Physiological effects of land and water treadmill exercise in dogs / Efeitos do exercício em esteira terrestre ou aquática sobre os parâmetros fisiológicos de cães

The application of hydrotherapy is growing in the field of animal rehabilitation to improve strength, endurance, fitness, and range of motion, in addition to reducing pain. In the same way, land-based activity is recommended for various conditions, including hypertension, muscle atrophy, and obesity. There is a lack of studies that evaluate the safety of incremental exercise in American Pit Bull Terriers. This study assessed the influence of activity on underwater and dry land treadmills on the physiological parameters of dogs. In this regard, 12 adult, male, healthy, and untrained American Pit Bull Terriers were subjected to an incremental exercise test (IET) on the underwater treadmill (Group I) and the dry land treadmill (Group II). Heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), rectal temperature (RT), systolic blood pressure (SBP), and electrocardiographic evaluation, were evaluated before activity (T0), immediately after (T1), 30 min after (T2), and 90 min after the end of exercise (T3), and plasmatic lactate concentrations were measured at T0, T1, and T2 time points. Results obtained were submitted to the Shapiro-Wilk test, ANOVA and Tukey's test, considering P<0.05. Water activity induced a reduction in RR (P=0.00674) in all examinations after the test on the underwater treadmill and proved to be more demanding than activity on the land treadmill, considering the presence of a deeper and slower RR. Exercise sessions in both groups did not elevate the lactate concentration. The IET can be performed safely on an underwater or dry land treadmill in healthy American Pit Bulls.

A hidroterapia apresenta crescente aplicação no ramo da reabilitação animal, com o intuito de aumentar a força, resistência muscular e amplitude de movimento articular, além de reduzir a dor e melhorar o condicionamento físico do paciente. Assim como a hidroterapia, a atividade desenvolvida em solo é indicada para diversas afecções, inclusive para pacientes hipertensos, com atrofia muscular ou com sobrepeso. São escassos os estudos que avaliam a segurança de testes incrementais em esteira aquática e em esteira seca em American Pit Bull Terriers. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos da atividade em esteira aquática e em esteira seca sobre os parâmetros fisiológicos de cães. Para isto, cães da raça American Pit Bull Terrier (n=12) machos, adultos, saudáveis e não treinados foram submetidos a teste de esforço incremental (TEI) em hidroesteira com água (Grupo I) e sem água (Grupo II). A frequência cardíaca (FR), frequência respiratória (FR), temperatura retal (TR), pressão arterial sistólica (PAS) e avaliação eletrocardiográfica, foram aferidas antes da atividade (T0), imediatamente após (T1), 30 minutos após (T2) e 90 minutos após o exercício (T3), e a concentração plasmática de lactato foi dosada nos momentos T0, T1 e T2. Os resultados foram submetidos ao teste de Shapiro-Wilk, análise de variância (ANOVA) e pelo Teste de Tukey, considerando significativo o valor de P < 0.05. Houve diminuição da frequência respiratória (P = 0,00674) após a atividade em esteira aquática, que se mostrou mais exigente que a atividade em esteira terrestre, considerando a apresentação de padrão respiratório mais lento e profundo. As sessões de exercício em ambos os grupos não elevaram a concentração de lactato. O teste de esforço incremental em esteira aquática, ou em esteira seca, pode ser desenvolvido com segurança por cães American Pit Bull saudáveis.

Use of aerobic treadmill exercises on nerve regeneration after sciatic nerve injury in spontaneously hypertensive rats

Purpose: Various postoperative protocols have been proposed to improve outcomes and accelerate nerve regeneration. Recently, the use of physical exercise in a post-surgical neurorraphy procedure has shown good results when started early. We experimentally investigated the hypothesis that post-operative exercise speeds up results and improves clinical and morphologic parameters. Methods: Isogenic rats were randomly divided into four groups: 1 SHAM; 2 SHAM submitted to the exercise protocol (EP); 3 Grafting of the sciatic nerve; and 4 Grafting of the sciatic nerve associated with the EP. The EP was based on aerobic activities with a treadmill, with a progressive increase in time and intensity during 6 weeks. The results were evaluated by the sciatic functional index (SFI), morphometric and morphologic analysis of nerve distal to the lesion, and the number of spinal cord motor neurons, positive to the marker Fluoro-Gold (FG), captured retrogradely through neurorraphy. Results: Functional analysis (SFI) did not show a statistical difference between the group grafted with (­50.94) and without exercise (-65.79) after 90 days. The motoneurons count (Spinal cord histology) also showed no diference between these groups (834.5 × 833 respectively). Although functionally there is no difference between these groups, morphometric study showed a greater density (53.62) and larger fibers (7.762) in GRAFT group. When comparing both operated groups with both SHAM groups, all values were much lower. Conclusions: The experimental model that this aerobic treadmill exercises protocol did not modify nerve regeneration after sciatic nerve injury and repair with nerve graft.

Analysis of high-intensity interval training on bone mineral density in an experimental model of type 2 diabetes

Purpose: To analyze the effect of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) on bone mineral density (BMD) in a model of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Methods: Thirty-two male, adult, 12-week-old rats (Rattus norvegicus), of the Wistar lineage, were used. The animals induced to the experimental model received a high fat diet for 10 days and, after that period, intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (40 mg·kg­1), dissolved in 20 mmol·L­1 sodium citrate solution (pH = 4.5). The experimental group of diabetes was formed by the animals that, 48 h after the injection of streptozotocin, had fasting blood glucose > 250 mg·dL­1). The animals were randomly divided into four groups with eight animals each: HIIT experimental diabetes; HIIT control; sedentary experimental diabetes and sedentary control. The animals in the HIIT group performed an aerobic exercise protocol on a treadmill inclined at an angle of 15° to the horizontal, with interspersed intensity. Five weekly sessions, lasting 49 min each, were held for 6 weeks. The analysis of cortical bone density (CBD) and BMD were performed by X-ray images using the In-Vivo Xtreme II/Bruker system. Results: For CBD and BMD, when comparing diabetes and control groups, a significant difference was seen between groups in relation to HIIT (p = 0.007). Animals submitted and not submitted to HIIT in the same group showed a significant difference between groups in relation to diabetes (p < 0.001). Conclusions: The HIIT experimental diabetes group had increased CBD and BMD in comparison with the sedentary experimental diabetes group.

Investigation of stress in primates maintained in zoo and its main implications on behavior and well-being

Brazil is considered the country which holds the largest number of known primate species. At captives without environmental enrichment program, especially in zoos, it is common for the animals to be easily discouraged from captive life, being bound to develop chronic stress condition. This review aimed to provide veterinary professionals and students with updated bibliography on stress in zoo captive primates, focusing on reactions resulting from these changes, as well as their implications for behavior and well-being. Integrative literature review using descriptors "Captivity", "Stress", "Primates", "Zoos" and "Wellbeing", on the main scientific research bases. The present work highlighted stress responses and its consequences on primate’s health and behavior captive in zoo through bibliographic survey, performing selected articles analysis, results interpretation, and discussion. It is concluded behavioral profile individual variations expose primates differently to stressful conditions. Public visitation, lack of structure, reduced enclosure, improper nutritional management, and unstimulated environment may be potential stress sources for some housed primates in zoo.

Yield potential of hybrid castor bean plants in different plant densities in the off season in a stressful environment / Potencial produtivo de híbridos de mamona em diferentes densidades de plantas na segunda safra em ambiente estressante

A mamona (Ricinus communis L.) tem proporcionado relevância no plano agroindustrial do país pela qualidade do óleo produzido. A obtenção de híbridos adaptados às condições de cultivo em segunda safra e com características apropriadas ao cultivo mecanizado é visado através do melhoramento. Assim sendo, o trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar híbridos precoces de mamona em função de populações de plantas cultivados na região da Nova Alta Paulista em segunda safra. Adotou-se o delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados em esquema fatorial 3x4, sendo três híbridos de mamona (AGIMA 110204, MIA e TAMAR) e quatro densidades de plantas por metro linear (2, 4, 6 e 8), com quatro repetições por tratamento. No dia 12 de abril de 2017 aconteceu a semeadura na fazenda de pesquisa da UNESP/FCAT – Campus de Dracena. As avaliações de desenvolvimento de plantas e características reprodutivas foram realizadas aos 138 dias após a emergência das plantas (DAE). Altura de plantas, números de racemos por planta, massa de cem grãos e leitura SPAD de clorofila nos tratamentos testados tiveram médias semelhantes. O híbrido TAMAR apresentou a maior altura de inserção do primeiro racemo, e junto com o hibrido MIA tiveram os maiores racemos produzidos. O diâmetro do caule de todos os híbridos apresentou redução linear em função do aumento da população de plantas na linha de semeadura. A produtividade de grãos dos híbridos foi de 1.784 kg ha-1 (TAMAR), 1.659 kg ha-1(AGIMA 110204) e 1.547 kg ha-1 (MIA).

The relevance of the castor bean plant in Brazil's agribusiness plan lies in the quality of the oil it produces. That is why, to improve its quality, there is interest in obtaining hybrid plants adapted to off-season growing conditions and with the appropriate characteristics for mechanized cultivation. This study was conducted to examine the premature growth of hybrid castor bean plants as a function of plant populations cultivated in the off season in the Nova Alta Paulista region of the state of São Paulo. A randomized complete block design with a 3x4 factorial arrangement, three hybrid castor bean plants (AGIMA 110204, MIA, and TAMAR) and four individuals per linear meter (2, 4, 6, and 8), was adopted, and four replications wereperformed for each treatment. The seeds were sown on April 12, 2017, at the UNESP/FCAT research farm in Dracena, São Paulo. Assessments on plant development and reproductive traits were made 138 days after emergence (DAE). The plants’ height, number of racemes per plant, 100-grain weight, and SPAD chlorophyll reading in the treatments resulted in similar averages. The TAMAR hybrid presented the highest insertion point for the primary raceme and, along with the MIA hybrid, produced the largest racemes. The stem diameter of all the hybrids presented a linear decrease as the plant population increased along the line the seeds were sown. The grain yields of the hybrids were 1,784 kg ha-1(TAMAR), 1,659 kg ha-1 (AGIMA 110204), and 1,547 kg ha-1 (MIA).

Investigation of stress in primates maintained in zoo and its main implications on behavior and well-being

Brazil is considered the country which holds the largest number of known primate species. At captives without environmental enrichment program, especially in zoos, it is common for the animals to be easily discouraged from captive life, being bound to develop chronic stress condition. This review aimed to provide veterinary professionals and students with updated bibliography on stress in zoo captive primates, focusing on reactions resulting from these changes, as well as their implications for behavior and well-being. Integrative literature review using descriptors "Captivity", "Stress", "Primates", "Zoos" and "Wellbeing", on the main scientific research bases. The present work highlighted stress responses and its consequences on primates health and behavior captive in zoo through bibliographic survey, performing selected articles analysis, results interpretation, and discussion. It is concluded behavioral profile individual variations expose primates differently to stressful conditions. Public visitation, lack of structure, reduced enclosure, improper nutritional management, and unstimulated environment may be potential stress sources for some housed primates in zoo.(AU)

Yield potential of hybrid castor bean plants in different plant densities in the off season in a stressful environment / Potencial produtivo de híbridos de mamona em diferentes densidades de plantas na segunda safra em ambiente estressante

A mamona (Ricinus communis L.) tem proporcionado relevância no plano agroindustrial do país pela qualidade do óleo produzido. A obtenção de híbridos adaptados às condições de cultivo em segunda safra e com características apropriadas ao cultivo mecanizado é visado através do melhoramento. Assim sendo, o trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar híbridos precoces de mamona em função de populações de plantas cultivados na região da Nova Alta Paulista em segunda safra. Adotou-se o delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados em esquema fatorial 3x4, sendo três híbridos de mamona (AGIMA 110204, MIA e TAMAR) e quatro densidades de plantas por metro linear (2, 4, 6 e 8), com quatro repetições por tratamento. No dia 12 de abril de 2017 aconteceu a semeadura na fazenda de pesquisa da UNESP/FCAT Campus de Dracena. As avaliações de desenvolvimento de plantas e características reprodutivas foram realizadas aos 138 dias após a emergência das plantas (DAE). Altura de plantas, números de racemos por planta, massa de cem grãos e leitura SPAD de clorofila nos tratamentos testados tiveram médias semelhantes. O híbrido TAMAR apresentou a maior altura de inserção do primeiro racemo, e junto com o hibrido MIA tiveram os maiores racemos produzidos. O diâmetro do caule de todos os híbridos apresentou redução linear em função do aumento da população de plantas na linha de semeadura. A produtividade de grãos dos híbridos foi de 1.784 kg ha-1 (TAMAR), 1.659 kg ha-1(AGIMA 110204) e 1.547 kg ha-1 (MIA).(AU)

The relevance of the castor bean plant in Brazil's agribusiness plan lies in the quality of the oil it produces. That is why, to improve its quality, there is interest in obtaining hybrid plants adapted to off-season growing conditions and with the appropriate characteristics for mechanized cultivation. This study was conducted to examine the premature growth of hybrid castor bean plants as a function of plant populations cultivated in the off season in the Nova Alta Paulista region of the state of São Paulo. A randomized complete block design with a 3x4 factorial arrangement, three hybrid castor bean plants (AGIMA 110204, MIA, and TAMAR) and four individuals per linear meter (2, 4, 6, and 8), was adopted, and four replications wereperformed for each treatment. The seeds were sown on April 12, 2017, at the UNESP/FCAT research farm in Dracena, São Paulo. Assessments on plant development and reproductive traits were made 138 days after emergence (DAE). The plants height, number of racemes per plant, 100-grain weight, and SPAD chlorophyll reading in the treatments resulted in similar averages. The TAMAR hybrid presented the highest insertion point for the primary raceme and, along with the MIA hybrid, produced the largest racemes. The stem diameter of all the hybrids presented a linear decrease as the plant population increased along the line the seeds were sown. The grain yields of the hybrids were 1,784 kg ha-1(TAMAR), 1,659 kg ha-1 (AGIMA 110204), and 1,547 kg ha-1 (MIA).(AU)

BM-MSC-derived small extracellular vesicles (sEV) from trained animals presented nephroprotective potential in unilateralureteral obstruction model

Abstract Background: The efficacy of bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (BM-MSC) and its extracellular vesicles has been demonstrated for a broad spectrum of indications, including kidney diseases. However, BM-MSC donor characteristics and their potential are not usually considered. Therefore, the present work aims to evaluate the nephroprotective capacity of sEV secreted by BM-MSC from trained rats inunilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) model. Methods: BM-MSC was characterized by their differentiation potential and immunophenotypic markers. The sEV were isolated by ultracentrifugation and characterized by nanoparticle tracking analysis and western blot. Its miRNA cargo was examined by quantitative PCR analysis for miR-26a, 126a, and 296. Wistar rats were submitted to UUO procedure and concomitantly treated with sEV secreted by BM-MSC from the untrained andtrained rats. The kidney tissue from all groups was evaluated for fibrosis mediators (transforming growth factor beta1 and collagen), CD34-angiogenesis marker, and hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF-1). Results: Treadmill training stimulated in BM-MSC the production of sEV loaded with pro-angiogenic miR-296. The treatment with this sEVin UUO-rats was able to attenuate collagen accumulation and increase CD34 and HIF-1 in the kidney tissue when compared to untrained ones. Tubular proximal cells under hypoxia and exposed to BM-MSC sEV demonstrate accumulation in HIF-1 and NFR-2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2), possibly to mediate the response to hypoxia and oxidative stress, under these conditions. Conclusion: The BM-MSC sEV from trained animals presented an increased nephroprotective potential compared to untrained vesicles by carrying 296-angiomiR and contributing to angiogenesis in UUO model.

BM-MSC-derived small extracellular vesicles (sEV) from trained animals presented nephroprotective potential in unilateralureteral obstruction model

Background: The efficacy of bone marrow mesenchymal stromal cells (BM-MSC) and its extracellular vesicles has been demonstrated for a broad spectrum of indications, including kidney diseases. However, BM-MSC donor characteristics and their potential are not usually considered. Therefore, the present work aims to evaluate the nephroprotective capacity of sEV secreted by BM-MSC from trained rats inunilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) model. Methods: BM-MSC was characterized by their differentiation potential and immunophenotypic markers. The sEV were isolated by ultracentrifugation and characterized by nanoparticle tracking analysis and western blot. Its miRNA cargo was examined by quantitative PCR analysis for miR-26a, 126a, and 296. Wistar rats were submitted to UUO procedure and concomitantly treated with sEV secreted by BM-MSC from the untrained andtrained rats. The kidney tissue from all groups was evaluated for fibrosis mediators (transforming growth factor beta1 and collagen), CD34-angiogenesis marker, and hypoxia-inducible factor 1 alpha (HIF-1α). Results: Treadmill training stimulated in BM-MSC the production of sEV loaded with pro-angiogenic miR-296. The treatment with this sEVin UUO-rats was able to attenuate collagen accumulation and increase CD34 and HIF-1α in the kidney tissue when compared to untrained ones. Tubular proximal cells under hypoxia and exposed to BM-MSC sEV demonstrate accumulation in HIF-1α and NFR-2 (nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2), possibly to mediate the response to hypoxia and oxidative stress, under these conditions. Conclusion: The BM-MSC sEV from trained animals presented an increased nephroprotective potential compared to untrained vesicles by carrying 296-angiomiR and contributing to angiogenesis in UUO model.(AU)

Use of external nasal strip influences alveolar cell population of horses after exercise / Uso de fita nasal influencia a população de células alveolares em equinos após exercício

The nasal strip is widely used in horses during exercise, but effects of using a nasal strip are controversial and little is known about its effect on horses undergoing endurance events. The aim of this study was to determine whether the use of nasal strips influences alveolar cell population assessed by bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), tidal volume, and nasal airflow rate. Six Arabian horses were subjected to two low intensity tests on a treadmill, with and without application of a commercial external nasal strip. Tidal volumes and airflow rates were measured during the test; two hours after the test, BAL was performed to assess cytology of pulmonary secretions. The lavage fluid showed increased neutrophil count after exercise in animals with the nasal strip (P<0.05). This suggests that turbulence of airflow through the nasal cavity may have diminished with nasal strip use, thus allowing larger particles to be deposited more distally in the respiratory system, inducing a more intense neutrophilic response. No differences in tidal volumes or airflow rates were observed between groups (with or without nasal strips) during the test (P>0.05). The use of nasal strips seems to influence alveolar cell population during and after exercise in horses after low intensity exercise tests. Further studies are needed to verify whether alveolar cell population is related to poor exercise performance in horses.(AU)

A fita nasal é amplamente utilizada em equinos durante o exercício, porém seus resultados são controversos e pouco conhecidos em animais que disputam provas de resistência. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar se o uso da fita nasal influencia a população de células alveolares por meio de lavado broncoalveolar, volume corrente e fluxo de ar nasal. Foram utilizados seis equinos da raça Árabe, que realizaram dois testes de longa duração em esteira, sendo um teste com a fita e outro sem a fita nasal. Fluxo e volume respiratório foram mensurados durante o teste; duas horas após o término do exercício, foi realizado lavado broncoalveolar para realização de citologia da secreção pulmonar. Foi verificada maior porcentagem de neutrófilos após o exercício nos animais que se exercitaram com a fita nasal (P<0,05), indicando que o turbilhonamento na passagem do ar através da cavidade nasal pode ter diminuído, permitindo que partículas maiores se depositassem em porções mais distais do sistema respiratório, induzindo uma resposta neutrofílica mais intensa. Não houve diferenças entre os parâmetros ventilatórios analisados entre os animais quando correram com ou sem a fita nasal (P>0,05). O uso da fita nasal parece influenciar alguns parâmetros, durante e após o exercício, em animais que realizam provas de longa duração. Outros estudos devem ser realizados para verificar se essa influência pode melhorar o desempenho desses animais em exercícios predominantemente aeróbicos.(AU)

Physiological and biochemical responses and hydration status in equines after two barrel racing courses / Respostas fisiológicas e bioquímicas e status de hidratação em equinos após dois percursos de três tambores

Studies on biochemical constituents and hydration of horses in training or competitions are essential for the knowledge of their adaptive physiological and metabolic responses to the type of exercise inherent to the sport. The present research evaluated the effects of exercise on hydric status and physiologic and biochemical profiles in Quarter Horses during a barrel race training session. The design consisted of three evaluation times (T): at rest, before the start of physical activity (T0); immediately after a 10-minute warm-up trot and then running the barrel race courses twice with a 10-minute interval (T1); and after one hour's rest after the second course (T2). The parameters analyzed were: heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), body temperature (BT) and mucose color; the capillary refill time (CRT), packed cell volume (PCV), total plasma proteins (TPP), serum creatinine (CRE) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) were evaluated and used to infer water status; plasma osmolarity (Osm) was measured; the electrolytes sodium (Na), potassium (K), chloride (Cl), total calcium (tCa), total magnesium (tMg) and phosphorus (P), plasma glucose (Glu) and lactate (Lac) and the muscle enzymes creattine kinase (CK) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) completed the evaluated parameters. The data for the variables studied were submitted to ANOVA and the Tukey test at 5% probability. After exercise (in T1), HR, RR, BT, PCV, TPP, Glu, Lac, Cre increased (P<0.05), there was also increase in phosphorus and decrease in K (P<0.05), but there was no hypophosphatemia and hipokalemia, respectively. After rest (in T2), only glucose returned to baseline levels (T0) and, with lower mean values, HR, RR, BT, PCV, K and Lac did not return to baseline levels (T0), while P decreased (P<0.05). Osm, BUN, Na, Cl, tCa, tMg, CK and AST did not change between times (P>0.05). It was concluded that the maximum intensity exercise performed on two barrel race courses caused mild hemoconcentration, did not changed plasma osmolality or concentrations of important electrolytes and muscle enzymes of horses, but caused hyperlactatemia without the plasma lactate concentrations being fully recomposed after resting.(AU)

O perfil bioquímico e o status de hidratação de equinos em treinamentos ou competições fornecem dados importantes das suas respostas fisiológicas e metabólicas em relação ao tipo específico de exercício em uma modalidade esportiva. No presente estudo, o status hídrico e o perfil fisiológico-bioquímico de equinos foram avaliados durante treinamento de três tambores, em três tempos (T): em repouso, antes do início da atividade física (T0); imediatamente após 10 minutos de aquecimento ao trote seguido de duas corridas na pista de tambor, intervaladas em 10 minutos (T1); e após uma hora de descanso do segundo percurso (T2). Os parâmetros avaliados foram: frequência cardíaca (FC), frequência respiratória (FR), temperatura corporal (BT) e cor da mucosa; o tempo de enchimento capilar (TEC), volume globular ou hematócrito (VG), proteínas plasmáticas totais (TPP), creatinina sérica (Cre) e a ureia (Ure) foram avaliados e utilizados para inferir o estado hídrico dos animais; a osmolaridade plasmática (Osm) também foi mensurada; as concentrações dos eletrólitos sódio (Na), potássio (K), cloreto (Cl), cálcio total (tCa), magnésio total (tMg) e fósforo (P), e das enzimas musculares foram mensurados no soro, e as de glicose (Gli) e lactato (Lac) no plasma. Os dados das variáveis estudadas foram submetidos à ANOVA e ao teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade. Após o exercício (T1), a FC, FR, TC, VG, TPP, Gli, Lac, Cre aumentaram. O P também aumentou (P<0,05), mas não alcançou nível de hiperfosfatemia, e o K diminuiu (P<0,05), mas não ao nível de hipocalemia. Embora com médias menores, a FC, FR, TC, VG, K e o Lac não retornaram aos níveis basais (T0) após o repouso (T2), apenas a Gli, enquanto o fósforo diminuiu (P<0,05). A Osm, ureia, Na, Cl, tCa, tMg, CK e AST não variaram entre os tempos (P>0,05). Concluiu-se que, o exercício de intensidade máxima realizado em dois percursos de três tambores causou leve hemoconcentração, não alterou a osmolaridade plasmática nem importantes concentrações de eletrólitos e de enzimas musculares dos equinos, porém, causou hiperlactatemia, sem completa recomposição da concentração do lactato após uma hora de descanso.(AU)

Physiological and biochemical responses and hydration status in equines after two barrel racing courses / Respostas fisiológicas e bioquímicas e status de hidratação em equinos após dois percursos de três tambores

Studies on biochemical constituents and hydration of horses in training or competitions are essential for the knowledge of their adaptive physiological and metabolic responses to the type of exercise inherent to the sport. The present research evaluated the effects of exercise on hydric status and physiologic and biochemical profiles in Quarter Horses during a barrel race training session. The design consisted of three evaluation times (T): at rest, before the start of physical activity (T0); immediately after a 10-minute warm-up trot and then running the barrel race courses twice with a 10-minute interval (T1); and after one hour's rest after the second course (T2). The parameters analyzed were: heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), body temperature (BT) and mucose color; the capillary refill time (CRT), packed cell volume (PCV), total plasma proteins (TPP), serum creatinine (CRE) and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) were evaluated and used to infer water status; plasma osmolarity (Osm) was measured; the electrolytes sodium (Na), potassium (K), chloride (Cl), total calcium (tCa), total magnesium (tMg) and phosphorus (P), plasma glucose (Glu) and lactate (Lac) and the muscle enzymes creattine kinase (CK) and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) completed the evaluated parameters. The data for the variables studied were submitted to ANOVA and the Tukey test at 5% probability. After exercise (in T1), HR, RR, BT, PCV, TPP, Glu, Lac, Cre increased (P<0.05), there was also increase in phosphorus and decrease in K (P<0.05), but there was no hypophosphatemia and hipokalemia, respectively. After rest (in T2), only glucose returned to baseline levels (T0) and, with lower mean values, HR, RR, BT, PCV, K and Lac did not return to baseline levels (T0), while P decreased (P<0.05). Osm, BUN, Na, Cl, tCa, tMg, CK and AST did not change between times (P>0.05). It was concluded that the maximum intensity exercise performed on two barrel race courses caused mild hemoconcentration, did not changed plasma osmolality or concentrations of important electrolytes and muscle enzymes of horses, but caused hyperlactatemia without the plasma lactate concentrations being fully recomposed after resting.(AU)

O perfil bioquímico e o status de hidratação de equinos em treinamentos ou competições fornecem dados importantes das suas respostas fisiológicas e metabólicas em relação ao tipo específico de exercício em uma modalidade esportiva. No presente estudo, o status hídrico e o perfil fisiológico-bioquímico de equinos foram avaliados durante treinamento de três tambores, em três tempos (T): em repouso, antes do início da atividade física (T0); imediatamente após 10 minutos de aquecimento ao trote seguido de duas corridas na pista de tambor, intervaladas em 10 minutos (T1); e após uma hora de descanso do segundo percurso (T2). Os parâmetros avaliados foram: frequência cardíaca (FC), frequência respiratória (FR), temperatura corporal (BT) e cor da mucosa; o tempo de enchimento capilar (TEC), volume globular ou hematócrito (VG), proteínas plasmáticas totais (TPP), creatinina sérica (Cre) e a ureia (Ure) foram avaliados e utilizados para inferir o estado hídrico dos animais; a osmolaridade plasmática (Osm) também foi mensurada; as concentrações dos eletrólitos sódio (Na), potássio (K), cloreto (Cl), cálcio total (tCa), magnésio total (tMg) e fósforo (P), e das enzimas musculares foram mensurados no soro, e as de glicose (Gli) e lactato (Lac) no plasma. Os dados das variáveis estudadas foram submetidos à ANOVA e ao teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade. Após o exercício (T1), a FC, FR, TC, VG, TPP, Gli, Lac, Cre aumentaram. O P também aumentou (P<0,05), mas não alcançou nível de hiperfosfatemia, e o K diminuiu (P<0,05), mas não ao nível de hipocalemia. Embora com médias menores, a FC, FR, TC, VG, K e o Lac não retornaram aos níveis basais (T0) após o repouso (T2), apenas a Gli, enquanto o fósforo diminuiu (P<0,05). A Osm, ureia, Na, Cl, tCa, tMg, CK e AST não variaram entre os tempos (P>0,05). Concluiu-se que, o exercício de intensidade máxima realizado em dois percursos de três tambores causou leve hemoconcentração, não alterou a osmolaridade plasmática nem importantes concentrações de eletrólitos e de enzimas musculares dos equinos, porém, causou hiperlactatemia, sem completa recomposição da concentração do lactato após uma hora de descanso.(AU)

Physical therapy treatment in the functional recovery of dogs submitted to head and femoral neck ostectomy: 20 cases / Tratamento fisioterapêutico na recuperação funcional de cães submetidos à ostectomia da cabeça e colo femoral: 20 casos

Patients who undergo excisional surgical procedures such as femoral head and neck ostectomy (FHO) require a postoperative rehabilitation plan which includes different physical therapy modalities. Therefore, this retrospective study was done to demonstrate the different physical therapy modalities utilized in 20 dogs who were subjected to FHO, and to provide data on the frequency of physical therapy modalities, the protocol duration and time interval from the commencement of physiotherapy and surgery and the patients functional recovery. All the protocols included the modalities of thermotherapy (heat), massage, passive stretching and passive joint movement. In the initial phase, electrotherapy and therapeutic ultrasound were most often used, while the water treadmill was continued until the treatment was completed. Physiotherapy sessions varied from 3 to 50 in number, and physiotherapy was commenced from day 5 until day 214 post the surgical procedure. The functional recovery of the limb was in the following range: 65% (13/20) satisfactory, 25% (5/20) partially satisfactory and 10% (2/20) unsatisfactory. Physical therapy treatment was thus concluded to be most influential in the functional recovery of the limb, even if was started late.(AU)

Um plano de reabilitação no pós-operatório incluindo diferentes modalidades fisioterapêuticas é de suma importância em pacientes submetidos à procedimentos cirúrgicos excisionais como a ostectomia da cabeça e colo femoral (OCCF). Sendo assim, o objetivo desse estudo retrospectivo foi demonstrar as diferentes modalidades fisioterapêuticas empregadas nos 20 cães após OCCF e fornecer dados referentes à frequência das modalidades fisioterapêuticas, a duração dos protocolos e o tempo entre o início da fisioterapia e a cirurgia e a recuperação funcional do paciente. A termoterapia (calor), a massagem, o alongamento passivo e a movimentação passiva articular foram as modalidades empregadas em todos os protocolos. A eletroterapia e o ultrassom terapêutico foram as mais utilizadas na fase inicial e, a esteira aquática foi mantida até o final do tratamento. O número de sessões de fisioterapia variou de 3 a 50 e o início da fisioterapia de 5 a 214 dias após o procedimento cirúrgico. Quanto à recuperação funcional do membro, em 65% (13/20) foram satisfatórias, em 25% (5/20) parcialmente satisfatórias e em 10% (2/20) insatisfatórias. Pode-se concluir que o tratamento fisioterapêutico influenciou na recuperação funcional do membro, mesmo que iniciado tardiamente.(AU)

Efeito da suplementação com óleo de avocado (Persea americana Mill) na temperatura superficial corpórea de equinos antes e após exercício em esteira / [Effect of supplementation with avocado oil (Persea americana Mill) on body surface temperature of horses before and after exercise on treadmill]

Oito equinos foram distribuídos em delineamento randomizado cruzado, sendo um grupo sem suplementação (GC) e outro grupo suplementado com óleo de avocado (GOAv) por um período de sete semanas. Ao fim da sexta semana, os animais foram submetidos a teste padrão de exercício progressivo (TPEP) e, após sete dias, a teste de baixa intensidade e longa duração (BILD). Após o primeiro ciclo, houve período de descanso "washout" de 30 dias para troca de grupos para o segundo ciclo, que seguiu o protocolo do primeiro. A termorregulação foi avaliada com base na temperatura retal e na temperatura superficial corpórea, obtidas por termografia, de 15 regiões de interesse. A temperatura retal e as imagens termográficas foram obtidas antes, um minuto e 15 minutos após o exercício. Não houve diferença entre os grupos GC e GOAv em nenhum momento. Os resultados obtidos neste estudo revelaram que a suplementação de 5% da matéria seca (MS) com óleo de avocado por seis e sete semanas não influenciou na termorregulação com base na temperatura superficial corpórea dos equinos submetidos ao teste padrão de exercício progressivo (TPEP) e ao exercício de baixa intensidade e longa duração (BILD), respectivamente.(AU)

Eight equines were distributed in a randomized crossover design, one control group (CG) without supplementation and another group supplemented (SG) with avocado oil for a period of six weeks. At the end of the sixth week, the animals were submitted to standard exercise test (SET) and after seven days to the low intensity test (LIT). After the first cycle, there was a 30-day washout rest period to exchange groups for the second cycle, which followed the protocol of the first one. Thermoregulation was evaluated based on rectal temperature and body surface temperature of 15 regions of interest obtained by thermography. Rectal temperature and thermographic images were obtained before, one minute and 15 minutes after exercise. There was no difference between the CG and SG at any time. The results obtained in this study revealed that the supplementation of 5% of dry matter with avocado oil for six and seven weeks did not influence the thermoregulation based on the body surface temperature of the horses submitted to SET and LIT, respectively.(AU)

Efeito de diferentes intensidades de exercício em esteira sobre os parâmetros eletrocardiográficos de cães hígidos / Effect of different intensities of treadmill exercise on eletrocardiographic parameters of healthy dogs

Objetivou-se a padronização de testes de exercício de alta e baixa intensidades em esteira, bem como a avaliação do eletrocardiograma de cães submetidos a esses testes. Para tal fim, sete cães da raça Australian Cattle Dog e quatro da raça Border Collie clinicamente saudáveis foram submetidos a dois testes de exercício em esteira, com pelo menos sete dias de intervalo: T1 - teste de exercício de alta intensidade e curta duração, e T2 - teste de exercício de baixa intensidade e longa duração. A amplitude e a duração de ondas e intervalos foram avaliadas no momento antes do exercício (M0) e nos momentos imediatamente após o término dos testes (MPE) e 30 minutos após (M30). A frequência e o ritmo cardíacos foram avaliados antes dos testes e continuamente por 30 minutos após o término do exercício. Verificou-se diferença significativa somente para a duração do intervalo QT em M30 em T1, além de algumas arritmias, como complexos atriais e ventriculares prematuros isolados em três animais após o teste T1, e em quatro após T2. Os testes de exercício foram adequados para promover estimulação simpática nos cães, contudo não causaram alterações significativas no eletrocardiograma, provavelmente em razão do excelente condicionamento físico dos animais.(AU)

This study aimed to stardardize high and low intensity exercise tests, and evaluate the electrocardiogram of dogs submitted to these tests. Seven clinically healthy Australian Cattle dogs and four Border Collies underwent two exercise treadmill tests, with at least a seven day interval: T1 - high intensity and short duration exercise test, and T2 - low intensity and long duration exercise test. Amplitude and duration of waves and intervals were assessed at resting time before exercise (M0), at immediately after (MPE) and at 30 minutes (M30) after the end of the tests. Heart rate and cardiac rhythm were evaluated before the tests and continuously for 30 minutes after the end of exercise. There was a significant difference only for duration of the QT interval at M30 in T1, and some arrhythmias such as isolated atrial and ventricular premature complexes in three animals after T1 test, and in four dogs after T2. The exercise tests of the present study was suitable to promote sympathetic stimulation in dogs, however did not cause significant changes on the electrocardiogram probably because of the excellent physical fitness of the dogs.(AU)

Efeito de diferentes intensidades de exercício em esteira sobre os parâmetros eletrocardiográficos de cães hígidos / Effect of different intensities of treadmill exercise on eletrocardiographic parameters of healthy dogs

Objetivou-se a padronização de testes de exercício de alta e baixa intensidades em esteira, bem como a avaliação do eletrocardiograma de cães submetidos a esses testes. Para tal fim, sete cães da raça Australian Cattle Dog e quatro da raça Border Collie clinicamente saudáveis foram submetidos a dois testes de exercício em esteira, com pelo menos sete dias de intervalo: T1 - teste de exercício de alta intensidade e curta duração, e T2 - teste de exercício de baixa intensidade e longa duração. A amplitude e a duração de ondas e intervalos foram avaliadas no momento antes do exercício (M0) e nos momentos imediatamente após o término dos testes (MPE) e 30 minutos após (M30). A frequência e o ritmo cardíacos foram avaliados antes dos testes e continuamente por 30 minutos após o término do exercício. Verificou-se diferença significativa somente para a duração do intervalo QT em M30 em T1, além de algumas arritmias, como complexos atriais e ventriculares prematuros isolados em três animais após o teste T1, e em quatro após T2. Os testes de exercício foram adequados para promover estimulação simpática nos cães, contudo não causaram alterações significativas no eletrocardiograma, provavelmente em razão do excelente condicionamento físico dos animais.(AU)

This study aimed to stardardize high and low intensity exercise tests, and evaluate the electrocardiogram of dogs submitted to these tests. Seven clinically healthy Australian Cattle dogs and four Border Collies underwent two exercise treadmill tests, with at least a seven day interval: T1 - high intensity and short duration exercise test, and T2 - low intensity and long duration exercise test. Amplitude and duration of waves and intervals were assessed at resting time before exercise (M0), at immediately after (MPE) and at 30 minutes (M30) after the end of the tests. Heart rate and cardiac rhythm were evaluated before the tests and continuously for 30 minutes after the end of exercise. There was a significant difference only for duration of the QT interval at M30 in T1, and some arrhythmias such as isolated atrial and ventricular premature complexes in three animals after T1 test, and in four dogs after T2. The exercise tests of the present study was suitable to promote sympathetic stimulation in dogs, however did not cause significant changes on the electrocardiogram probably because of the excellent physical fitness of the dogs.(AU)

Effects of light intensity on growth, anti-stress ability and immune function in yellow feathered broilers

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of light intensity on growth, anti-stress ability, and immune function of yellow feathered broilers. A total of 480 one-day-old male Lingnan yellow feathered broilers were randomly allocated to 4 treatments based on light intensity (1, 5, 20 and 80 lx) with 8 replicates of 15 chicks each. The experiment lasted for 63 days. Compared with those under high light intensity, broilers exposed to low light intensity had higher (p<0.05) total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), a-Naphthylacetate esterase (ANAE+), antibody titer, but lower (p<0.05) malonaldehyde (MDA) levels and heterophil/lymphocyte ratio (H/L). There was a linear effect for T-AOC(p=0.002), GSH-Px(p≤0.047), MDA (p=0.003), H/L(p≤0.014), ANAE+ (p≤0.044), and antibody titer (p≤0.021) with T-AOC, GSH-Px, ANAE+, and antibody titer increased significantly as light intensity decreased, whereas MDA and H/L were decreased with the decrease in light intensity. These results suggested that broilers under low light intensity could have similar performance, better anti-stress ability, stronger immune function, and more efficient in energy usage as compared with those exposed to high light intensity environment.(AU)

Effects of light intensity on growth, anti-stress ability and immune function in yellow feathered broilers

An experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of light intensity on growth, anti-stress ability, and immune function of yellow feathered broilers. A total of 480 one-day-old male Lingnan yellow feathered broilers were randomly allocated to 4 treatments based on light intensity (1, 5, 20 and 80 lx) with 8 replicates of 15 chicks each. The experiment lasted for 63 days. Compared with those under high light intensity, broilers exposed to low light intensity had higher (p<0.05) total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), a-Naphthylacetate esterase (ANAE+), antibody titer, but lower (p<0.05) malonaldehyde (MDA) levels and heterophil/lymphocyte ratio (H/L). There was a linear effect for T-AOC(p=0.002), GSH-Px(p≤0.047), MDA (p=0.003), H/L(p≤0.014), ANAE+ (p≤0.044), and antibody titer (p≤0.021) with T-AOC, GSH-Px, ANAE+, and antibody titer increased significantly as light intensity decreased, whereas MDA and H/L were decreased with the decrease in light intensity. These results suggested that broilers under low light intensity could have similar performance, better anti-stress ability, stronger immune function, and more efficient in energy usage as compared with those exposed to high light intensity environment.

Órtese ortopédica altera a densidade mineral óssea de ratas submetidas ao treinamento de corrida / Orthopedic orthopedics alters the bone mineral density of rats submitted to race training

As órteses ortopédicas funcionam como recursos terapêuticos dando suporte a algum membro corporal, que esteja acometido para complementar e permitir uma adequada reabilitação, com o objetivo de imobilizar, corrigir desvios, proteger ou bloquear determinadas estruturas, que possuem movimentos não fisiológicos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar o impacto da órtese ortopédica na densidade mineral óssea de ratas submetidas ao treinamento de corrida. O projeto foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética para oUso de Animais da Universidade Estadual do Ceará, sob o protocolo nº 6923877 de 28/10/2016. Foram utilizadas 22 ratas, fêmeas, Wistar, massa corporal entre 210±10g. Os animais foram divididos aleatoriamente em 3 grupos: Controle (CTR), Treinado (TRE) e Treinado com Órtese (TRO).Os animais do grupo CTR não realizaram o treino; os grupos TRE e TRO foram submetidos ao treinamento moderado de corrida. O treino ocorreu por três semanas em que a 1ª semana consistiu de uma adaptação em esteira. As duas semanas seguintes, os animais passaram por um teste de esforço no primeiro dia da semana, e nos cinco dias seguintes, por um treinamento de corrida à 60% da capacidade de esforço máximo. O teste de esforço consistiu em etapas de corridas contínuas, com um incremento de 0,2km/h na intensidade do exercício, até que o animal atingisse a exaustão. Após esse período, os animais foram anestesiados e posteriormente sacrificados, para a remoção do fêmur e da tíbia das patas traseiras (direita e esquerda). Das seguintes áreas foram analisadas: epífise (proximal e distal), diáfise e comprimento ósseo. Para análise estatística utilizou-se ANOVA One way, com teste Brown-Forsythee Kruskal-Wallis, considerando diferença com p<0,05. Os resultados foram expressos em média ± erro padrão da média. Verificou-se que estruturalmente houve poucas alterações métricas nas áreas analisadas, destacando-se a redução diafisária na tíbia e no fêmur do grupo TER, em comparação ao CTR.

Orthopedic orthoses act as therapeutic resources supporting a stricken limb to complement and allow adequate rehabilitation, with the purpose of immobilizing, correcting deviations, protecting or blocking certain structures that have non-physiological movements. The objective of this study was to analyze the impact of orthopedic orthosis on the bone mineral density of rats submitted to running training. The project was approved by the Ethics Committee for the Use of Animals of the State University of Ceará, under the protocol no6923877 of 10/28/2016. Twenty-two female Wistar rats, with the body mass between 210 ± 10g were used. The animals were randomly divided into 3 groups: Control (CTR), Trained (TRE) and Trained with Orthosis (ORT). The animals of the CTR group did not perform the training; the TRE and TRO groups underwent moderate race training. The training took place for three weeks where the first week consisted of a treadmill adaptation. Over the next two weeks the animals underwent a stress test onthe first day of the week, and on the next five days, for a training course at 60% of the maximum exertion capacity. The exercise test consisted of continuous races with an increase of 0.2km/h in the intensity of the exercise, until the animal reached exhaustion. After this period, the animals were anesthetized and later dissected to remove the femur and tibia from the hind paws (right and left). The following areas were analyzed: epiphysis (proximal and distal), diaphysis and bone length. Statistical analysis was used ANOVA One way with Brown-Forsythe and Kruskal-Wallis test, considering difference with p <0.05. Results were expressed as average ± standard error. It was verified that structurally there were few metric alterations in the analyzed areas, emphasizing diaphysis reduction in the tibia and femur of the TRE group in comparison to the CTR. Moreover, epiphyseal increase in the femur of the TRE group in relation to the CTR.

Órtese ortopédica altera a densidade mineral óssea de ratas submetidas ao treinamento de corrida / Orthopedic orthopedics alters the bone mineral density of rats submitted to race training

As órteses ortopédicas funcionam como recursos terapêuticos dando suporte a algum membro corporal, que esteja acometido para complementar e permitir uma adequada reabilitação, com o objetivo de imobilizar, corrigir desvios, proteger ou bloquear determinadas estruturas, que possuem movimentos não fisiológicos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar o impacto da órtese ortopédica na densidade mineral óssea de ratas submetidas ao treinamento de corrida. O projeto foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética para oUso de Animais da Universidade Estadual do Ceará, sob o protocolo nº 6923877 de 28/10/2016. Foram utilizadas 22 ratas, fêmeas, Wistar, massa corporal entre 210±10g. Os animais foram divididos aleatoriamente em 3 grupos: Controle (CTR), Treinado (TRE) e Treinado com Órtese (TRO).Os animais do grupo CTR não realizaram o treino; os grupos TRE e TRO foram submetidos ao treinamento moderado de corrida. O treino ocorreu por três semanas em que a 1ª semana consistiu de uma adaptação em esteira. As duas semanas seguintes, os animais passaram por um teste de esforço no primeiro dia da semana, e nos cinco dias seguintes, por um treinamento de corrida à 60% da capacidade de esforço máximo. O teste de esforço consistiu em etapas de corridas contínuas, com um incremento de 0,2km/h na intensidade do exercício, até que o animal atingisse a exaustão. Após esse período, os animais foram anestesiados e posteriormente sacrificados, para a remoção do fêmur e da tíbia das patas traseiras (direita e esquerda). Das seguintes áreas foram analisadas: epífise (proximal e distal), diáfise e comprimento ósseo. Para análise estatística utilizou-se ANOVA One way, com teste Brown-Forsythee Kruskal-Wallis, considerando diferença com p<0,05. Os resultados foram expressos em média ± erro padrão da média. Verificou-se que estruturalmente houve poucas alterações métricas nas áreas analisadas, destacando-se a redução diafisária na tíbia e no fêmur do grupo TER, em comparação ao CTR.(AU)

Orthopedic orthoses act as therapeutic resources supporting a stricken limb to complement and allow adequate rehabilitation, with the purpose of immobilizing, correcting deviations, protecting or blocking certain structures that have non-physiological movements. The objective of this study was to analyze the impact of orthopedic orthosis on the bone mineral density of rats submitted to running training. The project was approved by the Ethics Committee for the Use of Animals of the State University of Ceará, under the protocol no6923877 of 10/28/2016. Twenty-two female Wistar rats, with the body mass between 210 ± 10g were used. The animals were randomly divided into 3 groups: Control (CTR), Trained (TRE) and Trained with Orthosis (ORT). The animals of the CTR group did not perform the training; the TRE and TRO groups underwent moderate race training. The training took place for three weeks where the first week consisted of a treadmill adaptation. Over the next two weeks the animals underwent a stress test onthe first day of the week, and on the next five days, for a training course at 60% of the maximum exertion capacity. The exercise test consisted of continuous races with an increase of 0.2km/h in the intensity of the exercise, until the animal reached exhaustion. After this period, the animals were anesthetized and later dissected to remove the femur and tibia from the hind paws (right and left). The following areas were analyzed: epiphysis (proximal and distal), diaphysis and bone length. Statistical analysis was used ANOVA One way with Brown-Forsythe and Kruskal-Wallis test, considering difference with p <0.05. Results were expressed as average ± standard error. It was verified that structurally there were few metric alterations in the analyzed areas, emphasizing diaphysis reduction in the tibia and femur of the TRE group in comparison to the CTR. Moreover, epiphyseal increase in the femur of the TRE group in relation to the CTR.(AU)