Uso do carprofeno associado aos glicosaminoglicanos em cães com osteoartrite / Use of carprofen associated with glycosaminoglycans in dogs with osteoarthritis

O presente trabalho avaliou os efeitos analgésicos do carprofeno associado ou não à condroitina com glicosamina no tratamento de 26 cães com osteoartrite, distribuídos nos grupos: GT ­ carprofeno (Carproflan®); GTP ­ carprofeno e glicosaminoglicanos (Carproflan® e Procart®); e GC ­ somente analgésico (dipirona). A evolução dos pacientes foi classificada na escala de claudicação no dia do primeiro atendimento e aos 7, 14 e 21 dias. No GT, 60% dos animais apresentou melhora clínica a partir do 7º dia, 30% não alterou seu escore de claudicação e 10% apresentou êmese a partir do 7º dia, com suspensão da medicação. No GTP, 60% dos animais apresentou melhora clínica a partir do 7º dia, 30% não alterou seu escore de claudicação, 5% apresentou êmese a partir do 7º dia e 5% a partir do 14º dia, com suspensão da medicação. No GC, nenhum animal apresentou melhora clínica. Conclui-se que os animais submetidos ao tratamento com carprofeno apresentaram melhora na claudicação, principalmente quando associado aos glicosaminoglicanos.(AU)

The analgesic effects of carprofen associated or not with chondroitin with glucosamine were evaluated in the treatment of 26 dogs with osteoarthritis, distributed into groups: TG ­ carprofen (Carproflan®); PTG ­ carprofen and glycosaminoglycans (Carproflan® and Procart®); and CG ­ only analgesic (dipyrone). The evolution of patients was classified on the lameness scale on the first day of care and at 7, 14 and 21 days. In the TG, 60% of the animals showed clinical improvement from the 7th day, 30% did not change their lameness score and 10% had emesis from the 7th day, with discontinuation of the medication. In the PTG, 60% of the animals showed clinical improvement from the 7th day, 30% did not change their lameness score, 5% had emesis from the 7th day and 5% from the 14th day, with discontinuation of the medication. In the CG, no animal showed clinical improvement. It was concluded that animals undergoing treatment with carprofen showed improvement in lameness, especially when associated with glycosaminoglycans.(AU)

Focal spinal hyperesthesia as a prognostic factor in paraplegic dogs without deep pain perception / Hiperestesia espinhal focal como fator prognóstico em cães paraplégicos sem percepção de dor profunda

Intervertebral disc extrusion (IVDE) is the most common cause of spinal cord compression in dogs, whose prognosis is variable and depends on several factors, with deep pain perception (DPP) being the main parameter used. Investigations of new prognostic factors are studied to assist in the estimation of functional recovery. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate whether spinal hyperesthesia (SH) at the compression site can be used as a prognostic factor for the functional recovery of dogs with acute IVDE (Hansen type I), without DPP being subjected to thoracolumbar hemilaminectomy. Decompression surgery was performed on the same day or the day after admission. The duration of the loss of DPP until surgery performance ranged from 1 to 60 days, with a median of 4.5 days for the group of dogs with SH and 5.5 days for those without SH. Among the 68 dogs included in this retrospective study, 73.5% (50/68) showed SH, and 26.5% (18/68) were not identified. Recovery was satisfactory in 60% (30/50) of dogs with SH and in 27.7% (5/18) of dogs without SH, demonstrating that paraplegic dogs without DPP but with SH were 3.9 times more likely to recover when compared to dogs in the same condition, but with no SH. No studies have evaluated SH by palpation of the spine as a prognostic factor, which reinforces the relevance of the present study. The results of this study imply that SH in paraplegic dogs affected by thoracolumbar IVDE, without the presence of DPP, can be used as a possible prognostic indicator of functional recovery.

A extrusão do disco intervertebral (EDIV) é a causa mais comum de lesão compressiva na medula espinhal de cães, cujo prognóstico é variável e depende de diversos fatores, sendo a percepção de dor profunda (PDP) o principal parâmetro utilizado. Pesquisas de novos fatores prognósticos são estudados com intuito de auxiliar na estimativa mais precisa de recuperação funcional. Com isso, o objetivo do estudo foi avaliar se a hiperestesia espinhal (HE) no local da compressão, pode ser utilizada como um fator prognóstico para recuperação funcional de cães com extrusão aguda do disco intervertebral (Hansen tipo I), sem a presença de PDP submetidos a hemilaminectomia toracolombar. A cirurgia descompressiva ocorreu no mesmo dia ou no dia seguinte ao atendimento. A duração da perda de dor profunda até a realização da cirurgia variou de 1 a 60 dias, com uma mediana de 4,5 dias para o grupo de cães com e 5,5 dias para aqueles sem hiperestesia espinhal. Dos 68 cães incluídos nesse estudo retrospectivo, 73,5% (50/68) apresentavam HE e, em 26,5% (18/68) a dor não foi identificada. A recuperação foi satisfatória nos cães com HE em 60% (30/50) e, sem HE, em 27,7% (5/18) dos casos, demonstrando que os cães paraplégicos sem PDP, mas com presença de hiperestesia espinhal tem 3,9 vezes mais chances de recuperação quando comparado com cães na mesma condição, mas sem HE. Não foram encontrados trabalhos que avaliaram a HE mediante a palpação da coluna vertebral como um fator prognóstico, o que reforça a relevância do presente estudo. Os resultados do presente trabalho sugerem que a HE em cães paraplégicos acometidos por EDIV toracolombar sem presença de PDP pode ser utilizada como um possível indicador prognóstico de recuperação funcional.

Trichlorfon for treatment of cutaneous habronemosis - evaluation of intravenous regional perfusion in the distal equine limbs

Background: Equine cutaneous habronemiasis is common in the distal regions of the limbs. Organophosphates, appliedsystemically, one previously used treatment, which is highly effective, but currently in disuse, due to the risks of intoxication. Regional perfusion is a potential technique for distal limb wounds, since, in addition to being used in low doses, itprevents systemic circulation of the drug and possible intoxication, and has a lower treatment cost. The current work aimedto perform clinical, laboratory, and venography evaluations of the use of trichlorfon in regional intravenous perfusion, asa possible form of treatment for cutaneous habronemosis in the distal region of equine limbs.Materials, Methods & Results: Twelve equines were used, divided into 2 groups, with the left thoracic limb (LTL) beingthe test limb, and the right thoracic limb (RTL) the control limb. At moment zero (M0), distal radiography and venographywere performed. The tourniquet was then loosened and after 5 min, at moment one (M1), the tourniquet was repositionedfor 1.25 mg/kg (G1) and 5.5 mg/kg (G2) trichlorfon injections into the left thoracic limb, diluted in 20 mL of Ringer’s lactate solution, and 20 mL of Ringer’s lactate solution was applied to the right thoracic limb. The tourniquet was maintainedfor 30 min after infusion in both groups. At moment 2 (M2), 4 days later, blood tests, radiography, and venography wererepeated. Every day between M0 and M2, physical examinations were performed, including measurement of the pastern,fetlock, and coronet band, and a lameness examination. There were no significant alterations in clinical parameters, behavior, and appetite. In the blood cell count, there was an increase in leukocytes on D4 in G2, although remaining withinthe reference values for the species. The biochemical tests showed no alterations. There were no changes in the circumferences evaluated and 4 equines from G2 presented lameness in the LTL and...

Anestesia regional intravenosa (bloqueio de Bier) em urubu-de-cabeça-preta (Coragyps atratus) submetido à amputação de dígito / Regional intravenous anaesthesia (Bier's block) in black-headed vulture (Coragyps atratus) submitted to digit amputation

Background: The Coragyps atratus flies long distances in search of food and has a marked behaviour of food competition. Since they are frequently found in areas of recent human occupation, they are subject to trauma, which may require surgical interventions. Locoregional blocks are used as part of a balanced-anaesthesia protocol and are currently being evaluated in birds, with brachial plexus block being the main technique described in the literature. However, to our knowledge, this is the first description of intravenous regional anaesthesia (Bier's block) in a vulture. Thus, we aim to report the use of Bier's block with 1% lidocaine, in a black-headed vulture submitted to digit amputation. Case: A black-headed vulture (Coragyps atratus), weighing 2 kg, was rescued and referred to the Veterinary Hospital due to its inability to fly. Physical examination revealed a swollen digit in the right pelvic limb. Radiographic examination confirmed the intermediate phalanx fracture of the 4th digit of the right pelvic limb with signs suggestive of advanced osteomyelitis. The animal was referred to surgery for amputation of the affected digit. Before surgery, water and food were withdrawn for 12 h. Pre-anaesthetic medication consisted of 1 mg/kg midazolam and 0.5 mg/kg morphine intramuscularly (IM). Anaesthetic induction was performed through face mask with isoflurane, followed by orotracheal intubation with a 3 mm-endotracheal tube. Anaesthesia was maintained with isoflurane through a non-rebreathing circuit in 100% oxygen. Using a multiparametric monitor, heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), end-tidal CO2 (EtCO2 ), oxyhemoglobin saturation (SpO2 ), electrocardiography (ECG), systolic blood pressure (SBP) and core temperature (CT) were evaluated. Antisepsis of the right pelvic limb was performed and an elastic band was applied around the distal region of the affected tibia to serve as a tourniquet. A scalp vein set was used to access the lateral saphenous vein in the region distal to the tourniquet, and 5 mg/ kg lidocaine 1% was injected intravenously. The patient remained stable during the procedure, with no need for analgesic rescue. The tourniquet was gradually released 40 min past its application, being completely removed after 45 min of surgery. The anaesthetic supply was interrupted, with extubation after 4 min; the patient had satisfactory anaesthetic recovery. Discussion: The present report describes the success in using the technique of intravenous regional anaesthesia with 1% lidocaine for digit amputation performed on a specimen of black-headed vulture. The pre-anaesthetic medication provided analgesia, satisfactory sedation for venoclysis, and anaesthetic induction without complications. Anaesthetic induction and maintenance in birds are preferably performed with inhaled anaesthetics, thus the choice of mask induction. Despite the reduction in RR soon after induction, the patient remained on spontaneous ventilation. Bier's block using 5 mg/kg lidocaine showed to be an easy and safe technique in vultures, but doses up to 6 mg/kg lidocaine are not associated with adverse effects in birds. The intravenous regional anaesthesia technique described in this manuscript promoted adequate analgesia for the digit amputation procedure in black-headed vultures and allowed hemodynamic stability without significant anaesthetic complications. Thus, the present report points to the potential use of this locoregional block in other birds.

Pathophysiology of pain and use of opioids in cattle / Fisiopatogenia da dor e uso de opioides em bovinos / Fisiopatología del dolor y uso de opioides en bovinos

O controle da dor é uma área que atualmente vem ganhando grande importância, principalmente para a bovinocultura. Determinar a origem e as causas do processo doloroso é uma tarefa que demanda grande atenção por parte dos profissionais, especialmente para que possam intervir da melhor maneira possível, além de buscar remover os fatores que incitaram, atuar na prevenção e tratamento do mecanismo da dor com uso de diversos fármacos disponíveis no mercado. O uso de opioides vem sendo alvo de estudos como estratégia farmacológica para controle e manejo do sofrimento animal, fato este que induz graves perdas e prejuízos para a produção bovina, a nível produtivo, reprodutivo e econômico. No entanto, faz-se necessário cada vez mais novos estudos a respeito dos benefícios que eles podem proporcionar aos bovinos, uma vez que existem alguns limitantes como custo e efeitos adversos.

Pain control is an area that is currently gaining great importance, mainly for beef production. Determining the origin and causes of the painful process is a task that demands great attention from professionals, especially so that they can intervene in the best possible way. In addition to seeking to remove the factors that prompted them, they act in the prevention and treatment of the pain mechanism with the use of various drugs available on the market. The use of opioids has been the subject of studies as a pharmacological strategy for the control and management of animal suffering, a fact that induces serious losses and losses for bovine production, at the productive, reproductive and economic level. However, more and more studies are needed regarding the benefits they can provide to cattle, since there are some limitations such as cost and adverse effects.

El control del dolor es un área que está cobrando gran importancia en la actualidad, especialmente para la ganadería. Determinar el origen y las causas del proceso doloroso es una tarea que requiere una gran atención por parte de los profesionales, especialmente para que puedan intervenir de la mejor manera posible, además de buscar remover los factores que los incitaron, actuando en la prevención y tratamiento del mecanismo del dolor mediante el uso de diversos fármacos disponibles en el mercado. El uso de opioides ha sido objeto de estudios como estrategia farmacológica para el control y manejo del sufrimiento animal, hecho que induce graves pérdidas y pérdidas para la producción bovina, a nivel productivo, reproductivo y económico. Sin embargo, se necesitan cada vez más estudios sobre los beneficios que pueden brindar al ganado, ya que existen algunas limitaciones como el costo y los efectos adversos.

Pathophysiology of pain and use of opioids in cattle / Fisiopatogenia da dor e uso de opioides em bovinos / Fisiopatología del dolor y uso de opioides en bovinos

O controle da dor é uma área que atualmente vem ganhando grande importância, principalmente para a bovinocultura. Determinar a origem e as causas do processo doloroso é uma tarefa que demanda grande atenção por parte dos profissionais, especialmente para que possam intervir da melhor maneira possível, além de buscar remover os fatores que incitaram, atuar na prevenção e tratamento do mecanismo da dor com uso de diversos fármacos disponíveis no mercado. O uso de opioides vem sendo alvo de estudos como estratégia farmacológica para controle e manejo do sofrimento animal, fato este que induz graves perdas e prejuízos para a produção bovina, a nível produtivo, reprodutivo e econômico. No entanto, faz-se necessário cada vez mais novos estudos a respeito dos benefícios que eles podem proporcionar aos bovinos, uma vez que existem alguns limitantes como custo e efeitos adversos.(AU)

Pain control is an area that is currently gaining great importance, mainly for beef production. Determining the origin and causes of the painful process is a task that demands great attention from professionals, especially so that they can intervene in the best possible way. In addition to seeking to remove the factors that prompted them, they act in the prevention and treatment of the pain mechanism with the use of various drugs available on the market. The use of opioids has been the subject of studies as a pharmacological strategy for the control and management of animal suffering, a fact that induces serious losses and losses for bovine production, at the productive, reproductive and economic level. However, more and more studies are needed regarding the benefits they can provide to cattle, since there are some limitations such as cost and adverse effects.(AU)

El control del dolor es un área que está cobrando gran importancia en la actualidad, especialmente para la ganadería. Determinar el origen y las causas del proceso doloroso es una tarea que requiere una gran atención por parte de los profesionales, especialmente para que puedan intervenir de la mejor manera posible, además de buscar remover los factores que los incitaron, actuando en la prevención y tratamiento del mecanismo del dolor mediante el uso de diversos fármacos disponibles en el mercado. El uso de opioides ha sido objeto de estudios como estrategia farmacológica para el control y manejo del sufrimiento animal, hecho que induce graves pérdidas y pérdidas para la producción bovina, a nivel productivo, reproductivo y económico. Sin embargo, se necesitan cada vez más estudios sobre los beneficios que pueden brindar al ganado, ya que existen algunas limitaciones como el costo y los efectos adversos.(AU)

Effects of parasites and predators on nociception: decreases analgesia reduces overwinter survival in root voles (Rodentia: Cricetidae)

ABSTRACT Growing evidence suggests that parasite-infected prey is more vulnerable to predation. However, the mechanism underlying this phenomenon is obscure. In small mammals, analgesia induced by environmental stressors is a fundamental component of the defensive repertoire, promoting defensive responses. Thus, the reduced analgesia may impair the defensive ability of prey and increase their predation risk. This study aimed to determine whether coccidia infection increases the vulnerability to predation in root voles, Microtus oeconomus (Pallas, 1776), by decreased analgesia. Herein, a predator stimulus and parasitic infection were simulated in the laboratory via a two-level factorial experiment, then, the vole nociceptive responses to an aversive thermal stimulus were evaluated. Further, a field experiment was performed to determine the overwinter survival of voles with different nociceptive responses via repeated live trapping. The coccidia-infected voles demonstrated reduced predator-induced analgesia following exposure to predator odor. Meanwhile, pain-sensitive voles had lower overwinter survival than pain-inhibited voles in enclosed populations throughout the duration of the experiment. Our findings suggest that coccidia infection attenuates predator-induced analgesia, resulting in an increased vulnerability to predation.

Complete avulsion of the hoof capsule and subsequent testicular degeneration in a criollo stallion

Background: Complete avulsion of the hoof in horses, also known as exungulation, is not a commonly reported injury and usually leads to euthanasia due to the great amount of tissue loss, intense pain, secondary complications, expensive and lengthy treatment. It can involve deep structures and cause different complications leading to chronic lameness. In stallions affected by such injury, the reproductive tract and performance may also be affected. The aim of this study was to report a case of complete avulsion of the right front hoof in a Criollo stallion and subsequent bilateral testicular degeneration. Case: A 10-year-old Criollo stallion was referred to the Veterinary Clinical Hospital of the Federal University of Pelotas (HCV- UFPel) with a complete avulsion of the left front hoof. At admission, the stallion had clinical parameters compatible with intense pain and blood loss. Evaluation of the wound demonstrated that the distal end of the third phalanx (P3) was exposed but no fracture was detected on radiological evaluation. No other structure was apparently affected. Initially, anti-inflammatory (phenylbutazone) and opioid (morphine) was given for pain control and supportive fluid therapy was started to restore hydration. Antibiotic (Sulfamethoxazole with trimethoprim) was administered for 10 days. Continued therapy with phenylbutazone, pentoxifylline, omeprazole and supplementation with methionine, biotin and zinc was also given. Local treatment was carried out by cleaning the wound, applying an antimicrobial ointment and dressing it with a bandage. Wound management was adapted according to the evolution and healing process. The stallion was kept in stall rest during its hospitalization time. In the second month after the injury, accumulation of liquid in the scrotum was observed. Clinical and ultrasound evaluation lead to a presumptive diagnosis of testicular degeneration. The stallion was discharged after three months when the wound was almost healed and the hoof had started to grow. Six month later, a follow up by the referring vet showed that the hoof was almost completely grown and the x-ray assessment demonstrated a dorsal rotation and resorption of the distal end of the third phalanx. Discussion: The stallion of this report had a complete avulsion of the hoof capsule caused by trauma. Conservative treatment was established including wound cleaning and dressing to avoid contamination, control of pain and inflammation, antimicrobial care and supplementation to support hoof growth. Time period for wound healing and hoof growth was in agreement with other cases described previously. Bone sequestrum of the distal end of the third phalanx, and detachment of a fragment were observed in this case, followed by bone resorption. The stallion was closely monitored to prevent laminitis in the contralateral limb and no alterations were detected during the treatment period. Testicular degeneration was observed, probably caused as a consequence of hoof avulsion and due to a long period of stall rest. Degenerative alterations in testicles interfere with thermoregulation and spermatogenesis, affecting semen quality and reproductive performance. Rotation of the third phalanx was also observed six months later caused by the hoof loss. In conclusion, the patient of this report had a complete regrowth of the hoof capsule although a long intensive treatment was necessary to achieve this result. As a consequence, testicles degeneration may happen impairing its function as a stallion.(AU)

Evaluation of post-operative pain and stress in dogs after elective ovariohysterectomy under hospitalization / Avaliação da dor e estresse pós-operatórios em cadelas mantidas em ambiente hospitalar submetidas à ovariohisterectomia eletiva

Surgical procedures in pet animals are usually associated with some degree of stress and pain. Hospitalization is one stress-triggering factor. The present study aimed to evaluate the degree of stress and pain during hospitalization of female dogs submitted to elective ovariohysterectomy (OVH) and to investigate the influence of hospitalization on the stress of these animals. Fifteen young adult crossbreed female dogs were divided into two groups: eight animals without surgery (Group 1 - control) and seven animals submitted to surgery (Group 2 - OVH). Pain and stress were evaluated. Visual analogue scale (VAS), simple descriptive pain scale (SDS) and modified Glasgow pain scale (MGPS) were used. Serum cortisol (µg/dL) and glucose (mg/dl) were also measured. No statistical difference was observed for cortisol (µg/dL) between the two groups. Despite the absence of statistical difference between groups and times, mean serum cortisol (µg/dL) values exceeded the normal values for the canine species at various times evaluated. Hyperglycemia was only observed at T4 in the OVH group. It was concluded that the hospitalization of animals was more relevant in the establishment of stress than the surgical procedure and associated pain. The influence of stress was a relevant factor in the results of assessments carried out using the MGPS.(AU)

Os procedimentos cirúrgicos em animais de companhia são geralmente associados a algum grau de dor e estresse e a hospitalização é um dos fatores que predispõem ao estresse. O presente estudo teve o objetivo de avaliar o grau de estresse e dor durante a internação de cadelas submetidas à ovariohisterectomia eletiva (OVH) e investigar a influência da hospitalização sobre o estresse nestes animais. Quinze cadelas adultas jovens e mestiças foram divididas em dois grupos: oito animais não submetidos à cirurgia (Grupo 1 - controle) e sete animais submetidos à OVH (Grupo 2 - OVH). Dor e estresse foram avaliados. Foram utilizadas a escala visual analógica (EVA), escala descritiva simples (EDS) e escala de dor de Glasgow modificada (EDGM). A glicose (mg/dL) e o cortisol (µg/dL) séricos foram mensurados. Não houve diferença estatística do cortisol (µg/dL) entre os grupos. Entretanto, os valores médios de cortisol (µg/dL) excederam àqueles considerados normais para a espécie canina em vários períodos avaliados. A hiperglicemia foi observada em T4 no grupo OVH. Concluiu-se que a hospitalização dos animais foi mais relevante na ocorrência do estresse do que o procedimento cirúrgico e a dor associada a ele. Desta forma, a influência do estresse foi um fator relevante nos resultados das avaliações realizadas com a escala de dor de Glasgow modificada.(AU)

Evaluation of post-operative pain and stress in dogs after elective ovariohysterectomy under hospitalization / Avaliação da dor e estresse pós-operatórios em cadelas mantidas em ambiente hospitalar submetidas à ovariohisterectomia eletiva

Surgical procedures in pet animals are usually associated with some degree of stress and pain. Hospitalization is one stress-triggering factor. The present study aimed to evaluate the degree of stress and pain during hospitalization of female dogs submitted to elective ovariohysterectomy (OVH) and to investigate the influence of hospitalization on the stress of these animals. Fifteen young adult crossbreed female dogs were divided into two groups: eight animals without surgery (Group 1 - control) and seven animals submitted to surgery (Group 2 - OVH). Pain and stress were evaluated. Visual analogue scale (VAS), simple descriptive pain scale (SDS) and modified Glasgow pain scale (MGPS) were used. Serum cortisol (µg/dL) and glucose (mg/dl) were also measured. No statistical difference was observed for cortisol (µg/dL) between the two groups. Despite the absence of statistical difference between groups and times, mean serum cortisol (µg/dL) values exceeded the normal values for the canine species at various times evaluated. Hyperglycemia was only observed at T4 in the OVH group. It was concluded that the hospitalization of animals was more relevant in the establishment of stress than the surgical procedure and associated pain. The influence of stress was a relevant factor in the results of assessments carried out using the MGPS.(AU)

Os procedimentos cirúrgicos em animais de companhia são geralmente associados a algum grau de dor e estresse e a hospitalização é um dos fatores que predispõem ao estresse. O presente estudo teve o objetivo de avaliar o grau de estresse e dor durante a internação de cadelas submetidas à ovariohisterectomia eletiva (OVH) e investigar a influência da hospitalização sobre o estresse nestes animais. Quinze cadelas adultas jovens e mestiças foram divididas em dois grupos: oito animais não submetidos à cirurgia (Grupo 1 - controle) e sete animais submetidos à OVH (Grupo 2 - OVH). Dor e estresse foram avaliados. Foram utilizadas a escala visual analógica (EVA), escala descritiva simples (EDS) e escala de dor de Glasgow modificada (EDGM). A glicose (mg/dL) e o cortisol (µg/dL) séricos foram mensurados. Não houve diferença estatística do cortisol (µg/dL) entre os grupos. Entretanto, os valores médios de cortisol (µg/dL) excederam àqueles considerados normais para a espécie canina em vários períodos avaliados. A hiperglicemia foi observada em T4 no grupo OVH. Concluiu-se que a hospitalização dos animais foi mais relevante na ocorrência do estresse do que o procedimento cirúrgico e a dor associada a ele. Desta forma, a influência do estresse foi um fator relevante nos resultados das avaliações realizadas com a escala de dor de Glasgow modificada.(AU)

Randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study of the analgesic effect of intraoperative esmolol for laparoscopic gastroplasty

Purpose To evaluate the analgesic effect of esmolol in patients submitted to laparoscopic gastroplasty. Methods Forty patients aged between 18 and 50 years with American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) physical status scores of II and III who underwent gastric bypass were allocated to two groups. Group 1 patients received a 0.5-mg/kg bolus of esmolol in 30 mL of saline before induction of anesthesia, followed by an infusion at 15 µg/kg/min until the end of surgery. Group 2 patients received 30 mL of saline as a bolus and then an infusion of saline. Anesthesia included fentanyl (3 µg/kg), propofol (2-4 mg/kg), rocuronium (0.6 mg/kg), and 2% sevoflurane, with remifentanil if necessary. The following parameters were evaluated: pain intensity over 24h, remifentanil consumption, the first analgesic request, morphine consumption, and side effects. Results Pain intensity was lower in the esmolol group except at T0 (after extubation) and 12h postoperatively. Remifentanil supplementation, recovery time, and postoperative morphine supplementation were lower in the esmolol group. No differences in the time to the first analgesic request or side effects were found between the groups. Conclusion Intraoperative esmolol promotes reductions in pain intensity and the need for analgesic supplementation without adverse effects, thus representing an effective drug for multimodal analgesia in gastroplasty.(AU)

Uso de técnica adaptada para cavotomia em cão com feocromocitoma associado a trombo neoplásico / Adapted cavotomy technique for pheochromocytoma associated tumor thrombi in a dog

Background: In dogs pheochromocytoma usually compress and invade into the adjacent vessels and structures, whichmay lead to the occurrence of caudal vena caval tumor thrombi. The surgical approach in these cases requires adrenalectomy with caval thrombectomy. Conventionally, tourniquets and partial occlusion clamp are used to reduce intraoperativeblood loss, but in dogs with a large thrombus associated to a great local tumor invasion, the traditional technique may behindered. The aim of this study was to report the use of a purse-string suture during venotomy of the caudal vena cava forthrombectomy, as an alternative to tourniquet and partial occlusion clamp.Case: An 11-year-old male Daschound breed dog, was referred for evaluation because of the appearance of small blackenednodules in the ventral abdomen. During a search for metastatic lesions with abdominal ultrasound, the right adrenal wasidentified with significant volume increase, and presence of tumor-associate circular formation that appeared to invade thecaudal vena cava, suggestive of neoplastic invasion or thrombus. Abdominal computed tomography showed caudal venacava in its hepatic portion presenting considerable increase in diameter, with caudal dilation and presence of hypoattenuatingmaterial in its lumen. Right adrenal gland with rounded appearance and regular borders, heterogeneous parenchyma andjuxtaposed caudal vena cava suggesting invasion of this, confirming the sonographic findings. During exploratory celiotomy,adherence of the adrenal mass to the right renal vessels and invasion of the caudal vena cava were observed, leading to theneed of nephrectomy and venotomy for thrombectomy. To perform the venotomy, a Rumel tourniquet was placed looselyaround the vena cava only caudal to the invasion point of the tumor thrombus, cranially, tourniquet application was notpossible due to the presence of a large thrombus extending into the intrahepatic cava...

Uso de técnica adaptada para cavotomia em cão com feocromocitoma associado a trombo neoplásico / Adapted cavotomy technique for pheochromocytoma associated tumor thrombi in a dog

Background: In dogs pheochromocytoma usually compress and invade into the adjacent vessels and structures, whichmay lead to the occurrence of caudal vena caval tumor thrombi. The surgical approach in these cases requires adrenalectomy with caval thrombectomy. Conventionally, tourniquets and partial occlusion clamp are used to reduce intraoperativeblood loss, but in dogs with a large thrombus associated to a great local tumor invasion, the traditional technique may behindered. The aim of this study was to report the use of a purse-string suture during venotomy of the caudal vena cava forthrombectomy, as an alternative to tourniquet and partial occlusion clamp.Case: An 11-year-old male Daschound breed dog, was referred for evaluation because of the appearance of small blackenednodules in the ventral abdomen. During a search for metastatic lesions with abdominal ultrasound, the right adrenal wasidentified with significant volume increase, and presence of tumor-associate circular formation that appeared to invade thecaudal vena cava, suggestive of neoplastic invasion or thrombus. Abdominal computed tomography showed caudal venacava in its hepatic portion presenting considerable increase in diameter, with caudal dilation and presence of hypoattenuatingmaterial in its lumen. Right adrenal gland with rounded appearance and regular borders, heterogeneous parenchyma andjuxtaposed caudal vena cava suggesting invasion of this, confirming the sonographic findings. During exploratory celiotomy,adherence of the adrenal mass to the right renal vessels and invasion of the caudal vena cava were observed, leading to theneed of nephrectomy and venotomy for thrombectomy. To perform the venotomy, a Rumel tourniquet was placed looselyaround the vena cava only caudal to the invasion point of the tumor thrombus, cranially, tourniquet application was notpossible due to the presence of a large thrombus extending into the intrahepatic cava...(AU)

Intra-articular concentration of gentamicin administered by intravenous regional limb perfusion in healthy horses / Concentração intra-articular de gentamicina administrada por perfusão regional intravenosa em membros de equinos sadios

Intravenous regional limb perfusion (IRLP) is an efficient method to treat horses with synovial infections. However, information on the dose, volume, and intervals of administration is lacking. The aim of this study was to evaluate the intra-articular concentration of gentamicin administered by IRLP in horses over 24 h post-administration and evaluate the influence of the total perfused volume. Twenty horses were assigned to two treatment groups. Gentamicin 60 group (G60, n=10) and Gentamicin 250 group (G250, n=10) received IRLP of 6.6 mg/kg of gentamicin diluted in Ringers lactate for a total volume of 60 ml (G60) and 250 ml (G250), respectively. Synovial fluid harvests were performed in the metacarpophalangeal joint before (0) and 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, and 24 hours after IRLP. Agar diffusion was the assay for measuring gentamicin concentrations. Four hours after IRLP, the intra-articular concentration of gentamicin was 47.58±49.21 g/ml in G60 and 10.92±6.11 g/ml in G250. During the 24 h of harvest, the intra-articular concentration of gentamicin remained above the minimum inhibitory concentration for horses (MIC; 2 g/ml) in both experimental groups. In G60, the concentration of gentamicin in synovial fluid reached the maximal concentration and remained 8 to 10-fold higher than the MIC (Cmax: 16 to 20 g/ml) during 12 h after IRLP. These findings support that IRLP with 6.6 mg/kg of gentamicin diluted to a volume of 60 ml promotes intra-articular concentrations higher than 250 ml, remaining above the MIC for 24 h and at the maximum concentration for 12 h.(AU)

A perfusão regional intravenosa (PRI) em membros de equinos é um método comprovadamente eficiente para o tratamento de infecções sinoviais, porém ainda existem lacunas quanto à dose, volume e intervalos de administração a serem utilizados. Neste estudo, objetivou-se avaliar a concentração intra-articular da gentamicina administrada por PRI em equinos, ao longo de 24 horas pós-administração, bem como avaliar a influência do volume total perfundido. Vinte equinos foram distribuídos em dois grupos experimentais, Grupo Gentamicina 60 (G60) e Grupo Gentamicina 250 (G250), representados por 10 equinos em cada grupo que receberam, por PRI, 6,6 mg/kg de gentamicina diluída em Ringer lactato para um total de 60 ml (G60) ou 250 ml (G250). As colheitas de líquido sinovial foram realizadas, na articulação metacarpo-falangeana, antes do início do experimento e após 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, e 24 horas. Difusão em ágar foi o método para doseamento das concentrações de gentamicina. Quatro horas após a PRI, a concentração intra-articular da gentamicina era de 47,58±49,21 µg/ml no G60 e 10,92±6,11 µg/ml no G250. Durante as 24 horas de colheita, a concentração intra-articular de gentamicina permaneceu acima da concentração inibitória mínima (CIM) (2 g/ml) em ambos os grupos experimentais. No G60, as concentrações de gentamicina no líquido sinovial atingiram a concentração máxima e mantiveram-se 8 a 10 vezes mais elevadas que a CIM (Cmáx: 16 a 20 g/ml) durante 12 horas após a PRI. Conclui-se que a PRI em membros, com 6,6 mg/kg de gentamicina diluída para o volume de 60 ml, promove concentrações intra-articulares mais elevadas que o volume de 250 ml, permanecendo acima da CIM durante 24 horas e em concentração máxima durante 12 horas.(AU)

Efeito antinociceptivo do extrato etanólico dos frutos do nim em Zebrafish adulto: possível participação dos canais ASICs / Antinociceptive effect of the ethanolic extract of nim fruits in adult Zebrafish: possible participation of ASICs channels

Os ASICs (Canais Iônicos Sensíveis a Ácido) são ativados por prótons. São expressos nos gânglios da raiz dorsal e amplamente distribuído por todo o cérebro. Estudos revelam que os ASICs estão presentes em neurônios sensoriais, onde tem papel na nocicepção, paladar e possivelmente outras modalidades. Assim o trabalho objetiva investigar o efeito do extrato etanólico dos frutos do Nim (EEtFrNim) sob a nocicepção em zefrafish adulto induzida por salina ácida (agonista ASICs). Como resultado, EEtFrNim (5,0 mg/mL) reverteu significantemente (A = 71,5%; p<0,01 vs. Controle) a nocicepção em ZFa induzida por salina ácida pois, foi significantemente semelhante ao efeito da morfina (A = 82,7%;p<0,001 vs. Controle). Portanto serão realizados novos estudos para investigar possível mecanismo de ação.

Efeito antinociceptivo do extrato etanólico dos frutos do nim em Zebrafish adulto: possível participação dos canais ASICs / Antinociceptive effect of the ethanolic extract of nim fruits in adult Zebrafish: possible participation of ASICs channels

Os ASICs (Canais Iônicos Sensíveis a Ácido) são ativados por prótons. São expressos nos gânglios da raiz dorsal e amplamente distribuído por todo o cérebro. Estudos revelam que os ASICs estão presentes em neurônios sensoriais, onde tem papel na nocicepção, paladar e possivelmente outras modalidades. Assim o trabalho objetiva investigar o efeito do extrato etanólico dos frutos do Nim (EEtFrNim) sob a nocicepção em zefrafish adulto induzida por salina ácida (agonista ASICs). Como resultado, EEtFrNim (5,0 mg/mL) reverteu significantemente (A = 71,5%; p<0,01 vs. Controle) a nocicepção em ZFa induzida por salina ácida pois, foi significantemente semelhante ao efeito da morfina (A = 82,7%;p<0,001 vs. Controle). Portanto serão realizados novos estudos para investigar possível mecanismo de ação.(AU)

Perfusão regional do membro com antimicrobianos em equinos / Regional limb perfusion with antimicrobials in horses

As infecções ortopédicas são condições comumente observadas em equinos, afetando frequentemente estruturas nobres como ossos e tecido sinovial. Afecções de origem séptica são de extrema importância na espécie equina, pois podem resultar em claudicação permanente provocada por danos articulares irreversíveis. Desta forma, tratamentos que resultam em concentrações elevadas de antimicrobianos nas áreas infectadas atuam de maneira mais eficaz na eliminação da população bacteriana nestes tecidos. Neste sentido, a perfusão regional do membro tem se mostrado uma excelente alternativa. A presente revisão aborda os principais aspectos relacionados às técnicas de perfusão regional do membro com antimicrobianos em equinos. Serão descritas as técnicas intravenosa e intraóssea, as quais envolvem a administração de antimicrobianos, em uma região selecionada do membro, isolada previamente da circulação sistêmica por meio da aplicação de um torniquete. A perfusão regional tem sido descrita com sucesso no tratamento de condições sépticas da região distal do membro de equinos, visto que altas concentrações de antimicrobianos são alcançadas nos locais afetados. Além disso, é de fácil realização e apresenta baixo risco de efeitos adversos sistêmicos, bem como custo reduzido.

Orthopedic infections are conditions commonly observed in horses, often affecting important structures such as bone and synovial tissue. Septic source conditions are extremely important in horses as they may result in permanent lameness caused by irreversible joint lesions. Therefore, treatments that result in higher concentrations of antimicrobials in infected areas act more effectively eliminating the bacterial population in these tissues. Therefore, the regional limb perfusion has proven to be an excellent alternative. This review addresses the main issues of regional limb perfusion with antimicrobials in horses. It will describe intravenous and intraosseous techniques, which involve the administration of an antimicrobial solution, in a part of the limb, previously isolated from the systemic circulation by applying a tourniquet. Regional perfusion has been described as a successful treatment for septic conditions at the distal region of the equine limb, since high concentrations of antimicrobial are achieved at the sites affected. In addition, it is easy to perform and presents a low risk of adverse systemic effects as well as reduced cost.

Perfusão regional do membro com antimicrobianos em equinos / Regional limb perfusion with antimicrobials in horses

As infecções ortopédicas são condições comumente observadas em equinos, afetando frequentemente estruturas nobres como ossos e tecido sinovial. Afecções de origem séptica são de extrema importância na espécie equina, pois podem resultar em claudicação permanente provocada por danos articulares irreversíveis. Desta forma, tratamentos que resultam em concentrações elevadas de antimicrobianos nas áreas infectadas atuam de maneira mais eficaz na eliminação da população bacteriana nestes tecidos. Neste sentido, a perfusão regional do membro tem se mostrado uma excelente alternativa. A presente revisão aborda os principais aspectos relacionados às técnicas de perfusão regional do membro com antimicrobianos em equinos. Serão descritas as técnicas intravenosa e intraóssea, as quais envolvem a administração de antimicrobianos, em uma região selecionada do membro, isolada previamente da circulação sistêmica por meio da aplicação de um torniquete. A perfusão regional tem sido descrita com sucesso no tratamento de condições sépticas da região distal do membro de equinos, visto que altas concentrações de antimicrobianos são alcançadas nos locais afetados. Além disso, é de fácil realização e apresenta baixo risco de efeitos adversos sistêmicos, bem como custo reduzido.(AU)

Orthopedic infections are conditions commonly observed in horses, often affecting important structures such as bone and synovial tissue. Septic source conditions are extremely important in horses as they may result in permanent lameness caused by irreversible joint lesions. Therefore, treatments that result in higher concentrations of antimicrobials in infected areas act more effectively eliminating the bacterial population in these tissues. Therefore, the regional limb perfusion has proven to be an excellent alternative. This review addresses the main issues of regional limb perfusion with antimicrobials in horses. It will describe intravenous and intraosseous techniques, which involve the administration of an antimicrobial solution, in a part of the limb, previously isolated from the systemic circulation by applying a tourniquet. Regional perfusion has been described as a successful treatment for septic conditions at the distal region of the equine limb, since high concentrations of antimicrobial are achieved at the sites affected. In addition, it is easy to perform and presents a low risk of adverse systemic effects as well as reduced cost.(AU)

Estudo da técnica de venografia dos dígitos de vacas / Study of Venography technique in digits of cows

O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever a técnica de venografia retrógrada podal em vacas, comparando os acessos da veia digital dorsal comum III com a digital comum II ou IV, nos membros torácicos e pélvicos, mediante a administração de dois diferentes volumes de contraste. Foram utilizados 53 membros torácicos e pélvicos de 14 vacas, com o torniquete de borracha posicionado a 5cm proximal aosparadígitos. Administraram-se 10mL do diatrizoato de meglumina em 24 membros (grupo 1), sendo 13 na veia digital dorsal comum III pelo acesso 1 (A1) e 11 na digital II ou IV no acesso 2 (A2). No grupo 2, administraram-se 20mL em 29 membros, sendo 15 pelo A1 e 19 pelo A2. Após a administração do contraste, as radiografias foram repetidas a cada 20 segundos até 120 segundos. O grau de preenchimento vascular foi maior no grupo 2, não diferindo entre membros e acessos venosos. Conclui-se que a administração de 20mL de contraste apresentou melhor preenchimento vascular e radiopacidade, não havendo diferença entre 20 e 120 segundos após a administração do contraste na qualidade radiográfica, independentemente do acesso venoso.(AU)

The aim of this study was to describe the technique of retrograde venography foot in cows, comparing the approaches of the dorsal common digital vein III with the digital commons II or IV, thoracic and pelvic by administering two different volumes of contrast members. Fifty three fore and hindlimbs of 14 cows were used, a rubber tourniquet was placed at 5cm above accessory digit. Diatrizoatemeglumine was administered at 10mL to 24 members (group 1), 13 dorsal common digital vein III for access 1 (A1), and 11 digital II or IV access 2 (A2). In group 2 20mL was administered to 29 members, 15 by 19 in A1 and A2. After contrast administration, the radiographs were repeated every 20 seconds until 120 seconds. The degree of vascular filling was greater in group 2, independent of venous access, member or moment. There was no significant difference in the degree of radiopacity of radiographic images when compared to the venous access, time and a member of both groups. We conclude that administration of 20mL of contrast showed better vascular filling and radiopacity, with no difference between 20 and 120 seconds after contrast administration in independent radiographic quality venous access.(AU)

Estudo da técnica de venografia dos dígitos de vacas / Study of Venography technique in digits of cows

O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever a técnica de venografia retrógrada podal em vacas, comparando os acessos da veia digital dorsal comum III com a digital comum II ou IV, nos membros torácicos e pélvicos, mediante a administração de dois diferentes volumes de contraste. Foram utilizados 53 membros torácicos e pélvicos de 14 vacas, com o torniquete de borracha posicionado a 5cm proximal aosparadígitos. Administraram-se 10mL do diatrizoato de meglumina em 24 membros (grupo 1), sendo 13 na veia digital dorsal comum III pelo acesso 1 (A1) e 11 na digital II ou IV no acesso 2 (A2). No grupo 2, administraram-se 20mL em 29 membros, sendo 15 pelo A1 e 19 pelo A2. Após a administração do contraste, as radiografias foram repetidas a cada 20 segundos até 120 segundos. O grau de preenchimento vascular foi maior no grupo 2, não diferindo entre membros e acessos venosos. Conclui-se que a administração de 20mL de contraste apresentou melhor preenchimento vascular e radiopacidade, não havendo diferença entre 20 e 120 segundos após a administração do contraste na qualidade radiográfica, independentemente do acesso venoso.(AU)

The aim of this study was to describe the technique of retrograde venography foot in cows, comparing the approaches of the dorsal common digital vein III with the digital commons II or IV, thoracic and pelvic by administering two different volumes of contrast members. Fifty three fore and hindlimbs of 14 cows were used, a rubber tourniquet was placed at 5cm above accessory digit. Diatrizoatemeglumine was administered at 10mL to 24 members (group 1), 13 dorsal common digital vein III for access 1 (A1), and 11 digital II or IV access 2 (A2). In group 2 20mL was administered to 29 members, 15 by 19 in A1 and A2. After contrast administration, the radiographs were repeated every 20 seconds until 120 seconds. The degree of vascular filling was greater in group 2, independent of venous access, member or moment. There was no significant difference in the degree of radiopacity of radiographic images when compared to the venous access, time and a member of both groups. We conclude that administration of 20mL of contrast showed better vascular filling and radiopacity, with no difference between 20 and 120 seconds after contrast administration in independent radiographic quality venous access.(AU)