Resumo
Immunomediated thrombocytopenia is a systemic metabolic disorder in which the platelet count falls below reference values, as the patient's immune system destroys them. The main clinical signs in thrombocytopenia are petechial, hemorrhages, ecchymoses and suffusions. Hematomas can also occur in coagulation disorders. The diagnosis is based on clinical findings and hematological examinations. The treatment consists of the use of corticosteroids and immunosuppressants, delaying cell destruction, and may last for months, not always obtaining a cure for the disease. The present work reports the use of therapy with allogeneic mesenchymal stem cells, derived from the adipose tissue of dogs, for the treatment of chronic immunomediated thrombocytopenia, with an evolution of more than one year, in a Pinscher dog. The alternative treatment showed a good evolution, keeping platelets within the reference values during the treatment, giving the patient quality of life and removing the need for continuous medication for homeostasis after treatment.
A trombocitopenia imunomediada é uma desordem metabólica sistêmica, na qual a contagem plaquetária fica abaixo dos valores de referência, pois o sistema imunológico do paciente a destrói. O principal sinal clínico na trombocitopenia são hemorragias, petequiais, equimoses e sufusões. Hematomas podem ocorrer também em alterações da coagulação. O diagnóstico baseia-se nos achados clínicos e nos exames hematológicos. O tratamento consiste na utilização de corticosteroides e imunossupressores, o que retarda a destruição celular, mas pode se prolongar por meses, nem sempre obtendo cura da doença. O presente trabalho relata a utilização da terapia com células-tronco mesenquimais alogênicas, oriundas do tecido adiposo de cães, para tratamento de trombocitopenia imunomediada crônica, com evolução de mais de um ano, em um cão da raça Pinscher. O tratamento alternativo revelou boa evolução, pois manteve as plaquetas dentro dos valores de referência durante o tratamento, o que proporcionou qualidade de vida ao paciente e tornou desnecessárias medicações de uso contínuo para a homeostase após o tratamento.
Assuntos
Animais , Cães , Trombocitopenia/terapia , Trombocitopenia/veterinária , Plaquetas , Doenças do Cão , Células-Tronco MesenquimaisResumo
ABSTRACT: Isoimmune thrombocytopenic purpura (ITP) is an immune-mediated disease that causes severe hemorrhagic lesions and high mortality in piglets. The disease can occur early in newborn piglets (EITP) or late in 2- to 3-week old piglets (LITP). In this study, we analysed the clinical, pathological, and hematological aspects of 391 ITP cases (312 with EITP and 79 with LITP). In LIPT cases, morbidity and mortality rates were higher, with rates of 60% (morbidity) and 53% (mortality). The main clinicopathological findings in ITP cases were different patterns of hemorrhages organs and tissues. In EITP, clinical signs were characterized by extensive subcutaneous hemorrhages and death occurred within a few days; however, in LITP, often sudden death occurred. In macroscopic analysis, hemorrhagic diathesis was observed in all affected animals. In EITP, the most severe hemorrhagic lesions were integumentary, mainly in the dermis and epidermis. In LITP, visceral lesions were predominant, mainly in the epicardium and intestines. Microscopic bone marrow analysis revealed mild cellular hyperplasia in EITP and bone marrow aplasia in LITP. hematological analyses revealed leucopenia, thrombocytopenia, and anemia in all ITP-affected animals. However, fostering by a different sow was only efficient in controlling EITP and had little effect in LITP-symptomatic piglets, due to more severe lesions. Further studies on the etiopathogenesis of LITP are required to improve our understanding of this disease form.
RESUMO: Púrpura trombocitopênica isoimune (PTI) é uma doença imunomediada que causa lesões hemorrágicas graves e alta mortalidade em leitões, que pode se apresentar através de uma forma precoce em leitões neonatos (PTIP) ou uma forma tardia em leitões com duas a três semanas de idade (PTIT). Neste trabalho analisamos aspectos clínicos, hematológicos e histopatológicos de 391 casos de PTI, sendo 312 de PTIP e 79 de PTIT. Observou-se maiores morbidade (60%) e mortalidade (53%) na PTIT. Os principais achados clínico-patológicos observado na PTI são hemorragias em diferentes graus de intensidade e nos diferentes órgãos e tecidos. Na PTIP observou-se predominantemente hemorragias subcutâneas extensas e morte em alguns dias, já na PTIT, observou-se além de grave hemorragia, morte súbita. Na análise macroscópica, observou-se diátese hemorrágica em todos os animais afetados. Na PTIP as lesões hemorrágicas mais graves foram tegumentares, principalmente em derme e epiderme, enquanto, na forma tardia, observou-se lesões predominantemente viscerais, em epicárdico e intestino. A análise microscópica de medula óssea revelou discreta hiperplasia celular na forma PTIP, enquanto, na PTIT observou-se aplasia medular. Na análise hematológica observou-se leucopenia, trombocitopenia e anemia em todos os animais com PTI. Os achados clínicos, histopatológicos e hematológicos para PTIP e PTIT da doença permitiram o diagnóstico de PTI. Entretanto, a troca de mãe se mostrou eficiente apenas para controle PTIP, uma vez que, esta estratégia apresenta pouco resultado para leitões sintomáticos com a PTIT, devido lesões mais severas. Estudos sobre a etiopatogênese da PTIT ainda são necessários para melhor entendimento desta forma da doença.
Resumo
Background: Canine visceral leishmaniasis causes several clinical signs, such as lymphadenomegaly, exfoliative dermatitis, ulcerative skin lesions, and lameness. The most commonly reported locomotor changes are claudication, edema, arthralgia, joint stiffness, and muscle atrophy. Radiographic exam revealed cortical and medullary destruction, increase, or decrease in medullary opacity, proliferative periosteal reaction, osteolysis, collapse of joint spaces and soft tissue edema are observed. The aim of this report is to describe the clinical and radiographic evolution of a case of erosive polyarthritis associated with leishmaniasis in a dog before, during and after treatment with miltefosine. Case: A 7-month-old mixed-breed dog was attended due pain and limited mobility. In the orthopedic evaluation, joint swelling, stiffness, and increased pain sensitivity of the four limbs, as well as neck stiffness, were noted. Radiographic examination showed joint changes compatible with edema, with increased volume and radiopacity of the soft tissues adjacent to the joints. The segments of the patient's spine showed more severe bone alterations, the cervical spine being one of the most affected regions, with multiple bone proliferations throughout the vertebral body, especially in the ventral portion (spondylosis), compatible with polyarthritis due to leishmaniasis. Due to the suspicion, lymph node and spleen cytology was performed, confirming the diagnosis. Hematological examination revealed anemia, leukopenia due to lymphopenia and thrombocytopenia in addition to increased AST (79,4 U/L; reference: 6,2 - 13 U/L), creatine kinase (517,6 U/L; reference: 1,5 - 28,4 U/L), lactate dehydrogenase (688,4 IU/L; reference: 45 - 233 IU/L) and hyperproteinemia (7,34 g/dL; reference: 5,4 - 7,1 g/dL). Treatment with miltefosine, allopurinol, domperidone, prednisone, gabapentin and dipyrone was started. Reassessments were performed monthly for 3 consecutive months. Hematological examinations showed improvement, with resolution of anemia and thrombocytopenia, and a marked decrease in creatine kinase values. Thus, it is evident that the dog did not develop liver or kidney changes during treatment. During the treatment and monitoring in this period, the dog had a clinical improvement, which started to walk without pain. In addition, joint swellings were no longer present, however, there was no improvement in the radiographic evaluation of the joints. Discussion: Clinical signs of the locomotor system are compatible with those described in animals that had osteoarticular manifestations associated with leishmaniasis, such as arthralgia, edema, and joint stiffness. In the present report, treatment with miltefosine associated with allopurinol resulted in an improvement in the clinical picture, and this therapy is therefore promising in dogs with polyarthritis due to leishmaniasis. A case published in human medicine demonstrated the intra-articular absorption capacity of this drug. There is only one study to date that describes the radiographic evolution of a dog with arthritis due to leishmaniasis after treatment with miltefosine and allopurinol. In this case described, the dog reported remained with the osteoarticular lesions after treatment, although clinical improvement was observed, as in our report. The use of miltefosine and allopurinol are in accordance with stage II staging for leishmaniasis. In this study, although there was no improvement in the radiographic examinations, the treatment was effective in the remission of the animal's clinical condition.
Assuntos
Animais , Cães , Artrite/terapia , Artrite/veterinária , Leishmania , Leishmaniose Visceral/tratamento farmacológico , Alopurinol/uso terapêutico , Domperidona/uso terapêuticoResumo
Background: The maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus) is the largest canid in South America and the only representative of its genus. The scientific literature presents studies referring to the management and anaesthesia of the species but is scarce in case of emergency procedures, and to date, there are no reports of anaesthesia for emergency procedures in a neonatal maned wolf. Thus, this study aimed to report xenotransfusion and emergency anaesthesia for thoracic limb amputation in an approximately 8-days-old maned wolf pup. Case: A maned wolf pup, approximately 8-day-old, with a history of an accident with an agricultural machine, was referred to the Veterinary Hospital of the Federal University of Paraná - Palotina Sector (HVP - UFPR) with a grade III open fracture of left radius and ulna. At the physical evaluation, bullous rales were observed in the right caudal lobe on pulmonary auscultation, hypoglycemia and severe dehydration, the latter being determined by the occurrence of enophthalmos, increased capillary refill time and skin turgor (3 s). The hemogram revealed regenerative hypochromic macrocytic anaemia, thrombocytopenia and leukopenia, and the chest radiograph showed alveolar pattern opacification, associated with the presence of air bronchograms in the caudal lobes, more evident on the right side, suggestive of pulmonary contusion. Considering the laboratory alterations and the need for amputation of the thoracic limb, xenotransfusion was chosen before the anaesthetic procedure. The animal was pre-medicated with methadone 0.2 mg/kg and anaesthetic induction was performed with propofol titrated to effect, requiring 10 mg/kg. This was followed by endotracheal intubation and anaesthetic maintenance using the partial intravenous technique with an infusion of 5 µg/kg/h of remifentanil and Isoflurane vaporised through a non-rebreathing system in oxygen at 0.6. Anaesthetic monitoring included heart rate and electrocardiogram tracing, respiratory rate, oxyhemoglobin saturation, end-tidal partial pressure of carbon dioxide, systemic blood pressure by the oscillometric method, and oesophageal body temperature. Although the blood tests after the transfusion showed an increase in hematocrit, changes suggestive of a delayed hemolytic reaction because of the transfusion were also noticed. Discussion: Preanesthetic stabilisation is critical, as anaesthesia of unstable patients may result in a higher risk of anaesthetic complications. Critically ill patients may present systemic imbalances that can trigger pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic changes of anaesthetics and analgesics. Neonates have several marked physiological differences, since some organs are still immature, have a high body volume of water, and present a reduced amount of total fat and concentrations of circulating proteins, making it necessary to adjust protocols and doses used for these patients. Blood transfusion between the same species is always the best option, though xenotransfusion becomes an option when there is no homologous donor available. However, it can present a great risk to life, as there is a lack of studies regarding the blood typing of the species and blood compatibility tests. We concluded that there was an increase in hematocrit after 24 h of xenotransfusion and, even with signs of delayed hemolytic reaction observed in the blood test, the patient did not show specific clinical signs of transfusion reaction. The pup was sensitive to methadone but required a high dose of propofol for anaesthetic induction. The use of methadone as a pre-anaesthetic agent and the infusion of remifentanil provided adequate analgesia based on the parameters evaluated.
Assuntos
Animais , Transfusão de Sangue/veterinária , Canidae/fisiologia , Anestesia Intravenosa/veterinária , Amputação Cirúrgica/veterinária , Animais Recém-Nascidos/fisiologiaResumo
One hundred and sixty-six cats from two animal shelters were subjected to enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), indirect immunofluorescence antibody test (IFAT), conventional polymerase chain reaction (cPCR), quantitative PCR (qPCR) and parasitological tests (PA) for the diagnosis of Leishmania spp. Among them, 15% (25/166), 53.6% (89/166), 3.6% (06/166) and 1.8% (03/166) were positive by ELISA, IFAT, both PCRs and PA, respectively. The sequencing of ITS-1 PCR amplicons revealed a 100% match with Leishmania infantum. After the Leishmania spp. survey, 12 cats were selected and divided into two groups for clinical, hematological, and biochemical analysis: six L. infantum positive cats (G1) and six Leishmania spp. negative cats (G2). All the cats were negative for feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and feline leukemia virus (FeLV). A statistical analysis indicated significantly low platelet counts and significant hyperproteinemia associated with hypoalbuminemia in positive cats (p<0.05). Our results suggest that in endemic areas, cats with clinical signs of feline leishmaniosis (such as skin lesions, weight loss and/or enlarged lymph nodes) and that exhibit hematological and biochemical changes, such as low platelet counts and hyperproteinemia with hypoalbuminemia, should be tested for Leishmania spp. infection.(AU)
Cento e sessenta e seis gatos de dois abrigos foram submetidos ao diagnóstico de Leishmania spp. por ensaio imunoenzimático (ELISA), imunofluorescência indireta (RIFI), reação em cadeia pela polimerase convencional (cPCR) e quantitativa (qPCR) e métodos parasitológicos (PA). Destes, 15% (25/166), 53,6% (89/166), 3,6% (06/166) e 1,8% (03/166) foram positivos por ELISA, RIFI, as duas PCRs e PA, respectivamente. O sequenciamento dos produtos amplificados da PCR ITS-1 foi 100% idêntico à Leishmania infantum. Após o inquérito, 12 gatos foram selecionados para compor dois grupos para análises de hematologia e bioquímica: 6 gatos positivos para L. infantum (G1) e 6 gatos Leishmania spp. negativos (G2). Todos os gatos foram negativos para o vírus da imunodeficiência felina (FIV) e o da leucemia felina (FeLV). Foi observada uma diminuição na contagem de plaquetas e uma hiperproteinemia e hipoalbuminemia significativas em gatos positivos (p<0,05). Esses resultados sugerem que, em áreas endêmicas, os gatos com sinais clínicos de leishmaniose felina (tais como lesões dermatológicas, perda de peso e/ou linfonodos aumentados), associados a alterações hematológicas e bioquímicas, como contagem reduzida de plaquetas e hiperproteinemia com hipoalbuminemia, devem ser testados para leishmaniose felina.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Gatos , Leishmaniose/diagnóstico , Gatos/microbiologia , Doenças Negligenciadas/veterinária , Fenômenos Bioquímicos , Leishmania infantum , Hematologia/métodosResumo
Background: The uncontrolled multiplication of Sertoli cells causes Sertoli cell tumor or Sertolioma. Because of this, the level of estrogen in the bloodstream increases rapidly and approximately 25% of dogs with this tumor develop feminization syndrome. Testicular neoplasms are more common in dogs than cats, and are often found in elderly patients. This work aims to describe the clinical signs of the feminization syndrome and the treatment instituted in a canine diagnosed with sertolioma. Case: A 18-year-old male canine, 19.5 kg of body mass, with an increase in testicular volume for about 2 years, was treated at the University Veterinary Hospital. On clinical examination, a matte and brittle coat, alopecia on the hind limbs and gynecomastia were observed. Also noted, non-harmonious aspect of the scrotum, pendular foreskin, atrophied right testicle and hyperplastic left, scrotal hyperthermia and absence of pain. In addition, as a result of the hyperestrogenism resulting from the neoplasm, the paraneoplastic syndrome of feminization, the patient also presented galactorrhea, pendular foreskin, atrophy of the penis and the contralateral testicle, dermatopathies, such as bilateral symmetrical alopecia of the flanks, easily removable hair and variable hyperpigmentation. Rectal body temperature of 38.6°C, clear lung auscultation and muffled cardiac auscultation. The results of laboratory tests showed changes such as thrombocytopenia, platelet counts below the reference levels, platelet count of 163,000/uL. There were no alterations that represented metastases in the imaging exams, such as in the chest X-ray in three incidences and in the abdominal ultrasonography. Then, we opted for the surgical procedure of orchiectomy, with the traditional technique of three clamps, associated with total ablation of the scrotum. Samples were sent to the histopathology laboratory and the diagnosis of sertolioma was confirmed. At 10, 30 and 90 days after the operation, the patient was reassessed for possible recurrences or alterations, but there were no complications or recurrence after the procedure. Discussion: Neoplasms of the male reproductive system are common in dogs. Sertolioma is considered one of the most frequent neoplasms in elderly dogs and that results in systemic clinical signs. This is in line with the 18-year-old dog described in the present report. In addition, it may result in clinical signs resulting from hyperestrogenism resulting from the neoplasm that is called paraneoplastic feminization syndrome. The characteristics of this syndrome are: gynecomastia, galactorrhea, pendular foreskin, atrophy of the penis and contralateral testicle, associated with dermatopathies, such as symmetrical bilateral alopecia. All these clinical signs were present. The diagnosis is made through complete anamnesis, complete clinical examination and complementary examination such as ultrasound help in the presumptive diagnosis, but only with histopathology can it be confirmed. In the clinical approach, histopathology was performed to close the diagnosis. Treatment is behind orchiectomy and total ablation of the scrotum, which was performed in the reported case. The treatment of choice was easy to apply, in addition to improving the patient's quality of life, promoting rapid post-surgical healing and an early return to normal life. However, for the effectiveness of the technique, the early diagnosis and collaboration of tutors is fundamental.
Assuntos
Animais , Masculino , Cães , Tumor de Células de Sertoli/cirurgia , Tumor de Células de Sertoli/veterinária , Neoplasias Testiculares/veterinária , Feminização/veterinária , Orquiectomia/veterináriaResumo
O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar um levantamento casuístico de diagnósticos de Hepatozoon durante 2018 e 2019, enfatizando os aspectos hematológicos de maior incidência relacionados aos animais e a sazonalidade. A pesquisa foi realizada no Laboratório de Patologia Clínica do Hospital Veterinário do Instituto Federal da Paraíba e em um laboratório veterinário particular, localizado no município de Sousa/PB. Os dados foram obtidos através de uma avaliação retrospectiva de hemogramas realizados em 718 amostras de cães, provenientes da zona urbana e diagnosticados para Hepatozoon spp. Verificou-se que 35 (4,8%) cães foram positivos, a partir da visualização de gamontes parasitando neutrófilos. Dentre esses animais infectados, 16 (45%) eram fêmeas e 19 (55%) eram machos. Em relação à idade, houve predominância em animais jovens com até três anos, totalizando 25 (72%) animais. A infecção natural por Hepatozoon spp. foi superior na estação mais seca, entre os meses de janeiro e maio. Os aspectos hematológicos foram variáveis nos animais infectados, onde os mais observados foram: anemia em 23 (65%); trombocitopenia em 14 (40%); leucocitose por neutrofilia em 11 (31%) e hiperproteinemia em 11 (31%) dos animais. Conclui-se que a prevalência da infecção por Hepatozoon spp. foi de 4,8% em cães na região urbana do Sertão Paraíbano, destacando-se o período dos meses mais quentes, com ocorrência maior em cães sem raça definida (SRD), sem predileção por sexo e idade. Os achados hematológicos entre os animais infectados foram variáveis, com maior frequência de anemia, trombocitopenia, leucocitose e hiperproteinemia.
This study aimed to conduct a case-by-case survey of diagnosed cases of Hepatozoon during in the period from 2018 - 2019, emphasizing the hematological aspects of higher incidence related to the animals and the seasonality. The research was carried out at the Clinical Pathology Laboratory of the Veterinary Hospital of the Federal Institute of Paraíba, and at a private Veterinary Laboratory located in the city of Sousa/PB. Data were obtained through a retrospective evaluation of blood counts performed in 718 samples of dogs from urban areas and diagnosed for Hepatozoon spp. It was found that 35 (4.8%) dogs were positive, from the visualization of gamontes parasitizing neutrophils. Among these infected animals, 16 (45%) were female and 19 (55%) were males. Regarding the age, there was a predominance in young animals up to 3 years old, totalizing 25 (72%) animals. The natural infection by Hepatozoon spp. was higher in the driest season, from January to May. The hematological aspects were variable in the infected animals, where the most observed were: anemia 23 (65%), thrombocytopenia 14 (40%), leukocytosis by neutrophilia 11 (31%), and hyperproteinemia 11 (31%). It is concluded that the prevalence of infection by Hepatozoon spp. was 4.8% in dogs in the urban region of Sertão Paraíbano, highlighting the period of warmer months, with a greater occurrence in mixed breed dogs (SRD), with no predilection for sex and age. The hematological findings among the infected animals were variable, with a higher frequency of anemia, thrombocytopenia, leukocytosis, and hyperproteinemia.
Assuntos
Animais , Cães , Trombocitopenia/veterinária , Transtornos das Proteínas Sanguíneas/veterinária , Eucoccidiida , Coccidiose/patologia , Anemia/veterinária , Leucocitose/veterinária , Contagem de Células Sanguíneas/veterináriaResumo
Um canino da raça Poodle, 15 anos, macho, inteiro, foi atendido no Hospital Veterinário da Universidade Luterana do Brasil apresentando: hiporexia há cinco dias e anorexia nos dois últimos dias, hipodipsia, prostração, hipertermia, uveíte e um episódio de vômito. Ao exame físico, constatou-se 8% de desidratação, mucosas secas e hipocoradas, tempo de preenchimento capilar maior que dois segundos e presença de carrapatos (Rhipicephalus sanguineus). Devido à presença dos carrapatos, foi administrado afoxolaner. Realizou-se o exame parasitológico de sangue (EPS), colhido da ponta da orelha e o teste rápido (4Dx® IDEXX). Com o resultado positivo do teste rápido e visualização de mórula no interior das plaquetas compatíveis com Anaplasma platys, definiu-se o diagnóstico de anaplasmose trombocítica canina. A partir do diagnóstico, instituiu-se o tratamento com doxiciclina a cada 12 horas por via oral e, após 48 horas de tratamento, o cão recebeu alta e seguiu com tratamento em domicílio. Após 21 dias de antibioticoterapia, o paciente apresentou melhora clínica satisfatória. Realizou-se nova coleta para EPS, que apresentou resultado negativo.
A 15-year-old male Poodle canine was attended at the Veterinary Hospital of the Lutheran University of Brazil presenting: hyporexia of five days and anorexia for the last two days, hypodipsia, prostration, hyperthermia, uveitis and one episode of vomiting. Physical examination revealed 8% dehydration, dry and pale mucous membranes, capillary refill time greater than two seconds and the presence of ticks (Rhipicephalus sanguineus). Due to the presence of ticks, afoxolaner was administered. The parasitological blood test (EPS) was performed, collected from the ear vein, and a snap test (4Dx® - IDEXX). The positive result of the snap test and visualization of the morulae inside the platelets compatible with Anaplasma platys, the diagnosis of canine thrombocytic anaplasmosis was reached. The treatment with doxycycline was instituted every 12 hours orally and after 48 hours the dog was discharged and continued with treatment at home. After 21 days of antibiotic therapy, the patient showed satisfactory clinical improvement. A new collection for EPS was performed, which showed a negative result.
Un canino macho de 15 años, entero, fue atendido en el Hospital Veterinario de la Universidade Luterana do Brasil por presentar: hiporexia durante cinco días y anorexia durante los dos últimos días, hipodipsia, postración, hipertermia, uveitis y un episodio de vómitos. Al examen físico se encontró un 8% de deshidratación, mucosas secas y pálidas, tiempo de llenado capilar superior a dos segundos y presencia de garrapatas (Rhipicephalus sanguineus). Debido a la presencia de garrapatas, se administró afoxolaner. Se realizó el examen parasitológico de sangre (EPS), recogida de la punta de la oreja y la prueba rápida (4DX - IDEXX). Con el resultado positivo de la prueba rápida y visualización de mórula en el interior de las plaquetas compatible con Anaplasma platys, se definió el diagnóstico de anaplasmosis trombocítica canina. Tras el diagnóstico, se instauró tratamiento con doxiciclina cada 12 horas por vía oral y, a las 48 horas de tratamiento, se dio de alta al perro y se continuó con el tratamiento en casa. Después de 21 días de antibioticoterapia, la paciente mostró una mejoría clínica satisfactoria. Se realizó un nuevo cobro de EPS, que arrojó un resultado negativo.
Assuntos
Animais , Masculino , Cães , Trombocitopenia/veterinária , Anaplasma/isolamento & purificação , Anaplasmose/tratamento farmacológico , Doxiciclina/uso terapêuticoResumo
Ticks are significant parasites of dogs in the tropics, where tick-borne pathogens are highly prevalent, especially in areas where tick control measures are frequently neglected. This study investigated the seroprevalence and hematological abnormalities associated with Ehrlichia canis in dogs referred to a veterinary teaching hospital in Central-western Brazil. Out of 264 dogs tested for anti-Ehrlichia canis antibodies by an indirect immunofluorescence assay (IFA), 59.1% (156/264) were positive. Seropositivity was significantly associated to anemia and thrombocytopenia, alone or in combination, and to leukopenia. Conversely, there were no differences in terms of seroprevalence according to sex, breed and age. This study demonstrated that dogs referred to a veterinary teaching hospital in Central-western Brazil are highly exposed to E. canis and that seropositive dogs are more likely to present hematological abnormalities, particularly anemia, thrombocytopenia and leukopenia. To our knowledge, this is the first study on detection of anti-E. canis antibodies by means of IFA among dogs in the state of Goiás. These findings highlighted the need for increasing awareness among dog owners regarding tick control measures in Central-western Brazil, ultimately to reduce the risk of exposure to E. canis and other tick-borne pathogens.
Carrapatos são importantes parasitos de cães nos trópicos, onde patógenos transmitidos por carrapatos são altamente prevalentes, especialmente em áreas onde as medidas de controle de carrapatos são frequentemente negligenciadas. O estudo investigou a soroprevalência e as anormalidades hematológicas associadas à Ehrlichia canis em cães encaminhados para um hospital veterinário-escola no Centro-oeste do Brasil. Dos 264 cães testados para anticorpos anti-Ehrlichia canis por meio da reação de imunofluorescência indireta (RIFI), 59.1% (156/264) foram positivos. A soropositividade foi associada significativamente à anemia e trombocitopenia, isoladamente ou em combinação, e à leucopenia. Por outro lado, não houve diferenças quanto à soroprevalência segundo sexo, raça e idade. Este estudo demonstrou que cães encaminhados a um hospital veterinário-escola na região Centro-oeste do Brasil são altamente expostos à E. canis, e que cães soropositivos têm maior probabilidade de apresentar alterações hematológicas, principalmente anemia, trombocitopenia e leucopenia. Para o nosso conhecimento, este é o primeiro estudo sobre a detecção de anticorpos anti-E. canis por meio da RIFI em cães do estado de Goiás. Essas descobertas destacam a necessidade de aumentar a conscientização entre os proprietários de cães em relação às medidas de controle do carrapato no Centro-oeste do Brasil, em última análise, para reduzir o risco de exposição ao E. canis e outros patógenos transmitidos por carrapatos.
Assuntos
Animais , Cães , Carrapatos , Ehrlichiose/sangue , Ehrlichiose/veterinária , Ehrlichiose/epidemiologia , Ehrlichia canis/isolamento & purificação , Brasil , Técnica Indireta de Fluorescência para Anticorpo/veterináriaResumo
Background: Primary erythrocytosis is a rare myeloproliferative disorder in dogs and cats characterized by an autonomous proliferation of erythroid precursors in the bone marrow, with low to normal serum erythropoietin concentration, resulting in elevated red blood cell count, hematocrit and hemoglobin concentration. Clinical signs are associated with increased blood volume and viscosity, and may include erythema, hyperemic mucous membranes and neurological signs such as seizures and ataxia. In veterinary medicine, the diagnosis should be made by exclusion of secondary or relative causes, after complementary exams. This report aims to describe a case of primary erythrocytosis in a bitch. Case: A 4-year-old mixed-breed bitch was referred to the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital from UFRGS with 3 convulsive episodes related by the owner. A previous abdominal ultrasonography revealed splenomegaly and the electrocardiogram showed no abnormalities. No alterations were observed at the physical examination. The laboratorial blood tests demonstrated a persistent erythrocytosis, with high hematocrit, hemoglobin and red blood cells count, thrombocytopenia and neutropenia, and total plasmatic protein within the reference interval. The bone marrow cytology revealed reduced cellularity, normal myeloid:erythroid ratio, erythroid hyperplasia, mild myeloid hyperplasia and moderate myelofibrosis. The serum erythropoietin measurement was within the reference range, and the blood gas analysis detected a slight decrease in partial oxygen pressure. Therefore, no evidence of secondary conditions was observed and the diagnosis of primary erythrocytosis could be made. Discussion: Since there is no definitive method, the diagnosis of primary erythrocytosis could be based on the exclusion of all secondary and relative causes of erythrocytosis. The absence of clinical signs of dehydration and high serum albumin levels were findings that conduced for the exclusion of the relative form of the disturbance. The echocardiography and the abdominal ultrasonography ruled out any cardiopulmonary condition or kidney neoplasm, the most common causes of absolute secondary erythrocytosis. The persistently high hematocrit levels and red blood cell counts are significant for the suspicion of primary erythrocytosis, although thrombocytopenia and neutropenia are not commonly reported. The clinical signs of seizure were correlated with increased blood viscosity and reduced blood flow at the central nervous system. The blood gas analysis discarded the occurrence of systemic hypoxia, and the normal levels of erythropoietin gives higher evidence of the occurrence of an autonomous proliferation of the erythroid precursors within the bone marrow. The bone marrow cytology confirmed erythroid hyperplasia and the reduced cellularity that could be attributed to myelofibrosis. Myelofibrosis was described in humans with polycythemia vera, but there are no reports in veterinary, and this occurrence must be elucidated. An identical mutation in the JAK2 gene was observed in humans with polycythemia vera and dogs with primary erythrocytosis, and occurs in more than 50% of humans with myelofibrosis. Further investigations are necessary for veterinary medicine. In conclusion, the systematic approach of all organic systems and the assessment of complementary exams are necessary for the diagnostic of primary erythrocytosis in dogs. This condition should be considered in the differential diagnosis of any erythrocytosis, considering the guarded prognosis of this hematologic disorder.
Assuntos
Animais , Feminino , Cães , Policitemia/veterinária , Eritropoetina/análise , Mielofibrose Primária/veterinária , Esplenomegalia/veterinária , Ultrassonografia/veterináriaResumo
Background: Snakebite envenoming is a condition that affects humans and domestic animals worldwide. Identification of the snake species involved in the envenomation is infrequent. Bothrops envenomation presents typical clinicopathological features. This report describes epidemiological, clinical, and pathological data of 2 cases of Bothrops envenomation in dogs, including the first case of Bothrops moojeni snake striking a domestic animal in Brazil. Cases: Case 1. A dog was witnessed to have a Bothrops moojeni snakebite on a farm. In the first 24 h, acute lameness, pain, diffuse swelling, focal bleeding at the left forelimb, and increased whole-blood clotting time were observed in the envenomed dog. Polyvalent antivenom was administered in addition to fluid therapy, analgesics, corticosteroids, and antibiotics. On the 5th day, the animal presented spontaneous bleeding at the wound site, thrombocytopenia, and increased whole-blood clotting time. An additional dose of polyvalent antivenom was administered, and local treatment at the snakebite site was initiated. After 13 days, the dog showed no clinical or laboratory changes and recovered entirely. Case 2. A mongrel dog was taken for a necropsy to determine the cause of death. Grossly, major findings included swelling in the nasal plane that extended to the neck and dissecting hemorrhage in the subcutaneous tissue and adjacent musculature. Hemorrhages were observed in the heart, parietal pleura, left forelimb, lumbar region, and perirenal tissue. Marked necrosis and disruption of small blood vessels and lymphatics within the deep dermis and subcutaneous tissue were the main microscopic findings close to the snakebite site. Additionally, degeneration and necrosis of muscle fibers and dissecting hemorrhage were observed in the head and neck tissues surrounding the snakebite site. Kidneys showed marked interstitial hemorrhage and acute tubular nephrosis. Discussion: Bothrops envenoming is characterized by local (hemorrhage, dermonecrosis, and myonecrosis) and systemic (coagulative disorders, systemic hemorrhage, and acute kidney injury) changes due to the effect of the main venom components such as phospholipase A2 and metalloproteinases. These changes are hallmarks for the bothropic envenomation, supporting the diagnosis in cases 1 and 2. In case 1, the dog developed a Bothrops moojeni snakebite envenomation, but the immediate treatment with antivenom allowed a favorable outcome. In case 2, gross and microscopic findings supported the presumptive diagnosis of fatal bothropic envenomation. A marked local reaction such as swelling, pain, bleeding, bruising, and tissue necrosis was observed in case 1. In case 2, the most significant local changes were swelling and edema at the head and neck, hemorrhage in the subcutaneous tissue, and adjacent musculature. Systemic effects were observed clinically as spontaneous bleeding, thrombocytopenia, increased whole-blood clotting time (Case 1), systemic hemorrhages, and acute tubular nephrosis (Case 2). A proper treatment probably prevented the development of acute renal failure in Case 1. Herein, we show the first case of accidental snakebite envenomation by B. moojeni in a dog in Brazil. Information is scarce on the identification of venomous snake species striking domestic animals. Fast detection of well-determined clinical and pathological findings of Bothrops envenomation is essential for a correct diagnosis, therapeutics, and a good prognosis, even in cases with an unknown history.
Assuntos
Animais , Cães , Mordeduras de Serpentes/fisiopatologia , Mordeduras de Serpentes/veterinária , Inibidores dos Fatores de Coagulação Sanguínea/análise , Venenos de Crotalídeos/toxicidade , BothropsResumo
Respiratory problems due to tracheobronchial foreign bodies (FBs) are unusual in horses; although equines kept in pastures eventually inhale FBs, as conifer twigs of Araucaria angustifolia. A 1,5-year-old Criolle foal was presented with hemoptysis, dyspnea, restlessness and fever (40.9 ºC rectal temperature). Complete blood count showed intense neutropenia, monocytosis, thrombocytopenia and hypoproteinemia. Treatment was carried out but no clinical improvement was observed. At the post-mortem examination, marked amount of dark red liquid was observed in the thoracic cavity (hemothorax). The lung parenchyma was diffusely consolidated, predominantly in the cranioventral area, associated with mild pleural fibrin deposition. The right primary bronchus was obliterated by a Araucaria angustifolia pine branch measuring 18 cm in length, with adjacent darkened areas (lung consolidation). Microscopically, there was diffuse necrosis with severe hemorrhage in the lungs, associated with marked neutrophilic inflammatory infiltrate, numerous coccoid bacterial aggregates, and fibrinous pleuritis. Additionally, there was diffuse alveolar edema and multifocal thrombosis. Lung fragments were submitted for bacterial culture and mixed bacterial growth was observed with a predominance of Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus. Inhalation of branches is not commonly reported in horses, but it must be included in the differential diagnoses of pneumonia, and attention should be taken when allowing horses to graze in areas where the plant occurs.
Problemas respiratórios devido a corpos estranhos (CEs) traqueobrônquicos são incomuns em equinos, embora cavalos em pastagem possam eventualmente aspirar CEs, como galhos de Araucaria angustifolia. Um potro Crioulo, 1,5 anos, apresentou hemoptise, dispneia, inquietação e temperatura retal de 40,9 ºC. O hemograma revelou intensa neutropenia, monocitose, trombocitopenia e hipoproteinemia. O tratamento foi realizado, mas sem sucesso. Na cavidade torácica, foi observada grande quantidade de líquido avermelhado livre (hemotórax). Os pulmões estavam difusamente consolidados, predominantemente cranioventral e com discreta deposição de fibrina sobre a superfície pleural. O brônquio principal direito estava obliterado por um ramo de pinheiro de Araucaria angustifolia com 18 cm de comprimento. Microscopicamente, notou-se necrose de coagulação pulmonar difusa com hemorragia severa, infiltrado inflamatório neutrofílico marcado, numerosos agregados bacterianos cocoides e pleurite fibrinosa. Fragmentos de pulmão foram submetidos ao isolamento bacteriológico e abundante crescimento misto com predominância de Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus foi observado. A inalação de grimpas de pinheiro não é comumente relatada em equinos, mas deve ser incluída nos diagnósticos diferenciais de pneumonia e deve-se ter atenção ao introduzir cavalos no campo com a presença da planta.
Assuntos
Animais , Masculino , Broncopneumonia/veterinária , Streptococcus equi , Corpos Estranhos/veterinária , Araucaria , Doenças dos Cavalos/sangue , Pulmão , CavalosResumo
Dentre as hemoparasitoses com maior frequência de transmissão por carrapatos pode-se destacar a Erliquiose, a Hepatozoonose, a Anaplasmose e a Babesiose. A coinfecção por esses agentes são frequentes na rotina clínica; no entanto, poucas são as descrições sobre a ocorrência simultânea desses agentes em hemogramas. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi relatar os casos de quatro cães diagnosticados com coinfecção por Ehrlichia spp. e Hepatozoon canis, os quais foram atendidos no Hospital Veterinário Adílio Santos de Azevedo (HV-ASA) do Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia da Paraíba (IFPB), campus Sousa. Durante a avaliação clínica, relatou-se que os pacientes apresentavam, de maneira em comum, oligodipsia e hiporexia, além de histórico de presença de carrapatos. Em seguida, foram realizados hemogramas, que revelaram que todos os animais apresentavam anemia leve a moderada. Além disso, notou-se que o animal 1 estava com trombocitopenia e os animais 2 e 3, neutrofilia. Na pesquisa de hemoparasitas em esfregaço sanguíneo, observou-se coinfecção por H. canis e E. spp. nos quatro animais. Desta forma, este relato demonstrou a importância do uso do hemograma e da pesquisa dos agentes causadores das hemoparasitoses, através do esfregaço sanguíneo. Ressalte-se que o esfregaço sanguíneo, embora seja um método inespecífico e de baixa sensibilidade, pode e deve ser adotado como rotina, por ser uma técnica simples, rápida, barata, pouco invasiva e de diagnóstico definitivo.
Among the hemoparasitoses with the highest frequency of transmission by ticks, ehrlichiosis, hepatozoonosis, anaplasmosis, and babesiosis may be highlighted. The coinfection with these agents is frequent in clinical routine; however, there are few descriptions of the simultaneous occurrence of these agents in blood counts. Therefore, this work aimed to report the cases of four dogs diagnosed with Ehrlichia spp. and Hepatozoon canis, which were treated at the Adílio Santos de Azevedo Veterinary Hospital (HV-ASA), of the Federal Institute of Education, Science, and Technology of Paraíba (IFPB), Sousa campus. During the clinical evaluation, it was reported that the patients had oligodipsia and hyporexia in common, in addition to a history of tick presence. Then, blood counts were performed, which revealed that all animals had mild to moderate anemia. In addition, it was noted that animal 1 had thrombocytopenia and animals 2 and 3 had neutrophilia. In the investigation of hemoparasites in blood smears, co-infection with H. canis and E. spp. was observed in the four animals. Thus, this report demonstrated the importance of using the blood count and researching the causative agents of hemoparasitosis, through the blood smear. It should be noted that the blood smear, although it is a non-specific and low-sensitivity method, can and should be adopted as a routine, as it is a simple, fast, inexpensive, minimally invasive, and definitive diagnostic technique.
Assuntos
Animais , Cães , Ehrlichia canis/patogenicidade , Doenças do Cão , Coinfecção/veterinária , Testes Hematológicos/veterinária , Zona SemiáridaResumo
Abstract Background: Eastern Russell's viper (Daboia siamensis) is one of the most medically significant snakes responsible for the development of acute renal failure. However, variation of the clinical picture and renal pathophysiology following bites by young and adult D. siamensis have not been elucidated. Methods: In this study, we analyzed the venomic profiles of D. siamensis at different maturation stages of juvenile, subadult and adult groups. The same pooled venom from each group was subjected to enzymatic, electrophoretic and proteomic analysis, including sublethal toxicity (0.1 mg/kg iv.) examined on bodily functions by comparing the venom compositional and functional profiles among venom specimens from juvenile, subadult and adult D. siamensis by correlating them with the renal pathophysiology in experimental rabbits. Results: The comparative studies revealed that juvenile venom possessed higher phospholipase A2 , metalloproteinase and serine proteinase levels, while subadult and adult venoms contained more L-amino acid oxidase, phosphodiesterase, the Kunitz-type serine protease inhibitor, disintegrin families and endothelial growth factor. An in vivo study revealed that the adult and subadult venoms caused persistent hypotension and bradycardia, while thrombocytopenia was a more characteristic effect of juvenile venom. All venom age groups showed significant reductions in renal hemodynamics and electrolyte excretions. The juvenile venom caused a higher tubulonephrosis lesion score than adult and subadult venoms. Conclusions: The D. siamensis venom shows an ontogenetic shift in its compositions and activities. Renal function alterations after envenomation depend on either the synergistic actions of different venom components or the disproportionate expression between the concentrations of enzymatic and non-enzymatic proteins in each age venom group. The high proportion of enzymatic toxin proteins in the juvenile venom results in greater nephrotoxicity.(AU)
Assuntos
Animais , Coelhos/fisiologia , Veias Renais/fisiopatologia , Venenos de Víboras/químicaResumo
A leishmaniose visceral (LV) é uma enfermidade crônica, multissistêmica e comum, que afeta os cães e pode apresentar alterações em diversos exames laboratoriais, inclusive no hemograma e mielograma. Desse modo, o objetivo deste trabalho foi descrever e avaliar as alterações no hemograma e mielograma de seis cães positivos para leishmaniose atendidos no Hospital Universitário Ivan Macedo Tabosa da Universidade Federal de Campina Grande. Os diagnósticos foram confirmados através da observação das formas amastigotas de Leishmania sp em aspirados de medula óssea. No hemograma, a maior parte dos animais apresentou anemia, trombocitopenia e leucocitose com neutrofilia. Além disso, dois animais apresentaram leucopenia. No mielograma, a maioria dos animais apresentou hiperplasia granulocítica e megacariocítica, além de hipoplasia eritroide. Conclui-se que a realização de exames laboratoriais, como hemograma e mielograma, em animais suspeitos de LV é importante para o acompanhamento do quadro clínico do paciente e para a seleção de medidas terapêuticas a serem adotadas, o que pode refletir positivamente no prognóstico.
Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is a chronic, multisystemic, and common disease that affects dogs and that can present changes in several laboratory tests, including blood count and myelogram. Thus, this work aimed to describe and evaluate changes in the blood count and myelogram of six dogs positive for leishmaniasis treated at the Veterinary Hospital Ivan Macedo Tabosa of the Federal University of Campina Grande. The diagnoses were confirmed by observing the amastigote forms of Leishmania sp in bone marrow aspirates. In the blood count, most animals presented anemia, thrombocytopenia, and leukocytosis with neutrophilia. Besides, two animals had leukopenia. In the myelogram, most animals presented granulocytic and megakaryocytic hyperplasia, in addition to erythroid hypoplasia. It is concluded that the performance of laboratory tests, such as blood count and myelogram, in animals suspected of VL is important for monitoring the patient's clinical condition and for selecting the therapeutic measures to be used, which can reflect positively on the prognosis.
Assuntos
Animais , Cães , Leishmania/isolamento & purificação , Leishmaniose Visceral/diagnóstico , Leishmaniose Visceral/veterinária , Contagem de Células Sanguíneas/veterinária , Mielografia/veterináriaResumo
Hemoparasitoses vêm se tornando cada vez mais importantes na clínica médica de pequenos animais. Dentre os agentes causadores encontramos Ehrlichiacanis, Anaplasmaplatys., e Mycoplasma spp., torna-se de grande importância conhecer a epidemiologia nos gatos domésticos. Objetivou-se com esta pesquisa fazer um levantamento retrospectivo de fichas de gatos advindos de consultas no Hospital Veterinário Mário Dias Teixeira (HOVET) que realizaram exame de Reação de Cadeia da polimerase (PCR) no laboratório de biologia molecular, na Universidade Federal Rural da Amazônia, no ano de 2018 e 2019. No total foram 72 amostras de gatos domésticos processadas, sendo 33 machos e 39 fêmeas, 70 animais SRD e 2 Siameses, todos com trombocitopenia, além de outros sinais clínicos que os levaram a precisar de atendimento veterinário, foram categorizados os meses de entrada e processamento das amostras, bairros dos animais e grupos etários. De todos os animais testados, 34,7% obtiveram diagnóstico positivo para uma das enfermidades, sendo o gênero Mycoplasma spp. o que mais prevaleceu em amostras positivas, com maior frequência em fêmeas adultas, bem como foi descrita ocorrência de E. canis apenas nesse sexo, já A. platysfoi descrito com maior frequência em machos, além de achados de infecções concomitantes observado entre os agentes Anaplasmae Mycoplasma. Concluímos que os gatos atendidos no HOVET possuíam parasitismo por diferentes agentes infecciosos.
Hemoparasitosis have become increasingly important in the small animals' internal medicine. Among the causal agents, there are Ehrlichiacanis, Anaplasmaplatys. and Mycoplasma spp., which give the understanding of the epidemiology in domestic cats a great significance. This research aimed to make a retrospective survey of records from cats that came from appointments at the Veterinary Hospital Mário Dias Teixeira (HOVET) and underwent the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) test at the molecular biology laboratory, at the Amazônia Federal Rural University (UFRA), in the years of 2018 and 2019. In total, 72 samples of domestic cats were processed, from which 33 were males and 39 females, 70 of them were mongrel cats and 2 siamese, all of them showed thrombocytopenia amongst other clinical signs that led them to need a veterinary appointment, the months of admission, processing of the samples, districts the animals came from and age group were categorized. 34,7% of all the animals tested showed positive results for one of the diseases, with the genus Mycoplasma spp. being the most prevalent in positive samples, showing a higher rate in adult females, as the occurrence of E. canis was reported only in females, while A. platys was reported with a higher rate in males, as well as concomitant infections following the observation of the agents Anaplasma and Mycoplasma. In conclusion, the cats admitted at HOVET showed parasitism by different infectious agents.
Assuntos
Animais , Gatos , Doenças Parasitárias/sangue , Sangue/parasitologia , Estudos Epidemiológicos , Gatos/parasitologia , Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase/veterinária , Ehrlichia canis , Carga Parasitária/veterinária , Anaplasma , Infecções por Mycoplasma/veterináriaResumo
Background: Bee sting poisonings are common in dogs, and toxic systemic presentation may represent a life-threatening condition. Apis mellifera venom is a complex mixture of melitin, apamine, phospholipase, hyaluronidase and degranulating peptides, that causes local injury at the site of inoculation and multiple organ complications, including hemolysis, kidney injury, muscular damage, cardiovascular and respiratory complications. The present work reports a complete and detailed description of a dog's systemic toxic reaction to bee stings, including history, clinical signs, laboratory findings, emergency care and development, as well as possible association with later immunomediated arthritis. Case: A 6-year-old female German Shepperd suffered multiple bee stings. First care was conducted by a veterinary at the site, where he only received promethazine, meloxicam and dexamethasone. After 24 h and significant progression of symptoms, the animal was forwarded to a specialized veterinary hospital. The patient was evaluated throughout 9 days, and presented intense edema, respiratory distress, tongue necrosis and grade II of acute kidney injury. Extensive laboratory exams were conducted throughout the hospitalization. Main laboratory findings included polycythemia, leukocytosis by neutrophilia and monocytosis, thrombocytopenia and azotemia. Urinalysis evidenced turbid aspect, dark yellow color and intense proteinuria, reinforcing kidney damage. Abdominal ultrasound examination identified blood clots in the bladder, and liver with reduced echogenicity and echotexture, suggesting acute inflammation. Therapy aimed to stabilize the patient, control kidney damage and avoid anaphylaxis. Treatment included intensive care support, promethazine, hydrocortisone, dexamethasone, dipyrone, methadone, metronidazole, ampicillin, clindamycin and tramadol. Following successful treatment, the animal presented immunomediated polyarthritis, possibly associated to both the poisoning and later diagnosed hemoparasitosis (both Erlichia and Babesia). Discussion: Massive bee attacks can cause severe complications, however, data regarding emergency care records are scarce. Based on clinical signs and laboratory findings, the patient presented toxic systemic reaction, including grade II of acute kidney injury and significant cardiorespiratory distress. Another important complication was tongue necrosis, that demanded attention and special supportive care, including feeding tube and specific feed. Treatment also focused in reducing edema and control possible anaphylaxis, providing analgesia and antibiotic therapy. Laboratory findings have been previously described, with evidence of immune-mediated reaction. Follow-up consultations revealed normal parameters, and an unusual presentation of claudication. Investigation concluded that polyarthritis could be responsible for such finding and may be a result of the deposition of immunomediated complexes in the joints, due in this case to the bee poisoning and later positive diagnosis for both Erlichia and Babesia. Systemic reactions to bee stings are complex, and full clinical and laboratory profile aid in both the prognosis and treatment options. Special attention must be given to tongue damage and supportive care is essential for maintaining feeding conditions. Arthritis should be considered as possible complication, reinforcing the importance of follow-up consultations.
Assuntos
Animais , Feminino , Cães , Língua/lesões , Venenos de Abelha/toxicidade , Mordeduras e Picadas/complicações , Hipersensibilidade Imediata/veterinária , Fosfolipases A2/análise , Meliteno/toxicidadeResumo
Background: Polymyositis is a generalized inflammatory myopathy which can lead to rhabdomyolysis. This affection may have several origins, including degenerative, metabolic, autoimmune, infectious, inflammatory, ischemic, traumatic, by drug use, induced by toxins and also of idiopathic origin. Diagnosis is made with seric dosage, electrodiagnostic tests and muscle biopsy. Lesions in the rostral oblong medulla may affect the central vestibular system, and there may be signs such as opisthotonos, nystagmus, and strabismus. The aim of this report is to describe a case of a mixed breed dog with manifestation of polymyositis associated with brainstem signs of probable idiopathic origin. Case: A 5-year-old mixed breed male dog was attended with opisthotonos episodes for 2 days, and pelvic limbs extension and thoracic limbs flexion that lasted 10 to 20 min at intervals of approximately 1 h. The animal was anorexic and had also presented one episode of emesis. Upon neurological examination, ventromedial strabismus and Horner's syndrome was observed on the right side, besides vertical nystagmus, flaccid tetraparesis and absence of proprioception in the four limbs. Biochemical analyses revealed creatine kinase (CK) increased (2,433.9 UI/L - reference: 1.5-28.4 UI/L), and urinalysis showed dark color and presence of occult blood without, however, erythrocyturia. Electrocardiogram (ECG) showed QS wave and deviation of the electrical axis. Treatment with prednisolone (1 mg/kg, BID), phenobarbital (2 mg/kg, BID), maropitant citrate (1 mg/kg in 2 doses), and crystalloid fluid therapy (50 mL/kg/day) were prescribed. On the 4th day, the dog was more active and feeding without a tube, so it recommended keep the treatment at home. On the 10th day, the animal had proprioception present on the 4 limbs and normorexia. Biochemical analyses and urinalysis showed no alterations, but normochromic normochromic anemia with thrombocytopenia and leukocytosis by neutrophilia showed in blood count exam. PCR to Ehrlichia canis, Hepatozoon sp., and Babesia canis resulted negative. On the 15th day, blood count, biochemical analyses and urinalysis showed no alterations. Neurological examination revealed only positional vertical nystagmus. which remained as a sequel. Discussion: Polymyositis may be accompanied by rhabdomyolysis, characterized by acute muscle necrosis, increased CK and myoglobinuria. The animal had polymyositis of acute onset, with myoglobinuria and elevated CK values, whose presentation included myalgia and muscle weakness. In humans, polymyositis is accompanied by changes in electrocardiographic tracing without clinical alterations. In dogs, the first report that showed cardiac involvement was compatible with myocarditis. The changes in ECG in the present case was attributed to failure in myocardial electrical conduction. The patient also showed signs of brainstem and central vestibular system injuries. Stress myopathy, intoxication, snakebite, infectious, and metabolic diseases were discarded leading to a clinical suspicion as idiopathic origin. Similar to a published case, the patient of this report received symptomatic and supportive treatment, being discharged from the hospital 20 days after the onset of clinical signs. Thus, polymyositis may be accompanied by signs indicative of brainstem injury. Patients with rhabdomyolysis require intense monitoring due to the high risk of developing acute renal failure. Since no causative agent was identified, symptomatic treatment combined with the prevention of possible complications were fundamental for the maintenance of the animal's life.
Assuntos
Animais , Masculino , Cães , Polimiosite/terapia , Polimiosite/veterinária , Rabdomiólise/veterinária , Síndrome de Horner/veterinária , Mioglobinúria/veterináriaResumo
Background: Erythroid leukemia is a myeloproliferative hematopoietic disorder considered acute when there is a predominance of blasts in the bone marrow. It is frequently reported in cats infected with feline leukemia virus, but it is unclear whether this virus is involved in the oncogenesis. The clinical signs in cats are anorexia, apathy, weight loss, with evolution from 2 weeks to 2 months, pale mucous membranes, hemorrhages, ascites, salivation, and dyspnea due to pleural effusion. This affection responds little to chemotherapy with an unfavorable prognosis. The aim of this study is to report a case of a feline leukemia virus infected cat with the onset of severe hemolytic anemia. Case: A 8-year-old male mixed breed cat was attended with a history of anorexia, oligodipsia, apathy, progressive weight loss, and yellowish color of urine for 7 days. Laboratorial exams showed anemia (with metarubricytes, acanthocytes and ghost cells), leukocytosis and FeLV reagent test. The cat underwent treatment with methylprednisolone acetate and supportive care. One day later, the animal returned with icteric mucous membranes, and emesis. A blood count was performed that found worsening anemia, increased leukocytosis, and lymphocytosis. Abdominal ultrasound showed cholangiohepatitis and lymphadenomegaly in mesenteric lymph nodes. Treatment was started with ondansetron, metronidazole, and amoxicilin with potassium clavulanate. The cat returned after 3 days and laboratorial exams revealed worsening of blood parameters, so blood transfusion was performed. After 2 days, the patient started with dyspnea and hypothermia, that evolved to cardiorespiratory arrest. The body was sent to necropsy and histopathology, where blast cells and rubricytes were found in blood vessels of various organs. The bone marrow was markedly cellular with complete disappearance of adipose tissue. Most of the cells were blasts with abundant and eosinophilic cytoplasm, central nucleus with finely dotted chromatin and a large nucleolus. There were rubricytes, which made possible to confirm acute erythroid leukemia as a morphological diagnosis. Discussion: The clinical signs observed in acute erythroid leukemia are lethargy, inappetence, fever, splenomegaly, mild lymphadenomegaly, associated with leukocytosis, severe anemia, and thrombocytopenia. The reported animal presented signs similar to those described in the literature except that there was no change in platelet counts. The diagnosis of leukemia was reached after histopathology, and it is made when is observed more than 30% of myeloblasts and monoblasts together or when the blast cells count including rubriblasts is greater than 30%. Although chemotherapy, the prognosis is usually poor. It is essential to perform the myelogram for the diagnosis of myeloid leukemias in vivo. In this report, we only achieve final diagnosis after the cat's death, due to the aggressive behavior of the disease. Clinicians must be aware of the likely development of acute erythroid leukemia whenever a feline leukemia virus infected cat presents hemolytic anemia to get an early diagnosis, since this is an extremely aggressive disease, to propose prompt chemotherapy and give the patient a longer survival period.
Assuntos
Animais , Masculino , Gatos , Leucemia/veterinária , Vírus da Leucemia Felina/isolamento & purificação , Neoplasias Hematológicas/veterinária , Sistema Hematopoético/patologia , Anemia Hemolítica/veterinária , Mielografia/veterináriaResumo
As the bone marrow is one of the most organs affected by canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL), samples from this are frequently taken for parasitological tests, with occurrence of myelodysplastic changes, with consequent anemia, leukopenia, and thrombocytopenia. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the histological and immunohistochemical changes in the bone marrow of the femur and sternal manubrium of dogs reactive for leishmaniasis by DPP® and ELISA tests. For this, thirteen canines from the epidemiological routine for CVL carried out by the Directorate of Zoonosis Surveillance of Goiânia (DVZ), GO, Brazil, were subjected to anatomopathological examination. 46.2% of bone marrow samples from the femur showed a higher proportion of the red series, and 53.9% of bone marrow of the sternal manubrium evidenced a higher proportion of the red series. Also, there were varied macrophage hyperplasia, hemosiderosis, and megakaryocytic emperipolesis. Amastigote forms of Leishmania spp. in the bone marrow of the femur and sternal manubrium to histopathological and immunohistochemical evaluations were observed, with good agreement them, but without difference in the parasite intensity between the bone marrow of these anatomical sites. It was concluded that bone marrow of the femur and sternal manubrium of dogs reactive for leishmaniasis by DPP® and ELISA tests has histological changes resulting from the disease, regardless of the parasite presence or intensity, with macrophage hyperplasia, hemosiderosis, and emperipolesis being the main medullary changes in these animals. Also, the bone marrow of the femur and sternal manubrium are useful anatomical sites for the diagnosis of CVL by direct methods.
Como a medula óssea é um dos órgãos mais acometidos pela leishmaniose visceral canina (LVC), amostras desta são frequentemente colhidas para exames parasitológicos, sendo possível a ocorrência de alterações mielodisplásicas, com consequente anemia, leucopenia e trombocitopenia. Assim, este estudo teve como objetivo investigar alterações histológicas e imunoistoquímicas na medula óssea do fêmur e manúbrio esternal de cães reativos para leishmaniose aos testes DPP® e ELISA. Para isso, 13 caninos da rotina epidemiológica para LVC realizada pela Diretoria de Vigilância de Zoonoses de Goiânia (DVZ), GO, Brasil, foram submetidos ao exame anatomopatológico. 46,2% e 53,9% das amostras de medula óssea do fêmur e do manúbrio esternal apresentaram maior proporção da série vermelha, respectivamente. Além disso, havia variados graus de hiperplasia macrofágica, hemossiderose e emperipolese megacariocítica. Formas amastigotas de Leishmania spp. na medula óssea do fêmur e do manúbrio esternal às avaliações histopatológicas e imunoistoquímicas foram observadas, com boa concordância entre essas, mas sem diferença na intensidade parasitária entre a medula óssea desses sítios anatômicos. Conclui-se que a medula óssea do fêmur e do manúbrio esternal de cães reativos para leishmaniose aos testes DPP® e ELISA apresenta alterações histológicas decorrentes da doença, independente da presença ou intensidade do parasito, sendo hiperplasia de macrófagos, hemossiderose e emperipolese as principais alterações medulares nesses animais. Além disso, a medula óssea do fêmur e do manúbrio esternal compreendem sítios anatômicos úteis ao diagnóstico de LVC por métodos diretos.