Hipertensão situacional em cães dóceis adultos / Situational hypertension in docile adult dogs

A hipertensão arterial sistêmica (HAS) é uma enfermidade silenciosa que pode afetar gatos e cães. Embora bastante descrita em felinos, a "Síndrome do Jaleco Branco", ou hipertensão situacional, é pouco relatada em cães. Assim, este trabalho tem como objetivo mostrar a importância do estresse na aferição da pressão arterial de cães adultos. O estudo foi realizado com 46 cães de ambos os sexos, dóceis, adultos, e aparentemente saudáveis. Após anamnese, exame físico, ambientação e manejo amigável dos animais, mensurou-se a pressão arterial sistólica (PAS) pelo método Doppler no membro torácico. Foram feitas várias aferições para obtenção de média aritmética. Animais com até 160mmHg de PAS, na primeira aferição, foram considerados normotensos (36 cães, correspondente a 78,26%). Para os que tiveram PAS maior ou igual a 160mmHg (dez cães, equivalente a 21,74%), realizou-se um segundo momento de aferição, após 15 a 30 minutos, com os animais em repouso. Assim, seis desses cães apresentaram PAS entre 154mmHg e 200mmHg, sendo, então, um considerado pré-hipertenso e cinco hipertensos, e outros quatro considerados normotensos. Para o animal com pré-hipertensão e para os hipertensos, realizaram-se exames complementares, pelos quais quatro cães foram diagnosticados com doença renal crônica e dois com dislipidemia familiar dos Schnauzers. Dessa forma, pode-se concluir que, dos 46 cães avaliados, 36 apresentaram-se normotensos (78,26%), um pré-hipertenso (2,17%), cinco hipertensos (10,87%) e quatro com hipertensão situacional (8,7%). Portanto, para cães em ambiente hospitalar, é importante realizar um manejo amigável e, quando necessário, mais de um momento de aferição de PAS para evitar diagnósticos errôneos de HAS.

Systemic arterial hypertension (SAH) is a silent disease that can affect cats and dogs. Although well described in felines, "white coat syndrome", or situational hypertension, is little reported in dogs. Thus, this paper aims to show the importance of stress in the measurement of blood pressure from adult dogs. The study was conducted with 46 dogs of both sexes, docile, adults, apparently healthy. After anamnesis, physical examination, ambiance, and friendly management of animals, systolic blood pressure (SBP) was measured by the doppler method in the thoracic limb. Several measurements were made to obtain an arithmetic average. Animals up to 160mmHg of SBP, in the first measurement, were considered normotensive (36 dogs, corresponding to 78.26%). For those with SBP higher than or equal to 160mmHg (10 dogs, equivalent to 21.74%), a second measurement was performed after 15 to 30 minutes, with the animals at rest. Therefore, six of these dogs presented SBP between 154mmHg and 200mmHg (one considered prehypertense and five hypertensives) and four normotensives. For the animal with prehypertension and the hypertensives, complementary examinations were performed, in which four dogs were diagnosed with chronic kidney disease and two with family dyslipidemia of the Schnauzers. Thus, it can be concluded that among the 46 dogs evaluated, there were 36 normotenses (78.26%), a one prehypertense (2.17%), five hypertensives (10.87%), and four with situational hypertension (8.7%). Therefore, regarding dogs in a hospital environment, it is important to perform friendly management and, when necessary, more than one moment of SBP measurement to avoid erroneous diagnoses of SAH.

Minimal and normal-flow general anesthesia in patients undergoing surgery in prone position: impact on hemodynamics and regional cerebral oxygenation

Purpose: In this study, the aim to assess the combined effects of prone-positioning (PP) and minimal-flow (MF) general anesthesia on regional cerebral oxygenation (RCO) and systemic hemodynamics. Methods: This is a randomized prospective study aiming to evaluate changes in cerebral oxygenation and hemodynamic parameters in MF systemic anesthesia in patients undergoing surgery in PP. Patients were randomized to MF or normal-flow (NF) anesthesia. In the operating room, pulse rate, mean arterial pressure (MAP), peripheral hemoglobin oxygen saturation (spO2), and right- and left-side RCO (assessed by nearinfrared spectroscopy, NIRS) were measured perioperatively. Results: Overall, 46 patients were included (24 in the MF group and 22 in the NF group). The amount of anesthetic gas consumption was significantly lower in the low-flow (LF) group. In both groups, the mean pulse rate showed a decrease after PP. Before induction, RCO was significantly higher both at the right- and left-sides in the LF group compared to the NF group. This difference continued throughout the operation on the left-side and disappeared 10 min after intubation on the right-side. On the left side, mean RCO decreased after PP in both groups. Conclusion: MF anesthesia in PP did not reduce cerebral oxygenation compared to NF and was safe in terms of systemic hemodynamics and cerebral oxygenation.

Cardiovascular indicators and mitral valve disease in dogs with spontaneous hypercortisolism - prospective evaluation

Background: Canine hypercortisolism (HC) is the most prevalent endocrinopathy in dogs in southern Brazil. The prognosis depends on several factors including the general health status, owners´ commitment, and the development of disease complications and comorbidities occurrence, such as cardiovascular complications including mitral valve disease (MVD), systemic arterial hypertension, and left ventricular hypertrophy. The main objective of the present study was to assess cardiovascular parameters in canine HC, based on investigating survival-related variables. The study also aimed to evaluate the influence of concurrent preclinical (MVD) on dogs` survival and the impact of HC on MVD progression. Materials, Methods & Results: A total of 25 dogs with spontaneous HC were enrolled and divided into 2 subgroups accordingly to their echocardiographic findings: group HC (normal echocardiography at first evaluation, n = 16); and group HC + MVD (concurrent presence of stages B1 and B2 MVD diagnosed at the first evaluation, n = 9). The patients were evaluated at diagnosis (T0); 6 months after treatment begging (T1); and after 12 months of treatment (T2). The owners were further contacted by phone or e-mail for 1 more year after T2 regarding survival information. A control group (CG, n = 20) was also evaluated at T0 and T1. At each evaluation, dogs were submitted to a complete clinical evaluation and physical exam, associated with a minimum database (CBC, serum biochemistry, and urine analysis) and cardiovascular evaluation composed of systolic blood pressure determination, electrocardiogram (ECG), and echodopplercardiography. In the HC group, 11/16 dogs underwent the evaluation at T2, while 4/9 dogs from the HC + MVD group and 17/20 dogs from the CG underwent the evaluation at T2. Five dogs (31.25%) from the HC group and 4 dogs (44.44%) from the HC + MVD group died before the end of the follow-up period. In the control group, only 1 dog (5.26%) died before the end of the study. Despite the higher mortality in the HC + MVD group during the follow-up period, there was no significant difference (P = 0.632) in survival when compared with the HC group. The MVD of 4 dogs included in the HC + MVD group was classified as stage B1, while the other 5 dogs were classified as stage B2. Only 1 dog from the CG developed stage B1 MVD in the period studied; however, progression of the MVD stage was documented in 1/4 of dogs in the HC + MVD group and MVD development was documented in 3/11 of dogs from the HC group from T0 to T2. The odds ratio (OR) and respective 95% confidence interval (95%CI) for HC as a risk factor for MVD progression were 4.267 (0.4268 - 42.65; P = 0.342). Exercise intolerance (12/16 dogs) and dyspnea (6/16 dogs) were the cardiorespiratory clinical signs with the highest incidence in the HC group at T0. When compared to the control group, both exercise intolerance (P < 0.001) and dyspnea (P = 0.03) occurrence were significantly higher in the HC group. The age (P = 0.001) and the occurrence of dyspnea (P = 0.036) at diagnosis were significantly higher in dogs with HC that died during the follow-up than those that remained alive. Regarding the occurrence of cardiac arrhythmias verified by ECG, no statistically significant differences were observed among groups. Discussion: The study suggests that systemic hypertension and altered echocardiographic measurements did not interfere with dogs' survival; however, dyspnea was associated with a worse prognosis. Finally, it is possible to conclude that mitral valve degeneration is a common comorbidity in dogs with HC, however, it was not evidenced their interference in the survival of dogs with this endocrine disease or even a role of the HC in the progression of the MVD.

Infusão contínua de fentanil e cetamina para controle de dor no transcirurgico: relato de caso / Continuous infusion of fentanyl and ketamine for trans-surgical pain control: case report

O paciente da espécie canina, sem raça definida, com 5 anos, deu entrada a clínica veterinária particular apresentando quadro de dor aguda e intensa em cavidade abdominal associada a prostração. Foram realizados exames de sangue, ultrassonografia e radiografia de abdômen, cuja suspeita foi torção parcial do estômago, com esplenomegalia, além de gastrite e enterite. O paciente foi submetido imediatamente ao procedimento cirúrgico para alívio, reposicionamento do órgão e gastropexia. O animal foi medicado previamente com metadona, tramadol e dipirona duas horas antes do ato cirúrgico, portanto não foram utilizadas medicações pré-anestésicas e optou-se pelo propofol e cetamina para a indução anestésica, além da infusão contínua com cetamina e fentanil para se obter a analgesia multimodal. Os parâmetros de dor foram avaliados por meio das frequências cardíaca e respiratória, traçado eletrocardiográfico, pressão arterial sistólica e média, aferição da temperatura retal e coloração de mucosas, a cada 5 minutos. Os mesmos indicaram boa estabilidade hemodinâmica, segurança e analgesia, sem necessidade de alterar as doses estabelecidas durante o procedimento. Pode ser observada também redução do requerimento de isoflurano para manutenção do plano cirúrgico. O paciente acordou sem sinais de dor no pós-operatório imediato evitando estresse sistêmico, o que conferiu o bom resultado do protocolo analgésico instituído.

The patient (Caramel) canine, mixed breed, approximately 5 years old, weighing 26kg was seen at the Ame Vet veterinary clinic, with severe abdominal pain, apathy, anorexia, prostration. Blood tests, abdominal ultrasound and abdominal x-ray were performed according to the tests a suspicion of partial torsion of the stomach and splenomegaly with right displacement, in addition to gastritis and enteritis. It was decided by the clinic and surgeon to perform laparotomy and prophylactic gastropexy. The animal was previously medicated by the clinic that treated the animal for analgesia with methadone, tramadol and dipyrone two hours before the beginning of the surgical procedure, therefore, pre-anesthetic medications, anesthetic induction with propofol, and ketamine were not used, aiming to perform analgesia. Multimodal with continuous infusion of ketamine and fentanyl, that is, more than one different mechanism of action, acting synergistically and reducing dose-dependent adverse effects and monitoring hemostasis and patient parameters, presenting its efficacy and safety in intraoperative pain control. The parameters addressed were heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), electrocardiographic tracing, Spo2, systolic blood pressure (SBP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), temperature and mucosal color, evaluated every 5 minutes. The parameters evaluated indicated good hemodynamic stability, safety and analgesia, with no need to change the doses established during the procedure. A reduction in the requirement of isoflurane to maintain the surgical plan can also be observed. The patient woke up without signs of pain in the immediate postoperative period, thus avoiding systemic stress. which conferred the good result of the analgesic protocol instituted.

Evaluation of the occurrence of metabolic syndrome in obese dogs and the role of caloric restriction diet as an adjuvant therapy / Avaliação da ocorrência de síndrome metabólica em cães obesos e o papel da dieta de restrição calórica como uma terapia adjuvante

Metabolic syndrome, or metabolic dysfunction related to obesity in dogs, is a set of factors that may predispose comorbidities secondary to obesity. Adjuvant therapy with an energy-restricted diet, especially with low levels of carbohydrate and fat, is essential for weight loss, in addition to controlling snacks intake. The aim of this study was to evaluate the biochemical profile of obese dogs compared to lean dogs, and also to compare these profiles before and after a 30-day treatment, thus evaluating the possibility of obesity-related metabolic dysfunction and the action of adjuvant dietary therapy in this condition. Cholesterol and its fractions (HDL, LDL and VLDL), triglycerides, systemic blood pressure and glycemia of obese and lean dogs were measured, and seven obese dogs were treated only with a low-calorie diet with low levels of fat and carbohydrates for 30 days; these patients were evaluated before and after treatment. Obese dogs showed higher levels of triglycerides than lean dogs, and dogs treated with low-calorie diet presented weight loss and better outcomes related to biochemical profile, especially triglycerides levels, after treatment.

A síndrome metabólica, ou disfunção metabólica relacionada à obesidade em cães, é um conjunto de fatores que podem predispor à obesidade. A terapia adjuvante com dieta com restrição calórica, especialmente com baixos níveis de carboidratos e gordura, é essencial para a perda de peso, além do controle da ingestão de petiscos. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar o perfil bioquímicos de cães obesos em comparação aos de escore corporal normal e avaliar esses perfis em um grupo de animais obesos antes e após restrição calórica de 30 dias, verificando a ocorrência da disfunção metabólica relacionada à obesidade e o papel da dieta como tratamento adjuvante desta condição. Colesterol e suas frações (HDL, LDL e VLDL), triglicérides, pressão arterial sistêmica e glicemia de cães obesos e em escore corporal normal foram mensurados, e sete cães obesos foram tratados somente com uma dieta de baixa caloria com baixos níveis de gordura e carboidratos durante 30 dias; estes pacientes foram avaliados antes e após o tratamento. Cães obesos demonstraram valores séricos de triglicérides maiores quando comparados aos cães com escore corporal normal, e cães tratados com a dieta hipocalórica obtiveram perda de peso significativa e melhores resultados relacionados ao perfil bioquímico, especialmente dos níveis de triglicérides após o tratamento.

Hipertensão arterial sistêmica em gatos / Systemic arterial hypertension in cats

A hipertensão arterial sistólica é frequentemente reconhecida na prática clínica da medicina interna felina, sendo um problema comum em gatos mais velhos. Esta enfermidade é, costumeiramente, secundária a outras doenças, tais como, doença renal crônica e hipertireoidismo. No entanto, em alguns pacientes a causa subjacente não é identificada, portanto denominada de hipertensão idiopática. Elevações na pressão arterial, de forma sustentada ou não, podem levar a danos em diversos órgãos como, cérebro, olhos, coração e rins. Essas injúrias são denominadas de lesão de órgãos-alvo. Pressão arterial sistêmica acima de 160mmHg possue risco moderado a grave de dano aos órgãos-alvo. Desta maneira, o tratamento procura idealmente atingir riscos de dano mínimos. Alguns fármacos podem ser utilizados como terapia anti-hipertensiva, dentre elas, a amlodipina, um bloqueador de canal de cálcio, que é o medicamento de primeira escolha para tratamento em gatos. Além disso, é de extrema importância o diagnóstico de doenças que possam gerar o quadro hipertensivo ou estar em associação para que desta forma seja possível um controle adequado da pressão arterial. O diagnóstico precoce da doença é fundamental pois auxilia reduzir as chances de lesão nos órgãos-alvo, e consequentemente, reduz a mortalidade e melhora a qualidade de vida dos pacientes.

Systolic arterial hypertension is often recognized in the clinical practice of feline internal medicine and is a common problem in older cats. This disease is usually secondary to other diseases, such as chronic kidney disease and hyperthyroidism. However, in some patients the underlying cause is not identified, therefore called idiopathic hypertension. Elevations in blood pressure, whether sustained or not, can cause damage to various organs such as the brain, eyes, heart and kidneys. These injuries are called target organ damage. Systemic blood pressure above 160mmHg has a moderate to severe risk of damage to target organs. In this way, the treatment ideally seeks to achieve risks of cognitive damage. Pharmacological substances can be used as antihypertensive therapy, among them, an amlodipine, a calcium channel blocker, which is the drug of choice for treatment in cats. In addition, it is extremely important to diagnose diseases that cause hypertension or to be associated with it, so that this form of blood pressure is adequate. Early diagnosis of the disease is essential because it helps to reduce the chances of target organ damage, and consequently, reduce mortality and improve patients' quality of life.

Polimiopatia hipocalêmica e hipertensão secundária a hiperaldosteronismo primário felino / Hypokalemic polymyopathy and secondary hypertension to feline primary hyperaldosteronism

O hiperaldosteronismo se define pela hipersecreção de aldosterona pelas suprarrenais, resultando em excesso de sódio e redução de potássio sanguíneo. Esta hipersecreção deve-se à síntese autônoma de aldosterona por células adrenais hiperplásicas ou neoplásicas, que agem independentemente da estimulação pelo sistema renina-angiotensina. A doença acomete felinos de adultos maduros a idosos. O excesso de aldosterona culmina em hipertensão sistêmica e/ou hipocalemia, que levam à fraqueza muscular e alterações oculares. O diagnóstico é baseado em exames laboratoriais e de imagem, e o tratamento pode ser clínico ou cirúrgico. O prognóstico é considerado favorável quando as medicações são capazes de melhorar as manifestações clínicas ou quando é possível realizar o procedimento cirúrgico. O presente trabalho visa relatar o caso de um felino macho de 13 anos, castrado, sem raça definida, com hipocalemia persistente secundária a um presuntivo tumor adrenal.(AU)

Hyperaldosteronism is defined by the hypersecretion of aldosterone by the adrenal glands resulting in excess sodium and reduced blood potassium. This hypersecretion is due to the autonomous synthesis of aldosterone by hyperplastic or neoplastic adrenal cells, which act independently of stimulation by the renin-angiotensin system. The disease affects felines in the age group from mature adults to the elderly. The excess of aldosterone culminates in systemic hypertension and/or hypokalemia, which leads to muscle weakness and ocular changes. The diagnosis is based on laboratory and imaging tests and treatment can be clinical or surgical. The prognosis is considered favorable when the medications are able to improve the clinical manifestations or when it is possible to perform the surgical procedure. The present paper aims to report the case of a 13-year-old male cat, castrated, crossbred, with persistent hypokalemia secondary to a presumptive adrenal tumor.(AU)

Polimiopatia hipocalêmica e hipertensão secundária a hiperaldosteronismo primário felino / Hypokalemic polymyopathy and secondary hypertension to feline primary hyperaldosteronism

O hiperaldosteronismo se define pela hipersecreção de aldosterona pelas suprarrenais, resultando em excesso de sódio e redução de potássio sanguíneo. Esta hipersecreção deve-se à síntese autônoma de aldosterona por células adrenais hiperplásicas ou neoplásicas, que agem independentemente da estimulação pelo sistema renina-angiotensina. A doença acomete felinos de adultos maduros a idosos. O excesso de aldosterona culmina em hipertensão sistêmica e/ou hipocalemia, que levam à fraqueza muscular e alterações oculares. O diagnóstico é baseado em exames laboratoriais e de imagem, e o tratamento pode ser clínico ou cirúrgico. O prognóstico é considerado favorável quando as medicações são capazes de melhorar as manifestações clínicas ou quando é possível realizar o procedimento cirúrgico. O presente trabalho visa relatar o caso de um felino macho de 13 anos, castrado, sem raça definida, com hipocalemia persistente secundária a um presuntivo tumor adrenal.

Hyperaldosteronism is defined by the hypersecretion of aldosterone by the adrenal glands resulting in excess sodium and reduced blood potassium. This hypersecretion is due to the autonomous synthesis of aldosterone by hyperplastic or neoplastic adrenal cells, which act independently of stimulation by the renin-angiotensin system. The disease affects felines in the age group from mature adults to the elderly. The excess of aldosterone culminates in systemic hypertension and/or hypokalemia, which leads to muscle weakness and ocular changes. The diagnosis is based on laboratory and imaging tests and treatment can be clinical or surgical. The prognosis is considered favorable when the medications are able to improve the clinical manifestations or when it is possible to perform the surgical procedure. The present paper aims to report the case of a 13-year-old male cat, castrated, crossbred, with persistent hypokalemia secondary to a presumptive adrenal tumor.

Polimiopatia hipocalêmica e hipertensão secundária a hiperaldosteronismo primário felino / Hypokalemic polymyopathy and secondary hypertension to feline primary hyperaldosteronism

O hiperaldosteronismo se define pela hipersecreção de aldosterona pelas suprarrenais, resultando em excesso de sódio e redução de potássio sanguíneo. Esta hipersecreção deve-se à síntese autônoma de aldosterona por células adrenais hiperplásicas ou neoplásicas, que agem independentemente da estimulação pelo sistema renina-angiotensina. A doença acomete felinos de adultos maduros a idosos. O excesso de aldosterona culmina em hipertensão sistêmica e/ou hipocalemia, que levam à fraqueza muscular e alterações oculares. O diagnóstico é baseado em exames laboratoriais e de imagem, e o tratamento pode ser clínico ou cirúrgico. O prognóstico é considerado favorável quando as medicações são capazes de melhorar as manifestações clínicas ou quando é possível realizar o procedimento cirúrgico. O presente trabalho visa relatar o caso de um felino macho de 13 anos, castrado, sem raça definida, com hipocalemia persistente secundária a um presuntivo tumor adrenal.

Hyperaldosteronism is defined by the hypersecretion of aldosterone by the adrenal glands resulting in excess sodium and reduced blood potassium. This hypersecretion is due to the autonomous synthesis of aldosterone by hyperplastic or neoplastic adrenal cells, which act independently of stimulation by the renin-angiotensin system. The disease affects felines in the age group from mature adults to the elderly. The excess of aldosterone culminates in systemic hypertension and/or hypokalemia, which leads to muscle weakness and ocular changes. The diagnosis is based on laboratory and imaging tests and treatment can be clinical or surgical. The prognosis is considered favorable when the medications are able to improve the clinical manifestations or when it is possible to perform the surgical procedure. The present paper aims to report the case of a 13-year-old male cat, castrated, crossbred, with persistent hypokalemia secondary to a presumptive adrenal tumor.

Characterization of the intestinal graft in a swine hypotensive after brain death model

Purpose: To establish a hypotensive brain death pig model and observe the effects of hypotension on small bowel donors. Methods: The hypotensive brain death model was produced using the modified intracranial water sac inflation method in ten domestic crossbred pigs. Effects of hypotensive brain death on small bowel tissue morphology were evaluated through changes in intestinal tissue pathology, tight junction protein of the intestinal mucosa and plasma intestinal fatty acid-binding protein (i-FABP) levels. The pathophysiological mechanism was examined based on changes in superior mesenteric artery (SMA) blood flow and systemic hemodynamics. Results: After model establishment, SMA blood flow, and the mean arterial pressure (MAP) significantly decreased, while heart rate increased rapidly and fluctuated significantly. Small bowel tissue morphology and levels of tight junction protein of the intestinal mucosa showed that after model establishment, small bowel tissue injury was gradually aggravated over time (P 0.05). Plasma i-FABP levels significantly increased after brain death (P 0.05). Conclusions: A hypotensive brain death pig model was successfully established using an improved intracranial water sac inflation method. This method offers a possibility of describing the injury mechanisms more clearly during and after brain death.(AU)

Avaliação dos efeitos da terapia com prednisona em cães com dermatopatia / Evaluation of the effects of prednisone therapy in dogs with dermatopathy

O objetivo do trabalho foi verificar a presença de efeitos colaterais avaliados pelo método de avaliação clínica e laboratorial em cães com dermatopatias tratados com prednisona em dose anti-inflamatória. Para isso, foram utilizados 11 cães que apresentassem alguma dermatopatia alérgica. Todos esses foram submetidos à terapia com prednisona durante 20 dias, nas doses de 0,25 mg/kg/BID/5 dias, 0,25 mg/kg/Sid/5 dias e 0,25 mg/kg/EDA/10 dias. Exames laboratoriais (hemograma, bioquímicos da função renal, função e lesão hepática, glicemia, colesterol, triglicérides, urinálise, UPC e pressão arterial sistêmica) foram realizados em dois momentos (antes e após o tratamento). Após análise dos resultados não foram observadas alterações estatísticas relacionadas à utilização do corticoide entre os dois momentos estudados. Por tanto, conclui-se que a ausência de alterações pode sugerir que a dose e o tempo de tratamento foram seguros, porém estudos com a utilização de prednisona em doses mais altas e com períodos maiores devem ser realizados afim de demonstrar a relação da corticoidoterapia com efeitos colaterais.

The skin affections are of great importance in the small animal clinic, corresponding to a large percentage of the cases attended in the clinical routine. The most frequent dermatopathies are allergic dermatitis to ectoparasite bite,cutaneous neoplasm, bacterial pyoderma, seborrhea, allergic dermatitis, parasitic dermatitis and immune mediated dermatoses. However, allergic dermatitis is the most commonly treated with corticosteroids. The objective of the study was to verify the presence of side effects evaluated by the clinical and laboratory evaluation method in dogs with dermatopathies treated with prednisone in an anti-inflammatory dose. For this, 11 dogs were used that had some allergic dermatopathy. All of these patients underwent prednisone therapy for 20 days at doses of 0,25 mg/kg/BID/5 dias, 0,25mg/kg/Sid/5 dias e 0,25 mg/kg/EDA/10 dias. Laboratory tests (hemogram, biochemicals of renal function, liverfunction and lesion, glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, urinalysis, UPC and systemic arterial pressure) were done at two moments (before and after treatment). After analyzing the results, no statistical changes related to the use of corticosteroids were observed between the two moments studied. Therefore, it is concluded that the absence of alterations may suggest that the dose and the time of treatment were safe, but studies with the use of prednisone at higher doses, with longer periods and with a greater number of animals, should be performed in order to demonstrate the relationship of corticoid therapy with side effects.

Avaliação dos efeitos da terapia com prednisona em cães com dermatopatia / Evaluation of the effects of prednisone therapy in dogs with dermatopathy

O objetivo do trabalho foi verificar a presença de efeitos colaterais avaliados pelo método de avaliação clínica e laboratorial em cães com dermatopatias tratados com prednisona em dose anti-inflamatória. Para isso, foram utilizados 11 cães que apresentassem alguma dermatopatia alérgica. Todos esses foram submetidos à terapia com prednisona durante 20 dias, nas doses de 0,25 mg/kg/BID/5 dias, 0,25 mg/kg/Sid/5 dias e 0,25 mg/kg/EDA/10 dias. Exames laboratoriais (hemograma, bioquímicos da função renal, função e lesão hepática, glicemia, colesterol, triglicérides, urinálise, UPC e pressão arterial sistêmica) foram realizados em dois momentos (antes e após o tratamento). Após análise dos resultados não foram observadas alterações estatísticas relacionadas à utilização do corticoide entre os dois momentos estudados. Por tanto, conclui-se que a ausência de alterações pode sugerir que a dose e o tempo de tratamento foram seguros, porém estudos com a utilização de prednisona em doses mais altas e com períodos maiores devem ser realizados afim de demonstrar a relação da corticoidoterapia com efeitos colaterais.(AU)

The skin affections are of great importance in the small animal clinic, corresponding to a large percentage of the cases attended in the clinical routine. The most frequent dermatopathies are allergic dermatitis to ectoparasite bite,cutaneous neoplasm, bacterial pyoderma, seborrhea, allergic dermatitis, parasitic dermatitis and immune mediated dermatoses. However, allergic dermatitis is the most commonly treated with corticosteroids. The objective of the study was to verify the presence of side effects evaluated by the clinical and laboratory evaluation method in dogs with dermatopathies treated with prednisone in an anti-inflammatory dose. For this, 11 dogs were used that had some allergic dermatopathy. All of these patients underwent prednisone therapy for 20 days at doses of 0,25 mg/kg/BID/5 dias, 0,25mg/kg/Sid/5 dias e 0,25 mg/kg/EDA/10 dias. Laboratory tests (hemogram, biochemicals of renal function, liverfunction and lesion, glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, urinalysis, UPC and systemic arterial pressure) were done at two moments (before and after treatment). After analyzing the results, no statistical changes related to the use of corticosteroids were observed between the two moments studied. Therefore, it is concluded that the absence of alterations may suggest that the dose and the time of treatment were safe, but studies with the use of prednisone at higher doses, with longer periods and with a greater number of animals, should be performed in order to demonstrate the relationship of corticoid therapy with side effects.(AU)

Effect of exercise on cardiovascular parameters in search and rescue-trained dogs / Efeito do exercício sobre parâmetros cardiovasculares em cães em treinamento de busca, resgate e salvamento

Physical activity alters the cardiovascular system of dogs, depending on the exercise characteristics and the animal's physical conditioning. Little is known about the cardiovascular changes in rescue-trained dogs. This study evaluated the cardiovascular responses to a search and rescue exercise session to differentiate these alterations from cases of exhaustion or some possible pathology. Nine healthy rescue-trained dogs that trained for at least one year were used. Seven German Shepherds and two Belgian Shepherd Malinois were evaluated twice, immediately before exercise (M0) and immediately after a 20-minute training (M1). Electrocardiographic, echocardiographic, and systemic blood pressure (SBP) measurements were performed at each evaluation. Heart rate was evaluated in three moments, M0, M1 and five minutes after the end of the physical activity (M2). The results indicated that training increased oxygen demand and significantly increased cardiac output, left ventricular volume in diastole and aortic artery diameter, and the contraction force with the increased mitral annular motion without impairing systolic and diastolic cardiac functions. Heart rate values immediately and five minutes after exercise were similar to baseline values. Training did not alter SBP and the electrocardiographic parameters. The present study indicated good cardiac performance to the physical effort of rescue-trained dogs and reduced the chances of poor performance and the occurrence of sudden death caused by exercise in response to the pattern of activity performed.(AU)

A atividade física acarreta diversas mudanças no sistema cardiovascular dos cães, dependendo das características do exercício realizado e do condicionamento físico do animal. Pouco se sabe sobre as alterações cardiovasculares causadas pelo treinamento de busca, resgate e salvamento. Objetivou-se, com este estudo, avaliar as respostas cardiovasculares após uma sessão desse tipo de treino, a fim de diferenciar essas alterações de casos de exaustão ou de alguma possível patologia. Foram utilizados nove cães saudáveis em treinamento de busca, resgate e salvamento há pelo menos um ano, sendo sete da raça Pastor Alemão e dois da raça Pastor Belga Malinois. Os cães foram submetidos a dois momentos de avaliação: M0 imediatamente antes do exercício e M1 imediatamente após um treinamento de 20 minutos. Em cada avaliação, foram realizados os exames eletrocardiográfico e ecocardiográfico e a aferição da pressão arterial sistólica sistêmica. Apenas a frequência cardíaca foi avaliada em três momentos, em M0, M1 e após cinco minutos do término da atividade física (M2). Os resultados obtidos indicam que o treinamento causa um aumento na demanda de oxigênio, provocando um aumento significativo no débito cardíaco, no volume ventricular esquerdo em diástole e no diâmetro da artéria aorta, assim como um aumento em um dos parâmetros de contratilidade cardíaca (movimento anular de mitral), sem causar prejuízo às funções cardíacas sistólicas e diastólicas. Os valores da FC imediatamente após e cinco minutos após o exercício foram similares aos valores basais. A PASS e os parâmetros eletrocardiográficos não se alteraram após o treinamento. Os achados encontrados indicam um bom desempenho cardíaco ao esforço físico dos cães de busca, resgate e salvamento, reduzindo-se as chances de má performance e de ocorrência de morte súbita causada pelo exercício, em resposta ao padrão da atividade realizada.(AU)

Effect of exercise on cardiovascular parameters in search and rescue-trained dogs / Efeito do exercício sobre parâmetros cardiovasculares em cães em treinamento de busca, resgate e salvamento

Physical activity alters the cardiovascular system of dogs, depending on the exercise characteristics and the animal's physical conditioning. Little is known about the cardiovascular changes in rescue-trained dogs. This study evaluated the cardiovascular responses to a search and rescue exercise session to differentiate these alterations from cases of exhaustion or some possible pathology. Nine healthy rescue-trained dogs that trained for at least one year were used. Seven German Shepherds and two Belgian Shepherd Malinois were evaluated twice, immediately before exercise (M0) and immediately after a 20-minute training (M1). Electrocardiographic, echocardiographic, and systemic blood pressure (SBP) measurements were performed at each evaluation. Heart rate was evaluated in three moments, M0, M1 and five minutes after the end of the physical activity (M2). The results indicated that training increased oxygen demand and significantly increased cardiac output, left ventricular volume in diastole and aortic artery diameter, and the contraction force with the increased mitral annular motion without impairing systolic and diastolic cardiac functions. Heart rate values immediately and five minutes after exercise were similar to baseline values. Training did not alter SBP and the electrocardiographic parameters. The present study indicated good cardiac performance to the physical effort of rescue-trained dogs and reduced the chances of poor performance and the occurrence of sudden death caused by exercise in response to the pattern of activity performed.(AU)

A atividade física acarreta diversas mudanças no sistema cardiovascular dos cães, dependendo das características do exercício realizado e do condicionamento físico do animal. Pouco se sabe sobre as alterações cardiovasculares causadas pelo treinamento de busca, resgate e salvamento. Objetivou-se, com este estudo, avaliar as respostas cardiovasculares após uma sessão desse tipo de treino, a fim de diferenciar essas alterações de casos de exaustão ou de alguma possível patologia. Foram utilizados nove cães saudáveis em treinamento de busca, resgate e salvamento há pelo menos um ano, sendo sete da raça Pastor Alemão e dois da raça Pastor Belga Malinois. Os cães foram submetidos a dois momentos de avaliação: M0 imediatamente antes do exercício e M1 imediatamente após um treinamento de 20 minutos. Em cada avaliação, foram realizados os exames eletrocardiográfico e ecocardiográfico e a aferição da pressão arterial sistólica sistêmica. Apenas a frequência cardíaca foi avaliada em três momentos, em M0, M1 e após cinco minutos do término da atividade física (M2). Os resultados obtidos indicam que o treinamento causa um aumento na demanda de oxigênio, provocando um aumento significativo no débito cardíaco, no volume ventricular esquerdo em diástole e no diâmetro da artéria aorta, assim como um aumento em um dos parâmetros de contratilidade cardíaca (movimento anular de mitral), sem causar prejuízo às funções cardíacas sistólicas e diastólicas. Os valores da FC imediatamente após e cinco minutos após o exercício foram similares aos valores basais. A PASS e os parâmetros eletrocardiográficos não se alteraram após o treinamento. Os achados encontrados indicam um bom desempenho cardíaco ao esforço físico dos cães de busca, resgate e salvamento, reduzindo-se as chances de má performance e de ocorrência de morte súbita causada pelo exercício, em resposta ao padrão da atividade realizada.(AU)

Evaluación cardiovascular del recién nacido ovino: revisión de literatura / Evaluation of the cardiovascular system of ovine neonate: review of the literature / Avaliação cardiovascular do neonato ovino: revisão de literatura

Así que un problema se divulga como patología en un sistema orgánico es necesaria que sea revisado y Comparado con el normal. Pocos estudios han informado de este patrón en el sistema cardiovascular del recién nacidos ovejas dejando un espacio con respecto a las diferencias entre recién nacidos y adultos. Durante el primer mes de vida se producen las cardiocirculatórias principales adaptaciones que permiten a los individuos llegar a la edad adulta. De esta revisión de literatura pretende discutir algunos de los principales métodos de evaluación cardiovasculares de ovínos recién nacidos, teniendo en cuenta el electrocardiograma, ecodopplercardiogram, examen radiográfico de tórax y la presión arterial sistémica, como los principales procedimientos, porque son métodos de diagnóstico importantes, utilizados principalmente para detectar no sólo los cambios del corazón como también para el análisis de la función normal del corazón.(AU)

To report a problem like as pathologic in an organic system is necessary for it to be reviewed and compared to standard. Few studies have reported this pattern in the cardiac system of newborn sheep leaving a gap with regard to differences between these and the adults of the same species. During the first month of life occur the main cardiocirculation adaptations that allow individuals to reach adulthood. This literature review aims to discuss some of the main methods of evaluation of the cardiovascular system of ovine neonate, considering the electrocardiogram, echodopplercardiogram, chest radiographic examination and systemic arterial pressure as the main procedures to be important diagnostic methods, mainly used to detect not only the heart changes as also for analysis of the normal function of the heart.(AU)

Para que um problema seja relatado como patologia em um sistema orgânico é necessário que ele seja analisado e comparado ao padrão de normalidade. Poucos estudos relatam esse padrão no sistema cardiovascular de ovinos recém-nascidos deixando uma lacuna no que diz respeito às diferenças entre neonatos e os adultos. Durante o primeiro mês de vida ocorrem as principais adaptações cardiocirculatórias que permitirão ao indivíduo chegar à vida adulta. A presente revisão de literatura tem por objetivo discorrer sobre alguns dos principais métodos de avaliação cardiovascular do neonato ovino, considerando o eletrocardiograma, o ecodopplercardiograma, o exame radiográfico torácico e a pressão arterial sistêmica, como os principais procedimentos, por serem métodos diagnósticos importantes, utilizados principalmente para a detecção não somente das alterações cardíacas como, também, para análise da função normal do coração.(AU)

Evaluación cardiovascular del recién nacido ovino: revisión de literatura / Evaluation of the cardiovascular system of ovine neonate: review of the literature / Avaliação cardiovascular do neonato ovino: revisão de literatura

Así que un problema se divulga como patología en un sistema orgánico es necesaria que sea revisado y Comparado con el normal. Pocos estudios han informado de este patrón en el sistema cardiovascular del recién nacidos ovejas dejando un espacio con respecto a las diferencias entre recién nacidos y adultos. Durante el primer mes de vida se producen las cardiocirculatórias principales adaptaciones que permiten a los individuos llegar a la edad adulta. De esta revisión de literatura pretende discutir algunos de los principales métodos de evaluación cardiovasculares de ovínos recién nacidos, teniendo en cuenta el electrocardiograma, ecodopplercardiogram, examen radiográfico de tórax y la presión arterial sistémica, como los principales procedimientos, porque son métodos de diagnóstico importantes, utilizados principalmente para detectar no sólo los cambios del corazón como también para el análisis de la función normal del corazón.

To report a problem like as pathologic in an organic system is necessary for it to be reviewed and compared to standard. Few studies have reported this pattern in the cardiac system of newborn sheep leaving a gap with regard to differences between these and the adults of the same species. During the first month of life occur the main cardiocirculation adaptations that allow individuals to reach adulthood. This literature review aims to discuss some of the main methods of evaluation of the cardiovascular system of ovine neonate, considering the electrocardiogram, echodopplercardiogram, chest radiographic examination and systemic arterial pressure as the main procedures to be important diagnostic methods, mainly used to detect not only the heart changes as also for analysis of the normal function of the heart.

Para que um problema seja relatado como patologia em um sistema orgânico é necessário que ele seja analisado e comparado ao padrão de normalidade. Poucos estudos relatam esse padrão no sistema cardiovascular de ovinos recém-nascidos deixando uma lacuna no que diz respeito às diferenças entre neonatos e os adultos. Durante o primeiro mês de vida ocorrem as principais adaptações cardiocirculatórias que permitirão ao indivíduo chegar à vida adulta. A presente revisão de literatura tem por objetivo discorrer sobre alguns dos principais métodos de avaliação cardiovascular do neonato ovino, considerando o eletrocardiograma, o ecodopplercardiograma, o exame radiográfico torácico e a pressão arterial sistêmica, como os principais procedimentos, por serem métodos diagnósticos importantes, utilizados principalmente para a detecção não somente das alterações cardíacas como, também, para análise da função normal do coração.

Hypotension aggravated by dopamine in a dog under isoflurane anesthesia

Background: Hypotension (MAP < 60 mmHg) is the most common complication in anesthetic practice and has been identified in 38% of canine patients undergoing general anesthesia for variety of procedures. Normalization of arterial pressure can usually be achieved by decreases in inhalant anesthetic concentrations, fluid administration, and use of inotropes/ vasopressors in healthy animals (ASA I) or animals with mild systemic disease (ASA anesthetic risk II). The present report shows an ASA II dog with severe hypotensive crisis [mean arterial pressure (MAP) < 50 mmHg] during general anesthesia, in which the procedure was aborted because hypotension was aggravated by dopamine.Case: A 7-year-old male Bull Terrier was anesthetized for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of a tumor in the face. After intramuscular acepromazine (0.01 mg/kg) and meperidine (3 mg/kg), anesthesia was induced with intravenous (IV) ketamine (1 mg/kg) and propofol (2.3 mg/kg) and maintained with isoflurane in oxygen. Ten min after induction of anesthesia MAP was 45 mmHg, while end-tidal isoflurane (ETISO) concentration was 0.5%. End-tidal isoflurane was decreased to 0.3% and an IV bolus of Lactated Ringer’s was initiated (15 mL/kg over 10 min), followed by two ephedrine boluses (0.1 mg/kg, IV) administered 5 min apart. MAP remained low (< 50 mmHg) and dopamine constant rate infusion (CRI) was initiated (7.5 μg/kg/min). Ten minutes after dopamine CRI was commenced, MAP was further decreased to 25-22 mmHg. Dopamine CRI was increased to 10 μg/kg/min, but MAP remained < 25 mmHg. Infusion drugs and isoflurane anesthesia were stopped. After the animal was extubated MAP returned 60-70 mmHg.Discussion: Among the drugs used, isoflurane is known for decreasing blood pressure in a dose-related manner because of its vasodilating properties.[...]

Hypotension aggravated by dopamine in a dog under isoflurane anesthesia

Background: Hypotension (MAP < 60 mmHg) is the most common complication in anesthetic practice and has been identified in 38% of canine patients undergoing general anesthesia for variety of procedures. Normalization of arterial pressure can usually be achieved by decreases in inhalant anesthetic concentrations, fluid administration, and use of inotropes/ vasopressors in healthy animals (ASA I) or animals with mild systemic disease (ASA anesthetic risk II). The present report shows an ASA II dog with severe hypotensive crisis [mean arterial pressure (MAP) < 50 mmHg] during general anesthesia, in which the procedure was aborted because hypotension was aggravated by dopamine.Case: A 7-year-old male Bull Terrier was anesthetized for magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of a tumor in the face. After intramuscular acepromazine (0.01 mg/kg) and meperidine (3 mg/kg), anesthesia was induced with intravenous (IV) ketamine (1 mg/kg) and propofol (2.3 mg/kg) and maintained with isoflurane in oxygen. Ten min after induction of anesthesia MAP was 45 mmHg, while end-tidal isoflurane (ETISO) concentration was 0.5%. End-tidal isoflurane was decreased to 0.3% and an IV bolus of Lactated Ringers was initiated (15 mL/kg over 10 min), followed by two ephedrine boluses (0.1 mg/kg, IV) administered 5 min apart. MAP remained low (< 50 mmHg) and dopamine constant rate infusion (CRI) was initiated (7.5 μg/kg/min). Ten minutes after dopamine CRI was commenced, MAP was further decreased to 25-22 mmHg. Dopamine CRI was increased to 10 μg/kg/min, but MAP remained < 25 mmHg. Infusion drugs and isoflurane anesthesia were stopped. After the animal was extubated MAP returned 60-70 mmHg.Discussion: Among the drugs used, isoflurane is known for decreasing blood pressure in a dose-related manner because of its vasodilating properties.[...](AU)

Cardiorespiratory evaluation of brachycephalic syndrome in dogs

ABSTRACT: Brachycephalic syndrome (BS) in dogs is characterized by the combination of primary and secondary upper respiratory tract abnormalities and may result in significant upper airway obstruction. It can trigger inspiratory dyspnea, culminating in secondary respiratory distress, soft tissue edema, upper airway obstruction, turbulent airflow, inspiratory noise, and even death. These changes lead to increased resistance of the air passages, which can cause elevation of pulmonary pressure and clinical manifestations attributable to pulmonary hypertension. The consequence is right-sided cardiac remodeling (Cor pulmonale) with possible progression to right congestive heart failure. To investigate the effects of BS on the cardiovascular system, 28 animals were recruited for a prospective study and assigned to either the Brachycephalic Group (BG), composed of 22 French bulldogs with BS or the Control Group (CG), which was composed of 6 healthy Beagle dogs. All animals underwent a detailed physical examination, as well as laboratory analyses, electrocardiography, echocardiography, chest radiography and indirect measurement of systemic arterial blood pressure. The most relevant finding was a lower PaO2 (90.6±12.9mmHg) in BG as compared to CG (104.9±5.2), (p0.05), possibly attributable to hypoventilation due to anatomical alterations.

RESUMO: A síndrome braquicefálica (BS) é caracterizada pela combinação de anormalidades primárias e secundárias do trato respiratório superior em cães, podendo resultar em obstrução significativa das vias aéreas superiores. Pode desencadear dispneia inspiratória, culminando em dificuldade respiratória secundária, edema de tecidos moles, obstrução das vias aéreas superiores, fluxo de ar turbulento, ruído inspiratório e até morte. Essas alterações levam ao aumento da resistência da passagem do ar, o que pode causar elevação da pressão pulmonar e manifestações clínicas atribuídas à hipertensão pulmonar. A consequência é o remodelamento cardíaco do lado direito (Cor pulmonale) com possível progressão para insuficiência cardíaca congestiva direita. A fim de averiguar os efeitos da BS sobre o sistema cardiovascular, 28 animais foram recrutados para um estudo prospectivo e distribuídos em Grupo Braquicefálico (GB), composto por 22 Bulldogs franceses com síndrome braquicefálica ou Grupo Controle (GC), composto por 6 cães Beagles saudáveis. Todos os animais foram submetidos a exame físico detalhado, bem como análises laboratoriais, eletrocardiografia, ecocardiografia, radiografias torácicas e mensuração indireta de pressão arterial sistêmica. Os achados mais relevantes foram relacionados ao GB (90,6±12,9mmHg) com menor PaO2 em relação ao GC (104,9±5,2), (p0,05), possivelmente atribuível à hipoventilação, em decorrência das alterações anatômicas.

Cardiorespiratory evaluation of brachycephalic syndrome in dogs / Avaliação cardiorespiratória da síndrome braquiocefálica em cães

Brachycephalic syndrome (BS) in dogs is characterized by the combination of primary and secondary upper respiratory tract abnormalities and may result in significant upper airway obstruction. It can trigger inspiratory dyspnea, culminating in secondary respiratory distress, soft tissue edema, upper airway obstruction, turbulent airflow, inspiratory noise, and even death. These changes lead to increased resistance of the air passages, which can cause elevation of pulmonary pressure and clinical manifestations attributable to pulmonary hypertension. The consequence is right-sided cardiac remodeling (Cor pulmonale) with possible progression to right congestive heart failure. To investigate the effects of BS on the cardiovascular system, 28 animals were recruited for a prospective study and assigned to either the Brachycephalic Group (BG), composed of 22 French bulldogs with BS or the Control Group (CG), which was composed of 6 healthy Beagle dogs. All animals underwent a detailed physical examination, as well as laboratory analyses, electrocardiography, echocardiography, chest radiography and indirect measurement of systemic arterial blood pressure. The most relevant finding was a lower PaO2 (90.6±12.9mmHg) in BG as compared to CG (104.9±5.2), (p≤0.05), possibly attributable to hypoventilation due to anatomical alterations.(AU)

A síndrome braquicefálica (BS) é caracterizada pela combinação de anormalidades primárias e secundárias do trato respiratório superior em cães, podendo resultar em obstrução significativa das vias aéreas superiores. Pode desencadear dispneia inspiratória, culminando em dificuldade respiratória secundária, edema de tecidos moles, obstrução das vias aéreas superiores, fluxo de ar turbulento, ruído inspiratório e até morte. Essas alterações levam ao aumento da resistência da passagem do ar, o que pode causar elevação da pressão pulmonar e manifestações clínicas atribuídas à hipertensão pulmonar. A consequência é o remodelamento cardíaco do lado direito (Cor pulmonale) com possível progressão para insuficiência cardíaca congestiva direita. A fim de averiguar os efeitos da BS sobre o sistema cardiovascular, 28 animais foram recrutados para um estudo prospectivo e distribuídos em Grupo Braquicefálico (GB), composto por 22 Bulldogs franceses com síndrome braquicefálica ou Grupo Controle (GC), composto por 6 cães Beagles saudáveis. Todos os animais foram submetidos a exame físico detalhado, bem como análises laboratoriais, eletrocardiografia, ecocardiografia, radiografias torácicas e mensuração indireta de pressão arterial sistêmica. Os achados mais relevantes foram relacionados ao GB (90,6±12,9mmHg) com menor PaO2 em relação ao GC (104,9±5,2), (p≤0,05), possivelmente atribuível à hipoventilação, em decorrência das alterações anatômicas.(AU)