúrgica de gatas submetidas a ovariohisterectomia eletiva, em comparação à utilização do soro fisiológico e óleo de girassol puro, com descrição da evolução da cicatrização e a área de retração da ferida nos diferentes grupos experimentais estudados. Para tal, foram estudadas 15 gatas, divididas de forma aleatória em 3 grupos experimentais, sendo cada grupo constituído por 5 animais, dispostos da seguinte forma: Grupo 1 (controle), constituídos de animais que utilizaram apenas solução fisiológica 0,9% para limpeza da ferida cirúrgica; Grupo 2, constituído de animais que utilizaram a solução fisiológica e óleo de girassol puro; e Grupo 3, constituído de animais que utilizaram a solução fisiológica e óleo de girassol ozonizado. Inicialmente todas as gatas foram submetidas ao exame clínico completo, avaliação ultrassonográfica e exames hematológicos como avaliação pré-operatória para ovariohisterectomia eletiva. Durante o período pós-operatório os animais foram acompanhados diariamente, por 7 dias, para observação da ferida cirúrgica, sendo esta avaliada quanto ao seu tamanho, presença de edema, hiperemia, exsudação, granulação e crostas. Os resultados obtidos revelaram que, quanto ao tamanho da ferida, houve maior retração cicatricial no grupo 3 (78%), quando comparado ao grupo 1 (34%) e o grupo 2 (64%). com diferença significativa (p=0,039). Ademais, observou-se redução significativa do edema (p=0,035) e hiperemia (p=0,04) no grupo 3, ao comparar com o grupo 1 e 2, sendo mais evidente no 3° dia de tratamento. O uso do óleo de girassol ozonizado demonstrou ser benéfico ao processo cicatricial, promover rápida reparação da lesão, favorecendo o restabelecimento da estrutura e função dos tecidos.

Recent research confirms the effectiveness of ozonotherapy in stimulating wound healing in animals. The objective of this study was to evaluate the healing effect of ozonated sunflower oil on the surgical wound of cats subjected to elective ovariohysterectomy, in comparison to the use of saline solution and pure sunflower oil, with a description of the evolution of healing and the area of wound retraction in the different experimental groups studied. For this, 15 female cats were randomly divided into 3 experimental groups, each group consisting of 5 animals, arranged as follows: Group 1 (control), consisting of animals that used only 0.9% physiological solution for cleaning of the surgical wound; Group 2, consisting of animals that used the physiological solution and pure sunflower oil; and Group 3, consisting of animals that used the physiological solution and ozonized sunflower oil. Initially all cats were submitted to a complete clinical examination, ultrasonographic evaluation and hematological examinations as a preoperative evaluation for elective ovariohysterectomy. During the postoperative period, the animals were followed daily for 7 days to observe the surgical wound, which was evaluated for its size, presence of edema, hyperemia, exudation, granulation and crusts. The results showed that there was a greater scar retraction in group 3 (78%) when compared to group 1 (34%) and group 2 (64%), with a significant difference (p = 0.039). In addition, there was a significant reduction of edema (p = 0.035) and hyperemia (p = 0.04) in group 3, when compared with group 1 and 2, being more evident on the 3rd day of treatment. The use of ozonized sunflower oil has been shown to be beneficial to the cicatricial process, promoting rapid repair of the lesion, favoring the reestablishment of tissue structure and function.

Investigaciones recientes demuestran la eficacia de la ozonoterapia para estimular la cicatrización de heridas en animales. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar el efecto cicatrizante del aceite de girasol ozonizado en la herida quirúrgica de gatas sometidas a ovariohisterectomía electiva, en comparación con el uso de solución salina y aceite puro de girasol, con descripción de la evolución de la cicatrización y el área de Retracción de la herida en los diferentes grupos experimentales estudiados. Para ello, se estudiaron 15 gatos, divididos aleatoriamente en 3 grupos experimentales, cada grupo compuesto por 5 animales, distribuidos de la siguiente manera: Grupo 1 (control), compuesto por animales que utilizaron solo solución salina al 0,9% para la limpieza de la herida quirúrgica; Grupo 2, formado por animales que utilizaron solución salina y aceite puro de girasol; y el Grupo 3, compuesto por animales que utilizaron solución salina y aceite de girasol ozonizado. Inicialmente, todas las gatas se sometieron a un examen clínico completo, ultrasonido y exámenes hematológicos como evaluación preoperatoria para ovariohisterectomía electiva. Durante el postoperatorio, los animales fueron monitoreados diariamente durante 7 días para observar la herida quirúrgica, la cual fue evaluada por su tamaño, presencia de edema, hiperemia, exudación, granulación y costras. Los resultados obtenidos revelaron que, en cuanto al tamaño de la herida, hubo mayor retracción de la cicatriz en el grupo 3 (78%) en comparación con el grupo 1 (34%) y el grupo 2 (64%), con una diferencia significativa (p = 0,039). Además, hubo una reducción significativa del edema (p = 0,035) y la hiperemia (p = 0,04) en el grupo 3, en comparación con los grupos 1 y 2, siendo más evidente en el tercer día de tratamiento. El uso de aceite de girasol ozonizado demostró ser beneficioso para el proceso de curación, promoviendo una rápida reparación de la lesión, favoreciendo la restauración de la estructura y función de los tejidos.

Use of blood residue as alternative source of phosphorus in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L. ) cultivation / [Utilização de resíduo de sangue como fonte alternativa de fósforo no cultivo de girassol (Helianthus annuus L. )]

The aim of this work was to increase the aerial part, biometry, and yield of achenes from sunflower plants on the effect of increasing doses of blood residue, as an alternative source of phosphorus (P), in a clayey-textured red Oxisol. The experimental design used was randomized blocks, with six treatments and four replications. The treatments consisted of five doses of blood residue (0, 6, 12, 24 and 48m3 ha-1) and a control treatment that received phosphate chemical fertilization, 80kg ha-1 of P2O5. The increasing doses of blood residue and chemical fertilization do not show disproportionality for P concentration in soil, leaf, plant height (PH), stem diameter (SD), chapter diameter (CD) and achene production. The analysis of the principal component (PC) revealed that the first PC presents the greatest accumulated variation (74%). Based on the first PC, the dose of 12m-3 ha-1 has greater influence for PH, SC, and CD. Due to the greater influence on the biometric characteristics of sunflower plants, the blood residue (12m-3 ha-1 = 98.4kg P ha-1), can be used as an alternative source of phosphorus for the cultivation of sunflower in clayey oxisols.

Objetivou-se com este trabalho verificar biometria de parte aérea, rendimento de aquênios de plantas de girassol sobre o efeito de doses crescentes de resíduo de sangue, como fonte alternativa de fósforo (P), em um Latossolo vermelho de textura argilosa. O delineamento experimento utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados, com seis tratamentos e quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram constituídos por cinco doses de resíduo de sangue (0, 6, 12, 24 e 48m3 ha-1) e um tratamento que recebeu a adubação fosfatada química, 80kg ha-1 de P2O5. As doses crescentes de resíduo de sangue e adubação química não demostram desproporcionalidade para a concentração de P no solo, folha, altura de planta (AP), diâmetro de caule (DC), diâmetro de capítulo (DCP) e produção de aquênios. A análise de componentes (CP) principais revelou que o primeiro CP apresenta maior variação acumulada (74%). Baseado no primeiro CP, a dose de 12 m-3 ha-1exibe maior influência para AP, DC e DCP. Devido a maior influência sobre as características biométricas em plantas de girassol, o resíduo de sangue (12m-3 ha-1 = 98,4kg P ha-1), pode ser utilizado como fonte alternativa de fósforo para o cultivo de girassol em Latossolos de textura argilosa.

Nonlinear models in the height description of the Rhino sunflower cultivar / Modelos não lineares na descrição de altura da cultivar de girassol Rhino

Sunflower produces achenes and oil of good quality, besides serving for production of silage, forage and biodiesel. Growth modeling allows knowing the growth pattern of the crop and optimizing the management. The research characterized the growth of the Rhino sunflower cultivar using the Logistic and Gompertz models and to make considerations regarding management based on critical points. The data used come from three uniformity trials with the Rhino confectionery sunflower cultivar carried out in the experimental area of the Federal University of Santa Maria - Campus Frederico Westphalen in the 2019/2020 agricultural harvest. In the first, second and third trials 14, 12 and 10 weekly height evaluations were performed on 10 plants, respectively. The data were adjusted for the thermal time accumulated. The parameters were estimated by ordinary least square's method using the Gauss-Newton algorithm. The fitting quality of the models to the data was measured by the adjusted coefficient of determination, Akaike information criterion, Bayesian information criterion, and through intrinsic and parametric nonlinearity. The inflection points (IP), maximum acceleration (MAP), maximum deceleration (MDP) and asymptotic deceleration (ADP) were determined. Statistical analyses were performed with Microsoft Office Excel® and R software. The models satisfactorily described the height growth curve of sunflower, providing parameters with practical interpretations. The Logistics model has the best fitting quality, being the most suitable for characterizing the growth curve. The estimated critical points provide important information for crop management. Weeds must be controlled until the MAP. Covered fertilizer applications must be carried out between the MAP and IP range. ADP is an indicator of maturity, after reaching this point, the plants can be harvested for the production of silage without loss of volume and quality.

O girassol produz aquênios e óleo de qualidade, além de servir para produção de silagem, forragem e biodiesel. A modelagem de crescimento permite conhecer o padrão de crescimento da cultura e otimizar o manejo. O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar o crescimento da cultivar de girassol Rhino por meio dos modelos Logístico e Gompertz e fazer considerações a respeito do manejo com base em pontos críticos. Os dados utilizados são oriundos de três ensaios de uniformidade com a cultivar de girassol confeiteiro Rhino, conduzidos na área experimental da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Campus Frederico Westphalen, na safra 2019/2020. Foram realizadas 14, 12 e 10 avaliações semanais de altura em 10 plantas, respectivamente, no primeiro, segundo e terceiro ensaio. Os dados foram ajustados em função da soma térmica acumulada. Os parâmetros foram estimados por meio do método dos mínimos quadrados ordinários, usando o algoritmo de Gauss-Newton. A qualidade de ajuste dos modelos aos dados foi medida pelo coeficiente de determinação ajustado, critério de determinação de Akaike, critério bayesiano de informação, e por meio da não linearidade intrínseca e paramétrica. Foram determinados os pontos de inflexão (IP), máxima aceleração (MAP), máxima desaceleração (MDP) e desaceleração assintótica (ADP). As análises estatísticas foram realizadas com Microsoft Office Excel® e o software R. Os modelos descreveram de forma satisfatória a curva de crescimento da altura do girassol, fornecendo parâmetros com interpretações práticas. O modelo Logístico apresenta melhor qualidade de ajuste, sendo o mais adequado para caracterização da curva de crescimento. Os pontos críticos estimados fornecem informações importantes para o manejo da cultura. As plantas daninhas devem ser controladas até o MAP. As aplicações de fertilizantes em cobertura devem ser realizadas entre MAP e IP. O ADP é um indicador de maturidade, após atingir este ponto, as plantas podem ser colhidas para a produção de silagem sem perda de volume e qualidade.

Partially Dehulled Sunflower Seeds in Diets for Grazing Chickens: Effect in Meat Quality

The effect of including partially dehulled sunflower seeds in the diet of grazing chickens in meat quality was evaluated. Two hundred and forty, one-day-old, Ross 308 chickens were used, randomly distributed into four treatments with six replicates of 10 birds each. Seventy-two birds were slaughtered at seven weeks of age, 18 per treatment, extracting the Pectoralis major muscle to analyze meat quality. The treatments were completely randomized in a 2x2 factorial arrangement, where type of rearing (confinement or grazing) and diet (base diet or base diet substituting 10% soybean meal for partially dehulled sunflower seeds) were the independent variables. The grazing chickens spent 8 hours a day in a white clover (Trifolium repens) paddock. Including sunflower seeds improved (p<0.05) the color and crude protein (CP) in breast meat (p<0.05), while grazing increased (p<0.05) CP, dry mater (DM), and shear force (SF), and the percentage of breast fat decreased (p<0.05) by up to 50%. Additionally, grazing increased (p<0.05) saturated fatty acids (SFA) and reduced (p<0.05) lipid oxidation by up to 50%. Partially replacing soybean meal with partially dehulled sunflower seeds in the diet of grazing chickens with white clover improves the physicochemical characteristics and nutritional quality of the breast meat; it also decreases lipid oxidation, extending the shelf life of the meat.(AU)

Physiological, nutritional, and biochemical indicators of lead tolerance in sunflower genotypes / Indicadores fisiológicos, nutricionais e bioquímicos de tolerância ao chumbo em genótipos de girassol

This study aimed to select and classify sunflower genotypes tolerant to lead (Pb) stress and evaluate their capacity of phytoextraction based on physiological, nutritional, and biochemical responses. Two experiments were carried out under lead stress. In the first experiment, out of 21 genotypes studied three showed higher relative biomass yield and were characterized as Pb-tolerant and five showed lower relative biomass production and were considered Pb-sensitive. In the second experiment, one Pb-tolerant (BRS-G27) and two Pb-sensitive (H251 and AG963) genotypes were studied. In this experiment, Pb stress reduced the growth and contents photosynthetic pigments in all genotypes, but more pronouncedly in sensitive genotypes. There were no substantial changes in micronutrient levels in the leaves and stem, but the levels of Cu and Mn in the stressed roots of sensitive genotypes were much lower than in BRS-G27. The contents of organic solutes in the roots suggest that sensitive genotypes have higher energy costs for osmoregulation by carbohydrates and amino acids synthesis. However, the accumulation of proline may be related to a greater Pb tolerance. Considering the results of dry mass yield, transfer coefficient, translocation factor, and tolerance index, the BRS-G27 genotype can be recommended for use in phytoremediation of Pb-contaminated soils.(AU)

Este estudo teve como objetivo selecionar e classificar genótipos de girassol tolerantes ao estresse por chumbo (Pb) e avaliar sua capacidade de fitoextração com base nas respostas fisiológicas, nutricionais e bioquímicas. Dois experimentos foram realizados sob estresse de Pb. No primeiro experimento, dos 21 genótipos estudados, três apresentaram maior produção relativa de biomassa e foram caracterizados como tolerantes ao Pb e cinco apresentaram menor produção relativa de biomassa e foram considerados sensíveis ao Pb. No segundo experimento foram estudados um genótipo tolerante ao Pb (BRS-G27) e dois sensíveis ao Pb (H251 e AG963). Neste experimento, o estresse por Pb reduziu o crescimento e os teores de pigmentos fotossintéticos em todos os genótipos, porém, mais pronunciado em genótipos sensíveis. Não houve mudanças substanciais nos níveis de micronutrientes nas folhas e no caule, mas os níveis de Cu e Mn nas raízes estressadas de genótipos sensíveis foram muito mais baixos do que o BRS-G27. Os conteúdos de solutos orgânicos nas raízes sugerem que genótipos sensíveis apresentam maiores custos energéticos para osmorregulação por carboidratos e síntese de aminoácidos. No entanto, o acúmulo de prolina pode estar relacionado a uma maior tolerância ao Pb. Considerando os resultados de produção de massa seca, coeficiente de transferência, fator de translocação e índice de tolerância, o genótipo BRS-G27 pode ser recomendado para uso em fitorremediação de solos contaminados com Pb.(AU)

Sunflower response to nitrogen doses / Resposta do girassol a doses de nitrogênio

The sunflower is an oilseed species, rustic, cultivated in different agroecosystems. The responses of cultivars to nitrogen fertilization vary according to the cultivar and environment. Therefore, this research aimed to evaluate the response of biometric characters of sunflower cv. Embrapa 122-V2000 under N doses. The experiment was carried out in a randomized block design with five treatments (0, 40, 80, 120 and 160 kg N ha-1) and four blocks. All characters were influenced (p<0.05) by N doses, fitting to the quadratic model. The maximum values of plant height (1.68 m), stem diameter (22.71 mm), leaf area (423.41 cm2), capitulum diameter (15.22 cm), dry biomass yield (6,075.13 kg DM ha-1) and grains (2,982.89 kg ha-1), N use efficiency from biomass (80.3 kg kg-1) and grains (43.27 kg kg-1) close to 90 kg N ha-1, this dose being recommended for the edaphoclimatic conditions of the Agreste Meridional Region of Pernambuco, Brazil.(AU)

O girassol é uma espécie oleaginosa, rústica, cultivada em diferentes agroecossistemas. As respostas dos cultivares às adubações nitrogenadas variam de acordo com o cultivar e o ambiente. Portanto, esta pesquisa objetivou avaliar a resposta de caracteres biométricos do girassol cv. Embrapa 122-V2000 sob doses de N. O experimento foi conduzido no delineamento em blocos casualizados com cinco tratamentos (0, 40, 80, 120 e 160 kg N ha-1) e quatro blocos. Todos os caracteres foram influenciados (p<0,05) pelas doses de N, ajustando-se ao modelo quadrático. Os valores máximos de altura da planta (1,68 m), diâmetro do colmo (22,71 mm), área foliar (423,41 cm2), diâmetro do capítulo (15,22 cm), produtividade de biomassa seca (6.075,13 kg MS ha-1) e de grãos (2.982,89 kg ha-1), eficiência do uso do N da biomassa (80,3 kg kg-1) e dos grãos (43,27 kg kg-1) próximo aos 90 kg N ha-1, sendo esta dose recomendada para as condições edafoclimáticas da região Agreste Meridional de Pernambuco, Brasil.(AU)

Nutritional quality of wet distillers grains coensiled with wholeplant maize and its feeding value for lambs

ABSTRACT: The high moisture content of wet distillers grains with solubles (WDGS) has limited its feeding value despite the relatively high nutritive value. The coensiling with wholeplant maize, as a complementary feed, was evaluated for growing lambs by formulating diets whose contents were: whole plant maize silage (WPMS) + sunflower oilcake meal (SOM) (control, WPMS + SOM), whole plant maize silage + dried distillers grains (WPMS + DDGS), and wholeplant maize (WPM) coensiled with WDGS (WPM WDGS). Rumen fermentation parameters and in situ degradability of the diets were evaluated using three cannulated Merino wethers in a cross over 3 × 3 Latin square design experiment that lasted 39 days. Concurrently, feed intake and growth performance of South Africa Mutton Merino lambs (29.7 ± 3.6 kg) were evaluated over 45 days. The WPMS + DDGS diet had a lower rate of dry matter degradation (p 0.05) compared to the WPMS + SOM and WPMWDGS diets. However, the rapidly fermentable fraction, as well as the progressively fermentable fraction of the diet dry matter, was not different (p > 0.05). No differences in rumen volatile fatty acid, ammonia nitrogen concentration nor rumen pH of the wethers as a result of diet differences were observed. Lambs consuming the WDGSbased diet had a lower average daily intake and average daily gain (p 0.05) compared to lambs consuming the DDGS and WPMSbased diets. However, the feed conversion ratio was not affected by diet differences (p > 0.05). In conclusion, coensiling WDGS with wholeplant maize provides the opportunity for the longterm storage and utilization of WDGS in lamb feeding.

Nutritional quality of wet distillers’ grains co–ensiled with whole–plant maize and its feeding value for lambs

The high moisture content of wet distillers' grains with solubles (WDGS) has limited its feeding value despite the relatively high nutritive value. The co–ensiling with whole–plant maize, as a complementary feed, was evaluated for growing lambs by formulating diets whose contents were: whole plant maize silage (WPMS) + sunflower oilcake meal (SOM) (control, WPMS + SOM), whole plant maize silage + dried distillers' grains (WPMS + DDGS), and whole–plant maize (WPM) co–ensiled with WDGS (WPM – WDGS). Rumen fermentation parameters and in situ degradability of the diets were evaluated using three cannulated Merino wethers in a cross over 3 × 3 Latin square design experiment that lasted 39 days. Concurrently, feed intake and growth performance of South Africa Mutton Merino lambs (29.7 ± 3.6 kg) were evaluated over 45 days. The WPMS + DDGS diet had a lower rate of dry matter degradation (p 0.05). No differences in rumen volatile fatty acid, ammonia nitrogen concentration nor rumen pH of the wethers as a result of diet differences were observed. Lambs consuming the WDGS–based diet had a lower average daily intake and average daily gain (p 0.05). In conclusion, co–ensiling WDGS with whole–plant maize provides the opportunity for the long–term storage and utilization of WDGS in lamb feeding.

Nutritional quality of wet distillers' grains co-ensiled with whole-plant maize and its feeding value for lambs

The high moisture content of wet distillers' grains with solubles (WDGS) has limited its feeding value despite the relatively high nutritive value. The co­ensiling with whole­plant maize, as a complementary feed, was evaluated for growing lambs by formulating diets whose contents were: whole plant maize silage (WPMS) + sunflower oilcake meal (SOM) (control, WPMS + SOM), whole plant maize silage + dried distillers' grains (WPMS + DDGS), and whole­plant maize (WPM) co­ensiled with WDGS (WPM ­ WDGS). Rumen fermentation parameters and in situ degradability of the diets were evaluated using three cannulated Merino wethers in a cross over 3 × 3 Latin square design experiment that lasted 39 days. Concurrently, feed intake and growth performance of South Africa Mutton Merino lambs (29.7 ± 3.6 kg) were evaluated over 45 days. The WPMS + DDGS diet had a lower rate of dry matter degradation (p < 0.05) compared to the WPMS + SOM and WPM­WDGS diets. However, the rapidly fermentable fraction, as well as the progressively fermentable fraction of the diet dry matter, was not different (p > 0.05). No differences in rumen volatile fatty acid, ammonia nitrogen concentration nor rumen pH of the wethers as a result of diet differences were observed. Lambs consuming the WDGS­based diet had a lower average daily intake and average daily gain (p < 0.05) compared to lambs consuming the DDGS and WPMS­based diets. However, the feed conversion ratio was not affected by diet differences (p > 0.05). In conclusion, co­ensiling WDGS with whole­plant maize provides the opportunity for the long­term storage and utilization of WDGS in lamb feeding.

Dolichopodidae abundance in different cover crop species / Abundância de Dolichopodidae em diferentes espécies de adubos verdes

This study evaluated the Dolichopodidae abundance in different cover crop species. For this, the following species were used in treatments: Crotalaria (Crotalaria spectabilis), cowpea (Vigna unguiculata), sunflower (Helianthus annuus), castor bean (Ricinus communis) and buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum). The survey was carried out in a field during two seasons 2012/2013 (November/December to March) and 2013/2014 (October/November to February). The Dolichopodidae abundance were evaluated weekly using a sweep net and Moericke traps. In addition, the phytophagous abundance (Thysanoptera: Thripidae; Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae and Hemiptera: Aphididae) was quantified, to allow for an inference about density-dependence. In total, 13,987 long-legged flies (96.5% in Moericke traps) were captured, represented only by the species Condylostylus erectus Becker, 1922 (Diptera: Dolichopodidae). In general, the higher abundance of C. erectus was observed in buckwheat and cowpea. Regarding the phytophagous species, 48,371 individuals [Thripidae (77.5%), Aleyrodidae (20.2%), and Aphididae (2.5%)] were quantified and a clear correlation with the C. erectus population was not evidenced. Thus, these results suggested that buckwheat and cowpea make resources available to long-legged flies, as discussed in our research. Finally, the buckwheat and cowpea sowing are options to increase the abundance of C. erectus predator populations in agroecosystems.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a abundância de dolicopodideos em diferentes espécies de adubos verdes. Para isso, foram utilizados os seguintes tratamentos: crotalária (Crotalaria spectabilis), feijão-caupi (Vigna unguiculata), girassol (Helianthus annuus), mamona (Ricinus communis) e trigo mourisco (Fagopyrum esculentum). A pesquisa foi realizada em campo, durante os anos 2012/2013 (novembro/dezembro a março) e 2013/2014 (outubro/novembro a fevereiro). As avaliações foram realizadas semanalmente, e a abundância de Dolichopodidae foi monitorada com uso de rede de varredura e instalação de armadilhas Moericke. Adicionalmente, foi quantificada a infestação de insetos fitófagos (Thysanoptera: Thripidae; Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae e Hemiptera: Aphididae), para avaliar possível relação de denso-dependência. No total, foram capturados 13987 dolicopodídeos (96,5% em armadilha Moericke), representados pela espécie Condylostylus erectus Becker, 1922 (Diptera: Dolichopodidae). De modo geral, a maior abundância de C. erectus foi observada em trigo mourisco e feijão-caupi. Em relação aos fitófagos, foram quantificados 48371 indivíduos (Thripidae (77,5%), Aleyrodidae (20,2%) e Aphididae (2,5%)), e não foi evidenciada uma consistente correlação populacional com C. erectus. Desse modo, esses resultados sugerem que o trigo mourisco e o feijão-caupi disponibilizam recursos alimentares de interesse ao predador, conforme discutido no trabalho. Por fim, a semeadura de trigo mourisco e feijão-caupi são opções para incrementar a abundância do predador C. erectus no agroecossistema.

Anacardium occidentale L. (cajueiro) in the healing of skin wounds: an experimental study in rats

Purpose: To analyze the effects of Anacardium occidentale Linn on the healing of skin wounds. Methods: Twenty Wistar male rats were distributed into four groups (with five animals each one): negative control group (NCG), treated with saline solution; cashew tree group (CG), treated with hydroalcoholic extract of the bark of A. occidentale Linn; manipulated cashew tree group (MCG), with the ointment of extract of the bark of A. occidentale Linn; positive control group (PCG), treated with sunflower oil. All animals were examined daily, observing the macroscopic aspects of the surgical wound. Hematoxylin-eosin staining was used for tissue morphology analysis and Masson's trichrome for better collagen fiber characterization. Results: On day 7, the MCG group had the expansion of the surgical wound covered by crust, exceeding the initial limits. On day 21, the wounds were observed to be completely closed and epithelialized in the NCG and CG groups. PCG and MCG still had remnants of crusts on the wound. The NCG was the only one not to present an abscess in histopathological analysis. Conclusions: There was a prolongation of the healing phase of the animals treated with the extract, and the animals in the NCG showed a better outcome by histological analysis.